CompressedAirMagazine 10725620

M AGAZ I N E
P U B L I S H ED B Y TH E
C o m p re s s e d Ai r Mag az i n e
C o mp a n y
EAST O N , PA .
N EW Y O RK , N Y . .
V O L U ME X X I I I
,
g l‘
4
r.»
o
0
J A NU A RY T O D E C E MB E R,
191 8
M AGAZ I N E
P U B L I S H ED B Y TH E
C o m p r e ss e d Ai r Ma g az i n e
C o mp an y
EAST O N , PA .
N EW Y O RK , N Y . .
J A N U A R Y T O D E C E M B E R ,
191 8
I N D EX T O V O L U M E X X I II
J A N U A R Y T O D E C E MBE R , 1 9 1 8
A
A B C o f Avia t i o n 6
mob i les
Acetylene fo r Automobiles 2
Activated S ludge l O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
Ae ronautical S u g g esti
tio n s 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ai r and W a t er T ankk ffo r D rills

1 118 8 612 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
B last to H arden I c e C ream 72 1

C lean fo r P neumatic ma i c T o ls o 8 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
C nqu ers I
o Th h ruu ssttce r 8 9 75
C on t r lled F ire D o
o oo rs 6
C oolin g D ryin g an , and P u ri fy i ng
fyin 8 o o o o o o o o o o
D elivery o f T u rbine bine B l wers o 0 O O
D riven C entri fu g al P ump

O O O O O O O O O O
a 0
H
O O O O O O O O O O
Elevate d W rking g P lat f o rm

O O O O
o n 8 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
T u rret L La t hess
O
F eed
O O
on 7 o o o
F i g h t in g T ricks in
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
,
8 8 o o o o o o o o o
o s
o o o o o o o o o o o o
f or C lean in g Mo ttors 6 o o o o o
ks
o o o o o o o o
H eavy C hucks 8 7
L com t ive F iree D o o rrs
o o 8
H amme r F rms S h heet Me t al
o 89 9
H ammers nd St t ne W rkers
a o o 8 5
H elp s an O i l W ell l e 88 5
bers
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
H i g h P res su re f Ai C hambers or r . 86 7 o o o o o
me o f
H o ists D evel pment

, o 8 668
H os e C nn ecti n s o on s 861 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
S pecifications fo r
in C mbus t ion
o
O i l Line in W inter 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
J ack f C W heel P i t
or ar
Li ft a t C amp G ran t o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
an I rish C amp
o o o
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
for S ulphuric Aci d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
S ailin g s
H elps W ells 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
P ump D esign D evel pments o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
S iphon B l we rs f o R ivets or 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
T ail f G l f B all
o o
Tu rb o G rindin g W heel
V el ci t ies in Mines
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
(l
o O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
Ai rcra ft Lo sses
O O O O O O O O O
Ai rman d B in cular V isi n

an o o
Ai rplane C limbs Miles
0 0 0 0 0 0
an d the W
0 0 0
ar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Equipment C ostly O O O O O
P ropeller Ac t ion s
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
Ai rplan es D es t r yed o 0 0
Mail
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
H
fo r
Make S m ke C l uds o o
(6
Alame d a S h ipbu ilding P lant ‘ 6 6‘
Alte rnating C urrent C ran e (t u
Am erican D yes (t
H
‘ 6
R ive t ing Advanta g e

(C
Amm n ia W V alue
0 0 0 0 0 0
(s
o , ar
Apprecia t i n
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
o
Areas f t he F igh t ing N ati n s
o o
‘ 6 (C
Ar t ificial C l rs F as t er t han Natu ral

o o
u H ‘ 6
At mometer
.
‘ t
0 0 0
Atm sphere I nver t ed D ep t hs f

0 0 0 0 0
H H
o , o
At m spheric H ea t P ower f r m
o , o
H (c
Au t ma t ic Li g h t h o use s
o
a (t
Avia t i n W o rk f
o , or 0 0 0 0 0 0
C ompresso r ann U nusual
Acci d en t , 882 7
H w B ig t 88 5 1
(5
B y o o u
in M numen en t S h p o o 88 3 2
.
Lu b rica t i n o 89 4 1
P r t a b le f r R ailways
o or 8 72 8
R epair T able 8 72 5
T es t in g a 8 776
T r u b les o 895 1
C ompress rs d D iesel En g in e
o an es 8 77 4
C ncre t e C mpac t in g
o , o 88 322
F ills a T unnel 88 2 0
S hip 8 61 3 G
S prayin g P reserves T imbers 88 3 2
S t ren g t h d D ensi tt y
y '
an 88 94 8 5 63
T ransp r t e d b y Ai
.
o r 88 9 5
C ncre t in g P neuma t i c
o ,
88 1 7
C n t inen t al T ime f
o R ailr a d s or o 8 99 3
C nvict S trikes O il
o 8664
C o o l in g D ryin g an d P u rii f
, fyin
yi ng Ai r ir 8 62 9
F r g in g s b y C mpresse
o e d Ai o r 8 75 9
C r recti n A
o o ,
8 922 8 790,
C u tt in g I r n wi t h F uel G
o as 8 664
an ers
D g of R escue ppara
A ara t us 8 72 0
D ecimalizin o ina e
g C g 8 664
D el ivery o f Ro tary l wers
B o e 88 1 5 88 5 2
D enmark and weden unnel
S T 8 926
D en t i s t T u r n s M
.
iner 8 73 3
es r yer s n ec r 8 70 0
,
D t o Lo g R o d
’
es r yin
D t o g Wo rks in rance
F 863 9
e ona ion
D t t of E xpl sives
o 8 98 6
i erence in m us i n o f C oals
D ff Co b t o 8 660
D isplacemen anks e er Ai
t T Mt r 8 69 0
is illa i n
D t i ni e
t o of L g t 8 7 01
D ivers in ha f inkin
S t S g 8 62 1
D rainin iping P neumatic T ools
g fo r P . 8 98 0
t he Ai L ine r 869 5
D ri ft B lt D river o 88 5 1
D rill S pee d in g U p 861 5
S t eel S harpenin g
,
,
Et , c . 8 7 16
D rills R o t a t in g 5 L i tt le D avid
, ,
8 65 7
D y Ai
r d C ld S t eam
r an o 88 0 3
D ynami t ing a G lacier 8 63 2
Quicksand 867 0
Elect rici t y d C A as C al an o 8665

in W S urg ery
. .
ar 8639
Empty G as line T anks D an g er o uso 88 94 887 1 ,
Endin g d B e g innin g
an 8 98 5
En d less R a d f I nventi n o o o 892 2
En g ineers All U ni t ed 8 63 4
in t he W O ur ar, 88 3 5
Evap rati n b y C al O il
o o G o , or as 88 5 0 I
Expl o sive Mix t u res in B iler F u rnaces o . . 8 663
Expl si ns Ai R eceiver
o o r r 8 70 9 mpresse Ai f C lean
I c e, Co d r or 8 65 2
En t i g u i h i n g G asoline F ires nc mpressi ili y f W ater
,
n s 862 7 I o b t o 88 1 1
I nk fr m ypewriter R ibb o n
o T 862 0
F n er fer me er
I t o t 88 9 5
I t s U p t o Me
’
and Y u o
‘
88 0 3
F toac r o f n sa fety
U 88 3 1
F t er ilizers vernmen
, Go
t Co o ntr l o f 8 7 98 J
F i n d ing a n d S t opp i ng Wa s te 8698
F ire rick emen
B C t 8992 J kh m
ac a er s D rill B ulders
o 895 2
o rs n rolle
D o , Ai r C o t d 8 766 in S ou t h Africa 8894
F ireman s avin s nappreciated
S g
’
U 8 73 4
K
F lash inP o t o f on 8 92 6
li h from n lan
F g t E g ypt
d t o Eg 892 7 K n i t tin g R ec r d
o 88 0
8
O ur etermina t i n
D o 88 5 7
La d y C nt ractor t heo 8 78 0 O xy g en Appara t us D an g ers f , o 8 72 0
R escue Apparatus G ibbs
,
Lamp W i t h ut F lame o 8 73 3 , 8714

Larg es t H ydraulic T u rbine 88 9 5 O xy Acetylen e C s t f
-
, o o 8 99 3
Laun d ries f Ai B rake k e P ump s
or r . . 88 4 6 in R ailroa d S h p s o 8 95 7
Li f t in g Ma g n e t s un d e r W
VV att e
er
‘
a r 8 7 98 in t he W ar 893 4
Li g h t h u se S ervice F i g u res
o 8 73 5
P ers nnnelel so n 8 639 P
Li g n i t e D is t illa t i n f o o 8 7 01 l
ches
,
Liqui d G in t he T renchesas 8 79 7
O xy g en Expl s i ns o on s 8 92 0
L a d in g H y
o a 889 5
88
L ca t ing En em y G un s
o
"
8 88 7
Loc m o t ive C leane d b y Ai S praying
o pray i ng r . 8 767
P r d uc t i n R ec rds d o o o s 8 70 3
R everse G ear P neuma t ic ic ,
8 6988
L com t ives R apid B u ilding
o o ,
8 6399
L n g T ime F li g h t R ec rd
o o 889 5
Lo m a N vel
o o 898 6
L ui siana R ich in Mine rals
,
o 8 79 8
Lu b rica t i n f Ai C mp o p res s rs
o 8 893
r o o , 8
94 1
Lumi ous P ain t
n 8 8 32
L yc p o d ium S ubs t itu t e
o 8 73 3
M
Mc Ad oo on t he L oan 8 72 9
Mach in e D rill S harpen ers 8 663
Mail T ubes F ai r P lay fo r ,
88 2 5
Makin g t he S hip U ns inka b le 87 1 1
Ma n B ehin d t he Ma n B eh in d t he 892 6
Marble C aves o f O r eg o n
’
8 93 8
Measu rin g Ai r V el o ci t ies in Min es 8 790
Mechan ical Equipment a n d C on servati o n 88 7 6
Me t ering Ai r by D isplacement T anks 8 690
P i t o t T ube 8 692
Met ha n e p h on e Th e , 8 7 75
Mexicans n ot H un s 8 94 5
Milwaukee Ne w W a t er T unnel ,
8 767
Min e Ga s Mixtu re T reache r o u s , 8 662
R escue Appara t us 894 8
S iph o n P rac t ice 8 84 8
6‘
Mines an d C o unter Mines 8 892

Mi n i ng Eng i n eer s H a nd b ook ’
8 82 7
ec rds F ile f R o , or 895 4
Mixin g mpo r t ant in C mbusti n
I o o 8 79 8
M n ey M n S hips
o , e , 88 8 9
M squi t o es an Engin eerin g P r blem
o o 8863
Mo t r T ruck I ncrease
o 88 3 3
M vie T hea t re T u rn t able
o 8 63 9
Mu s t ard G S hell as 88 7 4
N aval C o n sul t in g B o ard 8 666 88 5 8 , Q

Ne w F rui t 8 99 3
N e w Y ear an d t he W o rld W a r Q uarry Acci d ent 88 62
Ne w Yo rk a Min in g En g in eer s S ch o ol 8 70 e imen t R ai sin g a
’
9 R g , 8 63 7
S ubway R ec o rd
. .
8 762 Q uicklime xpan s ive F rce o f

, E o 88 46
N ia g ara P ower 88 63
N i t ro g en f r o m the Atm o sphere 8 9 19 R
No Mi d dle G round fo r L o yalty 88 8 8
R a i s mg a Quarry R e g iment 8 63 7
0 t he S t P aul 893 1 , 8 9 5 3
R ally t he En g ineers
.
8 63 2
O il for C mp resso rs o 8 73 3 8 88 1 R api d D rivin g o f T unnel 8 65 1
W ell in Mexic
,
R each f t he W
1
o 885 5 o ar 8 65 3
C err Azul o 8 7 67 R eceiver Expl si n s o o 8 70 9
W ell s C mp res se d Ai o r H elps 8 75 5 R ec r d s V ari us
o o 88 5 9 , 8 9 19
O ne M D rill Ar g umen t
, ,
an , fo r 88 2 4 R ein f rce d C ncre t e Ship

o o 8 613
R epai rin
g T unnel wi h un i e
w it G t 79 5
R ive hearin
t S g M achin e
ach ne 0 c 65 9
R ive s es ay s
t , B t D Wo rk ’
O Q 99 2 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
R ive er he neumaa iic acemaker

t t P t P 7 92
R ive in ec r s
t g R o d , Bo naa e
Fi d 886 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Rot a ryAi r Pump 62 5

a in rills
R ot t g D , 5 i le avi
L i tt D v id 65 7 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
R bbu er p n e
S o g 64 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
R ushin a ri ish hipyar

g B t S hi d 90 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
R us reven i n r cess
t P t o P roc s 67 l
P oor fin r n eel
g I o n a n d S tt l 798 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
o o o o o o o o o o o
S al t in g W oo d en S hips
of 0 a
H
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
S alva g e D iffi cul t C ase o o o o o o o

o
o o o o o o o
F ea t s V arii o u
us
.
9 70
H
S an d B las t Appara t us 88 8 5
(l
hell
ell C lean in g fo r S 9 C 93 7
6‘
P neuma t ic C nveyance 8 94 4
U
y f on e anc e o
S t P aul R aisin g t he 8 93 1 , 95 3
S ave Ai
. .
S h p Me t al S pray
c oo y I mpr vee d ov 94 0 U
S cien t ific M W ass t ede in T e en , 64 0
S crew D river Ai O pera
o 0
p t ed , r e 8 78 8 U pper P r d uc t i n
S Co o o 899 2
S elec t in g S an d B las as t Equ ipmen t n sinka b le Makin g t he S hip
. .
963 U ,
871 1
S ellin g P avin g f i t s Man g anese or n a ne s e 833 S hip S u b marine an d 8 697
U nique O pp r t uni t y T h
,
S en t ries P s t e d in t he S k y
.
o 669 o , e 8 92 1
S ha f t S inkin g D ivers ers in ,
62 1 U s in g B rakes wi t h Jud g ment 8 794
S harpen in g d H an d lin i g S t eels an an n 7 16
S hell C leanin g S an d B las t 93 7 V
S hells F i re d in a B a tt le e 67 0
S hiel d f L ar g e T unnels or l 7 39
S hip F i rs t W i t h u t R ivets
, o
T Bi g S en t t h r u g h C anal
oo , o
S hipyar d R ive t in g Machine

S h r t C ircui t f Ai C auses Explosi n
o o r o
S ilk Ar t i fi cial
. .
S iph n B l wers f R ive t H ea t in g

.
o o or
S ize f C mpress r to B y o o o u
S k ip t p s o s
S la g G f D i g g in g
un or 0
S me En g ineers
. I
o
t B l wers S ave C al
O O
S oo o o W
H w i t B u rn s o 0
S pecifica t i ns f Ai H se
9
o or r o
S pee d f P wer B a t so o o
S pee d in g p t he D rill
—
u
S prayin g Me t als
S al t in W o d en S hips o
S t ack T ac ma S mel t in g C
, o o
S t enches t W arn Miners
.
o
S t ree t O penin g s C mpresse d Ai fo , o r r
S u b marine d t he U nsinka b le S hip an
Mines
S uc t i n C nvey r f o Ashes o o or
S u g ar N ee d e d in L amp
a Q uick F d oo
S ulphu r f r m G ypsum in G ermany
I O
o
S ulphu ric Aci d R ec r d
O O
o
S ynchr n u s M t rs Adap t a b ili t y o f
O O
o o o o ,
T alc U S L arg es t P r d ucer

, o 8 766
anks Th
. .
T , e 8 730
T empera t u res in G lass Manu fac t ure 863 9 Z
T es t in g an Ai C mpress r r o o 8 77 6
T rain B rakes R i g f , or 89 7 9 Z eppelin Co mp lica t i ns o 8 9 19
PR ES
AI R
NE
TI NG PNEU MAT IC
\ NLA
RY No
'
V ol . u i il . IOIS .
"C I W .) V I] . A S M I LTV IX P HO TG ZI AP I I Y
TO G ET A GOO D P fl OTO G RAi A

'
I .
We a re al l s uffic i en t ly tu ni ha r to
g ra p hs o f tu nn e ls w hi c h ca nnot be g ood
p ic t u re s a nd w h i c h fa il to show i ft r9
w it h d e ta i l an d ( la mest . Photos n d er
g ro un d ha s been at I“ bu t a mu g
j ob b ut we
. a re a u n red by e
a rt . Ass i sta n t En g i nee r . Moun t 3
a nd Ter mina l Co mp a ny In Elev .
tha t wi t h p ra c t ic e an d exp en enc

be ob ta in ed in t u n nel p hotog rap h
most as g o od as th o s e ob ta i n ed
an d w ith v e ry si mp le m aho a l I
ra ms . The p ho t o o f the In t e n t
Ro yal tunn el he r e rep r od uc e d set
c o r ro b o ra t e th e s ta t e men t .
Th e tric k c o n s i s t s in m m; a t la mp ,
w i t h re flec t o r w h ic h i s mo v ed a
'
. s uc
c e ss i v e ly il l u mi n e a ll of t e r kn
’
p a rt s
wh ic h is to be p ho to g ra p hed . i ne a r
n ee d s no d e s c r i p t io n— al mo s t a m tv fll
EV ER Y T H I NG P NEU MAT I C
V ol xxiii . JANUARY , 19 18 No
.
FI G . I .
‘
M OU N T R OYAL TU N N EL . A N OVELTY IN PH OTO GRA H Y

P
TO G ET A G OOD PH O T O G R AP H OF A
T U NN E L
W e are all suffi cien t ly familiar w ith photo
graph s o f tunnels which cannot be called go d o
pic t u re s an d wh ich fai l to sho w the interiors

wi t h detail an d clearn es s P hoto graphy unde r .
groun d has been at its best a dishea rten ing

j ob but we are as su red by Mr J C K St u
, . . . .
art Ass istant En g in ee r Mount R oyal T unn el

, ,
an d T erminal C mpany in Electric R ailway

o , ,
that with p ractice n d experience results can

a
be obtain ed in tunnel photo g raphy that are a l

mos t as goo d as t h o se ob t ain ed by daylight ,
an d w ith ve ry simple ar t i ficial lightin g appa

ra t u s The photo o f t he interio r o f Mount
.
R oyal tunnel he re re p ro duced s eems t fully o
co rr o borate the sta t emen t .
T h trick con s ists in u s ing a po rtable lamp

e
,
wi t h reflecto r which is m ved along to suc

, o
ces si ly illumin e all par t s o f th e interi o r

ve
which i s to be photographed Th e camera .
n eeds n o descrip t i o n almost any type will —
serve but an anasti g mat len s o f the cemented

—
type w ill give n ega t ives that are mo re brillian t

t han a len s o f the ai r space type un der tunn el
—
con di t ion s T he re i s no n eed f a large aper

.
or FI G . 2 . C AR AN D L AMP
8 61 2 C O MP R E S S E D AI R MAG AZ I NE .
FIG . L AM P AN D F
RE L EC TO R
To btain a lon g perspec
o p ec tt ive e o f a tunne l t he v
l amp mus t o f cou rs e bee carr

, carriedi ed d wn the tun , o
n el ahead o f the camera and p pointin

o mt g away ra n
fo rm it thus illuminatin
, mg every part o f t he
i g d
t unn el success ively s t a rtting dii rec t ly in
, i n f ron t
r n
o f the came ra an d endin g say ft from n , , .
i t o r whatever distance is requ

, q u ired d in i n t he pho 18 re ir
t og p h T h e lamp may be carried in the han d

ra .
a n d cu rrent fed to i t by a wire o f t he required
len g th attached to the tunnel li g h t in g system ,
b u t fo r lon g perspective views it i s bet t er t o
mount the lamp n a small pu sh car connected o
to an electric locom t ive ab ut 2 5 0 ft away by o o .
m ean s o f a l ight rope and a wi re fo r furni sh

i g the cu rren t to the lamp
n T h man at t end . e
i g the lamp must keep his body be t ween the

n
l amp and the camera o r else the light from ,
t h e ventilating holes in the socket w ill s t rike

t h lens
e .
I f any hitch ccu rs du ring the takin g

o f the o
p hoto such as the c at ching

, f the w ire in t he o
t rack necessitatin g a s t op the lamp man pu t s

, ,
o ut his lamp until all is clear li g htin g it a g ain ,
a s soon as he starts to move on .
A few experimen t s will g ive t he right speed

o f the lamp f the co rrect exp sure f the
or o o
pla t e f di fferent izes o f tunnel but as the

or s ,
d is t ance f r m t he camera t the lamp

o o in
c reases the speed at wh ich the lamp t ravels

m ust increase .
AI R AN D W AT E R T AN K F O R MAC H I NE
D RI L L S
c mm n f rm o f t ank f supplyi n g
Th e o o o or
w ater t machine d rills may be impr ve d by

o o
C O MP R ES S ED AI R MAG AZ I NE . 8 61 3
I N G OF T H E C O N CRETE S H I P
T H E L AU N C H
a n d th e mixtu re o f air an d water i s mo re c i T H E L AU N C H I N G O F A R E I N F O R C E D

fec t i e i n throwing the s ludge ou t o f the hole
v C O N C R ET E S H I P
than the water alon e T h e hole in the wate r
. W hatever m i g ht be ou r bel ie f as t the p a c
o r
pipe must be s mall in o rde r not to admit t tical value o f rein f rced concre t e f t he hull s
oo o or
much air which w ul d reduce the p ressu re

, o on f ships the p roblems involved in t he ir con
o ,
t h e wate r . E ng
—
a n d Mi ni ng
. J ou n l r a . struct i on coul d not fail t be f interest an d
o o ,
8 61 4 C O MP R ES S ED AI R MAG AZ I NE .
I I B EG N N N G TO TU R N
ou r rea d ers we d ubt not will welc me the
, o , o i ngo f the hull a fter t he launching requi red
hal f t nes n t he opposite pag e T h photos
-
o o . e only fi fteen o r t wen t y minutes .
were t aken a t P g u d o N rway in Au g ust or r n , o , ,
1 917, an d t hey sh w us t he final incidents in o S P E EDI NG U P T H E D RI L L

the launchin g f t he B et on a rein f rced c on
o , o here has been considerable discuss ion a nd
T
cre t e m t o r ship f 2 00 tons
o o . much earn est e ffort in attempts t o g t mo r e e
T his ship was b uilt not in t he normal ver work out f machine drills T here are many
o .
tical posi t ion b u t wi t h the keel n t p the o o , ways in which thi s may b e accomplished but ,
a d van t ag e o f which so far as the c nstructive o there are also many bstacles when it come s o
Opera t i n s were c ncerne d mu st be suffi cien t ly

o o , t o active p ractice I t i s the obj ect o f thi s
.
eviden t A m l d t he shape o f the inter i r o f

. o o article to bri efly ou t l in e some f these metho d o s
the hull was buil t f w d and up n this the o oo o an d t describe on e in particular

o .
interlacin g s t eel rein f rcement was placed an d o I nanalyzing the co st o f breakin g r ck it o
then t he c ncre t e was p u re d t the requ ired

o o o has been foun d that the greatest item o f ex
t hickness a very simple o perati o n Th e m o ld
, . pen se is miners labo r an d the lab r situatio n
’
,
o
was bu il t up n a br ad fla t su r face an d as
o o , o f t day i s such that it is poo r l policy to t y
o r
t he m l d
o d hull were launched to g e t her the
an t get any more w rk ou t o f a man
o o T he only .
u sual diffi cul t ies were av i d e d T hen came the o . way out f the diffi culty is to make po ss ibl e
o
o pera t i n f t urnin g Over t he hull t o brin g

o o fo r a man to d mo re work with ut expen d
o o
t he ship ri g h t si d e up d t he pictu res tell , an i ng any m re en er g y o I n vie w o f

su ch .c on
t he s t ry o f t his wi t h u t much call f words

o o or siderati on s me t hods o f speedin g up the dril l
O f explana t i n o seem t o ffer the best soluti n an d t hese grou p
o o
t hemselv es un d er t he foll win g head :

.
Th e m l d was d ivi d ed in t o a numbe r o f

o (I ) I o h
cl o se d si d e c mpar t men t s wi t h an pen space

o o creas in g t he actual drillin g time O i t he ma
in t he cen t er d b y admi tt in g water on o
, an ne chin e (2 ) I ncreasin g the reciprocating speed
.
s ide while re t ainin g the ai r increasin g the or o f the machine .
ai r v lume
o t he t her si d e t h e preponder
on
'
o ACTU AL DRI LL I N G T I ME
ance f wei g h t s n t u rne d t he hull over to
o oo Th e imp r t ance o f the fi rst fact r is realized
o o
t he require d n mal p si t i n Th e wa t er
o
r
o o .
by few A little time spent wi t h t he stop watch
.
was t hen pumped o t t he m l d was rem ved u , o o will show that machines are actually operated
an d t he pera t i n was c mple t e Th ri g ht
o o o . e from 2 5 % t 5 0% o f t he total shi fts time or
o
’
,
861 6 C O MP R E S S ED AI R MAG AZ I NE .
can b e use d to a d van t a g e I n dri f t in g the a e .

AI R PRES S U RES
miner s g rea t es t d elay iss muckin g out a place

’
fo his p st
r W here there
o ere are tw 6 t 8 ft
. o o -
.
wide d ri f t s n t t farr d istant i stant on t he same

o oo
level t he foll win g i s a g d ttime

, o i me ssavin mg oo — av
me t h d : o
I ns t ea d O f u sin g machin
e mach i n e per sh onshi ft in
each d ri f t wo rk b th machin es in
, i n one d rrii ft
o
o h t he d y shi f t a d m ve them to t he t her an ov e o
on the ni g h t shi f t I t he mean t ime i me t he fi rst

. n
d ri f t is mucke d out d ready f a clean star t

an or
o n t he f ll win g day shh i fftt T his adds from

o o i .
one t t w hou rs to the ava

o o availablei lable drilldrillin i n g t ime .
N ee d less t say t he miners o ners are g lad to be e

,
r
li ev e d f t he s t renu us muck
o muckin i n g a t the s t art o f
o
t he shi f t T here is no0 add

. additionali t i onal labor li n n
v lve d in this arran g emen

o en t an d it isi s only i m
prac t ica b le where the ground round isi s so so ft that hat
t here is not enou g h d rrillin i ll i n g in i n a r un d o f o
h les t keep tw machines

o o hines bu busy for a sh i ft
o .
C are ful atten t ion t the supp supplyy and qquality o al i y o f

drill s t eel will also helpp to increase i ncrease the ma
chine s runn ing time T hese are mere
’
merelyy ug
. s
g es t ions d may n ot apply

an ply in i n all cases S me . o
d a y the r ck drill manu o uffactu

ac t u rers
-
e s w will11 devote r r 1
m re t ime an d study t 0o the ddesi g nning

o mg o f a eS I
machine t ha t w ill facilitate the changing o f

d rills a d other operations that mean lo st m
n o
t i n to t he miner
o .
REC I P O C AT I N G S P EEDS R
I n the second me t h o d o f speedin g up the

drill it is evident that i f a machin e i s only ,
recipr ca t ing f rom t w to f ur hours in a

o o o
shi ft every t hin g should be don e to g et a max

,
imum am unt o f hole drille d in that time

o .
T his mean s a clo se s t udy o f di fferent types

a n d makes o f bo t h machines n d drills to de a
t ermin e what is best su i t ed t the ground o .
T here are several makes o f machines on the

marke t as well as a diversi t y f o pin ion as to o
which are b es t T hat is a ques t i n that can . o
o nly be d ecide d by experiment in each cas e .
Th e same applies to various types o f drill

b i t s O f course a small h le can be drilled
.
, o
fas t er t han a lar g e one an d here we have the

b i g a d van t age f t he C arr bit with its small
o
g a g e chan g es O n t he other han d a small

.
,
h o le will not h ld so much powder I n t he lat o .
t er case the s olu t i n is ei t her t use str onger o o
pow d er place a smaller burden on each hole

or .
T h p wder solu t i n is p referable

e o of course , o ,
b u t t here are mines where t he ven t ilati o n is

to o p r t care f t he larg e r v lume f
oo o or o o
fumes t hat c me fr m p ow d er o f g reater o o
s t ren g t h .
AI R D RI V E N O R T AB L E C O L U MN
P
H O I S TS
BY H H IC S L . . K
A detail o f min e operatin g co sts wh ich has

c omman ded con si derable attenti n recently i s o
the man power co st o f hoi stin g han dling d

-
, an
haul in g li g ht l ads T hat mach i n es b e s ub

o .
stituted fo r men on d d j ob s an d t empo rary O
wo rk as w ell as on the mo re importan t min

in g operation s i s highly des irabl e in view o f
the i ncreasing wage deman ds Many n ee d s ,
for po rtable power h ve been me t by t he a
m in e column ho ist which is c mpact easil, o , y
i n sta lle d an d ai r Operated Min ing men in .
gen eral have become well acquainte d w i t h

t hese little machin es F i g 1 i n h istin g t he
, .
, o
li g ht loa d s incident t the s inking o f a winze

o
o r drivin g a rai s e H aulin g cars in an d t o f

. ou
small d ri fts i s als a common appl ication bu t

o ,
the re have develope d recently a numbe r o f

u nu sual an d interesting ways o f applyin g these
po rtable ho ists .
I n s inking p r spect sha fts column ho is t s

o
have been u se d to handle n early eve rythin g as ,
the l i tt le t w d rill comp re ss r commonly u sed

o -
o
supplies plenty f power fo h i st ing when the

o r o
drills a re not w rk ing I n the larger sink

o . FI G . 1
i n g Opera t ion s these h ists have been us ed t o o rais es they han d le drills s t eels p w d er tim
, , o ,
han dle s inkin g pump s fo r hoi sting the drillin g

,
'
be rs an d muck an d men t o when t h e bos ses
—
, o,
machines be f re sh otin g an d to pu t p ip in g
o o , , aren t ar un d A auxiliaries t t h e re g ular
’
o . s o
conduits etc in the sha ft I n winzes an d

, .
, . m in e h is t s n eeded in t he larger w inz es
o ,
FI G . 2
8 61 8 C O MP R ES S ED AI R MAGAZ I NE .
c o lumn h is t s have pr ve d la b r sav rs in

o o o o
b rin g in g t he r pe b ack t t he b tt m which o o o o ,
when d n e b y han d requ ires several men O ne

o .
li tt le h is t b l t e d t a t ruck is transp rte d

o , o o , o
t h r u g h a B u tt e mine f
o all so r t s f d d or o O
j b o s
Th Ala b ama e d mines empl y c lumn re -

or e o o
h is t s in d ri f t s where t he g ra d e isi s t s t eepp

o oo
t o push an emp t y car b y han d t haul i t or o
w i t h a mule a d t he d o w wnn g ra d e is t su f n no
fi cien t t o keep t he cars m vin g by g ravi t y In o .
s o me f t he Michi g an mines where

o h i t is meces
s ary t m ve t he t ram cars nn 3 0 slop
o o slopes bb o
°
e
t ween levels haul in g p emp t ies i es an d l ower

, werining u
l oa d ed cars t he wo rk i s effi cien t ly d one by

,
t he e small machines which

s h h han d le s me v ic o re
m arka b le l ads At an I llllinn is m

o minen t hey haul
. o
'
l o a d e d cars wei g hin g 5 00 1lbb each up a 3 0

°
, , .
,
incline an d in N w Y rkk two 8 % t cars up

, e o -
on
a 6% g rade .
P ullin g t imbers fr m ld work workin i n g s i s an o t h

'
o O s
e r fiel d in which on e man w ith a c lu mn h is t

lumn an o o
c an d as much as f r m two t o si x w rkme n

o o SI X o .
M s t o f t he machines us e W
o wii re h is t ing rrope p o ,
bu t at B u tt e t here is a str n g p re ference fo o r
manila Th uses f column h is t s above

. e O o
gr un d are i f any t hing more varie d t han u

o , ,
n
d er gr un d ran g in g fr m rem vin g dirt f r m

o , o o o
a foun d a t i n excava t ion to d riving a tum b l in g

o
barrel b y bel t fr m the r pe drum I n the o o .
la tt er case d rill steel i s tumbled to clean i t for

,
elec t ric weldin g At an Alaskan mine a Lit t le .
T u g g er h is t F i g 2 is used at t he awmill fo r
o , .
, s
haulin g l g s f rom the wa t er up the beach t o

o
t he lumber pile an d t hen t o pull the l og s ,
al on g in fr nt f the saw T here are reports

o o .
o f similar h is t s han d lin g heavy mine t imbers

o
a t lumber piles in t her d is t ric t s O ne f o . o
t hes e machines has b een u t ilized a t an t her o
m ine in Alaska t pull so lb s t eel rails thr u g h o ~

. o
a rail b en d er as al rea d y d escribed i n t he ,
J m l At t lll an t her mine all the fuel il

‘
oz za . s o , o
an d supplies are haule d Up an i li u n t ram nc e
w i t h a c lumn h o is t as labo r is to expen sive

o , o .
At a mine in C u b a t w f t he hoists have o O
b een place d l c m t ives an d are use d t o

on o o o
haul cars in a d t f si d in g s t save switch n ou o o
i g t he l c m t ive i t sel f T his h owever mi g h t

n o o o .
, ,
n t b e c nsi d ere d prac t ica b le in many cas es

o o .
T o p reven t t he fl w f wa t e r into a mine in o o
Ariz na d zens f holes were d rilled t b d

o o o o e
r ck d slime was pumped in un d e r p ressure

o an .
T h slime se t s l ike cemen t d i t was b

“ ”
e , an e
li ev e d t ha t a po r t ion f t he faul t s c ul d b e o o
duction an d care les s I f there i s a leak p res

hey make no ef
, .
en t at thei r machin e they e fffoo rt to

,
p revent it nor t rouble to repo rt it

, it .
I n s mall shop s where th e number o f tools

i n Operation i s co mparatively at e ly few th e fore iv ,
man should make i t a part ar o f his da i ly duties

daily
to in spect all ho se an d hose conn ections an d ,
also the i ron pip e line to0 ascertain as to the , theii r

tightn es s F requ ently the
. he glob
globe valve l on thh e
i ron pip e lin e is not tightly g h t ly tu rn ed down to
its s eat then too grit o r scal e may be p res
, , ,
en t to p revent the p r op er seating o f th e

valve o r the valve itsel f may be leaky Any
, .
o f th es e caus es contribute bute to unnecessary °
waste o f a i r an d as shown , own th thisi s unn eces sary

waste i s an expen s ive p ropo siti on espec especially i ally ,
in large plants where hun ddreds , d O f ppnu eumatic e
tools a e in ope ration ann dd practically miles o f

r ,
p ip ing employed in o rder er that the tools may

be utilized at conven ient po ints .
I n mo st plants where a very la rge number, n umber

o f pn eumatic tools are employed mp loyed it isS u sual to , I
detail on e man wh s e s llee duty iti t i s to inspo i nsp ecto
the pip e li n es valves hoo s e an d ho se conn ec

, ,
tion s an d c uplings t see that leaks a e n ot

’
o e o e r
p resent and i f so to immediatel

, mme d t y g give
i ve them ia e
p roper at t en t ion T h is should be the practice

.
i n all plants o f any con siderable s iz e Th e .
expen diture fo r this inspection may s eem an

unn ecessary on e but i t w ill be foun d a paying
'
p ropo sition in the l ng run o .
LOO K I N G FOR L EAK s
A leak at the j o ints can be readily a c c er

ta in e d by applyin g a to rch or by the appl ica ,
ti on o f a s mall quantity f wate r which lat o ,
ter w ill o f cou rse bubbl e i f t here i s an escape

men t o f ai r .
I n looking fo r leaks at the tool en d the tool ,
should be st opp ed by clo sing its own throt t le .
Th e leak i f present will be readily apparent

by th e soun d o f the escapin g air al t hou g h ,
p robably t h e surest mea n s which can be em

ployed are t he to rch o r water .
I f leaks are locate d in the ho se lin es it

will p rove p ro fi tabl e t immedia t ely cut ou t o
th e leaky po r t ion an d c upl e up by mean s o
o f p ipe n ipples I f t he h se becomes w orn o

. o r
leaky to the exten t that a numbe r o f connec

tion s are requ ired it will p rove ec n mical t ,
o o o
d i spose o f the leaky secti n o section s o r .
A fi s t class qual i t y f h s e an d rubber tub

r -
o o .
in g sh ul d be empl yed while it may be ex

o o ,
pen sive i n fi rst cos t it will prove cheaper in ,
the en d than h se pu rchas ed a t a low p rice

o .
o n the hose and tubingg and expandin expand i n g nip ,
ples were forced into the ends o f t he la t ter

to a point where the rub ub bb er woul d p roj ect r
about n t on o f the hos e an d

in The distention . i
tub i ng as a result O f fforcin

, o mg the n i pples to
nipples rc
place prevented the hos e o r t ub

, ubingi ng from draw
i g out o f its respective
n e sec t ion i on W hen the v .
c uplin g was c nnected(1 up the en ds o f the

o o ,
h s e an d t ubin g abuttedd and when the coup

o ,
lin g was ti g hten ed the rubber ends sp read ,
and an abs lu t ely per fect ect seal was eff ected
o .
I n makin g an examination on not even the s li g ht

est leak in m re than three h ee hundred couplings
o r
could be d isc vered o .
AUTO MATI C VALVES

To d d t t he e ffi ciency
a c y o f the
o theii r air systemy tem s ,
t he branches f t he main ppipe i pe lline

o i ne were equ ip
equip
ped at suitable intervals W i th wha
with what mi g ht be 5
termed aut ma t ic valves T hes e valves were

-
o 5 .
so c nstructed that when the n ippl

o p p lee on the en d
o f a hose secti n was screwed to place the o
valve was open ed and aairi r p ermitted a f rreee ,
and untrammeled passage g e and when the n ip p ,
ple was unscrewed a short ddisi s t ance o r r e

moved entirely the valvee automat automatically i cally clos ed v .
T his permitted cuttin g O o ff aair to the hhos e l ine

wi t h out detachin g the lat t er an d also p re ,
vented leakage through inadvertance in not

properly turn in g down the valve to its seat .
Th e advantages gained by the u se o f the

“
couplin g s an d connectio ns described amply e r
paid fo r any increased cost o f in stallation .
T here are a number o f very e fficient coup

lin g s to be had at a small cost Any o f the .
well known manu factu rers o f pneumatic tool s

-
is in posi t ion t o fu rnish a c o upling which will

p rove en t irely satis factory in use .
DIFF ERENT TY P ES O C O U PL I N G S F
I t is n t t he intention o f t he writer t o di f
o
fe en t i t e be tween these couplin g s so f

r a as ar
meri t is concerned but only to briefly re fer ,
to t heir constructi n and operation an d to pre o ,
sent t he a d vanta g es claimed f them

'
or .
O ne o f the m st effi cient c uplin g s has had o o
a wide n d extende d sale an d s eems to meet

a ,
all requireme t s T hese c upl in g s are intern . o
chan g eable one wi t h t he t her i n s izes f rom o
Min t M ,i inclusive while s izes I in and 1 %

o n .
, , .
in interchange T hese couplin g s are almost

. .
in stan t ly connected n d sh uld be air tigh t u m a o -
der all reas nable pressures o .
Another c uplin g is extremely in g en ious in

o
its construction and is universal in all respects , ,
neither hal f is male female b ut a com b ina or ,

C O MP R ES S ED AI R MAGAZ I NE . 8 62 1
F ig . 2
E MP L O Y ME NT O F DI V ER S I N S H AF T
S NK NG
I I *
H . GRAH N .
P O R T AB L E AI R O P E R AT E D T UB E
B E N D ER
Having variou s siz es o f tubing to ben d an d set
up in di fferent parts o f the factory it was de ,
ci d ed to make at s mall cost a machin e that

, ,
could be brought clo se t o the j ob being s et up ,
an d thu s save the time s pent in go in g to the

machin e to make th e ben d an d then back to
the wo rk to try th e tube in place Mo st o f .
the work Wa special an d requi red mo re o r

s
les s cu ttin g an d trying so as to make a goo d

j b Th e machin e design ed is sho wn in the
o .
acc mpanying illu stra t ion

o I t was made in .
tan dem so as to enabl e two men t o wo rk s im

u lt n eou ly o r so that each si de c uld b e s et
a s o
for a diff e rent ben d t hereby elmin at ing the,
n ecessi ty o f changing the po siti ns f the rolls o o .
O ne f th e ai r cylin ders D is twelve inches

o
by twelve inches an d the other is ei g ht inches

by twelve inches as these were on han d , .
Th e roll h lder A has s eve ral slots on each

—
o
s ide cut Oppos ite each othe r to h o l d the sha ft

, ,
tha t contains the r lls ; t hes e slots are paced

o s
so as t ob t ain the n ecessary ben ds T h e holes

o .
M are u sed for hol d down bolts (not shown ) -
when ben din g p ipe as shown in F i g 3 T he . .
f rme r B an d th e rolls C are made to su it

o *
Co llie ry G uardian , T ran sla t ion f rom
t he d i ameter o f tube an d the ra d i i o f ben d .
G lu c k a u f .
8 62 2 C O MP R ES S ED AI R MAGAZ I NE
.
wa t er r se t w i t hin ab uutt 1 6 ft f the bank

o o o . o ,
the sha ft bein g c mpletely flooded

1y flooded o .
A dive r was s ent d w wnn fo r s everal days t o o
recove r t he skips an d other art articlescle n the o
sha ft bot t m and mo ree par ticularly

o , i cular y to break
up t he cemented ston e ppile i le round the cas casing
i ng ,
so as to free t he plu g and the mou t h o f the

borehole Th e plu g beinng nearly 5 ft l on g
. i .
,
an d ext en d ig fo r over 3 ftt into

n i nto the cas ing .
,
it was d ecided to bo ree iti t u t T o p rovide o .
p roper g ui d ance fo r thee b o rrin i n g bbar 65 ft in , .
leng t h a 2 % in pipe was

, as let d wn the lower
. o ,
edge bein g p rovi d ed with i th sharp teeth so as

t o get a g o o d g rip intoo t he top o f th e plu g ,
the diver h ldin g it in position

05 tion un t il
o borin
i l the bor ing
tool was deep enou g h into nto the plu g T hrough .
the in h le t hu s formed
. o m do the w water was r e ,
allowed to run fo several ral days at the en d o f

r ,
which t ime however ano no t her stoppa g e o f th

, , thee
bo r eh le occu rred an d necess
o necessitated i tated the aaii d o f
the diver in bo rin g t hrr u g h the plug aga again
in o .
Th e bo reh le was then flushed out tho roughly

o ,
a n d a rod c o mpo sed ff ra

, railway
i lway ra railsls lashe d
o ,
toge t her was l wered into it and suspended

, o
from an i ron gi rder onn the sha ft bottom botto m so ,
that as sinkin g p rogressed

, sed the girder g i rder an d rod ,
descended automatically by their own wei g ht

and prevented the ho le from choking up
again This d one sinkin g was continued with
.
,
out any fur t her wa t er tr o ubles .
D uring t he difficult Operation f unwatering o
the S tate colliery at W altrop divers were f e , r
quen t ly employed At fi rst an attempt was .
made to c pe with t he exten sive in ru sh o f wa

o
ter am o un t in g to nearly
—
g als per min .
u t e b y mean s o f Tom son water barrels I n

— '
.
carryin g out this plan much trouble was ex ,
p e i en c e d wi t h the flat win din g

r r pes used o ,
these being severely strained by the g reat

weight o f the ropes t hemselves an d the full
barrels an d j ammin g in the windin g bobbin s
, .
Mo re o ver when little p ro g res s c uld be ma d e

, o
in l werin g t he water level the repeated

o ,
splashin g s f the salin e min e wa t er every time

o
a water barrel was l owered acted on the pitch

pine gu ides n d s ftened t h e timber wh ich
a o ,
then easily b roke T his entailed repai ring the.
gu i d es un der wa t er the d ivers havin g t o wo rk ,
at a d ep t h o f ab u t 7 0 f t Eventually h w o .
, o
ever t he w rk f unwaterin g with barrels had

, o o
to be g iven up win g t o t he ab ve mentioned

, o o -
rope troubles d carrie d ou t by means o f

, an
mamm t h pumps arran g e d in series

o , .
Co ns iderable p rac t ical importance attached

fi rs t t be d re d g e d clearr in
o i n b e t ween 8 0 and 90
ft f wa t er A heavy cable was a tt ached t
. o . o
t he g ra b d was l i f t e d b y means
, an f a s t eam o
winch d pulley t acklee al t erna t ely t he stra

an strain in ,
pullin g a 2 % in w r u g ht iri r n h k (ab u t 3 . o o oo o
f t l ng ) u t s t rai g ht Even t ually t he grab

. o o .
was recovere d b y exer tt in gg a g ra d ual pull i i on
t he rope .
I sinkin g t he Ad l f sha ft o f t he Eschwe

n schweileri ler
o
Company i t was foun d iimp mp ssi

, s b b llee to f rce t he os o
s inkin g sh e down bel ow w abb ut 2 0 ft ab ve

o o . o
t h e c al measures evenn aaf t er b o rrin

o i ng ,
t t he ou
shaf t c omple t ely ; an d th

thisi s acc un t a n on o co
crete plu g was prepared oonn the sha ft b tt o m o
and t hen bored th rough I n t he cou rse se O f ththii s .
w o rk several leaks were made and a d iver i ver had ,
t o be sen t d wn to loca t e them an d plug them

o ,
wi t h concre t e Th e expec xp a tt ii n that the i n

tt a . ec on
s er t ion o f a c o uple o f connectin g rin g s w o ul d

enable the sinkin g to bee carrie d d wn to the o
c al measu res wi t h ut furthe

o u t h e r trouble was not o r r
realize d a fu r t he r leak in the c ncre t e plug

,
o
necess i t a t in g the floo d in g o f t he shaf t to pre

vent t he caving o f the r ock T h e diver .
widened t he b reach to a wid t h O f 7 ft hei g ht .

,
1 ft d d ep t h 2 0 i n
.
, an packed san d b ags in .
,
fr n t o f t he pen ing and quickly kneaded

o o ,
in t he cemen t p ured in w i t h bucke t s I n a , o .
few days the cement h d se t hard enou g h to a
all w the shaf t t be unwatered an d s inking

o o ,
c n t inue d t c mpletion
o o o .
I n pu t tin g d wn a new sha ft at the D utch o
S t a t e C lliery Emma the upcas t pipe o f the

o , ,
sha ft pump b r ke a len g t h O f ve r 2 00 yards o , o
o f p i p e fallin g down t he shaft and burying ,
i t sel f n d t he sinkin g pumps in the sha ft bot

c
tom A d iver was sent d wn fo r several days

. o
in successi n to ascertain the best places fo r

o
p r g ressivel y l owerin g the n ew sinkin g pumps

o ,
a n d even t ually t he shaft was cleared Anoth .
er in s t ance O f t he u t ili t y f divers w o rk was o

’
a ff r d e d in a pi t at H erne W es t phalia where

o , ,
a sha f t was b ein g unwatered by means O f w a
t er barrels which perati o n was re t arded by

, o
a bar c nnec t in g t he o se t tin g device at t he

o u -
pi t eye T his bar h d t b e par t ly unb ol t ed

. a o
an d par t ly cut t hr o u g h by t he d iver who also ,
repai red and ren ewe d t he guides an d set up F O R T H E P N E U MATI C C O MP AC T I N G ,
wire ne tt ing 1 0 ft in hei g h t on b t h s ides o f

, .
O F C O N C R ET E
, o
t he pi t eye t prevent t he wa t er from fl a t in g

o R ein forced c ncrete fo building walls is o o r
any t hin g d own fr m the roa d s in t the sha f t commonly mixed qui t e wet an d is usually com
o o .
I pu tt in g in a new windin g rope a t the D p t ed by spadin g it C oncrete containin g les s

n e ac , .
W en d el pit t he old r pe which was attached water an d f a quaky rather than fluid con
,
o , , o
t o t h e new br ke and d ra g g ed t he l at sistency is s o metimes specifi ed ; but it can not

on e , o ,
C O MP R ES S ED AI R MAGAZ I N E . 8 62 5
be economically tampe d in thin rein fo rced

walls H owever it can be co mpacted by strik
.
,
i n g t h e fo rms an d the rein fo rcing bars with a

light woo den maul T h i s suggests th e po ss i .
b i li ty o f u sing a pn eumatic hammer fo r th i s

pu rpo s e fo r a large numbe r o f sharp li g ht
, ,
raps should p rove eff ective in cau sing the con

crete to s ettle tightly in the fo rm s E ng i n e —
e r
i ng an d C on tr a c ti ng .
TH E GL O B E J O H NS O
-
ON R O T AR Y A
AI R
P U MP
Recip rocating ai r pumps

p s when employed fo r
the p ro duction O f high vacua
va c ua hav e theirthe i r w ell
known disadvantages an d sshoo rtcomings
tc om i ng s so me r , , N R AND WATER
i f not all o f which are avoi Vo i de d in
, i n th e GlobeObe DISCHA
RGI
John ston rota ry valveless s s air pump he re p re
sented I t is O ff ered to the public by th e G lobe

.
FI G . I
P n eumatic Engin eering C O Ltd 1 V icto ria .
, .
,
S t Lon don S W I
.
, , . . .
F i g 1 i s a s ection O f thi s pump an d show s

.
clearly its con struction an d action I t i s ap .
plicabl e to every p rocess where vacuum o r

low p res su re comp ress ed ai r is requ i red
-
.
Th e m in imu m capaci t y fo r which the small

es t siz e i s built is about 2 0 cu f t p er min . . .
,
an d th e va riou s s iz es are graded upward so

that the largest mach ines cove r th e high est
capaciti es u sed i n in du strial p rocesses Th e .
speed o f ro tation range s fro m about

r p m fo r t h e s mallest sizes down to about 1 000
.
r p m fo r the largest
. Th e p ump can Operate .
wi t h any typ e O f con den sing apparatu s an d in ,
conn ectio n with thes e plants w ill produce u n

de r favo rabl e con dition s a vacuu m within one
hal f i nch o f th e barometric reading .
F IG . 2 FI G .
3 FI G .
4
F ig shows the arrangement

. 2 m n t o f t he rot r fo r e e o
t he vacuum pump a d F i g 3 f the compres comp res n i . or
sor I n t he smaller machine

. ch i ne t hese threa d s are
s in g le han d ed nly butt in t he larger ssizes
-
o i zes ,
ri g h t an d le ft double threa
b rea d s are employe d in in
o r d er t bvia t e t he p ssi bb ilil tt yy f en d thrust
o o o5 5 1 i i o
O .
A passa g e C run s between tween t he ttwin wm screw -
t hrea d s A a d B in t t hee in i n t er
erior
i or o f the rotor
n o .
\V hen the machin e is pr d ducin

u mg a va vacuum
cuum this o
O c ,
passa g e ac t s as t he inlett t the he screw th reads o ,
but when air is being compressed iti t isi s the

Ou t le t S imilarly th e p ipe
. i pe F runn u n ing g from , , r n
'
t he interi r o f the ro t o r to th e exter

o exterioo r f r o
th machine is t he inlee t ppipe

e i pe in i n thehe vacuumuum va
:
,
pump and the utlet pipe p e in i n t he comp ress or o .
T h screw threads are j o oined

i n e d b y a llarge numum
'
e g e n ar .
b er o f narr w parti t i nss o r bla d es D wh which i ch

‘
o o , ,
a re equally space d roundd t he periphery o f the

r t r Th e ou t er a n d inner
o o . i nner e d g es O f th e se
these -
b la d es are respec t ively flu sh W wiitt h th e top o f

’
t he screw threa d s an d hal a lf w y d wn the dep t h

fway a o
-
Oi the th reads F i g s 2 an d 3 , . .
Th rin g o f wa t er is in
e i n the fi rst pplace ace set , ,
'
up by the acti o n o f these ese blades in i n c onjj u c n

‘
t i n wi t h centri fugal f rce Annular rrings

o i ngs o .
5 ,
tes fi t ted t tthe
called shrou d in g plates h e Ssii d es , o
o f t he r to r and reach ing somewhat below the

o
wa t er level on t he discharge s ide p revent ,
t he exhaus t e d o r compressed air retu rn in g

al n g the screws when the thread ends l eave
o
the water seal The m t r is coupled direct to . o o
th drivin g sha ft
e .
T h rota t in g drum Fi g 4 i s a hollow cyl

e , .
,
in d er also running on ball bearin g s Th hol es . e
D in the s ide pla t es f t h e d rum act as d i o s
charg e d inlet O p enin g s fo vacuum pump

an r
n d compressor respectively
a Th drum when . e ,
r t atin g c ntains the rin g o f water an d is

o , o
“ ”
se t eccen t rically t the r otor Th e relative o .

'
eccen t ricity f t he rotor and the water ring o
p ro duces what is called the working space as ,
sh own in F ig 5 Th net circular area o f this . . e
space considered in conj unction with the pitch

o f t he crew threads an d the speed o f rota
s
t i n is th e measure o f the air capacity o f the

o
pump .
At one en d o f the drum a rin g A Fig 4 , .

,
is fi tt ed f rmin g a channel communica t ing

, o
w i t h t he drum t hrough the holes B The .
scoop th e func t io n o f which is described later

,
n i s a sui t ably formed piece o f tubing fixed

o ,
in t th e wall O f the casing having its working

o ,
en d dippin g into t he previously described

channel d p in tin g in a direction Oppos ite
an o
G
I
F
FI G .
5
o w ing to th e eccentrici t y they appr ach n ear , o
e st to the inne r pe riphery o f the drum I t .
i s t his water maintain ed in the fo rm o f a ring

,
w ithin the drum by centri fugal fo rce Operating

in c nnecti n w ith t he th readed roto r set
o o ec
centric to it that p ro duces th e pumping eff ect

, .
I mmediately the ring O f wate r has reached

t h e p roper depth the pump ing action begin s
, .
Th e position O f t he ring o f water in relation

.
to t he rest o f the rotating system i s shown in

F ig .
5 Th . friction re ferred to obviou sly
e
ceases when the two parts have acquired the

s ame sp eed .
T h e ti m e ccupied between the fi rst e olu

o r v
tion an d the mo men t when pumping begins

varies acco rding to the size o f the machine .
W i t h mach ines o f the largest capacity it i s

only a matter o f a few minutes .
D u ring the Operation O f the pump a s mall

stream o f water flows continuously into the E X TI N G U I S H I N G F I R E S O F G AS O L I NE
drum th rough the p ip e H Fig I an d in o rder , .
,
O TH E R L I Q UI DS
OR *
to maintain the co rrect depth in th e ring o f B GEO G

Y A B U RRELL
R E .
wate r a scoop L i s fi tted T h e scoop skims

, . T here are t w p rin cipal meth ds o f ex
o o
of f the su rplu s water an d this function i s con

, t i n g i hi n g burn in g l iqu i ds as fol lows
u s ,
ti n u ou s W hile th e pump i s working T h e wa . . I T ofo rm a bl anke t f g o r s ol i d ma

o as
ter may be con ducted from the scoop back to ter a i l ver the burn in g l iqui d an d cut ff the
o O
the supply tank an d be u sed over an d over a i r s upply

-
.
a f t e r being cooled . .2 T di l ute the burn ing l iqu i d W i t h a non

O
T h e water s eal i s merely a s ubstitute fo r

stuff n g box I t con sists o f a fi xed disk K
i -
.
,
*
rom T echn i cal
F P ape r NO . I2 7, U . S .
F i g I aroun d which a chambe r containing wa

.
, B ureau of Mines .
862 8 C O MP R E S S ED AI R MAGAZ I NE .
inflamma b le ex t in g u ishinn g a g en t t ha t W ii l l m mix ix

wi t h i t .
Wa t er may be used f ex t in g uuish i s inng burn or i
ing liqui ds s uch as dena tt uure d alc hol wo d

,
i a re o , o
alc oh l a d ace t ne t haa t are m

o , n mii sc
sci b le w i t h i t
o , .
I f such a l iqui d as g asoll ine i ne whi ch is is n t m mii s ,

o
cible w i t h wa t er ca t ches fi re t h e appl ica ,

c t ion
i on es ,
o f wa t er pr d uces l i tt lee o no effec t except or
t o spread t h b urn ing l iqui qu i d a d t hus ssca

e ea t ter , n
t he fi re over a l ar g er area H owever the .

,
appl i ca t i n f a lar g e quanntt i tt yy of w ater to a

o o ua i
s mall quan t i t y f burn ing ng O i l by i t s c ol ing

o i ng i , o
e ffec t may ai d in ex t in g u ishin g t he fi re

,
.
O f ma t eri als used t f rm a blanket o f gas o o
or sol i d ma t erial ver burn ing ng l iqu

iquii d t hus
o ,
cu tt in g ff t he oxy g en supply
o p y s evera everal aare i n ,
c omm on us e Thes e include n c lu d e s awdus t

. s and , ,
car b on t e t rachl ri de and n d the s o cal l

o ed foam
led ,
-
o r fro t hy mix t ures .
Th effi ci ency f sawdust

e ust is due to its floa t
o
i g f
n a t ime on t he l iqui
or u i d an d excluding t he
oxy g en of t he ai r S awdus t its elf is not .
-
en i t does i g n ite bu
eas i ly i g ni t i b le an d when , burns n s
W i t h u t flame
o Th character
ac t. of s awdust and
e r er
its m i s t ure c n t en t i s off l i tt l e

o o no import or
ance Fo ex t ingu ishin g s mal l fi res when j ust

. r ,
s t ar t ed it may b e appl ied b y means of long

,
han d l ed w od en shovel s o .
S an d pr b ably s erves ab ut as well as s aw

o o
dust f ex t in g ui shin g fi res

or t he g r o und but on ,
i s heavi er an d more awkwar d t handle W hen o .
t h rown n a b urn ing t ank i t s inks whereas

o ,
s awdust floa t s .
C ar b n t e t rachl ri de t he bas i s
o f various
o , o
chemical fi ex t in g uishers i f t hrown n a fi re

re -
, o
forms a h e y n i n fl mm b le vap o r ver

av no -
a a o
t he l iquid a d mixes readily wi t h i ls waxes

, n o , ,
j apan etc Th e vapor is a b ut fi ve times as

, . o
heavy as ai r W hen t hrown on a fi re i t pro

.
,
duces b lack sm ke t he hue f wh ich i s caus edo , o
by unconsumed par t i cl es f car b n P un g ent O o .
gases are als o pro d uced pr ba b ly hydr chlori c , o o
aci d g and smal l volumes of chl rine gas

as o .
Al t h u g h t he fumes are pun g en t b rief ex

o ,
p o s u e t o t hem d es
r ot caus e permanent i n o n
j ury .
Th ffic
e e y of carb on t e t rachl ri de depen d s
ac o
lar g ely t he skil l f t he user I f l iqui d in

on o .
a tank i s on fi re th e hei g ht of t he liqui ds i s ,
imp r t an t W hen t he l iqui d i s l w the s i des

o . o ,
O f the tank f rm a wal l wh ich re t ains t he

o
vap r bu t when a tank i s nearly ful l f a

o , o
h i g hly v l a t il e l iqu id l ike g as l ine only the

o o , American
*
ociety o f Mechan ical En g in ee rs
S ,
mos t skille d Opera t o r can ex t in g ui sh the fi re .

New York meeting Dec 1 9 1 7
, .
, .
C O MP R E S S ED AI R MAGAZ I NE . 86
P resumably ther e is no pu re ai r n ea r t he
su r face o f the groun d no r in the atm sphere , o
o f ci t ies Th e best we have exis t s at the t o ps

.
o f mountain s o r on the ocean but even this

, ,
we are unable to stan dardize .
Ai w ith about two pa rts o f C O in

r is Z
cons i d ered good no mat t er where we fin d it ;

,
but in C ities where much coal is bu rn e d th e

prop o r t ion i s h ighe r an d may rise r i se to as high
,h i gh Sec
-
h o n
as 1 0 parts o f C O in 000 An increase f r m 2 o
2 to 4 parts in fo r enclo sed spaces above

th e ou t side con dition s has b been en con ssidere
i dere d
good even fo r school s ann d hhoo sspital
, p t l s an d very i ,
good f r wo rkshop s
o .
DR Y I N G AI R
T hese con d itions howeve eve r ddoo not comp rise

, ,
the wh le p r blem F ur tt hher

o o e e ffo rt shoul d b e
. r r
FI G I
di rec t ed toward d ying aa ii r by some Ss imple i mple
.
r r
mechan ical pr ocess I n attempt attempting i ng to free aaii r

.
from an excess o f hu midity d i ty which

wh i ch ii s O ften as ,
much O f an impu ri t y as a re the oth er fo rms

O f con t amination I have e the f following
ollo w mg data v
to ff er :
,
About two year s g I wo rked to per fect an a o
appara t u s t hat could bee put in the po r t hole

o r the dead li g ht O f a ship h i p and w ul d exclu de o
th e rain spray while f reely admitting lar g e

or ,
quan t i t ies f ai r t t he ca b in O f the ship w i t h

o o ,
o u t a d mittin g t he water T his led t o f reeing .
t he ai r f an exces s o f humidity
o .
Th experimen t s con ducted wi t h the p re

e
l imin ary apparatu s fo r excludin g rain o r sp ray

W hile freely admi t tin g the ai r as in t he cas e
o f a ship rolling heavily at sea su g gested th e ,
‘
po s sibili t y O f removin g t h e exces s O f humidity

in t he ai r par t icularly w ith a View to admit
,
t in g ai r to the radio r o m o f a ship an d not o ,
only exclu de the rain an d the spray but al so

re g ula t ing t he humidi t y so as to keep the ai r ,
at s ome c mmo t d d of tu ti on as far

o n s an ar sa ra
as humidi t y was c nce rn ed Th e pu rpo se was o .
to overc me a difficulty w ith the a t tuning a p

o
paratu s of the receivin g an d s en din g i n st u r
me t s e i t h e a t sea o r in the high er atmo s

n ,, r
p he r e .
h is led t o t h e desi g n o f an appara t u s f

T or
a ra d io r o m on the l in es al rea d y s et fo r t h
o ,
that woul d admi t air n t nly s epara t e d f ro m '
o o
rain sal t spray an d spume but t hat would a l

, ,
so c n d i t i n o re g ulate the humi d ity wi t h in

o o r
’
t he r m by keepin g it at a common s t an dard

oo
o f humi d i t y re g ardless o f t he o u t si de chan g es

, .
C ol d wa t er in t he spray fo rm w ill d t his o
provi d e d t he spray can be g o tt en i d f a f t e r r o

8 63 0 CO MP R ES S ED AI R MAG AZ I NE .
FI G . 2
pu re wa t er spray tu rnedd in
-
intoO the apparatus
w uld keep t he humidityy Oo ff the air constant
o
by sui t a b le reg ulation O f the t emper emperatu re o f

the wa t e r spray I n a r oom at 9 0 deg fah r . . .
an d a humi d ity o f almost 9 0 per cent we .
coul d d rop the humidity t o 4 5 per cent by e . r
d i g the t emperature if the spray to 7 0 d g

uc n o
O e .
fahr .
A simple fo rm f thee appara t us arran g ed o
for c l in g a ro m i s shh w
oo wnn in F ig I T h e
o o . .
appara t us from t he inle t t the line X Y i s an o —
o r d inary fan b lower F an d the downward

or ,
ex t ens i ns f t he fan blades

o ades o r W
o i ngs W are
wings
n ecessary t o accelera t e t he ro t ary motion o f
the air .
T h e r t r R is a rotating hoop o f permeable

o o
me t al a g ainst t he inner s ide o f which the air

,
is thr wn wi t h all its impurities I f the heavy

o .
par t icles in t he air such as d ust mu d o r par , ,
ti lc es O f wa t er strike in t o the per f o rations O f

,
t he h p t hey pass t hrou g h int a quiet space

oo , o
f rme d by t he u t er case C O r i f they

o o , ,
s t rike the s lid part f the hoop they are

on o O ,
ru b bed thr u g h t he n earest holes by the fo r

o
ward m vement i the air T hey then pass

o O .
in t o t he quiet space C d r o p d wn w i t hin it , o ,
an d escape by t he pipe pipes P into the or
t ank .
Th ai r d es not escape wi t h t he heavy

e o
par t icles as mi g ht appear at fi rst f t he low

, , or
er en d s f t he pipe le g s are sealed by the water

o
in t he tank Th e tank may be f any shape

. o ,
or t here may be no tank the s epara t ed par ,
ti l
c es g in g to a waste pipe
o .
Th g rea t er t he veloci ty
e f the r otor R the O
more effi cient is the apparatus A speed o f .
f t pe r min is very practicable b ut

. .
,
is ot excess ive ei t her fr m the p int o f burs t

n , o o
i g
n f or any o t her reason
or .
T h e fan g ives the same static p ressure as

any t her centri fu g al blower O f equal diameter
o
bec mes a simple impact

o ct tube W wii t h jj ust one R AL L Y T H E E N GI N EE R S “
connec t ion t the reco rdinng d evice T hhisi s el im

o im
R ally all the engineers we ve
i t
n a es en t irely the much ddiscussed
i scussed ques t ii n o f -
.
o
,
’
g ot big wo rk to
h w t
o measu re s t atic pressu
o e s u re e correc t ly r s r .
Th e len g t h f th e intake
k p pipe
i pe has n i nflu
o e o
ence on the measu rements ts .
I f t he o rifice diameter bears tthe h p roper e

.
lation to the pipe diameter tthe h 1l 0ss in pressure , o
is negli g ible The o rifice itsel f co

t sel f conver t s a ccer
.
'
tain amount o f pressu re into t vvel10city ity aan d then o ,
as t he fluid issues from m the o rifice r i fice a trans ,
f o rmation from veloci t yy to pressu re be b e g ins

i ns ,
but due to ed d y currents which are p roduced 5 ,
no t all o f the velocity i 5s converted into i nto p res

su re a g ain .
I t is impossible to derive r i ve a c rrect mathe o
m t i c a l f rmula fo this loss but a great many

a o r ,
years g o Carnot proposeda o s d an equa t ion

, i on fo r e
t his l ss which checks very

o ery cl o sely W w ii tt h ex
p e i m nt a l da t a
r e Th e formulamul i s as f llo ws : . r a o .
2
(V z
—
V i )
Lo st head
2 g
Where V : velocity o f flui d in pipe feet per
1 ,
s econ d .
V z
-
z v e loc i ty o f flui d in o rifice feet ,
second .
g : accelera t ion due to gravity feet ,
per sec nd o .
Th e l st head is in feet o f t he fluid being

o
measured .
T es t s were made at the lab ra t ories o f the o
C arne g ie I n stitute o f T echnolo g y which

sh wed t hat this equa t ion will g ive fairly close
o
resul t s When t he veloci t ies are low t he

.
,
calculated los s is too hi g h and when the ve
l i t i s are high t he equati o n g ives results

.
oc e ,
too low O ver th e ran g e f velocities u se d

. o
in t he t ests the variation f the actual an d , o
calcula t e d los s d id not exceed 7 per cent .
I f an o rifice diameter o f about s ix ten t hs o f -
t he pipe d iame t er is u sed and the lost head e r
d uc e d t o ac t ual addi t ional ho rsep we r e o r
quire d t drive t he t u rb bl wer we find that

o o -
o , T he open ing o f a new railroad to provide an
'
it amoun t s to les s than on e hal f o f one per -
o u t let f the produc t has led to the dynamit

or
cen t which is certainly all owa b le
.
, .
ing o f n o f S witzerlan d s most famous g la
o e
’
S everal in stalla t ions o f t his kin d have been ci ers an d the marketing o f the ice .
ma d e by the B acharach I n d ustrial I ns t rument

C mpany
o f P i tt sbu r g h an d are g ivin g excel
, o ,
*un g at t he Annual Meeting o f the Amer
S
lent satis facti n B l t F u n e d St lo .
—
as r ac an ee ican S ociety o f Mechan ical En g ineers New ,
P la n t . Yo rk D ec 1 9 1 7
, .
, .
C O MP R ES S ED AI R MAG AZ I N E . 8 63 3
MAGA
G AZ
Z IN E
EVER Y T H I NG P N E U MAT I C
E ta b l i h
s s ed 1 896
W S AU N D E R S
L E d i tt o
’
r
Ma na g i n g r
. . .
F
R AN K R I C H AR D S ; E d i to
C H AS A H I R S C H B E R G , Buu s i n e s s Ma n a g e r
C i rcu l a t i o n Ma n a g r
. .
W C L AB S ,
. . O e
P UB L I SH ED M O \NI T
T H L YY BY TH E
C omp r es s e d Ai r Ma g a z i n e C omp a n y
E a s t o11
n, Pa .
New Y o r k O th e e — 11 B o d r a way
nd n Qu n V ict r ia t r ee t
.
Lo o O ffi c e— 1 65 ee o S .
u b cr i p t i n i nc l u d i n g p
S s o t
os a g e , U nit ed S ta tes
d M xic y r n ab r d
,
a n e o, a ea Ca ad a a nd a r oa
y r S ing l p i 1 0 c nt
. .
a ea e c o i es , e s
wh f il r c iv p p r p r m p t l y w i ll
. . .
Th os e o a to e e ve a e s o
p l a en t if y a t n
se o us o ce
Ad v r t i i n g r t f urn i h a p p l i ca t i n
.
e s a es s e d on o .
We i nv i t e c o rr e s p o n (d1 e nnce e f r om e n g i n e e r s
c o n t rac t o r s i nv e n t o r s a m o th e r s i n t e r e s t e d Ii nn
,
.
nd
c om p r e s s e d a i r
.
E nt r e ed as se c nd cl a
o ss m a tt e r at th e E a s o t n
t O ffi c e
-
,
Pa . . P os .
V ol . X X I I I J ANU AR Y .
, 1 918 . No 1 .
C O NTE NTS
T o G et a
d T unnel P hot g raph G oo o 8 61 1
Ai r a n d W a t er T ank fo r 861 2
Launching a C ncrete S hip o 861 3
S pee d ing up the D rill
. .
8 61 4
Ai D riven P o r t able C lumn
r o 8 61 7
F T igh t Ai H se C o nn ec t ion s
or r o 8 61 8
Ai O pera t ed T ube B en der
r 8 62 1
D ive rs in S ha ft S inkin g
. .
. 8 62 1
P n euma t ic C mpac t in g f C ncre t e o o o 8 62 4
G l be J hn son R t ary Ai P ump
o -
o o r 8 62 5
E x t in g uishing G asolin e F i res 862 7
C l ing D rying an d P uri fyin g Ai
oo , r 862 8
Measu ring Ai D elivery o f T u rbo B lowe r r 863 0
R ally t he En g ineers 8 63 2
Th Ne w Y ear e n d t he W rl d W a o ar 863 3
T h e En g in eers N ow All U n i t e d
. .
863 4
F Avia t ion W o rk
or 8 63 5
Th Ai rplane an d t he W
‘
e ar 863 6
R aisin g a Quarry R egimen t 8 63 7
C anary s F atal S ong
’
863 8
T h e G ran i t e N a t ion s 863 8
C emen t G O ld Mas o n ry un on 8 63 8
D e s t r yin g W orks in O ccupie d T erri t ry
o o 8 63 9
N t es o 8 63 9
P a t en t s 864 0
863 4 C O MP R ES S ED AI R MAGAZ I NE .
W hen comes as sure it must ere lon g

v ic t ry
’
, ,
N ot easy will i t be to say y bby whom ,
O r when o r where was blow d ec ecisive

is struck ve .
W e re all enlisted fo the war an d1 we

’
r , (
H ave each s me thin g thatt w we att lleastt can d

o a o
To hasten the resul t No warl

warlikei ke g aarb . r
May be for u s n o may we face th e gun s , r
O r thrus t t he bayonet o r have ou r han d ,
I n wholesale butchery or see b brave

ave men ,
I n crowds mowed down .
O u r fi g hters
ers must be fed
An d clothed an d swi f t ly m ved from place to
,
o
place ,
i g lly waste
An d kept supplied to proO ddigally a
H ell s fi res when the decis

’
cis iivee m ments come ; o ,
An d they must su rely know that they are

backed
U n failin g ly by love an d tru st at h me o .
H ow tame i s it to prate o f d uty now .
T H E E N G I N EE R S N O W AL L U NI T E D
W e prin t here in full the address
ddress o f W L . .
S aun ders peaker at Lararg e n F rriday

,
“
S i day even ”
, o
i ng De 7 1 9 1 7 in th e
c e Au ddito
i to rrium
i um o f Th e
ding N w
, .
, ,
Engineerin g S ocie t i es B u u ilding ij v Yo rk i , e ,
at the cerem o nies welcoming the American

S ociety o f C ivil En g ineers in t the F ratern ity o
an d H ab itat o f the F oun der S o cieties

P ermit me M P resident an d ladies an d
, r .
,
gen t lemen to an swer the question W hy I am

, ,
“
at large at this time ? T h an swer i s very
”
e
simpl e I am one o f the c mmittee which has

. o
had the pro g ram o f this a ff air in charg e M . r .
D unn is another H called me on e an d I . e
ca lled him an ot her O in the interest o f har , S
mony it was decided t parcel the hono rs and o
pun ish th e audience .
As we stand on this S c tch preserve upon . o ,
which has been reared t his splendi d menagerie ,
we na t u rally think o f the g reat g ame keeper -

,
C a n eg i who made it possible

r e, W e are also .
remin ded in the variety o f the per fo rmance

t o ni g ht
-
f the party o f hunters who s t and
o ,
i n g at the g a t e f a S c tch g ame preserve saido o ,
to t he keeper H ave y u all kinds o f animals

,
“
o
here any d eer ?

,
—
H un d re d s o f them
”
was “ ”
,
the reply A y rabbits ? T h usan ds o f them

.
“
n
”
o .
”
“
A y g rillas P
n W ell said the old S cotch
o
” “ ”
,
man t hey cum j us t like y ursel ow and

,
“
, o , n
’
t h en f
An d on thi o casion you have seen the
so s c
gen t le
p o lish y u have heard t he so ft an d
, o
never still v ice f t he electrical en g ineer ;

o o
trenche s abr ad so the a d vvisers

o .i sers o f the P res
ident succeeded in placing mg an en g ineer i neer upon
the p r o p sed lists o f members
o embers o f each ddistric i str i c t
b ard in each S tate in the U n ion O n these
o .
l is t s were rep res entatives es f the farmers t he o ,
l egal p ro fession busin ess5 men and representa

,
f ives o f labo r H ere was as the true

. rue pos ii t ion i on f -
or
the enginee r the man who ii s respon s ible

, ble foo r
t h e crea t ion an d operation ion o f ou r in i n dustr
dustries i es .
T h e engin eer members w ere s elec t ed f ro m the

vere
o rgan ization o f en g in ee rs which h ch h hadad been cre
v i
a ted by the N aval C n s sul tm

u lt in g B oard in o i n each
S t ate an d territory and through w whh ichh th e imn i
d s t i a l plants had been

u r n surveyed
u e an d l isted s rv
fo r war s ervice T h e P res ident . i dent acting in i n har

mony W ith ou r system oo if governmen t a g o , v
e n m n t by s tates sent these llists

r e i sts to th e S tate
,
go verno rs asking them , m t o rev revisei se them an d

make such chan g es in the he names as each Go v
ern o r might deem w ise W hen the l ists i sts we re

.
retu rned to the P res ident ent m re than 9 0 p er o
c ent o f the engin eers were scratched off t o

.
give place t lawyers ann dd others

o .
I t i s useles s fo r u s to 0 ffume
ume an d p ro t e s t at
s uch incidents as this I tt s erves u s rright . ig t W e i .
a re not rgan ized fo r Ccivic

o i vic servservice i ce W e are .
not o r g an ized fo r any service O u institutes . r ,
s cie t ies an d u engineering council suff er t oo

o , o r
much fr o m p ro fess ional megaloman ia S uch .
o r g anization s as w e have are not framed to

su i t t he kin d o f g overnment wh ich we live
unde r a federation o f states coun t ies an d
—
,
wards —
dem cracy
a o .
Le t u s hope that we begin to n ight by plac -
i n g t he c rn er s t n e o f a structure to be reare d
o o
o n the l in es o f engin eerin g democracy Let .
u s g t toge t he r not in h i g h places only n ot

e , ,
in the branches but at the ro o ts o f t he tree ;

,
n ot alon e in sci entific fi elds but as techn ical ,
men doing work as ci t izen s reaching into ,
eve ry villa g e an d every ward a T echn ical —

“
,
C ivic F ederati o n Le t u s o rg an ize ; fo in

”
. r or
g an z i a t i on there i s the e ssence o f s t rength the ,
bas is o f in fluence an d t h e Oppo rtun i t y fo r
power .
FOR AV I AT I O N W O R K
belie f may be sai d to be n w un iversal
Th e o
tha t avia t o rs are t W i the wo rl d war at o n , or
least t b e the m s t imp r t an t agency lea d

o o o
i g t
n t he final decis ion T h actual Opera
o . e
t rs f t he mach in es t he he r es f the sky

o O , o o ,
each represen t a con siderable numbe r f o
skille d d resp n si b le men w rkin g

an t he
o o on
8 63 6 C O MP R ES S E D AI R MAG AZ I NE .
riggers tyli n e w elderss gas en g ine overhaul

, ac e ,
men and ins t rument makers R eequiremen

, qu m nt s . i re e
for t he various clas ses o f l andsmen n d s m n t o be en a e
lis t e d are :
L an d smen fo r Quartermaster m s t er ; althou g h no r a
previ u s tra d e experience

o c e isi s require d a g en
eral manual ability is required u d Men o f trades i re .
such as ri g g ing fab ric w rking k i n g an d wire wo rk

, or
i ng are d esired as are also men experienced ,
in t he operation f hydrogen roge plan l t s o r in the

o h
care n d upkeep f diri g ibles
a bles o r ball ons Men
o o .
in this training who d isplay ppr fificiency ency on ro c
diri g ible wo rk will be assiig nned e d to t h hiss branch

'
ss .
T hese men will also be used as s ea plane i g -

r
g ers ,
ture d overhauling
fo r gen eral s t ructure an
an d also inspection o f diriig ibles bl preliminary to r i es
fli g h t .
C arpenters mates will look after the upkeep

’
and repair o f wings pontoons flying boat , ,

.
hulls and bo dies balloons n s an d d i ri g ibles the

diri , theii r , ,
training covering the practical ac t i c a application o f

thei r trade skill and general neral aviation work .
Ma chinists mates will1 show pp revious

'
’
ou s xp e r ev e
r e es o r any all
i n c e in g as o l in e engines i ed skilled
allied H
t rade such as t hat f electricianle t i c i a n T hese wi ll
o c r .
be charged with the upkeep keep an d overhaul o f

ai rcraf t en g ines T heir trainin g covers a pra e
.
tical unders t an ding o f ai rcra ft engines .
P rovisi o n i s made fo r men especially well

qualifi ed fo r enlistment o r en rollment as car
p nters an d mach inists mates to be enrolled
e
’ ’
direc t ly for that sec nd class ra t e should thei r o
skill be suffi cien t The rating b adge for men .
i n thi s service will be the same as the reg

ular except fo the addition o f double wingsr .
Application s an d inqui ries may be addressed

to U S Navy R ecru itin g B ureau 3 1 8 W est
. . ,
3 oth S t reet New York N Y , , . .
TH E AI R P L AN E AN D THE WAR
W hile the hopes o f the wo rld are centered
up n the airplane as the a g ency above all o t h
o
ers by which t o c nquer peace an d world o
safe t y it is s t ill the youn g er o f the grea t mo d

ern war devices th e submarin e having a t ,
t i n d some phase o f p racticabili t y many years

a e
be fo re it I n t he h isto ry o f the development

.
o f the ai rplan e three names all American , ,
s t oo d u t m s t p r minently :Lan g ley W right

o o o , ,
C u r t is Lan g ley did much in experimentin g

.
and in preliminarily de t ermin in g the essentials

for success ful fligh t but he was in a way b , , , e
fo re his time as the mos t n eeded moto r was

,
n t ye t per fec t ed
o W ri g ht also contri b ute d .
C O MP R E S S E D AI R MAG AZ I N E 8 63 7
'
man su b marine b ases a d success fully preven t , n

t‘
n i g h t b ombin g expe d i t ionon s fas t e r d larger , an
airplanes will b e requi reed F rance d G rea t . an
Bri t ain canno t ma t e riall incc reasee t he hei r aaii r yr n r ea
cra f t pro d uc t ion a r t he presen t t ime i me and i t is ,
for t his reason t ha t t heyy look t o us in i n t his e
emergency .
T h e ques t ion o f Ob t ain n in

i n g the p r o pe r ma
"
chines is no t however t he nly bbig , i g problem , o ,
b u t how t o ge t men t o man them eefffi cien t llyy C i en
is an equally diffi cul t t askk .
Th e presen t plan fo r t rain ing a avia tt rs en '

“
v a ors
coun t ers special difficulty a lty T ha t is t he lack u .
o f pil t ins t ruc t o rs accu

o c st me d t o fly the
t oome c us
speedy fi g h t in g cra f t T hhere is n one t . o o
b lame fo r t his as t he U n i t ed S t a t es up t o t his

,
t ime has no t n ee d e d men pos sessed o f this

spec ial expe r t n es s T here is a problem how .
,
ever t ha t t he Governmen t is success fully

,
wo rkin g ou t an d it sh o uld not be lon g b e fo re

,
we shall be a b le wi t h the help o f the x p i , e er
en c e d F rench an d B ri t ish ai rmen to fu rn ish ,
a numbe r o f expe rt pilo t s tra i n ed in America ,
a n d flying American made machin es -

.
T Y P ES OF AI RPLAN ES
“
A t o t he type O f plan es wh ich will be
s
use d t o fin ish the war I do not believe ou r ,
possessi n o f air mastery will be secured by

o
th e use o f any par t icular size o type o f air r
plan e All t ypes will be nee d ed :Flying

.
b o a t s fo r c o as t pa t rol and submarine hunting ;

small spee d y machin es fo r combat work and
,
scou t ing ; larg nd power ful machines fo r

e a R AI S I N G A Q U AR R Y R E G I ME NT
rai d ing d t rench bombin g and probably sev
an , Th e ngineer Co rps o f the U S Army
E . .
e ral t ypes will be developed to t ake care o f has been au t ho rized to rai se by v lun t ary en , o
vari us o t her exigencie s as they arise

o . li s t m n t a S pecial Quarry R e g imen t t o con
e ,
I n fac t t he range i s as extreme as that in sis t f six c mpan ies o f 2 5 0 men each and t o
“
, o o ,
t he na y f r m t o rpedo boa t destroyers to

v o be kn wn as t he 2 8 th En g ineers Na t ional A
o , r
super d readnaughts
-
Th e discus sion abou t . my T his regimen t is n w being recruited
. o ,
par t icular t ypes o f ai rcra f t is the same as t hat a d t he fi rs t t wo compan ies are in t rain ing a t
n
t h rou g h which t he navy passed W i t h a swing . C amp Meade Md , .
o f t he pendulum some fav o red t he t o rpedo , Th re g iment i s to b e made up en t irely

e f o
b oa t almos t t o t he exclusion o f o t her cra f t ; picked men f rom t he vari u s quarries o f t he o
O t hers d eman d e d t ha t only b ig g u ba tt le -

n coun t ry All trades a n d occupa t ion s in t he
.
ships be buil t Jus t a s an effi cien t navy does

. quarry business will be represen t ed E ch co m . a
no t con sis t o f all big ba tt leships o r o f all , pany will have a suffi cien t number o f skille d
submarines o r all li g h t c ruisers nei t her can , men t pera t e a sepa rate quarry plan t
o o .
an efficien t ai r se vice c ns ist o f only one -

r o Ea ch company will be equipped wi t h a c m o
t ype f plane h weve r success ful i t s per form

o , o pl t
e e r ck c ru shin g and screening plan t
o -
, ca
ance fo r i t s par t icula r desi g n o r pu rpo se .

p b l o f pr d ucin g
a e t ons o f crushed r ck
o o
Ac t ual figh t in g be t ween men in t he t renche s

“
pe r d y C hu rn and air d rillin g u t fi t s will
a .
— o
a n d airplanes equ ipped wi t h machin guns has e b e provi d ed d t he equipmen t will inclu d e
, an
b e n repo rt ed P ssi b ly a special type f ma

e . o o s t eam shovels l com t ive cranes s t am l co
, o o , e o
chin e will have t b e d esi g ne d f t hi s pur o or mo t ives cars d t her sta n d ar d quarryin g
, an o
:
pose be f re t h war is vero e o . machin ry O nly men who hav h d x p i

e . e a e er
e nce in t he han dlin g o f such ch equequipment

i pment aand t he bi rd and the bush and the song into noth
tho se who have wo rkedd m in an d about quar i ng n es s .
ries will be enlis t ed f th thisi s s erv

ervice
i ce or .
Th e c mman d in g offi cer W

o willll be a R e g ular l
Army O ffi cer the o t he r fffificers cers o f t he R eg

, egii o
men t bein g lar g ely d rawnn from o m th e Eng ngineer

i nee ss v r r -
an d Quarry S uperinten dents wh have volu m o
teered their services have been g iven the ,
n ecessary mili t ary t rainmin g aat t he O F ffific e s u r

’
T rain in g C amps an d are re n w commiss o m mi s m ioned

n ed o c s
i n the En g ineer O ffi s R eserve C o rps c er

’
.
All men who v lunteee r fo this service will o r
b e enlis t ed as privates but th o se who Sshow how ,
themselves qual ified will be rai edd to the h grade d s
o f commissioned fficer
n on -
er A y recr ec u iting
t n o . n r r i i
officer will enlist men for or tthh iss re g iment but l ,
each man mus t sh w proper roper qualifica t i on s by o
way o f experience an d pass the u sual physical

examina t ion All men be t ween the ages o f 1 8
.
a n d 4 1 a e eligible fo r enlistment i f not a c

r
t u lly drawn on t he dra ft

a .
Mo re d e t aile d in fo rmation
ation will be fu rn rnished
shed
by Maj o r 0 B P erry o ff the Chie f En g ineer
. . i neer s ,
’
O ffi ce W ashin g ton D C

, , . .
Y S F AT AL S O NG
A C ANAR ’
O ur readers who are well in formed as to the

u se o f canaries an d mice by miners to give
warnin g o f t he presence o f carbon monoxide ,
will readily understand an d app reciate the fol

lowin g f rom recent issue o f Th e Ofii c i l
a
'
B u lle t i n :
Fo r more than a month on a no rthern s ec
to r o f t he line the B ri t ish had been s ecretly
min in g b eneath the G erman trenches T h e .
w rk was almost complete D uring the op

o .
era ti s several canary birds were

on as u sual , ,
kep t in the excava t i o n to warn the wo rkers

o f t he presence o f fi which is fatal re
to t he bi rds O ne little s n g s t er h weve r

. o , o ,
escape d from i t s j ob flew in t o the mi ddle o f ,
N Man s Lan d an d ali g h t ing on a bush b e

“ ’ ”
O , ,
g an t s in g C nsternati n rei g n ed in th e B rit

o . o o
ish lines I f a bi rd shoul d b e d iscovered by

.
‘
the G ermans t he wo rk o f weeks w uld go fo r o
nau g h t as the enemy could easily interpret

,
the meanin g o f i t s presence a d p repare to n
com b a t the sappin g Opera t ions Th e in fant y . r
was imme d ia t ely o rdere d t o open fi re on the

canary t des t r y i t B t i t seeme d to bear a
o o . u
charmed li fe Even th e sharpsho ters failed

. o
to brin g i t d wn as it hopped f r om twig to

o
t wig F inally t he ar t illery had to be called on

. .
A trench g u n wi t h a well t imed shell blew -

~
quarter o f a mile o f 4 i n ppipei pe I n o rder to

-
. .
cut down the p ip e f riction

on a valve was placed
on the intake o f th e pump
ump so that a certain
q uantity o f ai r was admitted
d m tt ed Wwith
i th the 0 oil1 i 1 .
T his reduced the volume o f oil in the p ip e s

a nd the fricti n enough so that the pump
o
c ou 1d han dle the oil without excessive p res

~
s u re T his device saved the installa t ion o f a

.
s team b o iler to heat the 0i l W i n kle D ep t .

—
r .
P . C G . . A.
(2
42 43 34 5
42 4 5 38 3 7)
I C P ATENTS NOV MB R 6 P N EU M AT E E
F rance an d En g lan d f reely acknowl ed g e b y a pin prick A li fe ra ft made with rubber .
t hat they g reatly decreas ed their effi ciency by spon g e is as near fo l proo f as one can be o -
.
s en ding thei r scientific men t o the trenches .
Although they have s ince withdrawn most o f L AT E S T U S P AT E NT S

t hos e still alive an d are now using them in
. .
F ll s p ec i fi c a ti ons a nd d wi ng s of a ny p a t u ra
special service the dearth o f technically ent m y b e ob ta i n ed b y s end i ng fiv e c nts (not
, a e
t rained men has been an d is severely felt t mp ) to th e C ommi ss i on er
.
of P a t en ts
s a s ,
Wa s hi ng t on, D . C .
ecause f its cellular structu re rubber

B o NO V E MB E R 6
AI R AT O
s pon g e has s everal very peculiar p r operties P R E S SUR E P R DUCI NG- -
T AC H M E N T F O R G AS L I N E AN S R ea O K T
Fo example : r u kl O l
-
it has the l west appa rent spe

.
r o s on C . Th
a p a n d P e a r ley G B c es , s c eo a , .
Mo
c ific g ravity f all solid bodies bein g aroun d V AN D D R Y I N G AP
.
o H AI R W A I N G
or ab ut one fifth that o f c rk I n spite
,
P AR A U S T
Ha a a c ob s a nd nn h J
H a ry r
J b Y rk Y
.
— o
o .
a c o s , N ew o N
o f i t s cellular s t ructure it is water ti g ht and T O I N G AN D FY
, . .
ME H D F O R P U R I
,
H U MI D I FY
I N G AI R Ad o p W L s s a er l h i u
very nearly g ti g ht W hile it i s hon y Y rk
. . .
as . o N ew o N Y , . .
P R E S S U R E
c ombe d wi t h minute cells each cell is an in d i
, B R AK E
EL E CTR O F L U I D
Wa e l t r T urn
. e , W sb g , Pa r i lk i n ur .
C O MP R E S S ED AI R MAG AZ I N E . 8 64 1
AI R —P U MP J o h n K T om l i n s o n
n v r t \V V
. . .
Ro c e e e a
V I B R AT O R W i l f r e d L e w i s H a ve r
. . .
a
.
.
or
VAC U UM P U MP w rd
.
Ed a O
'
Ma r a
L ui
-
.
M
.
St . o s . o .
AU TO MAT I C W AT E R S U P P L Y
W a l te r
-
R E G UL A TO R F O R W I N D MI L L S F
r l r T os c a T e x
. .
P es s e . . .
P N E U MAT I C C L E AN E R J os e p h
J S m i th C a m b r i d g e Ma s s
.
AI R C O MP R E S S O R W i ll i a m E v e r
.
. . .
e t t V e r P l an c k E r ie P a
-
.
. . .
ME T H O D OF AN D AP P AR AT U S
FOR D I S I N T E G R AT I N G AN D D E C O L O R
I NG P AP E R S t e wa r t W a r i ng E van s t o n
a n d H e r be r t A H a u p t l i
.
C h i c a g o I ll
. .
A p r o c e s s o f d i s i n t e g r a ti n g a n d d e i n k i n g
.
. . .
1
p r i n t ed i n a g i t a t i n g a b od y
.
p a p e r c on s i s t i n g
of w a t e r c o n t a m m a q u a n t i t y of p r i n t e d p a p e r
. _
th e o gly o r fa tt y e l e m e n t s o f t h e
-
.
s a p o m fy i n g
m i x t ur e i n t r o d u c m g a i r i n t o t h e m i x t ur e d ur i n g
,
,
6
4 N
2
P NEU MAT IC P ATENTS N OVEMBER 13
the a g i ta t ing d a p n i fy i n g p d an s o o e ra ti n o an O V E MB E R 2 0 N
r m v i n g t h r u l ti n g f a m
.
e o
AP P AR AT U S F O R C R E A T I N G
e es o .
P R OC E S S OF R E F R I G E R AT I O N
J o h n C B e r t s c h E d g e wo o d P a r k P a
.
AR T I F I C I AL B R E AT H I N G O tt B u hh rn Ja mes E d
. .
E N G I N E S T AR T E R
o c o
C h ar l tt
. .
b ur g G r m ny
. .
war d S a n d e s o n D a nv i ll e I l l
-
.
en a
C h rl
o e
P N E U MAT I C C O N V E Y E R
.
.
M U L T I S T AG E B L O W E R F O R
a es
. .
.
C ff y
.
G e o r g e W All e n
B E1 i T x
P N E U MAT I C C L E AN E R S
a e n e
J O L T R AMMI N G
. . . .
C O M I N AT I O N
B os t on
. . .
AN D R O C K O V E R MAC H I N E W i ll i am C Ma s s
-
P N E U MAT I C TOO L C h a r le s C h r i s
.
.
N r r T rr H u t I d
-
. .
G e l s e n k i r c h e n G e r m a ny
.
o c os s e e a e n
(R i u ) P R O C E S S OF AG I T AT I N G
.
t ia ns e n
. .
S P R AY I N G I N S T R U ME N T Th om
.
W i ll i B K i r k
.
e ss e .
W AT E R I N M AK I N G I C E
.
D e V i lb i s s T o l e d o Oh i o
.
s
p a tri k H rt d l as A
.
N Y
.
AU TO MAT I C F U E L C U T OFF F O R
. . . .
c a s a e.
A pr g i t ti n g wa t r b y a i r i
. . .
W i ll i a m R R a y S a n F ran
-
I f oc e s s o a a e n
m anu f a t ur wh i h n i t i n p O IL B R NERS
g a l bi n ti n i u l y m e a n s a n d a i r
.
c i s co
-
th f i ro .
.
c e c o s s s
u p p l y f d h y d ra t d i t p r ur
o c
.
e c e
y id ing o e a r a a es s e
f fr m tw l v
a
.
s e
.
o o t tw n ty fi p un d e ab v e o e ve o s o e
1
s up p ly
I n c om a o o l s pp
m e an s a c u t o ff v a l v e fo r c o n t r o ll i n g
.
-
t m p h r p a i ng i d a i r th r u g h
.
-
s a i d o i l s u p p l y m e an s a d i a p h ra g m a d aap t e da i tro
-
os sa o a c on
.
a e e. ss
d u i t w ith i n t h m f w t r t fr z n
b e a c t ua t e d b y t h e a i r p r e s s ure o f s i d
-
b e ass o a e o e o e
.
r d u i n g t h p r ur f t h i b f r i t i
.
.
s u p p l y me a n s p i vo t e d l o c k i n g l e v e r a c t u aatne dd
ess e a r e o e s
r l d t l ig h tl y i n x
e c e e o
p int f th a t
b y s a i d d i a p h r a g m a n d fo r m e d w ith a s e a t
a
o o c es s o
d l iv rin
.
e ea s e a s e
o f h tm p h r
t e d a os id a ir e e. an e e g sa
a w e i g ht e d o p e ra t i n g l e v e r fo r s a i d c u t o ff v a l v e
.
In t w t r n r t h b tt m f t h m l a t e ra ll y e x t e n d i n g p i n fo r e n g a g i ni g
-
th
o e a e ea e o o o e ass
ha v mg
.
i n t h e s e a t o f t h e l o c k i n g l e ve r t o h o l d s a
a
N O VE M B E R 1 3
w e i g ht e d l e ve r r e l e a s a b l y
C OMB I N ED T I R E V AL VE AN D AI R E L I M I N ATO R W i ll i a m J
.
P R ES S UR E G O V E R N O R rg F M r B ur k a r t P i tt s b ur g h
- - .
.
G eo e a s Pa
P m n
-
M E AN S F O R AU TO MAT I C AL L Y
. .
. . .
t
L U B R I C AT I N G
on o o a
\ V AT E R E L E V AT I N G AP P AR AT C AR J O U R N AL B O X E S
. .
r g F r n kl i n V B r nt K w
- .
G O tt o M P a s k i n s M tt o o n I ll
P N E U MAT I C V AL V E W i n fie l d P
eo e a an u . e a n ee . . . a . .
ATO M I Z E R P o r t e r N e w Yo r k N Y
. .
P N E U MAT I C Ed
Z w l d E t ni l Bu n M I L K I N G M AC H I N E R E L E AS E R
. .
. . .
d Z w l
Am b r o s e R i d d N e w P l y m o u th N e w Z e a l a n d
ua r o a e e an s a s ao a e s e os
Ai r Ar g n t i n
-
.
.
AI R M O I S T E N E R
e s. e a .
S T E AM
.
P N E U MAT I C S E P AR ATO R
. .
l 246 344 FOR FOR

E d w rd J C O N T AI N E R S I o h n A C l a r k a n d C l i ffo r d
-
. . .
L V E I Z I NG MI L L S
U
St
IS IR
I kl
C oo n B r o o kl yn N Y
-
. a . ec e. . . .
x I on. H . . . . .
8 64 2 C O MP R E S S ED AI R MAGAZ I NE .
42 4 23 27
0
O
o
N
4Z 4 6C
P N EU M AT IC P ATENTS NO VEMBER 2 0
C N P I C K I N G MAC H I N E W i l
OTTO ma n i fo ld i n
a nd t k m n i f l
op e d t t hn sa
id a e a o o e
tm p h r mp r d ahi d
»
li i t tl k
-
th t
. .
am L Ar k 18 c o es s e In s
y l ind r t r t rd th
F od r f a , L e R oc os e so a a ir
ng i ti n r t
a e
il vi
. . . .
M I N I N G MAC H I N E N s Da d e ne c e s o e a e ac o o e
vin lu b u Oh i p i t n th i n
-
.
Co m 3
Le
AI R R E G U L AT I N G V AL V E H nr y
s . o . .
s o s er e .
AI R C M P R E S S I N G AN D S H C K O O 1 e
M F u ll r S l t L k C i t y U t h
-
V
- .
AB S R B I N G O S S EM F OR Y T
EH I CL E S e a
Fr d D
a e a
r n k ibb n br
, .
2 0 AI R C O M P R E S S O R
. ,
i h
.
e
R c a d G Sp i Ne
H l d w r th C l r m n t N H
G - -
o . .
.
, .
.
F T O OF
.
P UR I ICA I N S E W AG E AN D
AI R R O P E L L E R S mu l D M tt
o s o a e o
Q n t r lt r J
, , . .
OT H ER L I UID S Wa e S ou a e o
Pa
,
n l n
o es.
.
br i
.
i N J
.
d g e, E g a d ssa c
r ur i y i n w th r
.
. , .
1 T h e p o c e s s of p f g se a g e or o e
i m p ur l i q u i d by up p l y i n g th w g
.
e im
s e se a e or
p u rliqui t
e t n k u p p l y i ng
d o d liv
a inga s er
a i r i n m ll b u bb l p r i d i ll y p l ur l i y f . or e
s a es , e o ca a a t o
t im a t d i ff r n t p i t t t h l i q u i d i n th
es e e o n s o e
,
e
t n k d ur i n g i t t r t m n t un ti l i t i p ur i fi d
a s ea e
p ur i fi d l i q u i d
s e
d runn i n g
. ,
an ff t h o e e .
N O V E MB E R 2 7
AI R D I S P E N S I N G ME AN S S m l a ue
Bl k B l t im r d Al nz k r
-
.
D ac a G D o e, an o o
O r g v i ll Md
.
, . ec e ,
an e e,
m b i n t i n w i th tal
.
1 Th e c o p t p da o a os or e es
h v i ng u p p r m p r t m n t n t i t u ti n g a
.
a an e co a e
h ll w h d int k utl t
c o s
o o d h v ing
ea i an d a a r an o
l t d i n d i ff r n t w ll f i d h d
a e e
p assa g es oc a e e o
l d i
e a s sa ea
an i mp r r m un t d i id
,
:
a r c oo e a r c o es s o o e n sa
h ll w h d
o o d rr n g d t d r w i i n t
ea an a id a e o a a r o sa (2 4
3 62
h d th r u g h
ea id in t k p a g
o sa d xp l it a e ssa an
id u tl t p
e e e
t hr g h ou sa ag o e a ss e
P N E U MAT I C S H O C K AB S O R B E R
.
W i ll i m H H l d
-
AN D AI R C O M P R E S S O R
F ll I d h
-
a o
Id h
. .
en a o a s, a o
Fr d C H w N w H v n
. .
F AN . e . o e, e a e ,
on n
H w
.
S U C TI ON S W E E P E R d ar
E rl H
o
v r C h i a g 1 11
-
.
a oo e c o.
B rt L
.
C O M P R E S S I O N B R AK E
.
O
C a m p b ll
e
D tr i t Mi h
-
. .
I)
e e o
i n br k f v hi l
c
mp r 0
, ,
‘
.
1 I n a co es s o a e or e c es , an
i n t rn l m bu t i n ng in h v ing yl ind r d
.
N
e a c o s o an
p r bl yl i nd r
e e a c e s
p i t n in th g in
Q.
‘
e
s o s
xh u t m n i f l d f t h ng i
a s
o e
a
a e
yl i nd r
o or
e en e
ne
c e s, an
an
N 3
i n t k m n if l d f t h n g i n y l i nd r d ap t d
e e c e s,
a e a o or e e e c e s a e
m m un i t w i th t h tm p h m n i
c
t o co
l ud ing lv ad p t d t l va
c a
es
e
id xh u t a e
e a
o c
os
os e
er e,
sa
ea
e
s
a
n
s
P N EU MAT IC P ATENTS N OVEMBER 2 7
EV ER Y TH I NG P NEU MAT I C
V ol xxi ii
. FEBRUARY , l 9 | 8 NO 2
.
C O MP R E S S E D AI R FOR F O R GE SH OPS to deal with than steam an d compares favo r

BY CHI ARLES A . H R S C H B ERG .
ably in cost with other f rms o f powe r and
o ,
T he modern manu facturing plant an d many

under certain con ditions such as tho se treated
,
remodeled older ones are reso rting to electric on in this article the advantage is decidedly n
,
o
cu rrent direct moto r d rive in place o f steam its side .
Fo our pu rp se we will class i fy the gen eral

, ,
engin e an d l in e sha ft becau se o f its greater ,

r o
conven ience cheaper maintenance gen erally

, ,
n ea t and cleanly appearance an d t he many

ec o n mies it makes possible in t he Operation
o
o f the priva t e power plant I n some cases .
where a serving company i s available the p ow

e r plant wi t h its boiler equipmen t an d c al pile o
have d isappeared enti rely .
Th e fo rge shop can be electrified to as g reat

advantage as the balance o f the m nu f c tu a a r
ing plan t A few es t ablishment s carin g no t h

.
,
ing f precedent have explored i t s possibili

or ,
t ies an d in t hese exploration s have di sc vered

, o
t hat i t remaine d but to empl o y the proper

mean s o f tran smi ss ion to make the inn va t ion o
a complete success Compressed ai r so o ften .

,
a compan ion o f electrici t y an d like it a power

t ran smi tt in g a g ency n t a p rime mover has —
o —
been called up n to supply what mi g ht be

o
termed t he c nn ec t in g link be t ween th e elec

o
t ric m t r an d t he hammer
o o .
I n reality such a plant may be terme d an

elec t r o pn euma t ic power f r g in g plan t T he
-
o .
equ ipment c n sists o f an electric m t o r driven

o -
o -
ai r c mpress r supplyin g c mp res sed ai r i n

o o o
s t ead o f s t eam t t he f r g in g hammer T hi s

o o .
equipmen t i s usually in s t alled in an t o i ou -
t he way c rn e r f the f r g e sh p I t requ i res

-
o o o o .
n o c o n s t an t supervis ion an d has many t he r o
advan t a g es ; an d t he f ll win g discu ssi on an do o
t ypical examples are f t he pu rp se o f or o ac
q i t i g t he fo r g e shop w i t h t he prac t ice

ua n n
a nd to p l a t i t s d isp sal t he experience o f

ac e o
t h se w h o have pi nee re d
o o .
At t he s t a rt i t may be well t say t hat t here o
a re no mys t eries c onnected w i t h c mpresse d o
air I t i s f t en misunders t ood becau se i t is

. o
given only passin g inves t i g a t i n I t is easie r o .

F IG . I
mine blacksmith to approp riat e 3 discarde d

reciprocating rock drill i nstalling i t a s S hown
, ,
in Fig 4 for many odd j obs o f forging Th e

.
, .
drill minus the s hell is fastened to a column

o r vertical suppo rt an d an o rdinary anvil fi xed
in position beneath the ram The power con
.
n ec t i on con sists o f an air hos e coupled from

,
the air lin e to the usual i nlet o f the drill Fig . .
5 is interesting in that it s hows the mine drill

sharpener applied to nosing sh rapnel ..
Lately shipyards are adopting them fo r up

s etting heads on l on g bolts o r ro d s o f which
-
so many are used in wooden ship construction .
T hey are particularly adapted fo r this wo r k ,
becaus e the p rinci p le o f forging o r upsetting

is such as to make the length o f ro d imm a
t er i a l
.
FI G . 2
subj ect f fo rg in g in t o s everal g roups as fol

o
lows :U psetting ben din g fo rming pressing

,
, , , ,
forgin g .
UP S ETT I N G .
P erhaps t he most comm n example o f this o
class o f w rk (entirely overlooked because

o
w e have learned t distinguish it by some o
other name ) is that f fo rming heads on rive t so
by mean s o f han d held pneumatic riveters -
y ke rive t ers e t c as illustrated by Fi g I

o , .
, . .
T his w rk bears t he ear marks o f many

o
fo rge sh p o perations ; f instance upsettin g

o or ,
bolt heads hea d ing p in s an d fo rming collars

, .
W h ich brin g s t min d the fact that the coal

o
an d metal mines have lon g employed a type

o f pneuma t ic f rg in g hammer commonlyo ,
called a drill sharpener Fi g 2 fo r upset , s ee .

,
ting vari us f rms o f shanks n drill steel

o o o ,
also drill bits as well as pins b lts pipe hang

, , o ,
ers e t c I n Fig 3 is sh wn a s et o f dies fo r

, . . o
fo rging b o lt heads and sample o f stock an d

fi n ished work .
I n fact an appreciation o f the meaning o f

,
this s ervice has n t in frequen t ly cause d theo FIG .

3
FI G .
4
on e minu t e each Locomo t ive main od straps

. r , fillin g I t does t fla tt en o spli t t he pipe
. no r .
weighin g 2 3 6 poun ds have been forged in 4 7, T ests how that this machine will pu t a 9 0 d
S e
secon d s V alve yoke fo rg ed c mplete in 5

. o g ree an g le in a 2 inch pipe in t w
-
minu t es It o .
minu t es Tu rn b uckles fo rg ed and welded in

. o pera t es n an ai r pressu re o f 80 t 1 00
o o
t wo pera t i n s sm ke arc b races in

o o , o b low one . p un d s W hile s ol d f pipe b en d in g i t may
o . or ,
F r o m on e t t hree minu t es is requ ired f

o or als o be applied t t he b en d in g f vari ous o o
chan g in g d ies I n most cases the a c tu l chang

. a shape s o f bar i r n an g les e t c o , , .
i ng o f d ies and t he fo r g ing operation i s d o ne Th e ab ve machines are s t ric t ly pneuma t ic

o .
in les s t ime t han t hat requ ired f hea t in g or . T hey have been illus t ra t e d and d escribe d chie f
T his mach ine fi rs t installed experimen t lly
, a ,
ly to p r ve t ha t pneuma t ic f r g in g i s
o t an o no
pr ved such a g rea t success t hat its m nu f

o a ac experiment .
t u re in s t an d ar d sizes was un d e r t aken by a A R S U E S EDI NG ST EAM

I P R .
C hic g
a manu fac t u re r
o . I rea d in g t he f ll o win g cases i t will b e evi
n o
I n F i g 7 i s sh wn a por t able mach ine de

. o d en t tha t acci d en t playe d an impor t an t par t in
s i g n ed f b n d in g pipe T h dies are Chan g e
or e . e t he c nve rsi n fr m steam t c mpressed ai r
o o o o o
able makin g i t possi b le to han d le an alm st

. o o pera t i on and ye t t he d minan t n t e was t he
, o o
un limi t ed variety o f shapes A y size o f pipe . n nee d fo elec t ri fyin g t he f r g e sh p

r as t o o o so
up t o 2 % inches can be w rked c l d wi t h u t o o o c n f rm wi t h t he b alance f t he plant prac t ic

o o o e .
FIG .
5
Th e u alo P itts Company o f B u ffalo

B ff -
, ,
N Y was on e o f the fi rst to demon strate the

. .
,
advantages f air operation fo r fo rging ham

o
mers T hey made t he change p rimarily b e

.
caus e o f the fact that the rest o f the plant was

operatin g on electric cu rrent I t was d es i r a .
ble t electri fy the on e big steam hammer fo r

o
the opera t i o n o f which a battery o f high p res

su re steam boilers were being run A moto r .
driven c o mp resso r was installed not only t o

opera t e this hammer but many other p neu
,
matic d evices .
Another p ioneer in this direction i s the Ni s

qually R ussel C a
—
Lo comotive W o rks o f
r ,
T acoma W ash , About fi e years ago (1 9 1 2 )

. v
the city boiler inspecto r condemned the boiler

in this plant I t was chiefly used to fu rnish
.
s team for t he large hammer I nstead o f buy .
i ng a n ew boiler the old one was converted

,
into a vertical ai r receiver and a belted to -

r 10
.
7
FI G .
than under steam condii tt iions o T he hhammer ns .

”
’
ins t allati o n is h wn in Fi g 8 s o . .
Manu factu rers o f f r g iing

n hhammers hhave bb e
o
gun to real ize the imp o rtancet n c e o f meeting this r a
deman d fo an electrifiedI for g e shop an d have

r (
recently developed machin es especially adop t e n
fo r pneumatic operation .
I n F i g 9 i s shown a pneumatic drop p res s

.
designed fo r stampin g sheet metal hot S izes .
range up to 4 6x 7 2 inches face o f hammer , .
Th e p wer consumpti n ran g es f rom 60 cubic

o o
feet o f f ree ai r per minute fo r the sma lle s t

S iz e t
, o 2 00 cubic feet fo r the lar g est at a p res
su re o f 9 0 pounds .
O the r drop hammers have been desi g n ed

which eliminate the b ard f riction rollers o , ,
g ears clutches a n d o t her such appurtenance s

,
which mark the o r d inary steam d rop hammer .
C ompressed ai r at a p ressure f 60 to 1 00 o
pounds is required s triking a blow o f between

,
2 50 a n d 3 5 0 pounds T h e air consumption is

.
but 3 cubic feet o f f ree ai r per minute at 60

pounds pres sure o r about 5 cubic feet at 1 00
,
poun ds p ressure .
T h B u ffal F un d ry
e oMachine C o o f Bu f
o .
falo N Y are n w supplying thei r bell ham

, . .
, o
mers fo r c mpressed ai r operation Fig I O

o . .
shows a typical plant consistin g o f the ham ,
mer a receiver an d sh rt belt motor driven

, o - -
c mpress o r c mplete with n ecessary valves

o , o
an d g au g es I t is laimed fo r these outfits

. C
g reat flexi b ility an d the same sensitive control

as obtained from steam hammers The fo rce .
,
Th e hammer in stea d o f being opera t ed by

,
s t eam i s worked by a double ac t ing pump

,
-
placed immedia t ely behind which supplies a i r ,
in t he place o f s t eam at t he top and b ottom o f

th e hammer cylinder at each stroke T he pul .
leys and c rank are placed low down in o rder ,
t o ensu re steadines s fo r t he hammer an d are ,
o f ve ry compact des ign so that th ey may be ,
arranged wi t hin the stan dard T here are con .
sequen t ly no pr j ecting parts the hammer o

o , c
c u p yi n g scarcely mo re space than a s t eam ham
me r o f similar capacity A diagonal p s ition . o
has been given to the anvil block in order that

.
t he palle t s on all sides may be accessible a n d ,
to allow o f long bars being wo rked in ei t her

di rec t ion across the anvil T h e hammer is .
controlled by a sin g le valve which i s placed ,
be t ween th e cylin ders n d by varying t he p , a o
s i t i on o f thi s valve by ei t her hand lever o r -
foo t lever t he operation o f the hammer is

-
promp t ly an d easily regulated by the atten d

ant W hen the levers are in thei r top po sit i o
. n
ai r is fo rced only under th e hammer piston ,
and t he tup is held at the top o f its stroke a n d ,
remain s s t a t ionary there O n eithe r lever b e .
ing depressed the ai r passes alternately above

,
and below the hammer pist n an d the hammer o ,
begins to work Th e fur t her the lever is de

.
p ressed t he heavi er the blow until the full ,
blow is given T hus light o r heavy blows with

.
,
long o r sho rt s t rokes can be struck at will the , ,
re g u la t ion s being easy accu rate an d in stan , ,
t n eo u s
a As so n as the lever is released the
o
FI G . I I
D E T E R MI NI N G O MP R E S S E D AI R
.
C
tup rises to the top o f its stroke and remain s ,
there An othe r use ful featu re i s that the tup C O N S U MP T I O N

Y H A CLAY
.
can be held fi rmly down on the anvi l when it HA BY RR . B R .
i s requ ired t o u se th e hamme r as a vise T his . O ne o f the pe rplexin g pr blems fo r f undry o o
f requen t ly is convenient fo r bending work , men t solve accurately i s involve d in c

o a s er
and fo r h o ldin g i t du ring variou s opera t ions . t ainin g the amoun t o f compressed ai r used b y
W e have had an oppo rtun ity o f in specting on e ai r driven machines F rom indicato r cards th
-
. e
o f t hese new pneumatic power hammers in c st o f all f the ai r u se d can b e determine d

o o
opera t ion at Mes srs Massey s smi t hy an d also

.
’
, readily but t ascertain t he actual cost on eac h

, o
specimens o f the work d ne which a ffo rded o , separa t e casting o r j b is not so easy o f aecom o
proo f o f its efficiency Th e wo rk comprised .

p li h m
s t S ome t imes it i s desi rable t
en . o a sc er
all varie t ies o f fo rgin g s ; an d as a test o f the tain h w many cubic feet o f ai r are used i n
o
largest work t ha t can be pr duced by a 3 cwt o -

. certain peration s U n fo rtuna t ely t he t able
o .
, s
hammer as shown in t he illustration a steel , c mpile d b y au t h ri t ies n t he amount f air

o o o o
bille t 8 inche s square was d rawn down at on e that will fl w t h rough an open in g o f a ce r t ain
o
heat to 2 % inches square and 2 8 inches l n g o .

"
size in a g iven len g t h f time a re n t always o , o
O f t he actual tran smissi o n o f t he ai r fo r the applicable t o exis t in g c ndition s in castin g o
se r ice here spoken o f very li tt le n eed be sai d

v . plan t s .
I t is carried in pipe s t he same as steam but is , D esi rin g to secu re in formati n regar d ing t he o
mo re ea sily han d led As al r eady brought ou t .

, am unt o f compresse d air requi re d per mold
o
t here i s no con densa t ion an d i t may b e car b y d iff erent sizes o f f und ry vi b rato rs we p o , ro
ried ny dis t ance wi t h ve y li tt le loss in t ran

a r s .
c ee d d as follows :
e
mi i n Am i
ss o .
— D erF c an ro er A m ll i s a m a wr u d w i th
c o res so r as se a
.
shut o ff valve located between the compresso r

-
and the tank an d in the latter the air p ressur e

was raised t 90 pounds The valve w so . a
closed an d with a stop watch the time was

noted that elapsed fo r th e Vibrato r to reduce
t he p ressu re to 7 0 pounds I t may be assumed .
that fo r all practical pu rposes this would be

equivalent to 8 0 pounds mean e ff ective p res
sure the amount in most general us e in foun
,
dries To illustrate in even fi gu res it will be

.
,
assumed that the tank holds exactly I 0:cubic

feet o f air an d that it takes the vibrator ex
a c t ly t wo minutes to reduce
duce the p ressu re f rom
9 0 t o 7 0 pounds T here fore we fi gu re that the
. be
vibrato r u sed 1 0 cubic feet cc o f ai r in two min
utes By actual tests itt hhass been foun d that
'
. a
the averag e time the vibrato rato r i s wo rking while

the m o lder is drawing a pattern i s about 1 5
s ec on d s nd there fore we get eight mold s
a , ,
with 1 0 feet o f ai r and tthe h Vibrato r use s 1 %

feet o f air per mold T his same pp rinciple i n c p le may
. r
'
be applied to any air driven riven too l o r molding -
machin e and we believe that the resul t s are

more n early represen t ativee o f actual con dition s v
th an theo retical calculationion s F ou nd y —

r .
A H O ME MAD E -
P NE U MAT I C P U N C H
F RAN K J BORER
BY . .
Th e photograph shows a pneumatic punch

i n g machine which has now been i n use fo r
mo re t han a year at the Elizabethpo rt shop s
o f the C entral R ailroad o f New J ersey a n d
has given entire satis faction as regards service

and output o f wo rk .
Th e frame o f the machine is constructed

from s econ d hand bridge material an d the few
fo rgings required were mad e in t he black
smith sho p A s econ d ha n d I 6 i n air brak e
.
—
.
cylinder was used an d n o material had to b e

purchased to construct the machin e thu s re ,
d u c i ng t he cost o f con struction cons iderably .
I t is not the purpos e o f t he writer to a d o v
cate the con struction o f a machin e o f this kin d

instead o f purchas ing a regular punching ma
chine but ra t her to draw attention to the fact
,
that on e o r more machines o f th is kind could

be U ed to advan t ag e in small shops in rep a i r
s
,
yar d s scrap yards e t c where th e expens e o f

, , .
,
a regular punching machine would b e too great

o r where other di ffi cul t ies such a s obta in in g ,
t h e n ecessary power proper foun datio n a n d ,
housing l imited floo r space a n d the lik e would

,
C O MP R ES S ED AI R MAGAZ I NE .
8 65 r
P R O TAL OF H OM
TAK E ES
R AP I D D RI V I N G O F A S H O RT T U NN E L
I BY H . L . H CK S
I n driving the H omestake stake hhydroelec

yd oe le t ric
i tun r
n el in t he B lack H ills o f S outh D akota f rom ,
Ap 1 4 t o A g 3 o f last year fas t p rogres s

r . u . 1 ,
rates n d low repair costs were realized

a .
Th e devel pmen t cons ists o f two tunnels o ,
I ron C reek f t in leng t h and Long Tun

, .
,
nel , ft W ith a ft adit t hese totaled

.
-
.
f t Th e work was contracted fo r by

.
W illiam B Arnd t . .
T h e groun d was a medium hard limestone

fo r almos t t he entire di s t ance the exception ,
being 2 00 f t o f every hard flint T he tunn el . .
measu res 7 x 7 % ft but over breakage would .

.
-
make t he averag e dimens ions greate r than 7 x8

ft W rk was c nducted f rom s ix headings
. o o ,
compressed ai r fo r all bein g supplied by a

5 3 7 u ft s t eam driven compresso r
c Th e ai r
- -
. . .
pressu re a t t he compresso r ran g ed from 1 1 5 to

1 2 0 lb an d t he lowes t pressu re at any o f the
.
drill s was 90 poun ds .
All t he drill in g was d o ne wi t h J c kha me s “

a r
”
,
fou r o f t he we t t ype an d s ix o f t he d ry type .
N in e d rills we re operated a n d t he tenth held as

a spare The fou r wa t e r feed machines were
.
-
clampe d in feed shell moun t ings o f a n ew

type (Fig 1 ) and used wi t h 3 i single screw
.
-
n .
-
columns The t her d rills we re by the ope r

. o ,
a to rs pre ference hand held t save time as

'
.
-
o ,
t he drillers c o uld get back to wo rk as s on as o
the headin g h d been sh t a o .
Th d rill ing round con sis t ed o f 1 4 to 2 0

e
h les t he usual layou t bein g fou r 7 ft cuts nd

o ,
-
. a
t n 6 ft s i d e holes
e -
.
C ro ss bits o n i n hexa .
-
.
g o n s t eel a n d 7/é i n 60% p wde r we re u se d -

. o F IG . I . S P EC IA
L I
DR LL M O U NTI N G
It i s also t o be n t ed thatt the drills s et a good

o
mark in l w upkeep c stt the contracto r e

o os , r
cor d ing a t tal repair expen se o f

o or
5 % cen t s pe r foot f t unnel Eng i n ee i ng —
o . r
N ews R ec or d
-
.
US E OF C O MP R E S S E D AI R TO PRO
D U C E C L E AR I C E
In t helast few years5 g reat improvements
i mprovements
have developed in the artificial pro duct duction
i on o f
i ce fo r domestic use and espec i ally in
especially , i n the mak
i n g o f clear s lid transparent
, parent ice
o , i ce from water ,
ins t ead o f the s o called ed snow ice -

i ce wh
whichi ch “ ”
eve rywhere is very p roperly erly obj ected to The .
most impo rtant detail o f operat operation i on has been

the use o f compressed air ir fo r ag agitation
i tat i on durin g
the process o f congela t ion on T hhisi s matter isi s i n . i
ter es t i ng ly discus sed in a

a paper by V an R H . .
G reen e be fo re the American e i c a n S ociety o f R e r
f i g e t i ng En g ineers
r ra .
I t is a familiar fact thatt all w water

ater contains
conta i ns ai r ,
a n d t he presence o f this 3 in
i n the water du ring r i ng
t h e freezing period breaks ks up the crystal crysta fo r
mation o f the ice in such ch manner as to p re
c lu d e th e poss ibility o f its freezing
5 freez i ng clear T his .
ai r can be expelled from m the water either by

b o iling o r by agitation so as to drive the air ,
particles t o the sur face T his latter p rinciple .
i s the on e used in modern raw water can i c e

plants The water in the freez ing can is kept
.
in continuous a g i t a t ion by blowing ai r from an

o u t side sou rce int o it thereby maintaining a ,
c nstant ag itati n Th agitated wa t er washes

o o . e
the su rfaces o f the fo rmin g ice and drives to

the su r face the air particles which otherwise ,
w uld a dhere to the ice T hat thi s is tru e

o .
i s proven by th e fact that rubbing on e s hand

’
o ver the su r face o f partly f rozen ice in th e

can enables on to j udg e by the degree o f
e
roughnes s whe t her t he fini shed ice block will

be clear o r opaque T his means then in so .
, ,
far as the e ffect o f air in suspens ion is con

cerned t hat it is vercome by the p resent day
, o -
a g ita t ion pr cesses an d it requ ires only an

o ,
analysis o f t he wa t er as t its mineral content o
to d e t ermine its suitability fo r manu factu ring

p erfectly clear b l cks f ice o o .
I n o r d er t o keep the air passages always

Open a pressure o f 7 to 2 0 lb per sq in must
, 1 . . .
b e exer t ed at t he en d f the air tubes to a g itateo
t h e wa t e r c o ntinu u sly fr m the time the can

o o
is filled un t il t he ice bl ck is frozen solid o .
T herefo re in t he modern hi g h p ressu re raw

,
water c a n sys t ems t he o retically it requi res only

it canno t be ma d e t he essence f t his pape r I o . fee t t he freezing f a clear 3 00 lb bl ck o f i c eo . o .
shall however d d some use ful bserva t ion s

, , a o \V i t h wa t ers con t ain ing sol ids in exces s o f thi s
per t ainin g t o t his su b j ec t f r m personal ex o am un t the agi t a t ion sh uld be materially i h
o o
p e i en
r in t he field
ce . crease d .
Q U AL ITY OF WATER I MPO TANT R I n one plant clear ice was f r zen wi t h only
, o
abou t one cubic foot o f f ree ai r en t erin g t he

.
T he ave r a g e city wa t er con t ain s li tt le min

e ral ma tt e r in suspens ion excep t a t s uch times ,
ice can du ring the early stages o f f reez ing
as th e spring freshe t s cause t he wa t er to b e and this quan t ity was gradually reduce d unti l
come tu rbulent Thus an adequate fil t er may
.
,
the ice block was frozen O f cou rse a plan t .
,
not be n ecessa ry during t he maj r part o f the o o f th is charac t e r is far t o complica t ed t b e o o
yea r ; s t ill th ere are times when heavy drains called a commercial success but the obj ect o f ,
a re made upon i t and fo thi s reas n it should

, r o t he experiment was to fin d out unde r what
be suff cientl y large t o wi thstan d t hi s abus e and
i
con dition s marketable ice could be ma d e f rom
a t th e same t ime not become inopera t ive by t he par t icula r water in question .
c logging up I t is sa fe to say that wa t er con

.
P ractically the l imit o f quantity o f air which
,
t a in ing min eral mat t er in suspens ion in excess can be success fully handled per can on a stan d
o f t wo grain s per g allon w ill no t make clear ice ard high pressu re system throughout t he en
wi th ou t t he in s t allation o f the necess a y filt a r r tire period o i freez ing is app roximately cu .
ti on sys t em ft per min I f mo r e than t his amount is sup

. .
plied to a bl ck which i s two thi rds f rozen the

.
Ano ther sou rce o f great t rouble in raw wa o -

,
ter ice making i s the o rgan ic ma tt er which i s agitation becomes so violent that finally n o
always p resent T hi s i s resp o n sible in most
.
water is le ft in the core .
cases for t he yellow co re seen in t he product

o f some raw wate r ice plants T his yellow . T H E R E AC H O F T H E W AR
c o re bec mes obj ectio nable i f the o rganic mat
o Th e following items not , apparen t ly rela t ed ,
ter exceeds two grain s per gallon W hen . are taken from a s ingle article in a recent is
presen t in smalle r quantities i t should be , re s ue o f t he S t d yE e i g P t
a ur a v n n os .
move d b y t he a d di t ion o f alum to t he wa t er in C AN AR I ES AN D M I C E FOR T H E TREN C H ES
c onj unc t ion w i t h t he fil t ra t ion system I f the . O ne day no t long g o the W a D epar t ment a r
o rgan ic mat t e r is much in exces s o f two grain s received a telegram from Gen eral P ersh ing ,
per gallon t hen clear ice can b e made only by

, rea d ing :
t h e removal o f the core prio r t o the ice block S end one t h usand canaries an d one th o u
“
o
be in g frozen solid O xi d e o f i ron present in . san d white mice .

”
q uan ti ties excee d in g gr per gal will pro . . Th messa g e was sent to the chie f purchaser
e
d uce a similar di scolo ring depo si t and there , fo r t he expedi t i nary fo rces H rea d t he o . e
fo re requires trea t men t fo r i t s removal . wo r d s an d sen t th e dispa t ch back t o the S c e
C alcium ca rbona t e in almost any quantity , , r eta y rf W o wi t h the request t ha t i t b e u n

ar
w ill pr d uce a lime deposi t in t he co re o f t he

o code d T h code room o f t h e W a D epa rt
. e r
ice bloc k an d t o preven t t his i t should be re

, men t re t urned it with a n te sayin g t hat it o
move d by a lime appara t us con structed fo r this coul d n t be unco d ed that i t was j us t a plain
o ,
pu rpose I t is g en erally sa fe to say t hat waters

. tele g ram .
c on t in ing mo re t han fou r grain s o f calcium

a T h e pu rchaser was baffled H did n t kn w . e o o
c ar b ona t e per gallon should be t rea t ed fo r t he whe t her t he t ele g ram was a j ke o r an o rder o ,
rem val o f t his lime re g ar d less o f whe t he r it

o , so he con sul t ed a f rme r U nited S t a t es mili o
i s t he in t en t ion o f t he opera t or to remove t he t a ry a t tache in F rance .
c ore o r no t as in prac t ice i t seems diffi cul t to suppose t ha t G en eral P ershin g act
“
, Do y ou
effect t he comple t e removal f t his subs t ance o u lly

a w a n t s whi t e m ice a nd canaries ? h e "
by o re suckin g alone
c . aske d t he cap t ain han d in g him the cabl e ,
.
TH E AI R S U PPL Y . Yes si r " was the mili t ary reply W hit e

“
,
"
.
“
i fferent kin d s o f wa t er requ i re diff e rent mice a d canaries are place d in t he fi s t lin e
.
D n r -
ra t es o f agi t t ion W i t h avera g e wa t er con

a . t renches b ecause t hey can d e t ec t pois o n ou s
t in in g up t o 1 5 g
a f t t al solids per gall o n
r . o o , g ases much quicker t han t he sol d iers W hen .
from 02 t o cu f t o f free ai r pe r min . . . a s ldier sees a canary b at its w in g s a w h it e

o or
sh ul d pr duce t he necessary a g i t a t ion t c i

o o o m use t rying to bu ry its no se he un d e rs t and s
o
that it i s high time fo r hhim i m to put on hhis i g as

mask W hite m ice an d canar
. canaries i es have saved
th ousands o f lives in F rance an d w wee shshould ,
supply ou r army immediaa t eelyy .

”
I t is hardly n eces sary to add tthat h t the U n ited

i ted
S tates pu rchased t he white te mmice
i ce an d canar
canariesi es at
once an d shipped them to0 F rance an d in i n ddoing
o mg ,
s o we almost exhausted t h e supply .
B ARGAI N I N G F OR L O C O M OT IVES .
On e day G eneral P ershing s h ng telegr ap hed for

telegraphed
r i
s everal hundred locomotives ives to be u sed on the

railroads which American an engineers are con
t u c t i n g in F rance
s r The e o rder was sent to a
.
fo rmer p resident o f a Mi d W estern rai road

railroad
-
n ow acting as chie f pu rchasing chasing agent fo r G en

e ral P ershin g T his o fficiall went to the p resi
.
dent o f a large locomotive w e concern H e in . i
fo rmed th e manu factu rer that the U n ited

S tates n eeded s o many hundred engines imme
d i at ely fo r service abroad d .
H e brought the specifications fic at i on s an d asked fo r

a n immediate estimate o f cost Th e p res ident .
o f the company said thatt in View o f war con di

tions o f the high cost o f material s an d labo r
, ,
a n d because the G overnment ment desi red i mmed ii

a t e delive ry the p rice would be
, per
locomotive .
I cannot un derstand why the pric e i s so

“
high the offi cial is repo rted as having said

,
”
,
“
becaus e when I was the chie f executive o f a
W estern road I bought thes e same engines for
each I n View o f thi s the Governmen t
.
will n ot pay each on th is o rder .

”
H e retu rned to W ashin g ton unabl e to com e ,
to an agreement with t he manu factu rer B e i ng .
on e o f the men mo re o r less o ffi cially r esp on

s ible to P res ident W ilson he in fo rm e d th e ,
C hie f Executive that he believed he coul d pu r

chase the engin es fo r i f he could b e as
s ured o f t h e P e i d en t s support Th e P res i
’
r s .
dent told h i m in his very defin ite an d fi rm way

that he sh ould buy the locomotives at what eve r
p rice he con si dered reasonabl e to the G over n
ment an d the manu facturer I n do in g th is t h e .
,
P res ident said he could be assured o f th e

,
G overnment s support
’
.
Th e n ext day the G overnment purchas er

went t the manu fac t u rer with a contract H e
o
s aid in e ff ec t :
.
Th e U nit e d S tates Army in F rance need s

“
hundred locomotives T wo months ago .
I b u g ht thes e same engines f

o each or .
I have a contract here which the U n ited S tate s

ha s al ready approved I am certain that you
.
B
d
0
e
0
000 a
r
s
n
00
09
Q :
0
s
0009 e
e
L
o
;
000
? .
3
5
m
o
2
A
.
v
K
n
y
t
i
c
a
p
a
C
FI G . I
p ractice the g ain un der the conditions s t a t ed
woul d amount t 1 5 per ce n t alth u g h gains
o , o
o f 2 0 to 2 5 per cent have been realized even
where the natural con d itions were particularly

a dverse.
T h e gain in generating capacity obtained

b y precooling the ventilating ai r is large but is ,
o btained by the expenditure o f a comparative
ly small amount o f money as h o wn in F i g I

, s . .
T h e use o f the chart i s illustrated by the fol

lowing :
I oom I HO US E
'
' '
T U RB NE R B O LER
v
IV A/M
FI G . 2
th e turbine ro m keeps t he r om at a com fort

o o
able t empera t u re I r alsoo does aw awayy W

.wii t h t he s
inc nvenience f havin g a par tit ial

o o al vacuum in in
the t u r b ine room d t0 tt hhe rem val o f large ue o o
quan t i t ies o f ai r from ann Incl

incl se d space o .
Th e washer t be purchase d by t he en g ineer

o
shoul d be f t he size specified o r recommen ded

o
by th g ene ra t or manu factu rer o f t he heaviest

e ,
a d mos t d u rable material and able to cool ‘ 4

n ,
t he ai r t o a t least 8 5 pe r cent o f the d iff erence

b e t ween t he wet and d y bulbs At t he same r .
t ime t he ai r resis t ance t hr u g h t he washe r o
sh ul d no t exceed
o in mm ) o f wa t . .
e r d t he power con sump1 t i n sh uld be kept

an 3 o o
d wn t o a min imu m
o El ft i l W ld —
ec r ca or .
Comp r ess ed -
A/r Line or
FI LLI N G AI R CH AM B ERS
T O F I L L P U MP AI R C H AMB E R S WI TH
H I G H P R ES S U R E AI R
BY W . A. MC C U RD Y .
A L I G H T AI R D RI V E N R O T ATI N G
DRI L L
l he I
‘
ngersoll Ran d C ompany has added to

-
i t s line o f Li tt le D avid pneumatic tools a

“ ”
new l igh t wei g h t hi g h power non reversible

-
.
-
,
-
d rill es pecially adap t ed to that class o f drilling

and reaming work which may c o me wi t hin
i t s capacity limi ts o f reaming up to in .
and d rillin g up t o in Th is n ew d i ll has . r
been d esi g na t e d N 5 Lit t le David o It.

“
.
"
wei g h s 1 5 l b and develops a f ree spindle speed

.
o f 1 000 p m W i t h d rill chuck i t s over all

r .
-
len g t h is 1 4 % in and th dis tance from side o f

. e
drill t cen t e r o f spin d le i s bu t 1 % i which

o n .
,
facili t t es i t s pera t i o n in unhandy places T he

a o .
S pin d le is t hrea d e d to acc mmo d a t e ei t he r a o
No I M T socke t
. . . d rill chuck an d t hese
or ,
may be re dily in t erchan g ed as desire d

a .
app roximately 1 000 ft A speed o f 3 8 to 4 0 .

To prevent this H is le ft open t o drain off
r p m was about the limit o f sa fety p rio r to
.
any water leaking by G Doubtles s the d evic e
.
t h e ins t allation o f t h is device O n account o f .

can be still further simp lified and imp rove d
th e heavy wa t er hammer it was impossible at -
, Eng . and Mi n i ng J our n a l .
hi g her speeds to prevent gaskets from blowing

o ut fittings f rom b reaking an d un due wear an d
,
tear due to the excess ive Vibration o f every

t h ing connected with the pump ing plant W ith .
th is device in use the same pumps can now be ,
opera t ed at 5 5 to 60 p m as no noiseles
i seles sly an d r . .
smoo t hly as a new s ewin g machine I n other n .
wo rds the pumps may be run right up t c

, o a
p a c i ty without diffi culties5 o f any so rt .
R e ferring to the a tt ached sketch the de ,
vice cons is t s i a len g t h oo ff heavy pipe B which

o
may be 8 1 0 o r 1 2 in in diameter an d 1 6 o r 1 8
, .
ft long the en ds being

.
, ng cl sed with blin d o
:
flanges O ne flange i s drilled

. rilled and tappe d n ear
th e bottom fo a I % i n pipe wh which
r willl drain
i ch wi -
.
-
the large pipe d near ar the ttopop fo r a 1I iin

, an n -
.
p ip e F rom the I i n opening

. e i n g pipes lead t o the
-
. n
a ir chambers AA an d to the comp ressed ai r

line o r atm sphere through ugh I T here are I iin
o .
-
h .
globe valves suitable fo r the hi g h p ressu re at

C D E G H an d I
, , , At F is a 1 V i n valve
, .
2
-
. .
T h pipe B should be level an d the 1 i n pipe

e -
.
C D E should be continuously up grade f rom B

.
-
.
T here shoul d be no p o int in this pipe as high

as the point C otherwise the air will be ,
t rapped and caus e the device to Ope rate S lowly

o r not at all
O peration i s as follows :
.
V alves C D an d H ,
are Open V alves E G F and I are clo sed

.
, , .
N ow open F G and H o r F G nd I , T his , a .
w ill dra i n o r blow all water out o f B W hen .
B is empty close F an d H leaving G an d I

, ,
open till B is filled with compressed air at 60

to 7 5 1b p ressure o r wi th atmospheric air i f
.
there is no compres sed ai r han dy Now C los e .
G an d I an d open E W ater will now flow .
from AA to B compressing the ai r in B to

pump p ressure a f t er which this ai r will bub
,
ble up throu g h pipe BB C to the ai r cham

.
b ers AA After a few minutes clo se E op en

.
,
F an d G an d repeat operation till air chambers

are full o f air T his will be k nown when th e
.
valve F discharges air instead o f water Two .
o f these Operations are suffi cient fo r the pump

p reviously mentioned I t might be well to .
have a t yc oc k in one air chamber j ust abov e

r
where C o r D enters . In th e midst o f a war that will be won b y

Th e valves H an d I ar e not n ecessa ry when s teel wrou g ht into ships an d shells th e Am er
,
a i r is taken from the atmo sphere T hey a e

.
. r ic an steel in dustry grown into gi ant s tat u r e
, ,
merely a sa feguard against water entering th e p ro duced in 1 9 1 7 nearly thr ee tons to e v ery
c ompressed ai r system when the devic e is idle
-
. two ton s in the rest o f th e wo rl d I r on Ag e
—
.
U
M1 20
P NE U MAT I C R I V E T S H E ARI N G when the rivets are being cut the other s id e
,
MAC H I NE o f the yoke being held up at the same time by

BY E A M URRAY ’
a movable bracket to which i s a t tached a han d
. . .
wheel which i s attached to a screw By tight

, .
device fo r sh ea r i ng cou p ler yoke rivets

T he en i ng t hi s sc rew a fter the couple r is in posi
s hown in t he illustrati on can be made at slight
ex p ens e and it be ing ea s ily po rta ble it enable

, , s
th e yoke rivets to be cut at any point where

c ompres sed ai r i s available Th e saving c i .
fec t ed by elimina tin g the n ecess ity o f carrying

c ouple r yokes to the shea r i s quite considera
ble The bas e o f the machin e consists o f two
.
9 ih I beams an d fou r 9 i n chann els to which

-
.
- -
.
a e rive t ed two
r i n steel plates -
At one
. .
e n d o f this frame i s pla ced a yoke which car
rie s two air cyl inder s th e uppe r on e o f which

,
s e v es as a da s h pot
r Th e lower o n e i s 2 0 in
. .
in diamete r an d the u p per 7 % in At the other .
en d o f the frame is bol t ed a hea v

y casting
which se rves as a fulcrum for the steel arm
which ca rrie s th e shea r and shear blade Di .
r ec t ly under the shear blade i s bolted a block
which se rves a s a suppo rt fo r the coupler yok e
‘ Ma st e r Mechanic , C h e s apea k e O hio , C li f

t on F o rg e
.
Va .
8 660 C O MP R ES S ED AI R MAGAZ I NE
.
tion it is impossible foo r the coupler to tu rn

,
when the shear blade comes omes down upon iti t .
Th e arm to which t h e shear blade b ade isi s attached

is o f steel I t has a travel o f 2 inn an d isi s
. .
gu ided by a slotted casting t i ng bolted to the ful ,
crum cas t ing The leverr wh whichi ch is

. i s attached to ,
the cylinder is f steel the proport proportions i ons be

being
o i ng ,
such t hat a leverage o f five to one i s obta obtained

i ned
on the shear A lateral mov movement ffor the ppin s
.
'
i n the p iston r od an d thee shear arm is i s prov

provided
i ded
fo r by slotting the holess in i n the lever T h e aaii r .
to the machin e i s controlledlled by the 3 way valve -
shown j ust below the large g e cyl in der an d at the r
le ft A coupler is shownn in
. i n po ssiitt ion
i on fo r S hear
i ng suspen ded by an air h
, i st inn the m
ho0ist dd e o f
middle i
the pictur e R i lw y M c h ni c a l E g i n er
—
a a e a n i e .
EC O N O MY O MP R E S S E D AI R F O ROF C
S T R EE T S U R F AC E O P E NI N GS
H H IC S BY . L . K .
Th labor p roblem in mun icipal work as in

e ,
other fi elds o f constructiont i on an d maintenance c ,
is calling fo r increased eff ort to replace me men ,
who cannot be had w ithh machinery Fo cer , . r
tain p hases o f the workk pneumatic dr i ll s an d

kindred tools have p roven thei r wo rth S uch .
drill s as the J a kh me a 4 0 lb s el f rotati ng c a r, -

.
-
han d hammer drill have taken almost entire ,
possession o f the field o f rock removal i n

municipal contracting I t is but natural that .
,
as contractor came to appreciate the han a s i
n es s o f a tool they should begin to think o f ,
j obs other than rock drillin g that could be

, ,
d ne to be tt er advantage by its use

o .
Th removal o f asphalt concrete o r block

e ,
paving in opening streets fo r the laying o r
water gas o r sewer piping electric con du its

, , ,
etc has been by han d wo rk a relatively ex

.
, , ,
pen sive j ob By applying ai r tools the cost has

.
been lessened the work s peeded up an d better,
results obtained .
EMOVI N G C ON C ETE PA
R VI NG R .
In D Moines I owa electric s ervice lines

es , ,
were to be laid in un dergroun d conduit By .
han d metho ds it had been necessary to remove

whole panels o f concrete pav ing in spite o f ,
th e fact that a narrow trench was all that was

n eeded .
Th engineer introduced the j a k ha me an d

e c r
it was demon strated that by us ing the i drill a r
it was po ssible to restrict t he cu tt ing to a strip

about a fo t in width ; a deci ded saving in the
o
amount o f pavement to rn up H an d wo rk .
C O MP R ES S ED AI R MAGAZ I N E . 8 66F
asphal t t o be rem ve d a t an average rate o f o ,
2 0 lin ft per hou r. . .
RE MOVI N G B I TU L I TH I C P AVI NG .
B i t u li th ic pavemen t being so fte r and f . o
somewha t sticky na t u re is removed in a sligh t ,
ly diff eren t manne r A chisel some 1 % o r 2 in . .
in wid t h i s empl yed t make a s eries o f cuts o o ,
each t he width o f t he chisel and spaced abou t

2 in apar t C uts o f j ust sufficient depth t o
. .
mark a dis t inct cleavage lin e are made on on e

s i d e a nd the en d s ; t he pavement is cut through
on the remain in g side a crowbar is slipper u , h
der a nd t he b lock slab o f pavement pried or
o ut At P or t lan d O regon pavement o f this

.
, ,
kin d was remove d in slabs 4 ft x4 % ft at a -

. .
c s t o f 4 9 cts per square ya rd

o . .
R M OVI N G BLO C K P AVEM ENT

E .
I n tearing up bl ck pavement any o f the o
t ols can be u sed al t hough a han d hamme r is

o ,
mos t use ful when it comes to toothin g out the

e d g es o f the section removed o r cleaning use d
b locks o f the adhering binder W ith the intr o .
d uction o f ai r hammers a marked reduc t ion in

th e breakage o f blocks is t o be n o ted I n on e .
ci ty whe re air tools are used it was foun d

t hat a fi e man gang using two hammers e
v -
r
moved an d cleaned paving bricks in an

8 hou r day as compared with
— —
brick fo r
1 0 men wo rking by hand .
Entirely aside f rom the bene fi ts de rived

from reduced co st o f wo rking i s th e i m
provemen t in public relations re sultant from
th e sho rten ed elapsed time during which ly simple and d oes t g no et out o f o r d er T he
.
s t ree t s are closed t o traffi c usual sh p air pres su re

o of 60 t o 80 p unds o
g ives the best resul t s

.
GUN FO R DI G GI NG S L AG
The hal f t on e shows in u se a gun fo r
-
“ 'I
PR O P O S E D S P E C I F I C AT I O NS F O R AI R '
l o senin g slag f rom open hearth slag pockets

o L I N E H O S E F O R P N E U MAT I C T OO L S
recen t ly placed on the market by the R ivet At t he last annual mee t in g f the American o '
G u n C ut t in g C ompany C incinnati By the use , . S cie t y f

o T es t in g Ma t erial a c mmi tt ee
or o re
o f thi s t l skille d labo r i s dispen sed with and

oo por t was submi tt ed c n t ainin g t en t a t ive speci
o
t he labo r co st is reduced By its use the oper . fi ti n f

ca o ai r line h se fo r pneuma t ic t ol s
s or o o .
a t o r strikes a blow many times harder than Th specifica t ions c ver wrapped ai r lin e h se
e o o
is possible wi t h a sledge an d the blows are e . r sui t able fo r ai r tools w rkin g a t no t m re than o o i
p e a t e d fi f t y times as fast 1 2 5 lb pressu re an d f vacuum utfi t s Exor o
t rac t s from t he specification s follow :

. . .
The re is an eigh t pound pi ston wi t h a twen

t y six inch s t roke
-
pe rated by compres sed air o , T h ho e shall con sist o f :(a ) An inner rub
se
which may g ive an i d ea o f t he fo rce o f the be r t u b e ; (b ) c tt n rein f rcement ; (c ) an

o o o
bl w Th ai r i s con t rolled by a t h ree way

o . e oute r rub b er c ve r ; (d ) when specifie d an
o ,
valve an d t he blows may be heavy o r light an d extra c verin g f c t t n wi re

o o o o .
slow rapid as d esi red Th e fo rce o f t he

or . Th rub b er t ube shall be smo th uni fo rm in
e o ,
bl w is cushion ed by pa t en t ed d evices so t hat

o ,
quali t and t hicknes s and free f rom inj uri u
y ,
o s
t he t ol has n sel f d es t ruc t ive fea t ures and i t

o o d e fec t s .
d es
o t kick t he pe ra t o r I t is extreme
no
“
o .
"
Th rein f rcemen t shall c nsis t f c tt on
e o o o o .
canvas plies made f rom m duck evenly an d fir m

ly woven f rom goo d cottonotto as free fro from uh ,
s ightly de fects dirt lumps knot s and ii eg u 9’

, , , rr
l i t i e o f twist as is cons
ar s consistent
i stent with th e best
m anu facturing practice I t shall be well f rricc .
t i o e d on b oth s ides W
n with
i th a rubber compoun d
s uitable fo r the requi red serv servicei ce Th e pl ii e s .
S hall be laid on the b bias

i as an d be su fffi ciently i
strong to enable the hose se to success fully with

s tan d the hydrostatic pressu re test ; yet at th e
:
s ame time be so ft an d pl iable

i able .
Th e rubber cover shall

a 1 be un unii fo rm in qual iti ty
a n d thickn es s an d be f ree f rom in jj u r riou
i ou s de
fec t s .
W hen specified th e hos e shall b e ggive

i ve n an ,
e xtra covering o f onee o f the foll following

owing a s
S pecified :
,
(a ) An armo mo r o f hal f roun d wir e -
by in s paced in i n part ; (b ) ccanvas

. anvas ; .
(c ) cotton braid .
U nless otherw ise specified

C fied the hos e shall b e e i ,
fu rn ished in 5 0 ft len g tths

hs Th e ends o f each
-
. .
l en g th shall be uncapped d an d w ithout fi ttings .
T h e mi mi mu m tube an ndd co
cover thick
er th i ckn ess shall
be as follows :
Mi nimum n T ube Min imum C ove r i
v
T hickness T hickn ess . .
S iz e in in . in . .
T R E AC H E R O U S MI NE G AS MI X T U R E -
Yes said the mine boss to the master me

“ ”
,
cha mic yop probably have th e hardest j ob i n

,
“
the worl d ; but one thing i s tru e you do n t ,

’
have to contend with gas except what is gen

cr ated in the sho p by som e o f you r abl e i mi
”
ta t ors .
O h I don t know replied the master m

“
,
’
,
”
e
chan ie I have noticed we n ever hav e to

.
“
speed up the fan wh en you a r e down in th e
mine You always s ee m to carry p lenty o f

.
breeze along with you .

”
Maybe answ e red th e mine boss but I

“ ”
, ,
“
can recollect two o r three times whe n I w i s h ed

my lungs were a i compresso r s Did I ev e r . r
tell you about the time I set off the fi r ewo ks r
fo r th e ladies
I expect you h a v e r eplied the mas te r me
“ ”
,
ch n i but the s t ory w i ll b e s o much d i ffe r ent

a e,
“
b y on e man can repointt 60 bbits i ts an hou r an d ,
Th e bi t s are per fec t ly uunmi form Even where .
t here are few drills that a dr drill

i ll ssharpening
'
so
machine cannot be kept busy iti t pays to own ,
t
on e E g i —
i g d C 0n t c t ing
n n eer n an o1 ra i .
L E AR NI N G T H E G AS MAS K S
T h e Lit t le G reen D oo r behin d wh which
i ch llies
i es
“ ” ’
t he g a s chamber to accust
u s t omm sold
soldiers
i ers to G er
man vap rs had extra
t o rdinary
d ffascination ah r a or i
fo r American tr ps t day oo o -
.
A steady s t ream o f qu eer g nomelike ol olive

i ve , ,
drab cla d boys pas sed thrr ugh the doo r to day -
o -
all wi t h masks fi rmly adj usted an d emerged ,
plainly t ickled at t he unique experience

n i que exper i ence Th e .
entire fi rst contin g ent i s be being

i ng schooled in i n the
g s chamber
a .
O y ungster fr m New Yo rk Ccity

ne o i ty whose o ,
c mrades had kidded him

o m about the deadly e f
feets o f the g s an d thee ter terrible perili l s o f the
i ble per a
‘
test fainted twice be f ree he underwent the o

, o r
deal T hen in true s ldier

. fashion
dier fash i on he took a o
b race on his nerve an d went throu g h without a

q uiver
(
.
Th Lit t le G reen D o r i s the entrance to a

e
“
o
”
sort f cave d ug in the hills ides its roo f sup

o ,
po rted by timbers the whole covered with so d ,
and san d ba g s A personal experience with the .
test pr ves i t is a spo ky stunt an d as hot as

o o
a T urkish bath
.
Not a trace o f gas pene .
t a t e d the masks
r f any o f the American sol o
d ier s D i ly p p
—
a a er .
E C D
. rew has been servin g a s ix year sen
.
-
t ence in the fe d e ral pris o n at Atlanta convic t ,
e d o f u sin g t he mails to de frau d H sol d . e
s t ck in a c mpany which proposed to drill

o o
fo r o i l n ear C rdova L u isiana R ecently a o , o .
w ell was pened on t he g r un d with a goo d

o o
fl w o f il n twi t hstandin g the fact t hat ex

o o , o
perts had testified at the trial that the re coul d

b e non e t he re I t i s merely a little story o f
.
th chances o f l i fe ; but wha t is the an swer ?

e
I M D rew not enti t led t some compen sation

s r . o
fo r the ruinin g f his l i fe by g overnment ex o

“
p erts wh o knew more a b out the matte r

”
no
t han the man in t he m n P S lt L ke Mi ni ng oo —

a a
R ev i ew .
B e f re the war i f an aeroplane was p ro

o ,
Th e T e c h ost n tells o f an individual

of B o v i d d wi t h on e ho rse powe r for every 2 8 lb
e
-
.
h eatin g appara t us fo r s ldiers which C ol nel o o o f wei g ht it was cons idered capable enough
,
R ober t L H wze is n ow tes t in g t d etermin e

. o o fo r use over the battle lines Now the fast
.
its p racticabil ity Th hea t er is n t larg er . e o scoutin g mach ines may have this amount o f
than a can t een and i t is claimed t hat it will power fo r every 8 lb o r 1 0 lb o f wei g ht and
. .
,
k eep h ot f 3 6 h urs and can then be r e

or o even les s .
C O MP R ES S E D AI R MAGAZ I NE . 8 665
MAGA
G AZ
Z IN E
EV ER Y T H I N G P NE U MAT I C
E tabl i h d 1 896
s s e
W S AU N D E R S
L Ed i tor
M ana g i n g i tor
. .
.
F
R AN K R I C H AR D S Ed
B u s i n e s s M an a g r
.
C H AS A H I R S C H B E R G e
i rcu l a t i o n M a naa g r
. .
.
W C L AR O S
. . C . e
P UB L I SH E D MO N T H L Y BY TH E
C o mp r e s s e d Ai r Ma g a zz i n e C omp a n y
'
E a s t on , P a .
Ne w Y o r k Oth e e 1 1 B r o a d way —
L o n d o n O th e e 1 65 Q u e e n V i c t o r i a S t r e e t
.
—
.
S u b s cr i p t i o n i nc l u d ii nn g p o s t a g e U rin i tt e d
S t a t e s a n d Me x i c o O a y ea r C an a d a a n d
. ,
a b roa d a y e ar S i n g l e c op i e s 1 0 c e n t s
. .
Th o s e w h o f a i l t o r e cc e ii vv e p a p e r s p r o m p t l y
. .
, .
w i l l p l e a s e n o t i f y u s a t o nc e
Ad v e r t i s i n g ra t e s f u rn h e d o n a p p l i ca t i o n
.
n ii s h .
W e i nv i t e c o rr e s p o n d e m ncoe f r o m e n g i n e e r s
c o n t rac t o r s i nv e n t o r s a n d o t h e r s i n t e r e s t e d
.
r
.
in c o mp es s ed a ir .
nt r E e ed as s ec o nd l a c ss ma t t r a t e th e
Ea t n O ffi c
-
s o , Pa .
, P os t e .
V ol . X X I II . F E B R U AR Y , 1 9 1 8 N O 2 . .
C O NT E NT S
Co mpresse d Ai f F o rg e S h ps r or o 8 64 3
D te e rm inin g Compre sse d Ai C n u mp r o s
ti n o 8 64 9
H ome Ma d e P neuma t ic P unch
-
865 0
R api d D rivin g f a S h r t T unn el
'
o o 865 1
C ompresse d Ai f
'
C lear I r or ce 8 65 2
Th R each e f t he W o ar 8 65 3
Th C hino k e o 865 4
P reco lin g V en t ila t in g Ai
o r 865
Li g h t Ai D riven R t a t in g D rill
r o 865 7
F illin g Ai C ham b ers wi t h H i g h P ressure
r
Ai r 8 65 7
Ai r leva t e d W rking P la t fo rm
E o 8 65 8
P neuma t ic R ive t S hearin g Machine 8 65 9
C ompres se d Ai fo r S t ree t O penin g s r 8 660
G u n fo D i g g in g S la gr . 8 661
S pecifica t ion s f Ai H ose or r 8661
T re cher u s Min e
a o 8 662
Expl sive Mix t u res in B oiler F u rnaces
o . 8 663
Learn in g t he G s Masks a 8664
Elec t rici t y nd C mpresse d Ai S ave
a o r
C al o 8665
W rk o f Naval C nsul t in g B ar d
o o o 8666
H ammer D rills on T rip o d s 8667
N w B ooks
e 8667
D evel pmen t o f t he Ai H is t
o r o . 8668
S en t ries P s t e d in t he S k y o 8669
N t es o 867 0
.
to be sai d g enerally o f t he us e f c o mpressed o
air that where it i s nott indee i ndee d t he nly me o
cha mical a g ency which can an be ssuccess fully

ss fu l y em u ce
ployed for t he specific purp s e it is s t ill in in o , 15
almost eve ry case a t ime me o r lab o r saver an d

th ere f o re in t rin sically ec nn m micalal an d where
co o ic ,
the c mp ress r is electrically

o o cally dri
drivenen there i s a 3
larg ely in crease d e ff ect as co compared

pa d wi t h t hhe
p wer cos t Th e fuel saving
o . a i ng i d ea whwhichi ch has v ,
been brou g ht t o t he front ont by the exi g enci es

o f t he war has really nothing
, th i ng o f novelty about
it Th lar g er engineerin g contrac t ors in
. e i n thei r
n ,
quest o f the larger p rofits fits have made a sys ,
t ema t i c s t udy f it and d acco rd

o rdingly
, g ly we fin d n
the electric driven ai r c mp resso r in i n u se o
wherever the m o d ern enntt erpri p ses are ssuccessuccess er r i s es
fully c n ducted W are not at p res en t i n

o . e
p sition t o submi t ac tual1 d ata but the num b er

o ,
o f elec t ric driven compressors

ressors isi s ququii t e aston
i s hin g an d rapi d ly increasin
S i ng .
O R TANT W O R K
I MP K OF TH E N NAV AL
C O NS U L T I N G B O AR D
Th Annual R epo rt o f the S ecreta ry o f the
e
Navy fo r the year 9 1 7 sp eaks in i n term s o f

, 1 ,
high app reciation o f th e able a le an a d help

h fulf l
“
N aval C onsulting B oard .

”
Th N aval C on sulting B oard it s ays has

“ ” “
e , ,
been foun d very use ful not only in ass isting ,
i n the soluti n o f military pr blems but in

o o
dealin g with the immens e floo d o f inventions

and i d eas submitted to the department f rom
the c untry at larg e I t is tru e that a maj o r
o .
i ty o f thes e are not found to be O f p ractical

valu e bu t it i s a fact t hat practically all o f
,
them are submitt ed with the patriotic motiv e

o f helpin g win the war an d the department ,
has felt that they are all entitled to s eriou s
an d apprecia t ive consideration .

”
T h e following i s the complete text o f t h e

repo rt upon this topic :
TH E N AVA C O N S U T I N G B O ARD
L L .
D urin g the year the wo rk o f this board o r ,
g n i e d an d app r ved by C ongress in 1 9 1 5 ha s

a z o ,
in creased very materially in impo rta nce an d

volume its meetings have been frequent an d
,
th ewo rk o f its indivi dual members has b een

s uch in some cases as to occupy almost their
entire time in the s ervice o f the Govern ment .
S ome time be fo re the active entry o f th i s

country into war the b ard called special o a
meetin g to which were invited some fi fty o f

the leading scien t ists an d industrial manag e s r ,
whose special study fitted th em to advis e on

war ranted have be en made ade iin private labo ra

to ries g en erously off eredd an d at the B u reau
, ,
o f S tan dards The n ee d fo r this establ ishmen t

.
,
however is mo re clearly shown than ever an d

, ,
i ts sup p o rt i s urgen t ly advised

d s ed v r .
The valuable r e sults ob t in ed by t h e wo rk a
o f t hi s bo ard are o f too0 cconfi on fiddential

en t a l a natu r e
'
to ma ke them the subj ect o f a public document .
The mem b ers have gi ven 11 f reely o f th eir time
an d scien t ific ability to the service o f th e Na

ti on an d have ea rn ed the gra t i t ude o f a ll who
know th eir un selfish and patriotic serv ice I .
wish to exp res s my s en se o f obligation fo r the

cheer ful coo peration w ise counsel loyal de , ,
v o t i on and personal sacri fi ce which have char

,
a c te i e d the membership o f the board o f dis

r z
ti n g u i s h e d civ il ian s who responded long b e ,
fo re war was declared to the selective dra ft ,
w ith all th e en thusiasm an d efli c i enc y o f you th

ful volunteers .
IR SC H BERG C A H
MO U NT I N G H AMME R D RI L L S O N
. .
,
P ublicity Manager I ngersoll R an d C o

O DS
-
, .
,
T RI P
New Yo rk .
T h f ll w i ng lette r to th Edito r o f Eng i

e o o e
n i g
eer n d Co t ti g
an with th e appen ded
n rac n ,
[Th e edi t o rial suggestion in ou r issue o f
edi torial comment will be foun d interes ti ng , NO V 2 1 was prompted by the fact t ha t 4 0 lb -
mi n tly sel f explanato y I t doe s

. .
a n d is su c e -
r .
hammer drill s are being success fully u sed on
not seem t o be n ecessary to repro duce th o rig e quarry bars an d tripods in t wo quarries o f the
i n al a rticle here re ferred to Kn oxville T enn marble d istrict T h e Ap p a l a
To th e Edi t o r :I n you r i ssu e o f No

.
, .
, .
2 1 v .
, chian Marble Co for example has d isplac e d .
, ,
p ag 4 09 I no t e an editorial entitled W hy
e , ,
“
6 piston drills with 4 ai r hammer drills (4 0
A e Ai H ammer D rills Not Mounted More
r r and only 5 men are n eeded to operate th e
C o mmonly on T rip od s ? 4 hammer drills as against 1 2 men fo rmerly
”
Th e su g g estion s con ta in ed in th is edito rial requ i red on the 6 piston drills H amm e r .
seem to me t o be rath er d nge rous an d e a ar drills are mounted in pai rs on a quar y bar 1 0 r
very ap t to invi t e trouble Th mode rn ham . e ft lon g D rill holes are 1 4 f t deep n d 1 %
. . . a
mer drill u se d fo r down hole wo rk unl ike t he , in diameter at the t op 1

. in at th e bot .
r cip r o c t in g drill is o f ve ry light con struction

e a , , t om T h e hol es a re close spaced which en
.
,
weigh ing no t to exceed 4 0 lb to 60 lb A . .

ables th e drilling o i sev ral holes f r o m one e
sui t bl e t ri p o d woul d weigh in th e n eighbor

a setting o f the quarry b Ed i t o E g i i g ar —
r n n e er n
hood o f 5 0 lb t o 2 00 lb o r from thre to

1 . . e a nd C on t r a c t i ng .
fou r t i mes as much th drilling machin e as e .
Th dril l used wi thout a tripod requi res no

e
helper wher a mounted on a t ripod a helper e s

NE W B OO K S
,
would hav t o be provided in orde r to handle

e TH E MO DERN
O LI N E AUTO MOBI E i t s De
G AS L ,
th h e vy moun ting Th er i no r l excuse

e a . e s ea sign C onst uc t ion O pera t i n an d Ma int e
, r , o
fo r moun t ing a 4 0 lb mach in as most o f -

. e, n ance By V ict r “1 P a g e M E N w York
. o .
. . .
, e .
t hem are el f ro t a t ing n d th only fio n

s -
, a e e re Th e No rman W H enley P ublishing C mp a n y . o ,
quir d on t h par t o f th Operato r is in hold

e e e 1 03 2 pa g es 5 % b y 8 % in, Nearly 1 000 illu s .
in g th machine t e i ts work when s t rt ing o a a tra ti I 3 fol d in g pla t es

on s , net , .
hol n d in ch nging drill s t eel s which w rk

e a a , o T hi s is a seven t h edition o f a succ e s ful s
wou ld not b elim in ate d by th e o f a tripo d e us e . s t n d ard wo rk but is much mo r t h n t his

a , e a
Th is is i rr pect iv f th depth o f th e hol

es e o e e . s t t ement
a would u ually imply Th e en t i r s . e
8668 C O MP R ES S ED AI R MAGAZ I NE .
wo rk has been thor u g hl hlyy revised an d cor o
c t ed
re an d much supplementary
p lem n t a y matt e r ha s e r
been added Many entirely ti ly n ew top

. topics have
i cs ha re
come up an d have receivedd adequate treatment ve
so that the wo rk is entirely

t i ly up to date The re .
b ok in previou s editions
o n has been adopted aas s
a text book in various iinstitu

n s t t u t ion s fo r wh ich i ,
service it is n w better er adapted tha n e ver

o ,
while it appeals also to0 the g reat public now

so intima t ely in t ouch wwitht h thehe sup reme modd '
ern means f l com t ion on o o o .
AVI ATIO N EN GI N ES D esign Co nstruction , , ,
O peration an d R epair By F i rst LLieut eut V ic

.
’
to r W P a g e New Yoo rk The No rman W

.
, . .
H enley P ublishing C ompanymp a ny 5 89 ppages ag es 5% , ,
by 8 % in 2 5 3 cuts copiously
piously ind exed
.
, , .
n et .
Th e airplan e is now reco g nized n i zed as supreme

am ng the active agencies
o ies which are to deter
min e the result o f the W VV oorldld Wa and the r -
r,
engine is the heart o f it so that no book coul d ,
have appeared mo re opportunely

p o tun ely especially as r ,
it is the wo rk o f a man o f special and exten d

ed an d up t date experience in this l in e The
-
o— .
matter o f the b ok covers the topic completely

o
an d is arran g ed in lo g ical s equence The de .
scriptive matter i s clear an d satis fying and the

cuts are pertinent and help ful .
T his book has been censored by the U S . .
G overnment an d a few pa g es an d po rtion s of

pages are n ecessarily prin t e d blank .
A B OO K NO T I C E W O RT H P AS S I NG
AL O N G
editor o f The Li ttle J our nal casts asid e

Th e
all convention s an d con fesses to an ambition
— to put it in Japanese fashion to pull the —
,
honorable an d august leg s o f its readers H e .
has w ritten a book called Ev er yman s Ch emi s ’
t y which i s published by H arper

r B roth e rs ,
N ew Yo rk fo r which they charge two dollar s

, .
H e admits also that he thinks the pric e rather

high I t i s a real chemistry book beginning
.
,
w ith general chemistry an d proceed i ng th rough

the g eneral ino rg anic and o rgan ic fi elds but
, ,
he tried to be g ood na t ured over i t I t i s -

.
aimed at t he man who has not studied the

science but who sometimes wishes that he
kn ew someth ing o f i t Th Li ttle J ou na l .
—
e r ,
*
S pecial correspondence Ame
r i c an Ma c hi n
B os ton . is t .
C O MP R ES S ED AI R MAG AZ I NE .
ex t en sive sale b e g an t he refin ement an d manu

, pis t on d ; t here fore on ai r bein g exhaus t ed
ro
fac tu re o f th e ho is t on a c mme rcial scale o .

f r m t he upper en d o f the cylin d er t he pis t on
o
,
T h e cylinde rs f t he h is t s f t hose o f t he
o o or ro d with i t s loa d is caused to rise wi t h a speed
ligh t clas s we re o f seamless brass t u b ing wi t h depen d in g n t he rapi d i t y wi t h wh ich t he ai r
o
t he bo re accu ra t ely machine d t prevent ai r o is wi t h d rawn from the upper end f t he o
leakage Th e larg er s izes were f t he cas t

. o cylinder Th speed regula t ion in a h is t o f
. e o
i ron p ipe cons t ruc t ion empl yed by t he C h i o t his descrip t i n is par t icularly refine d an d i t
o ,
ca g o B ridge a d I ron W o rks ; bu t in b t h i n

n o is su rprising h w accu ra t ely t he l ad can b e
o o
s tances t he w rkman ship was t hat f a high o o raised t almos t t he s lig h t t frac t i n o f an
o e s o
gra de mach in e shop The P edrick Ayer . inch makin g i t par t icularly adap t able fo r ma
,
C o . also d esi g n ed a d manu fac t ured bel t ed n chine shop u se A l a d can be sus t ained f
-
. o or
ai r compress o rs an d thus were in i n a pos

, i on
posii t ion as lon g a peri d as t hi r t y minu t es wi t h u t any
o o
to supply a comple t e h o isting i st i ng ou t fi t T he heii r . apprecia b le dr p o .
connec t i n wi t h machinery
o e y d ealers an d wi t h t he A t he quick and economical han d lin g o f ma
s
rail roads was wide and n d t he pneuma ti t icc h 0isti st o t e i ls is

r a f vi t al imp r t ance li f t in g is n w
o o
,
, o
was quic k ly t ak en up byy t h se t o wh m it was o o generally per fo rmed by t he c mpresse d ai r o -
p res en t e d Th bu siness . ess o f the P edr e edrick i ck hoist in stea d o f by han d F lo r space o t her o
e d ow ing i ng t o fi
.
Ayer C was soon discontinued

o . c on t s i nu
wi se c n g ested i s kept clear fo r new wo rk
o
na n i l diffi cul t ies and t he ho hoi s t branch taken

.
c a , s Th e time o f passing a j o b from o s t age to ne

over by t he Q C C o f C hhicago
.i cago By it . o .
, .
, an o ther i s reduced a n d a gene ral all aroun d
,
-
t he hoist was in no wayy fea t u red an d was s ld , o saving eff ected .
only as an adj unc t to a number f special tit ies es o
principally used b y t hee raild roa oa d ss ra r .
Th fi rs t concern t o direc t its

e i ts e ff rts se rrii o T H E S E NT RI E S P OS TED I N TH E S K Y
ou ly to th e per fec t i o n o f t he comp ressed a
s aii r —
ho is t and t o go into t he ma ttt er in

, i n a whole
hea rted manne r was t he C ur t is 8 Co Mfg ; .
, .
C o S t Lo ui s who star t ed th e manu factu re

.
, .
,
o f hois t s in 1 89 3 T hey establishe d a sepa .
ra t e branch i n t hei r manufac t uring es t ablish

ment d evo t ed solely t t he d evelopmen t i m o ,
provement an d manu fac t u re f t he hoist an d

, o ,
made rapid s t rides in i t s in t roducti on .
T he single ac t ing h ist here t o fo re described

-
o
as b eing cru d e is s t ill manu fac t ured but it i s

, ,
only pu t t o the s imples t o f uses ; fo r in addi

ti n t t he liabili ty o f f rac t u re o f th e top head
o o
i t has t he fu rt her faul t o f requ i ring ex t ernal

fo rce t o lower th p iston ro d a f t e r the load e
H
has been released
‘ 4
PO S IT IVE C O NTRO L
W here p si t ive c n t r l is required the

o o o ,
balance d pressure hoi s t is by far pre ferable

t o t he s imple hois t I n t his c n s t ruc t ion o f . o
h o is t the un d er o r li f t in g sur face o f t he pis

,
t on is t all t imes subj ec t t o ai r pressu re and

a ,
t he uppe r su r face su b j ec t t o full o r no ai r

p ress u ep a may be desire d A t he a rea o f
r s . s
th pis t on rod passing t h rough t he s t uff n g b x

e i o
makes th e effect ive area o f t he t w si d es o f o
th e pis t on un eq u al t h e t en d ency is t o f rce , o
the la tt er t th l wer en d f the cylinder

o e o o
b y a f rce pr o p o r t i o na t e t
o t he area f t he o o
N O T ES da rn with p e r forat e d horizontal p ip es s pac ed

F ollowing an inves t igation
t o f th e min e ex 6 ft apart v e rtically
. W ate r und e r p r ess ur e
.
pl o s ion o f m ine No 1 o f th e Yukon P oc ahont

. was deliv ered to thes e pip e s and lubrica t ed ,
as C oal Company at Yukon kon W VV a Ea rl H en , . a .

, the sur face o f the caisso n s uffi c i ently to gre at
r y chie f o f th e S tate D e
, p a tm n t o f m
epartment nes de
mines r e ,
ly reduc e the skin frictio n .
c la e d that an air sho rt c

r cii rcu iti t was the caus e
o f the expl s ion W hilee rep repair wo rk was g o
o .
ing on a doo r on th e main intake airway was

le ft open Th e sho rt circuiting allowed gas
.
t o accumulate in other parts o f the min e .
Think o f coal mines having to shut down

for lack o f coal " S cores o f mines in C entral
P ennsylvania Operate with electric current fu r
n i h e d by the P enn C entral Li g ht and P ower
s .
C ompany and the company off cials say that

, i
t he plant will shut down i f coal cannot be

p rocured .
Th e atmometer is a p o rou s clay cup fill ed
with water and used fo r det e rmi ning the ra t e
O ffi cials o f the W estinghouse
8 LampP C0m o f evapo ration d u e to d rying pow e r o f a i r .
pany o f Bloomfield N J have appealed to , . .

,
T he humidity o f the surrounding air i s d eter m
F ederal foo d au t horities fo r 3 5 pounds weekly i n e d by the rate o f evaporation o f t he wat e r ,
o f brown su g ar stating iti t w on d be necessary

would ,
usually for a perio d o f twenty fou r hour s -
.
to suspend operation s in t h e company s pplant ant 11

’
Th e evapo ration rat e i s e xp r e ssed a s cub i c
unles s th e request was g ranted I t was x . e centimeter s o f water evapora t e d p er s ta ndar d
plained that brown sugar ar is use
used in i n fini tes 13 atmometer per hou r Th e d ev i c e i s u s e d in
.
imal amounts in the manu factu re o f electric testin g ventilation in bui lding s s chools etc , , .
g lobes .
S ome tests were carried out in the Labor a

Th e ari s J ou n l recently published an
P r a tory o f the U n ivers ity o f C ali forn ia on the wa
adm o niti n to the public to bu rn gas where it
o ter tightn ess o f plaster shot on the dam fac e
-
“ ”
could wi t h the following conclusions which , ,

w ith a cement gun S everal plaster s labs fro m
.
,
h weve r the American reader must analyze

o , 4 4; to 1 % in thick made at Gem Lak e w e r e
.
, ,
and apply for c mparison t his own local con

o o test ed wi t h water p r es sures ranging from 7 00
d i t i on s : To burn gas w ill be to economiz e to ft fo r several hou r s with no mo i stur e
“
.
,
ou r coal p roduction A thou sand kilos o f coal .

coming th rou g h the s lab One I i n s lab held .
-
.
di s t illed in a gas reto rt equals more than a head o f ft for 2 % hour s without s ho w
.
kilos burned in a domestic stove besides ,

ing moistu re then the wate r pre ss ur e wa s
,
which it has produced 5 00 kilos o f coke ,

raised gradually to ft and th e s pec i men .
,
kilos o f benzol 9 kilos o f sulphate o f ammon

,
b roke in ben ding having leaked a littl e j u s t
,
i a qu 1 0 kilos o f heavy o ils o r carbure 1 kilo

e, ,
be fo re breaking .
o f p henoL ”
In one recent battle 1 8 lb shells wer e -

.
fi red T hi s means that

. tons o f metal
were shot through th e air in a single engage
ment I t woul d take one man 4 1 6 years wo rk
.
,
i ng 1 0 hours a day to make thes e shells o r , ,
2 5 0 men woul d hav e to wo rk 2 0 month s th e

same task .
The sinking o f a concrete cofferda m fo r the

Louisville Ga s Electric Co was gr ea tly i a .
c ili t t ed by enclosing the ext e rio r o f th e c o fi e r

a
P UL P FE E D R E G UL A R I saac TO QU I D D I S P E NS ER LI W i ll i a m F
W a g n e r Am b r i d g e P a
-
r ay y n
- . .
.
i th a m a n d h b G eo g E M o. C e o g a ,
fig fl R a y m on d
e . , .
E N G I N E P R I ME R
.
O
W on e s Ma p l e w oo d Oh i o
-
a p u l p f d r c p t ac l
ic
n t ai n
. .
1 I n i e e e. a n a r co er
w i th i n i d r p t l c nn c t d w i th
ee
ur
, , .
F L U I D P R E S S U R E R E G U L AT O R
.
Ar th ur W C a s h D ec a t u r 1 11
sa ec e ac e o e e a so ce
u p p l y t h p r ur i n i d n t i n r b i n g
.
f es s e sa c o a e e
n t r ll d b y t h d n i t y f t h p u l p i
o s e . . , .
,
id n F L U I D C O N T R OL L I N G AN D ME
T E R I N G D E V I C E S e b a s ti a n Z i a n i d e F e r
c o o e e e s o e sa
r c p ta l
e e d a g g
c nn t d w i th i d
e, a n a e co ec e sa c on
ranti G r i n d l e fo r d B r i d g e n ea r S h e ffi e l d E n g
r c rd i ng th d n i t y f t h p u lp
.
t i f
a ner or
th r u g h t h i n t ru m n t l it y f t h a i r p r ur
e o e e s o e
la nd . . ,
o e s e a o e es s e
a i d nt in r B L OW T OR C H
.
i C O MB I N E D AN D
W a l t er H e r z og
-
n s co a e
S MOKE P R E VE N T E R R n m S OL D E R I N G I R ON J
.
P e k i n I ll
a so
-
B a i l y M i l wau k
.
. . ,
Wi
e ee . s ,
VAC U U M
.
S E P AR AT E XH AU S T F AN
.
P N E U M AT I C S H E E T
.
F OR
W i ll i a m H U p t o n a n d O s c a r
-
I N G MAC H I N E T l b t C D xt r d R C L E AN E R S
S to lp N ew Yo r k N Y
a o e e an os s
M r d i th P ar l R i v r N Y
. .
. .
e e , e e . . . , . .
I.2 4 8 63 I .
.
9
4
2
l,2 4 8 ,7 67
l z 4 8 4 87
. .
P N EU MAT IC P ATENT S D EC EMBER 4
O R T AB L E D R I L L I N G AP P AR AT
P P R E S S U R E —G E N E R A TO R G uy F
W a l t e r H D i ffe n d a ll H a g e r s t own Md J on t z l in
. .
US Mo e , I ll
p r ur g n r t r mb u t i n
,
.
, . .
AP P AR AT U S F O R AN D M E T H O D
. .
1 I n a es s e e e a o a co s o
OF R E C O V E R I N G O I L AN D G AS F r e d e r h mb r m n f mp r ing u mi
. .
c a e ea g s or c o es s a a s eo s x
i c k S q u i r es M a r i e t t a Oh i o t ur th r i n mp r i i ng p i t n
.
.
e e e ipco t s on e s o r ec r oc a
r e c ov e r i n g i d h m b r th r b i n g
, , .
,
1 T h e m e th o d of oi l a nd g as i g i
n n sa c l a e e e e a v a v e c on
w hi c h c o n s i s t s i n i n t r od u c i n g i n t o t h e oi l b e a r t r ll d p r t b t w n id f id p i t n
. ,
o e o e dee on e s e o sa s o an
i n g s t r a t u m un d e r p r e s s ur e a h e a t e d d e ox i d i z e d sa id h m b r c d a n d p i t n r ip
e an ti n g a s ec o s o ec r oc a
g a s t o m i x w i th t h e h y d r o c a r b o n va p o r i n t h e id fi r t m n t i n d p i t n f mp r
, ,
i nth e sa s e o e s o or c o es s
o i l b ea r i ng s t ra t u m a nd fi n a ll y r e c o v e r i n g t h e i g th
n h rg i n t t h
e c i d mb u t i n h m b r
a e o e sa c o s o c a e
h y d r o c a r b on f r om t h e m i x t ur e m n f i g n i ti n g t h mp r u mi x
, ,
ea s or d g e c o es s e a s eo s
t ur r rv i r f i v i ng t h i g i t d
.
de. an a ese o or r ec e e n e
D E C E MB E R 11 m i x t ur mm un i t i n g w i th
e, c o id mb u t i n ca sa c o s o
c h mb ra e
VI C E F O R AN D ME T H O D OF P N E U MAT I C P I AN O AC T U AT I N G
.
DE
VAL V E W l t r A K ru k C md n N J
-
MI X I N G G AS AN D AI R F O R C O N B U S a e c a e
TI ON S t p h n H ug h H l K n C i ty M
. , , . .
M AC H I N E C O MP R E S S O R
.
e e a e, a sa s o ICE
H nry D P wn ll C n t n Oh i
. , . .
P R O C E S S AN D AP P AR AT U S F O R o a a o o
O X I D I Z I N G G AS E S I g
e
L I F E S AV I N G J hn B
. , .
RA
.
i H h b l ik n en u n ec en e F T o en
l tt N C y k Gl rt P
-
. .
n er , Ch ar o e, assp o a
W i ll i m
a
W H E EL
. ,
AI R C O MP R E S S E R
. .
.
P N E U MAT I C a H Y D R AU L I C
H nry M c ff r y B i rm i n g h m Al K nn d y D u g n M i nn p l i M i nn
-
. .
e c a e a a e o a ea o s,
A h yd r u l i
e
ME T E R G r g D P g u S t L u i mp r r mp i i n g
, , .
, .
eo e o e, o s. 1 i a c a r c o es s o co r s a.
yl i nd r i n wh i h th i i mp r
. . . .
0 d by c e a r s co esse a
lumn f w t m
c e
m ving h v in g i n t
.
FL U I D P R E S SUR E B R A KE Wal co o a er ea n s a er
id y l i nd r f
o
V T urn e r w m i tt n t mm un i t i
-
h
.
t er . , E d g e ood . P a . e W i th
co ca on sa c e or
l 2 5 0 | 04
.
,
l 24 9 4 3 8
. .
P N EU MAT IC P ATENTS D EC E MBER 1 1
l 2 5 0 9 l8
'
. .
1 .2 5 02 I0
.
I25
. 04 | 7
.
l 25
. 02 3 2
.
l2 5
. 0,9 3 |
P N EU M AT IC P ATENTS D EC E M B ER 18
ad mi tt i n g d r ec g th e wa e
a nd s dde o i t in nly int t r u AP P AR AT U S F O R S O R TI N G
th e sa m e. sa d m e a s op e a g ie ea f e to n r t i n th r t r H E T E R O G E N E O U S MAT E R I AL S Da ni l R
yl in r nl
e
n r it a ry n
.
J
.
op e th e c de a nd pe m th e es c p e o y B a C h a th a m N
f th a t rt l n wa t r w h i h
. , . .
o pa o f t h e c o um of e c had P N E U MAT I C S T AR T I N G ME C H
e nt r
e ed i yl i n r
th e s a d c de AN I S M F O R AU TO M O B IL E S C l i n t on L
V W a lke r P i e d mo n t C a l
. . .
AC UU M F F
U EL EED Y TS S EM
W ray F a l w ll Fi t hb ur g M a
-
. , , .
e c ss ME AN S F O R R AI S I N G S U N KE N
W i ll i am H G e d e o n B r ea u l t P a w t u c k e t R I
, . .
M O L D I N G MAC H I N E V ES S EL S
N i h ll Br kl y n N Y
-
. . .
. , . .
c o s, oo ME T H O D OF AN D AP P AR AT U S
MI XI N G AN D D E L I VE R I N G C O N
, . .
C E N T R I F U G AL C O MP R E S S O R Ed F OR
m un d M P h i ll i p L ynn M a J o h n H Ma c Mi c h a e l T o l e d o Oh i o
.
s. ss CR E TE
C O N S T AN T V O L U M E G O VE R N O R G eorg e H G i l ma n
.
. . . . , .
R OC K D R I L L
.
R i h ar d H L ynn M C l ar e m on t N H
-
. . .
.
c Ri c e, ass
P R E S S U R E F L U I D MOTO R G e o r g e
.
, . . . .
C E N T R I F U G AL C O MP R E S
C h r i t p h r A S h ll n M rb l h d H G i l m a n C l a r em o n t N H
-
.
S OR s o e c e e s. a e ea
r g W P th y L y n M
.
. . . . . . .
d G
D E C E MB E R
an eo e en en n ass
Th ma 25
. . . .
O IL I N G AP P AR AT U S o s
S h ip l y Y rk P P A CH T AP P L Y I N G ME C H AN I S M
.
e ,
C O M P R E S S E D AI R T AN K
o
Mar t i n
, a .
F OR W I NDOW E NV EL O P S Ca rl 0 E k ll
v a
r kl yn
P
B ar km an H i ll b r K an N Y
. .
-
.
.
B s o o. s
B oo . . .
FL U I D M OTO R Ma t h i a s A tt on
,
P N E U MAT I C R E G U L ATO R Ad l p h
. .
Pa
h o F a ll s I d a h o
-
. . .
o
P G u taf n C hi g 1 11
.
Id a
Ma th er W
. .
. s so . ca o,
P N E U MAT I C TOO L
S h e rw oo d F r a n kl i n P a
.
E XC E S S C YL I ND E R
. .
B R AK E
P R E S S U R E C O N T R O L ME C H AN I S M W i ll i
. . .
s F L U I D P R E S S U R E B R AK E W a l
C W b t r D ub i t e r V T u r n e r W i lk i n s b ur g
- -
. .
. e P
s e , o s, a . . Pa , , .
l 2 5 l l8 l
. .
l
5
,
- l 2 5 l l5 8
. : 2
i
l,2 5 l.4 2 0
l25 l 3 9l
. .
I 2 5 l 12 l
. .
ID
a) l25 | 4 34
. .
9’
<5
IO
N
7
5
3 .
l
5
2 .
l
P N EU MAT IC P ATENTS DECEMB ER 2 5

D E C E MB E R 18 FL U I D P U M P Al b e r t W i l t z Ad d y -
. . .
as
T U R B I NE Em i l e L ou c h e B e u
G AS FO R M R OL L E R H e nry A W ise
l og u e S u r Mer Fr a n c e W o od N e w Y o r k N Y
- -
. .
. .
- -
. .
ME TH O D OF AN D AP P AR ATU S
. . . .
FL U I D P R E S S U R E C O N T R O L L
H a rr y Y N o rw ood a n d Fr e d
-
E D SWI TC H F OR S TR I P P I N G R UB B ER J AR S F R O M
K T a y l o r R oc h e s t e r N Y C OR E S H a rry L B o y e r T r e n t o n N J
. . .
P au l S c h ou C op e n h a g e n
, . .
A I R B R A K E S Y S T E M F OR
.
. , . . . .
P U MP
'
D e n m ar k T R U C K S E l b e r t G C h a n d ler P o r t l a n d O r e g
-
. , .
VAC U U M G E AR S H I FT I N G D E ,
. . . , .
FL OT AT I O N AP P AR AT U S W il A
l i a m E G r ee nw a l t D e nv e r C o l o V I C E R a y m on d F L a n d i s R e a d i n g P a
-
.
W i ll i a m B G r ee n l ea f
, . , , .
S T E AM AN D AI R MI X E R F O R
. .
. .
AI R G U N —
R oe P l y mo u th M i c h G AS G E N E R ATO R S F erd i na n d
.
E rn es t S
.
a nd L og a n
F r ed e r i c k P h o e n i xv i ll e P a
-
. , , . ,
AIR B R AK E S Y S T E M
.
S a n F ran c i s c o C a l VE H I C L E W H E E L
-
.
P N E U MAT I C
. .
E S h a ll o e k
Ad o l p h W E c k h a r d t N ew Y o r k N Y
-
. .
. ,
C O M B I N E D W AT E R AN D P N E U
.
MAT I C P U MP J e s s e B B a rr e tt J a me s t o wn W i ll i a m H L e on a r d
. . . . .
R OC K D R ILL
D e nv e r C o l o
-
. . . . . . ,
C OM
.
.
AU TO MO B I L E P U MP Ath a W C OO L I N G C E N T R IF U G AL
L ee, B i n g h a m C a n y on U ta h
. .
P R E S S OR S F r e d E l m er N or t on W o r c es t er
. , .
.
Ma s s
.
AU TO MAT I C AI R SP RI NG ic h V AL VE F O R AI R C O MP R E S S O R S
.
R
i eb a u vn nn G eor g e M R i c h a r d s P h i l a d e l p h i a P a “
. -
.
ard L N ew H a e , C o
,
W i ll i a m A
.
.
. .
S U C T I O N P R O D U C I N G MAC H I N E D R I L L S H AR P E N E R
Th e od or ll n S m i th D e nv e r C o l o
- -
. .
e W N y g r ee n B e i g h a m , W a s h
.
. . . . , .
EV E R Y T H I NG P N EU MAT I C
V ol xx
. iii MARCH . l9 | 8 NO 3
.
TAMP I N G A S ET OF CROS S I NG S
S C AR C I T Y O F ME N AN D G R O W I N G ing ai r l ines as in t he case o f t he P e n n s yl
,
U S E O F AI R I N R AI L R O AD MAI N van ia where a perman en t in s t alla t i o n o f ai r

,
T E N AN C E* fo r use in connec t i o n wi t h pneuma t ic swi t ch
I n t he presen t acute labor shortage wi t h a n d s i g nal s ystems a n d o t her pu rposes is avail
men prac t ically unobtainable a t reas o nable a b le in the mainline t erri t o ry b e t ween Ne w
ra t es in suffi cien t numbers to carry on even Yo rk a nd P i tt sbu rg h o r in c o nnec t i o n wi t h
,
the m o s t u rg en t wo rk compresse d ai r is o f p o r t a b le gas olene d riven ai r c o mpress o rs pro

,
-
par t icular a d van t a g e t o t he main t enance o f v i d e d fo r t he pu rp o se .
way depar t men t becaus e o f i t s adap t ability to P O RT AB L E C O M PRES S O RS
various kin d s o f main t enance w o rk . Ma n y o f t h e lar g e eas t ern r o a d s inclu d ing

,
,
P N EU MAT I C TI E TAMP ERS t he Lackawanna a n d t he L ehi g h V alley are ,
W hat has n o w come t o be t he mos t common u sin g t ampin g o u t fi t s o pe ra t e d in c o nnec t i o n

use o f c o mpresse d ai r in railroa d main t enance wi t h po r t a b le c o mpress o rs T he fi rs t o u t fi t s
.
i s in th e w o rk o f t ie t ampin g T he t amping were ins t alle d o n t he Lackawanna in t he sum

.
t ools may be ope ra t ed ei t he r by u t ilizing exis t mer o f 1 9 1 6 when five o u t fi t s o f t he f o u r t ool

,
-
t ype were place d in service o n t he wes t end

C ondensed from R ailway Main t enance Eh o f t he B uff al o d ivisi o n as a t es t in s t alla t i o n
‘
.
g in ee r
. T hese o u t fi t s were place d o n al t e rna t in g sec
t ion s to test out thei r eefflfii Cciency enc y as compar e d

I
with han d tamp ing on th e a adj om

dj o in ingng sections i ,
and a s the result o f this test 2 5 add additional

i tional out
fits were pu rchased and(I placed in i n s e rvrvice i ce inin
June 1 9 1 7 W ith th ese outfits in
, . addition
i n add i t i on to0
,
th e fi rst five the 2 1 7 m

, mili l e s o f ma main i n lin e b e
tween H alsted P a andd B uffalo N Y was
, .
, , . .
,
completely equ ipped leaving i ng the 1 7 9 m

, av milesi les o f
main lin e between H oboken ken N J and H alsted , . .
,
unequipped .
DIFF EREN T C O N DIT I O N S OF H AN D AN D MAC H I N E
W O RK
I n 1 9 1 7 the gangs w er e r e sho rt han ded an d -
th e labo r employed was below the usual stand

ards cau sing a decline in gang efli Cc i en c y
, I .
W o rking under thes e condition s i t was foun d

n d i t i on s ,
that machin e wo rk was don e at a less co st an d .
was better don e than thee han d tamping T his .
was du e to the fact that at an effi cient fo reman

was able to control thee machin e wor workk to a
greate r extent than thee han d work W ith i th .
the machine a good j ob is a ma tter o f ppos ition

and time o f ta mping which h i ch the fo reman c o ul d
,
control thus in a measure

, asure overcom overcoming i ng the
in effi ciency o f th e labo r wh whili l e W with
i th han d ta mp
,
i n g it is a matter o f strength eng th an d w r willingn

i l ng n e essss i
a s well both o f which are beyon d th e control

,
o f the fo reman The outfits were found to be

.
especially valuable fo r gangs which were sho rt

handed because o f the greater output o f work
un its per man W i t h six men to the section as
.
a min imum a foreman was abl e to keep hi s

track in goo d line and sur face and because o f ,
t he s uperio r wo rk o f the tamper once the ,
track was in shape it held better .
M O ST EFFI C I ENT O N T H E MO ST DIFFI C U LT WOR K

T h e tampers were found particularly e ff i
cient in compl icated track wo rk as in yards

an d at interlocking plants where hand tamping
i s practically impossible T hey were also found .
to be economical in resur facin g as loos e ties ‘
may be tamped without digging out the bal

las t when the work i s done with the machines .
W ith hand tamping this diggin g out i s n ec es

s ary to tamp the ties properly .
S EL F ADVERT I S I N G TOO L S
O n the streng t h f the resul t s obtained early

o
i n 1 9 1 7 the Lackawanna purchas e d 2 5 addi

,
t iona l ou t fi t s T hese have been delivered and

.
7 mo re are n ow under construction making a ,
total o f 62 outfi t s in all W ith thes e placed in .
se rv ice t he entire main line between H oboken

a n d B uff alo will be equipped .
OT H R C O MPRES S ED AI R U S ES
E
T h e Leh ig h V alley utilizes the c mpres s or s o

C O MP R ES S E D AI R MAG AZ I NE . 8 67 7
OVEL ROC K N I
CUTT N G J OB
th e pick in t t he ho riz n t al seam b reakin g t he
o o , ed to ena b le t he spoil t b e l a d e d in t o t he cars
o o
rock o ff in layers a b u t 6 in t hick

o . . w i t h t he leas t e ff r t Th meth d f placin g
o . e o o
O win g t i t s bri tt le na t u re t he r ck br ke o ff
o o o t h e sl in g s d t he loa d in g
an f t he ma t erial areo
in c mpa ra t ively small pieces which became

o , sh wn in t he ph t g raph Th ai r su p ply f
o o o . e or
fu r t her b r ken up in t he d o wnwar d c u rse i

o o h t he t ols was b t aine d f r o m t he supply l in e
o o
to g nd la ca rs which were place d al ngsi d e

o o o which i s used in c o nn ec t i on wi t h t he si g nal
the wo rk I ncline d plank ap r n s were p i d
. o r ov sys t em .
REC ENT D V O P M ENTS N A TOO S

E EL I IR L
T wo ai r Opera t e d t ols which are applicable

-
o
to main t enance w rk have recen t ly b een pe r

o
f t d b y t he I n g e rs ll R an d C mpany and are

ec e o -
o ,
P N EU M A TI C I
S P K E DR IVER P N EU M A TI C RAI L I
DR LL
8 67 8 C O MP R E S S ED AI R MAG AZ I NE .
now in use on several f t he eastern r a d s o o .
Th e t ls are a spike d rivin g hammer f sea t

oo -
or
i g cu t spikes and a pn euma t ic r il d rill which

n a ,
is used fo r d rillin g rails f j in t s d f or o an or
b n d in g
o .
S IK D IV P E R ER
Th pneuma t ic spike d river

e ix iss largg e r tt hhan r er ar ii
t h e riveting hammers famil m i l iar

i ar t ra railway
i w y men o a .
T h e c mple t e machine iss

o 5 in i n l ng d 2 o an
I F O AT
.
A
wei g hs sli g h t ly m re t han
an 60 l b I tt str strikes
i kes a
o
‘
.
TH E G UT HE L L
sl w har d bl w un d er the p si tt ive con t r l o f

o , o oS i i v e o
‘ f N
a tri g g er l cate d n the m insi d e o f tt h

o he T han o sr e e
dle n d when s t artin g the

a h spike
sp i ke s iti t isi s p ssible
ss i ble e o
t thro tt le the hammer bll w

o w t a lli g h htt tap Th o o . e
pis t n f t he t ool tran smits

o o mits t he dr drivin
i v i ng f rce o
t hrou g h an in t erp se d hammer

ammer block wh which
i ch is
o is ,
cuppe d out to acc mmodate odate the head f the o o
spike F r m a t ime saving

. Ving ppoint
o o mt f iew
i ew it it -
o V
has been f und m st e fficient cient to s t art t he sp

o spikes
i kes
o
b y han d n d fin ish t he drivin

a rivin g by the mach chinei ne .
I t t akes appr xima t ely five sec n d s to o 0 dr rive

i ve o
h me a spike O ne man Wii t h a sp

o .spike driver
i ke dr i ver 11
can f ll w t hree men s t artin

o o t i g spikes
sp i kes an d drive dr i ve ar n
h me all t hey can se t up

o .
P N U M AT I C D I
“‘ ”
E AN D O D MAN R LL L
Th e pneuma t ic d rill whwhichi ch isi s known as th e ‘
N 9 Li tt le D avi d is equipped with a t hree

“ ”
o .
,
cylin d er m t r g ivin g i t a constant p wer i m

o o , o
pulse I t wei g hs 3 7 l b d o perates at a speed

. . an
o f 1 4 0 p m Th spin d le s cket a c ommo

r . e o c
d a t es N 4 M rse taper shanks

o . A shown in
o . s
t he ph t g raph a lever t ype O l d M n has

o o ,
“
a
”
b een d evel pe d f use in a tt achin g the drill

o or
i g machin e t
n the rail I t quick clampin g o . s
acti o n min imizes t he time requi red f a set up or
an d t he c ns t an t p res su re d rill feed is a fu r

o
ther a d vanta g e O bserva t ions f actual drill . or
i g speed sh w an avera g e o f 4 5 sec requ ired

n o .
for an 8 0 lb rail and 1 min 2 0 sec fo r a 1 2 0

-
. . .
lb rail
. .
I NG E NI O US
O L UTI O N O F DI F FI CU L T S
S AL V AG E P R O B L E M
Marine rec rds c ntain very few instances o o
in which ver t u rne d and sunken ships have

o
been fl t d A vessel in that p si t i n pre

re oa e . o o
sen t s a very awkwa rd mass to handle O ne .
o f t he f rem s t d iffi cul t ies i s t hat o f c ntroll

o o o
i n g t he wa t e r in si d e f the craft when the ship o
is ri g h t in g hersel f d rising t the su r face an o .
T h su r g in g wa t er may all t
e easily upset t he oo
b a t s s t a b ili t y a t a cri t ical m ment in t he op

o
’
o
er a ti d heel her over

on s a n far t ha t h will so S e
refill d sink ag ain p sibly b tt m i d up

an , os o o s e .
Th recen t salva g e f t he G erman t anker

e o
868 0 C O MP R ES S E D AI R MAG AZ I NE .
M ERC U R Y TU O M PARTMENTS
B E S FO R \V ATC H I N G T H E PRES S U RE IN TH E C
b oring c mpar t men t so t ha t t hey mi g ht b e t hese opp sin g f rces as the m vement o f the
so o o o
dealt wi t h separately in applyin g c mpresse d craft necessi t ated o .
ai r fo r th e final expuls i n f thei r con t ain e d B t n twi t hstan din g

o o t his seemin g ly com
’
u o
water B in d ers o f rein f rce d c ncrete fixed p l t equipment t he wrecke rs determined to

. o o , e e ,
-
in p si t i n while t he t anke r lay submerg e d take n chances T here fo re they s ecu red to
o o , o .
tie d t he d ecks n d t he bulkhead t g e t her n d her at several p in t s wire rope p h e whic h

a o a o
’
i i rc as s
e ffectually seale d the j in t s R ein f rced n were l d ash re t o tackles attached to 4 0 t0n
o . o co e o - »
crete pa t ches pu t in p si t i n under water als

, bl cks f cemen t buried in t he g r und T he
o o , o o o o .
cl o sed t he two w oun d s in the hull platin g t ackles were operate d by p wer d i n wi nc hes o -
r ve .
caused b y t he c llisi ns o o F ive. f these purchases were made fast to o o
T o each c mpartment i o m o st instances m rin g b its n t he d eck f the tanker on he

—
n oo o o r
throu g h t he ha t ch covers air supply a d wa t l wer s i d e ; and g reat cre d i t is due the diver s
—
n o
er exhaus t c nnecti ns were installed Th

o o f t he skill ful d th r u g h way in W hich . e or an o o
admis sion f c mpresse d ai r f rced the con t hey d i d t hi s diffi cult w rk T h six t h pur
o o o o . e
t a i n d wate r u t b ar d an d the release o f the chase i the form o f a salv r s parbuckle wa s ’

e o o , n o ,
ai r pressu re permi t ted the e entry o f the w r secu re d t a deck bi t n the upper side o f the
r -
a . o o
er Th ai r was supplie d by hose a d all o f d eck then l d over the uptu rn e d side dow n
. e , n , e ,
these c ndui t s were centered a t a swin g in g thr u g h the propeller well thence unde r t he
o o ,
platf rm erec t e d up n the rail o f the upturned ship an d f r o m there to the sh r e Th e lat
o o , o
'
s ide f t he ship Each lead o f h se was there t er pu rchas e made it p ssible t exer t a ri g ht
o . o o o
o perate d by its w valve tappin g flasks duly i g f rce while the five other pu rchases eh
o n , n o ,
charg e d f t he service U p n this same per able d the w reckers at e s t a g e f the w rk

or o o , on o o ,
atin g sta g e were installed two g r ups o f g a g es : t draw the ship sho reward int shallow e r
.
o o o
one g roup f t he usual dial type sh win g t he wa t er and later s erved to check t he angul a r
, o , o , ,
:
volume o f s t red air available f the x p u l m vement f the tanker when she was m
o or e o o co
s i n o f water n d the ther g r up composed i g up to a vertical p o sture

o , a o o , n .
o f 4 0 inch mercu ry c lumns

-
indicatin g the Th e salvo rs took n
o chances as the for e
, o ,
measure f ai r in each submerg ed subdivisi n g in g preparati ns make plain an d it was wi se

o o o o , , .
o f the vessel T hi s arran g ement p rovided th e

. because they were thus able t o d eal W i fh a .
w ec ki g m a s t er with a visible record o f the

r n
'
number f unexpected c ontin g encies F r ih o . o
intern al d is t ributi n o f bu oyancy an d W ater s t ance wh ile the c o m p ressed air siphons funic
o ,
ballas t ; an d by means f the bank o f valves t i d very well in deed still about a t housan d
g
“
o on e , ,
imme d ia t ely at han d it was poss ible fo r him tons f mud remained in the cra ft clin g ing to o
to make ins t ant and very n ice a d j ustments o f the upper su r faces f compartments at the ti me o
C O MP R ES S ED AI R MAG AZ I NE . 868 1
r i g h t ing o pera t ions were s t ar t e d W hen the . c u lt i es it emphas izes the part ce rtainly t o
; and
s t eamer w beginnin g t o free he rsel f from the

as be played by t he w recker in resto ring to ser
bo t tom and to tu rn on her longitu dinal axi s ,
Vice ships tha t are sunk by routin e mish ps o r a
th is mu d d ropped away from its res t in g places sent t o the bot t m by the ravag ing submarine o .
and fell t o th e lower sides o f the seve ral sub —

5 c i e n ti fic Amer i c a n .
d ivis ion s T his radically altered the Gu t

.
“
H eil s center o f gravity an d fo r a while e f

' "
,
MI L L I O N S O N S O F C O AL S AV E D
OF T
f t lly arres t e d her angular m o tion
ec ua H ow . B Y S O O T B L O W E RS
eve r her chan g ed pos i t i n ver t ically gave the
, o A recen t statemen t by the D iam n d P ower o
w rec kers a chance t pull her farthe r inshore o S pecialty C mpany D etro i t po in t s o t that its , , ou
where she groun ded an d took a still be t ter mechan ical s t b lowers saved t he nati n 2 oo o ,
pos t u re fo r subsequent work upon her . ton s o f c al d u rin g 1 9 7 b y keeping o 1
\Nhen t he ship was finally res t o red to an heating su r faces clean n d in this way n , a e
even keel bu t while still restin g upon the riv

,
abling mo re effi cien t hea t tran s fer from furn
e b d
r e i t was discovered t hat t he h o le t hrou g h
, ace gases to b iler heatin g su rfaces T h is o .
the hull in t o th e engine room had not been company repo rts at a c n serva t ive es t ima t e o
pe r fec t ly seale d by t he rein fo rce d c ncrete o a b ut o bo iler ho rsep wer in the o
pa t ch place d ve r i t by t he d ivers T hat is to

o . U n ited S t ates are being maintained effi cient by
say t here was a leak which made i t imposs ibl e
,
D iamon d soot blowers I f t h ese bo ilers aver .
to fill t he space wi t h compres sed ai r in o rder a g 5 00 hou rs operation yearly and allowing
e 2 ,
to d rive t t he con t ained water T here f re

ou . o , 4 p unds o f coal per boiler h rsep wer per
o o o
it was deci d ed to drain t he engin e r oo m by hou r the c al con sumption will be in the
, o
suc t ion pumps an d the leak was success fully

, n eighb rhoo d o f o ton s B t h the . o
s t oppe d by mean s o f a canvas patch applied ex ab ve estimates ten d t beli tt le the c al con
o o o
te rna lly T his patch was rein forced by strips

. sumption .
of w ood placed h rizon t ally which while s t i f

o ,
Th D iamon d soot bl we r will save 4 pe r
e o
fe i g t he fabric an d holdin g it stretched le ft

n n , cent an d ften 8 pe r cen t o f t he fuel bu rn t
, o ,
it flexible en ugh t o adj us t i t sel f to inequalities

o by p reventing the adherence f soot upon o
o f sur face where t he s t eel platin g had been t he heatin g su r faces which f the above c al , or o
torn at t he time o f collision T his may seem . consumpti n represents a savin g o f o
a n un impo r t ant de t ail but that expedient shows , t n s o f c al annually when fi g u red on 4 per
o o
ho w i t may be pos sible to deal quickly with a cen t basi s Exp res sed in dollars this represen t s
.
wound in any o f ou r fighting ships o r damag ed a financial saving in the fuel bill o f between
war frei g h t ers T h u sual woven ma t tress f
. e o t W i t h no rmal l a d in g
o o
hempen cable such as i s g enerally advocated in

, rail road con g estion an d car sh r t a g e have b een o
t he n aval service is a clumsy t hing t o han d le , reduce d to t he extent o f carl ads f o o
a n d no t suscep t ible o f rapid fabrica t ion . c oa l
The G u t H eil is a vessel 3 2 1 feet l n g ; an d

“ ”
o
on a 2 1 foo t d ra ft carries
-
t on s o f oil As . A O R T AB L E L I G H T R E C O R D
P
she lay submerg e d she represen t e d a dea d W ha is un d ubte d ly t he lar g est con t rac t
t o
wei g h t o f su b s t an t ially ton s T h wreck . e f or li g h t s ever ma d e in thi s c un t ry n d o —

a
ers were en g a g ed ab ut two mon t hs in t hei r o pr b ably in t h w rld was cl sed la t ely when
o e o —
o
prepara t ion s and the ul t ima t e efloat i g o f the r n t he Alexan d e r Mil b u rn C mpany f B al t im re o o o
cra f t The la tt er peration was carrie d t hrou g h

. o receive d an r d er fr m t he U n i t e d S t ates
o o
in t he c u rse o f a s ingle day W hen sunk in

o .
, G ve rn ment f
o por t able li g h t s rep resen t in g
or
1912 t he ship was value d at appr ximately

, o t he alm s t s t a g g erin g t t al f m re t han
o o o o
T oday she w o ul d b rin g a r un d mil

, o can d lep wer T hey are in t en d e d o .
li n i d ollars No t wi t hs t an d in g her five years

o o .
’
f or u se in F rance wh ere t hey will play an ,
su b me rgence she is s t ruc t u rally s un d an d

, o , imp r t an t par t in t he fea t s f en g ineerin g b e :
o o
he r machinery t hou g h very d ir t y i s in excel

, , hin d t he lines F ree commun ica t i n b e t w een
. o
len t con d i t ion Th t urnin g ver d fl t

. e o an re oa t he fr n t line n d the b as es facil e t ranspo r t a
o a —
i n g o f t he t anker al t hou g h c mm nly , n id o o co s t i n b y rail m t r n d wheel is abs lu t ely

o , , o o a —
o
ered an imp ssible w reckin g fea t illus t rates

o , vi t al T h w rk f keepin g t hese lines Open
. e o o
wha t t he res u rce ful scien t ifi c salvor can

o is carrie d on d y nd n i g h t b y mean s f these a a o
a chieve now in th face f many physical d i ff

e o i l i g h t s T hese li g h ts are f t he p r t a b le car
. o o
I
bid e kind such as t he c m

, mpany
p an y has specialized o
fo r many years and wh whichi ch the G overnment

,
has s t andardized fo r army and navy uses .
T hey use o rdinary commercialme c a l carbide a fuel r i ,
o ld and obtaina b le in
s l d t hr o u g h u t t he woo rld o r
any quan t ity I t i s sa fer er than Oo ill

. gasolin e i or
an d is readily handled .
R E C E NT DE V E L O P ME N T S IN AI R
P U MP D E S I G N
BY E . P . J O N ES *
W ith es o f su r face conden s
the earliest types -
ing equipment it was u sual ual to empl y one pump o
fo r rem ving bo t h the con

o on ddensate
s t and ai r from en a e
the condenser T his pump was known as a

.
“
wet air pump an d a g ood example o f this
”
,
type is the Edwards ai r pump one o f the most ,
effi cient o f its class Thhee chie f advantag es o f

this type o f pump are :(1 ) Low p owe r r e
.
quired f driving ; (2 ) po ssitive

or i tive actio n aand
nd
con sequent s t abil ity ; (3 ) ability to cope w with '
th
excessive ai r leakag es W hile the Edwards .
pump is still an excellent ent pump fo r units up

to say f rom 3 000 to 4 000 kkw
, ,
w it must be r e .
,
membered that with thee ever g rowin g s ize

,
ze o f -
'
power units its disadvantagesa n t g es should be kept

,
a
in V i ew F larg e units with Edwards pumps

. or
it is n ecessary that t hey should run at a very

l ow speed and consequently they are very cum
,
b e s ome and take up a lar g e amount o f floo r

r
space .
W ith j et plants the Ed wards pump is some

times u sed as a dry air pump I t i s n ecessary .
,
o f cou rse to provi de a small quantity o f water

,
for sealin g pu rpo ses V olumetric e ffi ciency in .
this pump varies cons iderably with the degree

o f vacuum required and decreases as the vac
uum increases from about 5 0 per cent at 3 % .
in absolute p ressu re to 1 8 per cent at I in ab

. . .
s lu t e press u re Another system i s t hat in

o .
which a dry ai r pump o f the recipr o catin g type

is use d t remove the ai r and unc n dens ed
o o
gases and a separate pump to remove the con

densate Th e advantages and disadvantag es
.
o f this system are the same as fo r the Ed

wards air pump but the effi ciency is rather ,
better .
P revious to the introduction o f the steam

t urbine condens ing plant equipments were fu r -
n i s h ed with ai r pumps o f one or other o f the
types mentioned bu t as soon as the turbin e ,
b ecame a commercial proposition it wa s ne c es
“I n s t i tu t i on
l
of E ng i n e er s and S hipbuild e r s ,
S cotland .
FIG I
F IG 3
L EBL AN C AI R P U MP VV ORT H I N GTO N AI R PU MP EJ ECTAI R AI R P U MP
face con d en sin g plant it is only po ssible fo r

-
faces o f t he vanes thus impar t in g a ro t ary ,
air t be br u g h t int the system by the feed

o o o m t i n t t he wheel To operate t he pump it
o o o .
wa t er and carrie d ve r wi t h the s t eam o r by o ,

is n ec essary t p rovide a certain am unt f o o o
leakin g in a t t he j in t s W ith j et plan t s the o .

,
sealin g water which i s supp lied f rom a tank
,
ai r br ugh t in wi t h t he inj ection water has to

o situate d as conven iently as p ssible to the o
be all wed f in a d d i t ion to th e ab ve an d

o or o ,
pump T h sealing wa t e r takes up a certain
. e
i t i s f t hi s reason that t he ai r pump on a

or am un t o f heat f rom the air and water vapors
o
j e t plan t requi res t o b e large r than that fo r

-
wi t hdrawn b y t he ai r pump an d a p ipin g ar ,
a su r face c n d ensing plant do ing the same

-
o ran g ement is provided fo w i t h d rawing a cer r
s t eam d u ty . tain am un t o f this wa t er b y mean s o f a

o
Th powe r required t drive these pumps

e o bypas s c nn ection on the pera t in g pump di s
o o
is ra t her hi g her t han that requ i red fo r an Ed charge t his bypass bein g fi tt e d w i t h a n
, co
war d s t her g oo d type f recip rocating ai r

or o o trolling reflux valve Th quan t i t y f wate r . e o
pump an d consequently a g d deal o f a t ten

, oo wi t hdrawn in this manner i s replaced by make
t i n has b een paid recently to ano t he r type o f
o up wa t e r d rawn fr m t he ci rculatin g inle t o
pump which w uld inco rpo rate t he simplicity o pipin g an indepen den t supply t hus c oling
or , o
o f compac t nes s f t he rotary pump an d the o the wa t er use d in t he cycle o f ope ra t i n T hi s o .
l w p we
o -
c n sump t i o n o f the Edwards and
o r
o appara t us is d o ing re g ular service n of o one
o t he r recipr ca t in g pumps T h g eneral t rend

o . e t he t u rb al t erna t r g r ups at t he G las g o w
o— o o
o f t h u g h t seems t o have been in n d i ec

o o e r C rpo ra t ion P wer S t a t i n a t S t An drew s
o o o .
’
ti no d t he re a re now
. an t he marke t and in on C r ss
o A num b e r f ins t alla t i ns have also
. o o
c mmercial u se air pumps pera t in g on t he

o o been supplie d t o t he r c ncern s o o .
ej ec t r principle Nearly all the lea d in g con

o . W i ll R b in son o f R u g by manu fa t u re
ans o , , c
d en se r manu fac t u rers n w con s t ruc t ai r o the W i ll Mulle r ej ec t o r ai r pump which

ans -
pumps o f th is d escrip t ion . i s Opera t ed by t he ci rcula t in g wa t er ei t he r ,
TH N W J ECTO AIR P U M
E E E R P on t he series shun t sys t em W i t h t he series
or .
Th e W r t hin g t on P ump C
o Ltd L nd n o .
, .
, o o sys t em th wh le f t he ci rcula t in g water
e o o
a n d N ewark manu fac t u re a pa t ent hy d raulic

, passes t h r u g h t he ej ec t r be f re en t ering t he
o o o
vacuum pump t he ej ec t r p rinciple as il

on o , c n d en se r W i t h t he shun t system only a
o
lus t ra t ed b y F ig 2 which c n sis t s f :(I )

.
.
, o o por t i n f t he c l in g wa t er pass s t h r u g h
o o oo e o
Th i nj ec t ion he d (2 ) t he ai r suc t i n cham

e a ,
-
o t he ej ec t r d a f t e r use i s re t u rned t o t he
o , an , ,
ber (3 ) t he ro t ary wheel (4 ) t he t h r a t a d

, , o n pump suc t i o n t he source f supply A t h i r d
or o .
t ail pipes T h e pera t ing water passes b e

. o me t h d f ope ratin g t his ej ec t r i s by t he
o o o
t ween t w nozzle rin g s and t he con e f wa t e r

o , o separa t e pump sys t em in exac t ly t he sam e
-
passes b e t ween t he b o d y o f t he wheel and the manner as d escribed in re ferrin g t t he o
o u t er sl eve impin g in g on t he incline d su r

e , W r t hin g t n pump The wh le plan t i s ver y
o o . o
similar to that made by the W o rthin g ton P ump

Co Th e Glasg w C orpo
.
p o rat onn has a s et o f
a ti o o r i
t his appara t us at wo rk att P m inkston

k ton P ower S t s a
tion an d good results have

, ave been obta obtained
i ned and ,
a secon d set is j ust be being i ng installed at S t .
Andrew s C ross ’
.
An o ther type o f ej ecc tt oo r aaii r pump is5 that r 1
manu factu red by H ick H arg r eaves C , o .

,
Ltd Bolton under licens

.
, ens e f rom the Mason,
B g u et P aris
re T his isS really two ej ecto rs
, . I
working in series wi t h an auxilia ry condenser ,
placed between th e fi rstt an d second stage o f

th e ej ec t o rs A numberr o f these air pumps
.
,
termed ej ec ta i s havee been supplied to or

“
r ,
”
,
are under construction fo r the F rench Navy , .
R e ferrin g to F ig 3 it will be ob observed

e e d that .
, rv
the primary ej ector A iss placed inn di rect com '
mu n i c t i on with t he main condens er C and

a d ,
ex t racts the a erated vapor being operated by ,
a single stea m j et o r nozzle T h e mixture

o f steam and partly comp ressed vapor is then
d i charged to the auxil ia ry condenser D an d
s ,
the water return ed t o the main condenser to

be dealt wi t h by the extraction pump Th e .
second stage ej ecto r E is coupled up to the

-
a u xiliary condens er an d d raws th air away , e ,
dischargin g it to the feed tank An automatic .
air inlet valve is fitted to the auxiliary con

—
den ser to regu la t e the abs olu t e p ressure there

,
in I t is claimed that taking ai r f rom the

.
atmosphere in this manner mat er ially ass ists

t he stability o f the plant and al so ren ders it ,
more fl exible T hes e ej c t i s are desi g n ed . e a r
fo workin g wi t h s t eam pressu res at 5 5 lb

r .
per sq in or above and wi t h a special ar

. .
,
rangement o f nozzles lowe r pressu res can be

use d i n the primary ej ector although the a d
.
vantag e o f this is not apparent i f it is i m

possibl e to wo rk the other ej ecto r under the
same condition s neither i s it clear whe t her ,
t his can be accomplished o r not .

0
1 :
Th e curves F i g 4 show the per formance , .
,
o f an ej c t i S team to the ej ecto rs had an

e a r .
ab so lute pressure o f 1 2 5 lb per sq i n and . . .

,
the s t eam c o nsump t ion is g iven as 1 94 lb per .
hou r o f which 1 2 9 1h is recoverabl e The

, . .
apparatus worked in conj unction with a small

j et c n den ser dealing wi th 94 gal o f i nj ec
o , .
t io n water per minu t e C u rve I gives the .
vacuu ms obtained with wa t er leaving the c on

denser at a temperatu re o f deg F (3 3 . .
deg an d the auxiliary con den ser out f

.
o Di a m et e r of Noz z i n Mi lli m eh e r
le
a c t ion ; cu r e 2 the v olume o f air dealt with

v
b I 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 9 0 ‘ ll l2 13 n 16 16 0 m ‘
9 20
PO u nd s 05 Ai r d e o H m m p e r Ho ur
in c ub i c feet per hour ; curve 3 the vacuums

. .
FI G .
4 . PER FOR MAN CE OF AN J
E ECTAI"
8 68 5
INLE
T
F IG .
F IG . 6
F ORM 5 OF TWO
fi tted to p reven t any fo reign matter which ,
may have prime d over wi t h the steam from th e

boilers f rom en t e ring the nozzles thereby in
, ,
terc e p t i g any s t oppa g e in t he nozzl e throa t s

n ,
a nd consequen t ly a l ss o f vacuum T hese o .
nozzles are secu rely locked t o the nozzl e plates .
T h e mix t u re o f ai r n d steam i s d ischar g ed

a
a t t he mou t h f t he cone Y an d led away to

o
the boile feed tank so tha t t he hea t un i t s

r -
,
con t ained in t he opera t in g s t eam can be e r
claimed b y hea t in g t he feed wa t er T o star t .
th e pump t o wo rk i t is only n eces sary t o

, pen o
up t he s t eam valve C an d t he vac uum will a t

,
once begin t o increase in t he c o n d en se r o r

o t her vessel t b e evacua t ed W hen t he
o .
vacuum g a g e bec mes sta t i na y t he fi t o o r , rs
s t g e s t eam inle t valve is opened up t o brin g

a -
t he vacuum t o a maximum A very imp o r t ant .
f ea t u re in t his pump is t he absence o f m vin g o
par t s The s implici t y o f t he appara t u s is even

.
m re remarka b le t han t ha t f t h Leblanc

o o e
ro ta ry pump .
8 68 6 C O MP R E S S E D AI R MAGAZ I NE .
up t he b ile r fee d wa t er and in rder t o oh

o -
, o c ndenser so that t he vacuum obtainin g in
o ,
t ain full benefi t from t he appara t us it is t his c o ndenser is ab o ut in wi t h t he bar .
hi g hly desirable t use t he discha rg e fr m t he o o om t at 3 0 in the compressi n bein g p

e er .
, o a
ej ecto r f hea t in g purposes o f s me d c i p

or o es r pr xima t ely as 1 1 7 6
o roug hly Th e
2 , or, ,
t i n T hus b t h t he steam an d ai r can be

o . o o ver all e ffi ciency o f this plant is t here f re
—
, o ,
ma d e t o do use ful w rk I View f t his it o . n o apparently till fu r t her reduced becau se i

s , a r
mus t n t be f rg tten t hat when an ej ector

o o o is admitted from the a t m sphere in t o t h e o
o f t his type is specified as requirin g so many auxiliary condenser which is under a vacuu m ,
poun d s f pera t in g s t eam per h ur thi s is

o o o , o f in and this to g ether w i t h the ai r
.
, ,
o nly the apparent quantity ; the actual quantity f r m the condenser has also to be ej ec t ed by
o ,
i s really far less since the great maj ri t y o f , o the s ec ndary ej ector to the atmosphere
o .
hea t uni t s in t he steam are s t ill availa b le for W hen P ro fesso r Leblanc set out t desi g n: o
fu r t her work Th e ac t ual heat un i t s rec vered
. o
his ej ec t o r h e fo resaw the p ssibility f us in g o o
can easily be calcula t ed f rom steam tables , an intermediate condenser but he als o ap ,
s ince it is kn own t hat thehe steam an d air leave p ec i t d its disadvan t ages an d decided to d o
r a e
the ej ect r at a pressu ree f fr o m 1 0 lb to 1 2
o o
’
without it i f at all p s sible At the same tim e o

lb per sq in by g a g e I t will be bserved
.
. . . . o
he knew that it was essential to use t wo stag e s
tha t wi t h a Leblanc multij c t o an auxiliary e r
in o rder t g et a stable and e fficient ej ecto r
o .
c ndenser i s n t required
o ed nd in this respect o , a
W i t h t hi s end in View certain steam nozzle s ,
i t d i ffers materially f romm t he B g u t j “‘

er e
”
e ec ‘
were desi g n ed t he lines o f the fo rmulas o f

on
t i
a r Th. empl yment f an aux
e auxiliary
i liary con o o
P r fess r R ateau an d the acti n o f the steam
o o ,
o
den ser has t he disadvanta anta g e t hat the total issuin g fr m these nozzles when under high
o .
hea t units f the s t eam used in the fi t stag e

o rs -
vacuum was di rec t ly observed Th e result i s

ej ec t r which am unt t an apprec appreciable i able per
.
o , o o
shown by Fig 7 Th e steam issuin g from the
cen t a g e f t he t ot al hea
ea t un
units
i ts used on the
. .
wh le appara t us are dissipated

o i p ed and 1lost 0 Th e
, ss a 5 .
make rs g ive this percentag e as about 3 3 An .
t her reas n f d ispen sin g with the auxiliary

'
o o or
condenser will be apparent from the follow FI G .

7 . BE H A VIO R OF F LO W
ing I all steam perated ej ec t ors one o f the
. n -
o
di fficul t ies t hat have to b e c nten ded wi t h is o
the fac t t hat the s t eam leaves t he nozzles at

a vel city varying from about
o to
ft per sec while t he vel city o f the fluid to
. .
, o
be en t raine d i s prac t ically n il T his is the .
cause f c n siderable loss o f e fficiency in any

o o
ej ec t r b u t i f an auxiliary condenser be used

o ,
the d e fect is d uble d because t he velocity o f o ,
the flu id t be en t raine d which has been i m

o ,
par t e d t it by t he opera t in g s t eam d urin g

o
its passage thr o u g h the fi s t stag e ej ec t o r is r -

,
dissipa t ed d l o s t as s n as it enters the

an oo
con d ense r Th c ling wa t er use d o n the

. e oo .
auxilia ry c o n d enser has to be deal t wi t h by

the c nden sate pump t hus increasin g t he pow
o ,
er absorbe d by the plant W hen wo rkin g wi t h .
su rface c ndensers t his wa t er must be o f

o ,
g oo d quali t y as i t has to be re t u rned t the

, o
b ilers
o .
Th t hird claim rel ates t

e e ffi ciency I t is o .
well kn wn tha t ordinary sin g le s t a g e ej ec t ors

o -
only w rk well when the compres si n ratio

o o
is as I : 7 and it is par t ly for t hi s reas o n that

,
the B g et Co has in t roduced the auxiliary

re u .
m en t e d wi t h until the presen t ej ecto r as

, ,
shown in F igs 5 and 6 was decided to be the

.
, y
most suited fo r conden se r work T o go .

r
u
c
t h rough the various stages in de t ail which led

r
e
M
up to t his design would take up too much time .
‘
W i t h the form o f ej ector adop t ed it has been

f
o
found that the e fficiency o f the nozzle is on s

e
an avera g e 8 5 per cen t while that o f the ,

h
c
n
diff user is 7 0 per cen t I t will be seen that .
I
n
t his ej ecto r a g rees very well with the ideal i
ej ect r which P ro fess o r Leblanc had in his

o
m u
min d The fi rs t s t a g e which con sists o f a u ’
O c
.
, a
small g r up f n zzles erves a triple pu rpose

o o o , s
V G
,
inasmuch as it effects a certain am unt o f o
compression heats up the entrain ed air and

, ,
g ives i t c n sidera b le vel o ci t y an d c onsequently

o
0 0 2 3 4
,
6 6 6 9 IO I I l2 ‘3 I4 I5 1
'
"
an increase in momentum Th e second s t ag e . Ti m i Mi e n n ar es

-
has a lar g e number o f n zzles and it i s here o

FI G 1 0 TI MES REQ U I D FOR STARTI N G
, RE
where the maj r por t i n f t he wo rk is done l wing fi g ures were b t ai ned on t he F renc h
. .
o o o , o o
the ai r bein g compressed from app roximately t rpe d o destroyer B o ute feu T h e turbin es o -
“ ”
2 6 in vacuum up to s methin g more t han were st pped but steam was on the g land s
.
o
o
.
.
,
atm spheric pressure T be m re accu rate Th volume t be evacuated wa s about 63 5 cu

o . o o , e o .
the steam used in the fi rst s t age is ab out 5 ft Afte r 1 min the vacuum was 6 5 1 6 i n -
.
,
per cent o f the t tal
. .
2 min 1 5 i 3 min 2 2 1 3 1 6 i n 4 min 2 5 9 1 6

o
n
. . -
-
. .
, . .
, .
I n support f t he fourth advantage which

o i n 5 min 2 6% i n an d 6 min 2 7 9 1 6 in Th e .
, . .
, .
-
.
this air pump i s supp o sed t o possess the fol theoretical vacuum c rresp onding to the tem
, o
FI G . II . M U LTI J ECTORS AT SC OTTI S H C EN TRAL P O WE R C0 .

C O MP R ES S ED AI R MAGAZ I NE . 868 9
per atu re o f t he wa t e r d g F ; namely ,

mately 2 0 8 3 2 1b e lb a n d 9 7 1b
.
es p ec
.
, , .
, .
, .
, r
2 8 % in was attained in 1 1 min I t was also t i ly Fo lan d wo rk it is equally sui tabl e

.
,
. ve . r ,
arran g e d la t e r t o allow cer t ain known air and wi ll so n supersede the rotary pump in o
leakages t o enter the con d en er W ith a 5 mm e s .

-
.
\
l
.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
nozzle which passes 2 lb o f free ai r per

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
P . 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
,
R
.
hou r th e vacuum d r pped

, ed only in W i th
o
m .
a 1 5 mm nozzle which i s equivalent

-
. ui
, to 3 2 6 P
u t
l
s
o
0
4
4
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
lb o f ai r per hou r t he vacuum

. a m wass 2 1 % in
, v
V . n
o
W i th an inch cock full oppen it t ook 1 1 min

i
t
.
‘
c s
p
m
0 9
fo r the vacuum t o fall to 1 2 % A i at which
a 9 2 2 2 3
r 6 5 5 6 6 6 2
n t
A
.
,
x
figu re t he mercury column mm remain
ema i n ed s t eady .
O n closing th e re g ulating ng alve below the

valve m m
s
s
,
e
g
n zzle th vacuum at once n c e ros

os e aan d attain ed
e a S * V '
v
r
o , e P G .
th e maximum almo st immediately med tely T here i s a d

a t
.
o e O O O W W W U‘
central station n ear G las g oow w whe

wheree t hi 5s typ e l n l
mm I o r
t
u O O O N N
i
e N N N N N O O
O
.
o f appa ra t us is at wo rk w i t h a m mul t iij et con ' e

r
c
t
a
W
e
u j
den ser S ome t imes whenn changing hangin machin es n t

e 3 3 3 3 3 3
. l 3
n 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
t here is liabili t y partially y too lose the water

fo r a m inu t e o r but none o f tthe
so, h sta ff ever
have t o trouble about th e eejj ecto t o rs
s an d as soon c r ,
as t he wa t e r comes back aa g ain th e vacuum at 0

once builds up an d the set et is n ever shut down
t ff 5 5 0 7 0 0
u 3 2 2 6 S 6 5
, h o
th rou g h failu re o f t he ai r pumps As a mat .

S
t er o f fac t in t he case abov e s t ated it is

,
G ,
" 0
2
2
2
2
2
t
u
5
2
S
Z
Z
Z
O
Z
h ighly probabl e that du ring the perio d that l l h

S
l I I I
t he wa t er supply t o the con den ser is very r 6 3 3 9 9
small t here i s an ai r passage between th e o e

r t
6 6 6 S 5 6 6
B m
a e 9 9 9 9
9 9
wa t er spaces th e othe r con den sers in the

9
2
f 2 2 2 2 2 2
o
station an d the multij et plant which w uld o
allow o f a very exces sive quan t ity o f ai r

ge tt i g into the con den ser on load T h is
n .
als sh ws t ha t s t abil ity th e s ixth cla i m 5

o o , , 1
ano t her salient point That high vacuum can .
be obtain ed i s p roved by the fact that this

appara t us is now being u se d in the F rench w
.
0 0
0
Z
S
0 0 0 0 2
9 0 7 3 8
N avy an d mercantile marine as well a s on

7
0 0 I
0 7 9 3
K
I
O D O 5
,
some land in stalla t ions fo r re frigerating pu r

poses and in stalla t i ns are at wo rk where the
, o F
5
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
maximum vacuum ob t ained i s wi t hin 1 mm .

P 0
o f t he barometer Fo con den sers the best . r

s
.
re sul t s yet obta in ed by the F rench W e sting m

p O
3
I
h us e c ompany a re within 5 mm o f t he ba ro
o
A .
me t er .
l
t
s
F rom th e fo rego in g i t would appear that

o
V
t hi s ty pe o f ai r pump i s idea l fo r use on board

ship an d particularly in the n avy where space
, ,
is so valuable and weight o f such considera

t ion a n d to illus t rate th i s point Fig 8 has been
, .
p roduced an d represents to t h e same sca le an

,
Edwards ai r pump Leblanc rota ry ai r pump , ,

8 a s s es s
an d Leblanc mult ij ec to fo r a s t eam duty on r fi t
.
a a a a a a
a su r face conden ser o f lb per hou r m m

.
,
In
V O O W - V O
0
M
wa t er a t 60 deg F vacuum and

'
ao
. in .
, .
,
barome t er 3 0 in Th e wei g h t s are a p p ox i

. TES TS AT SCOTTI S H CENTRAL r
many p wer s t a t ions Fo su g ar refiner

o i es
refineries
. r ,
chemical n d t her allied a l i ed wo rks iti t sh o uld

o
p r ve excep t i nally attrac tt ive and take the

o o rac iv e
place f many recipr ca t ing

o i ng dry aaii r pumps o .
I t may b e a d visable t poom

p intt out here t hhat at o
this pump is pu rely a dry aairi r ppump ump so t hhat ,
for sur fac c n d en sers an ad d itional

e o i t onal water
o r c n d ensa t e p ump is st
o stilli ll requ
requii red and fo r ,
j et p lan t s t he usual ex t rac t i n pump i on .
F ig 9 sh ws the air d o deal

e l ing
ng capacity o f r a
-
.
vari us s izes f m lt ij e too r pumps taken from

o o u c r
the actual t es t s Th e maximum vacuum in .
each case is equivalent t t he theo re t ical the o ,
sli g ht d i fference a t t he rrii g inn o f the curves o
bein g due t o t he di fferentt test c n dditions i tions n o .
T he t able f t es t s I i s t aken from a pl

o ,plant
nt ,
ins t alled a t t he S co tt ishh C entral P P ower S t a
ti o n a t B nnybri d g e a t a da t e S i x m o nths a f
o a i a
te r t he plan t was put o n commerc commercial i a loa d .
T his c mpany has j ust dec

o decidedi ded to rde r an o a
o t her plan t and has specified , fi d Mii rr lee Leblanc Ci e rr s -
m lt ij to ai r pumps
u ec r .
F ig 1 0 sh ws t he time
. me taken to start up
o
a H ick B g u t j t i and a Mi l e L
-
re e e ec a 7
r
'
i rr e s -
e
blanc m lt ij t u ec or .
F ig 1 . 1 tion o f mu lt ijj e to aairr

shows ins t allation i c r
'
pumps at S c tt ish C entral Electric P ower Co

o .
,
B o nnybridge .
D I S P L AC E ME N T T AN K S FO R MET E R
I NG C O MP R E S S E D AI R
BY W ALTER 3 . W EEK S
Th e following which has o riginally appeared
,
in Mi i g P n n d escribe s an arran g ement

r es s , t no
essentially n ew it having been hown in C om, s
p ressed Ai Ma g azine Au g ust 1 9 1 2 I t a p

r , , .
pears here w i t h improvements i n detail and ,
the descrip t ion als will be found m re p c o o ra
t ical and specific .
T he g eneral principle f displacement tanks o -
for measu rin g the air consumption o f r o ck -
drills i s known to most en g ineers but it takes ,
a g o d de l f exp erimenting t o construct

o a o
them o t hat they will wo rk properly I t is

s .
hoped t ha t these few su g g estions will be help

ful .
T he elemen t s o f the displacement tanks a e -

r
two closed tanks c nn ec t ed with a pipe at the o
bas e and equipped wi t h valves o that air may s
en t er n e while leavin g the other T h e ai r in

o .
the two tanks is always separated by a p i St on

o f wa t er which flows back an d fo rth from one
,
tank t the other T h chan g e in level o f the

o . e
water in one tank mul t iplied by the area o f

FIG .
w a t er t o t hat point th r u g h the pipe 9 C l se

o . o fi t tin g up spark plugs -
t hat a contact i s
so
t h e g a t e valve
-
.D raw o ff water through the made between the tank an d the sparkin g p int o
pipe 9 care fully m easu ring i t un t il it comes in
, o f the plu g by mean s o f a float T h e p rinciple .
s i g ht on the g lass h N w draw care fully un t il

. o i s shown in F ig 2 A o rdinary au t omobile
. . n
an even numbe r f cubic fee t i s reached and

o plug fi tt ed wi t h a fl at is tappe d in at i A plug
o .
mark poin t on t he g lass h W hen t he water in

.
bu il t as sh wn in the d rawin g is place d a t k
o .
t ank I I rises f ro m the lowe r mark t t he o Th e plu g i s so con structed t hat t he po in t o f

hi g her the measu re d v o lume o f ai r has been
, rin g in g can be con t r lle d by screwin g t he cen
o
d isplaced .
tre p oint in ut
or o Th plu g l is placed on a
. e a
To o b viate th e n ecessi t y fo r wa t ching t he lin e with the mark on t he g au g e glass A -
.
g auge g las ses I have arran g e d f a b ell t wate r g lass sh ul d b e placed pp site the plu g
-
or o -
o o o
r i ng a t t he t w c ri t ic l poin t s I t i s done by
o a . as sh wn
o .
FI G . 2
To put t he appara t us in wo rking order the

wa t er is run up in tank I un t il the bell rings .
T h g a t e valve i s closed an d th e water in tank

e -
I I is br ou g ht t t h e lower mark T h g ate

o . e
valve is then opened a d the water is f orced n
to the upper mark T h g ate valve is ag ain . e -
cl o sed nd t he park plu g 1 adj u s t ed by turn

a S -
3
i n g the nut 0 (Fi g 2 ) un t il the bell rin g s at

1 .
this point T hus it i s seen t hat b e t ween t w

. o
ringin g s o f the bell t he measu red v lume o f o
air has fl we d out T h time is taken with a

o . e
stop wa t ch
-
.
To tes t a drill c nnect t he hose a t 1 and

, o
star t the drill runn in g R un water into tank .
I un t il the bell rings T hrow the valves and .
while the water is falling to the level o f the FI G I . DE TAI L OF P ITOT TU BE AN D METH OD OF
spark plug i adj ust the re d ucin g valve S tart
.
ATTAC H MENT TO P I PE
- -
.
the stop watch when the bell stops rin g ing

-
ME AS U R I N G AI R AN D G AS ES WI T H
an d stop it when the bell starts a g ain by on c
.
tact being made at 1 To hold the p ressu re 2 .

TH E PI T OT T UB E
con stant the reducing valve must be changed - O BY A

. H . AN DER S N *
sl igh t ly owing to the small chang e in hydraulic T h e pitot tube is now generally understoo d ?
head on the ai r A run o f any du ra t ion may
. by engineers but its applicati n has been e
, o r
be made by th r wing the valves at each ringing

o s t i c t ed to research
r P erhaps t he reason the.
o f t he bell and keeping account o f the number pitot tube has not received the attention it de
o f throws . serves i n the industrial trades fo r meteri ng , ?
Th evolume between marks on tank I I ai r an d gas is because reco rding instrument s

,
should be about 1 6 or 1 8 cu ft fo r o rdinary . . a re available R ecording meters are des irable

.
,
.
drill t es t in g Means should be pr vided to ex

-
. o but there is still a wide field in which an i n ex
haust t he air in the tanks to t he a t m spheric o pens ive device must be used Fo instance in : . r ,
pressure i f n ecessary I the tanks shown in . n distributing costs o f gas o r ai r among variou s .
the drawin g i t is acc mplished by a thr e e way o -

departments an in dicating pitot tube may b e
,
valve at m C har t s may be plotted fo r di ffer

. placed in each branch and practically the s am e ‘
ent g au g e pressu res with time in sec o nds b e

-
in fo rmation obtained as with an elaborat e i n
tween b ells a g ainst free ai r per m i nu t e
, . strument I n the air supply duct to a foundry
.
cupola o r a set o f fo rges the proper quantity ,

'
Th e deman d fo r gas in New Yo rk city i s

runnin g cu ft in exces s o f a no rmal . .
*
Associate P ro fesso r o f E xperimental En
day s consumption in other years
’
.
g i n e e r i ng Armou r I ns titute
, o f T echnolo g y .
of air c a n be gage d wi t h a pi t t tube and main

o s t a t ic (o r beveled ) t u b e i s in communication
ta i e d du rin g t he perio d
n o f pera t i n
o o . wi th the righ t hand end f t he upper g a g e and
-
o
Th e pi t o t t u b e i s easily chan g ed fr o m place t he le f t hand e d o f t he l wer g a g e T her

-
n o . e
t o place a n d the pressu re

, or vel ci t y o f ai r
o fo re t he uppe r g a g e in d ica t e s t he vel o city
,
“
may be g a g e d a t d iff eren t p in t s al ng an o o pressu re and t he lowe r g a g e indica t es th e

”
exhaus t line where t he size f d uc t changes

o s t a t ic p ressu re .
wi t h t he numbe r o f branches a d mi tt ed . T h e velocity co rresp o n d in g t o t he vel oci t y “
Th e in d ica t ion s o f t he pi t t t u b e are made p res su re may now b e d etermine d b y re ference

”
o
rea d ily available b y t he use o f the ta b les g iven to the tables T emperatu re s t atic pressu r e
.
,
in th is ar t icle by mean s o f which calcula t i o ns an d humidi t y aff ect t he velocity but wi t hin ,
are avo i d e d T hey apply to ai r a t ap p o x i

. r cer t ai n limi t s t he s t atic pressu re a d humidity n
ma t ely a t mospheric pres su res and also t gases o may be n e g lected .
o f various dens i t ies such as illumina t ing coke

, , T able I sh ws the veloci t ies f ai r at 8 0 d eg
, o o .
oven blast fu rnace and natural gas I n o rder

, . F .
, c rrespondin g t vari ous vel city p res
o o
“
o
th a t t hese tables may be applied direc t ly t he , su re readings in inches o f water

”
, .
coeffi cien t o f t he pi t ot tube must be If T able I I sh ws the c e fficien t by which th

, o o e
th e coe ffi cien t o f t he pitot t ube is t hen t he veloci t ies in T able I may be multiplied when
t abular value fo r velocity must be multiplied t he ai r is o f any o t her t empera t ure t han 8 0
by T he pi t t t ube in F i g 1 has a c o effi
o . deg F C oe ffi cients are also g iven in t h i s ta
. .
cien t o f ble fo r gases o f various d en si t ies .
A illus t ra t ion o f the proper method f con

n o I n certain cases where the pit t tube i o s
n c t i g a pi t o t t ube to the indicating di fferen

e n placed in a long straigh t pipe it may b e as ,
t ial g ages i s shown in F i g 1 Th e liquid used

. . sumed eddy cu rren t s are absent and the t ip ,
in t he g a g es is a m i n eral o il o f speci fi c o f the pitot tube may be loca t e d a t a distanc e

gravi ty n d th e c o lo r is red to make it con
a f r o m the center equal to f the actual a o r
s p i uous
c Th e scale a t ta ched to the gage is
. d iu in o rde r to obtain average resul t s I n
s, .
g raduated to read in inches o f wate r T he . m o s t cases t here are condi t i on s which deflect
d yn amic (o r ben t ) tube i s in commun ication the ai r currents in t he pipe an d the maximum ,
wi t h t he le ft han d en d o f the upper gage The

-
. vel o city i s f un d at one side o f the center U n
o .
Y
T
I
C
O
L
E
V
S
U
O
R
A
V
O
T
S
G
C N
N I
D
D A
N E
R
O
P E
S R
E
R U
R S
S
E
R
P
E
L
B
A
T
$8 69 4 C O MP R E S S E D AI R MAG AZ I N E .
TABLE II .
V O C ITY CO FFI C I
EL E EN TS F OR VARIO U S TAB LE III R ES U L TS OF T ES T OF A IO -
IN I
P PE
TE MP ERATU RE S
.
.
l 09 0
der t hes e c n di t i ns it i s necessa y f accu r

o o ,
r or
ate results t de t ermine t hhe avera

averagee veloci
o ve locityy by e g
makin g a trave rs e o f t he pipe withh the pitot

tube T his can be done in the following man -
n er :D etermin e the ac t ual radius o f the roun d

.
p ipe an d make a series o f p i t ot tube observa

tion s at intervals f rom the center to t h e wa ll .
T h e intervals between the r eadin g s are 0 e~
t mi e d by t he equation
er n .
r
R : V 2 3 . I
V N
Where h various position s
d i s ta n c e of
f r m center o f pipe incheso , .
m d i u o f pipe inches
ra s , .
N :number o f readin g s desi red

from wall to w ll a .
b o de o f rea d ings from center

r r .
T h pit t t u b e i s
e o w loca t e d in turn at t he no
p ositi n s as de t ermine d above fi rst on on e

o , ,
side f the center d then on t he other s ide

o , an .
T h e velocities correspon d in g t the ten v eloc o
i t y pressures are taken f r m T able I an d th e o ,
ari t hmetical avera g e determined

maximum velocity is tip
.
I f th e
A an illustrati n assume a roun d du ct 1 0
s o ,
65 0
in di ameter the number o f observations from
.
,
1
wall t wall to be ten I n this case

o =5 in .
,
“
r
”
.
“ ‘
N
”
1 0;
-
a assumes values from I to 5 Th e

“ ”
.
values f R on o s ide o f the center e

o
“ ”
ne r
s u lt i n g f rom the substituti n in the equation o
are as f ll ws : o o
D i stance fr m center inches o ,
R1
R,
R3 3 53 5 0 0
'
4 3 8 / 2 4 6
R.
R, 4 74 FI G . 2
T E MP E R AT U R E -
S E NS I TI V E P AI NT S * coolers an d a ft e c ooler s would becom e tell
r
Th e above term has been appli e d to chemical ta les at once i f th e air were not su ffi ciently
c mp unds that are subj ect to colo r changes
o o
cooled I f there were no a ftercooler then spot s
.
a t a c omparatively small rise in temperature o f paint No 1 at interval s along the pipe l in e

.
,
and then spots o f No 2 as the distance in

.
T hese paints are occas ionally used fo r indi

.
catin g a d angerous ri se in tthe h ttem mp eer a tu ur e o f r

creased would show the cooling o f the ai r
,
machin e bearin g s electricc generato r s an d oth i

in tran smission W hen the normal c lor e
. o r
e r apparatus where excessive s s i e heating has to b e

,
v
turn ed to the latter spots the ai r would hav e
a v idedo Th e two compoundsounds described below given up a larg e portion o f its moistu re which
,
should then be separated an d drawn off Ed

.
are easy to make an d reliable eli ab le in Operat Operation i on

—
.
.
C A M]
DO U BLE IO DI DE OF MERC U RY AN D COPP ER
. . .
NO I .
—
T his compoun d is no rmally mally red but turn s r ,
black at ab ut 8 7 deg C (1 88 6 F ) becom

o becoming .i ng , .
red a g ain when the temperature p era tu r e falls .
To prepare this paintt make s eparate so soluu

tions o f copper sulphate an d potassium iodide i od i de
in distilled water Ad d the latter to the fo rm .
e r wi t h constan t s t irrin g untuntili l the p rec i p i tate

recipitate
which is fi rst formed iss e ddissolved i ssolved T hen r -
.
‘
a str n g solution o f mercu rricc chlor de

.
add o chloride
(c rr sive sublimate ) and the red d o uble
o o
i o dide o f me rcury an d c o pper W i ll bbe p ec ip i

will r 1 i
t a t ed W ash an d dry thi

. h i s p rec
recipi i p itt ate n fil t er o
paper T h red powd er may be m

. e mixedi xed W withi th a
weak s lution o f gum arab o arabici c in water an d
.
used as a paint .
NO 2 . DO U *
E IO DI DE OF M ERC U RY AN D S I LVER
BL
T his c mp un d is normally o f a light prim

o o
r se yell w but t u rns to a dark orange o r

o o ,
b rick d a t a b out 4 5 deg C (1 1 3 F ) I t b e

re .
, .
c omes yell w a g ain on cool in g o an d it may be —
heate d an d c oled an unlimited number o f o
t imes withou t lo sin g its curi u s p roperty pro o ,
v i d i ng it is not overheated .
Make separate solutions o f silver n itrate

a n d p o tassium i dide in distilled wa t er o Ad d .
t h e lat t er t t he fo rmer with constant sti rrin g

o
un t il the ori g inal p recipi t ate is dissolved T hen .
a dd a strong solution f mercu ric chloride o
(corr o sive sublimate ) which will produce a

p recipi t a t e o f th e double io dide o f mercu ry an d
s ilver o f a bri g ht yellow colo r W ash an d .
d y t he precipi t ate on fil t er paper

r I t can be .
used as a paint by mixing with a weak solution

o f gum arabic in water .
[I t will doubtless occu r to some o f our read

e rs t hat t hes e paints could be o f service in
c o mpressed air practice Fo instance spots . r ,
o f paint N 2 on t he eduction pipes o f inter

o .
*
By onsulting Engin eer
W . S . An d rews , C
i n g D epartment G eneral lectric Company in , E ,
G eneral Electric R eview F b 1 9 1 8 , e .

, .
MAGA
G AZ
ZI N E
EV ER Y T H I N G P N E U MATI C
E tabl i h d 1 896
s s e
W S AU N D E R S ,
L Ed i t or
M ana g i n g
. .
F R AN K
R I C H AR D S , Ed i t or
C H AS A H I R S C H B E R G , B u s i n e s s M an a g er
i r c u l a t i o n Ma na g
. .
W C L AB S ,
. C O er
P UB L I SH ED MO N T
T H L YY BY TH E
C om p r e s s e d Ai r Ma g a z i n e C o mp a n y
Ea s t on , P a .
Ne w Y o r k O ffi c e— 1 1 B r o a d w a y
L o n d o n O ffi c e 1 65 Q u e e n V i c t o r i a t ree t
.
—
S .
u b r i p t i n i nc l u d i n g p t a g
S sc o Unit d n os e, e
Stat d M xi 0 a y ar C na d
,
es an e d
c o, a e a a a n
b r ad a y ar S ing l nt
.
.
p i
,
a o 10 e e c o es, c e s
fa i l t r c ii v p p r p r m p t l y
, . .
Th wh os e o o ec e v e a e s o
w ill p l a n t i fy e t
se n o us a o c e
r t i i n g ra t f u rn ii hh d p p li ti n
.
Ad v e s es n s e on a c a o .
We i nv i t e c o rr e s p o n d e n c e f r o m een g i n e e r s
o n t ra c t o r s i nv e n t o r s a n d o t h e r s i n t e r e s t e d
,
c
in c o mp r e s s ed
,
a ir .
V ol . XXIII . MAR C H , 1 91 8 . NO 3 .
C O NT E NT S
Scarci ty o f M n P rom o tes U se o f Ai e r . . 867 5

D iffi cult S alvage P roblem 867 8
C al S ave d by S oot B lowers
o 8 68 1
P r t a b le Li g h t R eco rd
o . . 868 1
D evel pmen t s in Ai P ump D esi g n
o r 8 68 2
D i splacemen t T anks fo r Ai Me t ers r 8 69 0
P i t o t T ube for Ai an d G ases r 8 69 2
D rainin g the Ai Line r . . 869 5
T emperatu re S ens i t ive P ain t s -
8 69 6
W ash in g Ai fo r Electric S e rvice r 8 69 6
T h S ubmarin e an d t he U n sinkable S hip
e . 8 697
S t op p i ng Wa s te in B oi ler R ooms .
P neuma t ic Locomotive R everse G ear 869 8

C mpressed
o Ai O perated V acuum r
C lean er 8 1 00
C oleman O il B u rner 8 7 01
B lowe r fo r P riming C en t ri fu g al P umps . 8 7 01
N t es
o 8 7 03
P a t en t s 8 7 03
on the problem f the unss iinkable nk a b le ship an d we

o n ,
may be now an d always only certain that fu r

the r impor t ant advances are in evitabl e in i n con
sequence o f the revelations ons .
W e have not at all t o seek the means o f ren

dering ship s unsinkable but only on y the manne r ,
o f application As sunken ken ships are now f e

. r
quently raised by the usee o f ai r it must be in ,
the nature o f things a still s impler t hing to0

prevent them by the same me mean s f r m inking o S ,
and thousands have p ropo sed it .
Th e scheme o f M W W W o th e p on r . . . rs o ,
which has been applied to ships f t he U S o . .
Navy provides in the des ign o f the ship fo r

,
many hun dred s eparate waterti g ht ai r filled ,
compartments only a few ew o f wh

, which
i ch are liable
to rupture from any local a 1 inj ury to the ship .
A d now comes M W illiam T D o nnelly

n r . .
,
Membe r f the S o cietyy f Naval Arch i tects

o o
a nd Marin e Engin eers a n d an k n o wl 5 , ac
edg e d expert on fl t ation tion with his system o ,
o f bu yancy b xes I n the ship

o o sh i p Lucia
. Luc i a
where t hey are placed1 there are n ine o r (
t en t h usand o f these e b oxes T hey are

O .
normally o f ord i nary p i ne ,3 ft lon g 2 ft , .

, .
wide an d 1 ft deep an d to secu re water ttight

.
, i ght -
ness they are covered wi t h galvan ized S heets

T hese boxes are fitted in lin es ar un d the ship
,
o ,
b t h ab ve an d bel w the water line an d fast

o o o ,
ened to beams where vacant space is available .
B oxes also o f lar g er size an d o f di fferent shap e

are used in adaptation to available s pace I n .
stowin g merchan dise in ships boxes o f the ,
same kind may be inserted as space fillers any

where Th e i dea apparently has more o f com
.
m n sens e t hen o f in g enui t y in it an d is n ne

o
, o
the wors e fo r that Mr D onnelly estimates . .
that only 1 4 per cent o f carg o space i s l st . o
in making ships unsinkable by this means an d ,
the c st o f thu s equipping vessels is put at 1 0

o
pe r cent o f the c s t f the ship N one can well

. o o . o
d ispu t e t he fac t that this device sh ul d be g iven o
a fai r chance f full dem nstrati o n as quickly

or o
as p ssible and in t he mean t ime o t her devices

o ,
o f equal p r mise will be equally welcome

o .
Those who imagin e that an aeroplan e n eeds

a 3 00 acre field in wh ich to lan d will do well
t
o remember that B ritish pil ts o f the Royal o
F lyin g C rps an d R yal Naval Ai

o S ervice o r ,
and F rench pilots als o have fl wn re g ularly , o
o ver the mountain s in the B alkans starting ,
f r m an d landin g in l ittle patches o f level

o
g roun d in t he valleys .
C
-
outside the vertical center l ine o f its ful
ih .
crum an d the len g th o f the li fting links are a d

j u sted s o as to give a close but fre e in sertion
o f all connecting pin s in the lock .
T his i s a goo d example o f th e growing use

o f pneumatic revers e lever gears now that the ,
valve mechan ism has become so that with any

sort o f motion o f the engine the valve g ear is
hard to w rk T here is no such thing now as
o .
“
horsing her over as in fo rme r days an d a ,
”
,
good pneumatic reverse mechan ism gives a

,
much finer cut O ff than was possible with the

old reverse leve r an d notched quadrant how ,
ever fine th e n tches wer e c u t R i lw y a n d o —

a a
L o c om o ti v e Eng i n e er i ng .
A C O MP R ES S E D AI R O P E R AT E D V AC
U U M C L E AN E R * m
o
vacuum cleane r is shown in the drawing

A
which was developed on the P h iladelph ia
R eadin g I t has been in succes s ful u s e on that
.
road fo ab ut a year in clean ing passenger

r o
cars an d o ffices at poin t s where comp ressed

ai r i s available The device is intended to be .
le ft on the plat forms o f cars an d in the hall

outsi d e o f offi ce doo rs whil e in operation a 5 0 ,
ft leng t h o f fo ur ply wat er ho se being used to

.
-
make t his pos sibl e .
O e o f the diffi culties which i s experie nce d

n
with many vacuum cleaners is that they become

stoppe d up especially in very damp we a ther
, ,
an d are n t eas ily cleaned out I t w ill be no

o .
ticed that with this cleaner the vacuum cham

bers may be cleaned out very readily by e r
movin g t he combining nozzles an d tu rning on

the c mpressed ai r Th e vacuum gage regis
o .
ters ab ut 1 8 in when using the cleaner with

o .
air p ressu re at 1 00 lb per square inch O f . .
cou rse a higher vacuum may be produced i f

,
higher ai r pressu re i s availabl e .
Little need be said relative to the c on strue

ti n o f the device as the drawin g clearly
o ,
shows all the details As developed on the .
P hiladelphia R eading the parts are made o f ,
Bras s bu t there is no lo g ical reas n why cast

, o
i r n can not be used i f des ired

o .
A destroyer recently went into dry

. U . S .
d ck a fter havin g s t eamed

o miles and ,
then requi rin g only scrapin g an d paintin g .
*
war d W S t ull Mach ine S h p Fo re
By H o .
, o
man P hiladelphia a d R eadin g R R R ead

, n . .
,
i g P
n in R ailway Mechan ical En g ineer
, a .
, . C O MPRES S ED AI R VACU U M CLEANER
C O MP R ES S E D AI R MAG AZ I N E . 8 7 01
O N O F L I G NI T E
D I S TI L L AT I
Eff o rts are b eing made i n F rance to intro

duce the dis t illa t ion o f li g ni t e fo t a rs T h r . e
S ociete d D is t illa t ion d eC mbustibles P aris es o , ,
i s con t ruc t ing an improve

s rove d Z ie g ler ttype
ype o f
fu rnace similar to t ha t u see d fo r t he dis t illa t i n s o
o f pea t a t ype yielding a b ou t 7 pe r cen t o f t aar

, .
which is t rea t e d b frac t i nnal1 d istilla t i n s car y o o
ried ou t i t o inc rease the ou t pu t o f

n v a c uo , n c r ea s e
heavy pr duc t s ; followed ed by chem

o chemical
i cal p i fi ur
TIO N
S EC O
OF C L E M AN O I L B U R N ER
ca t i n b washin g wi t hh d ilute sulphu ric acid
o y
an d s d a t remo ve t he picolines cres ls e t c

o , o , o , .
T h c ru d e paraffi n ex t rac
e ac t e d by crys t allisa t ion ,
o f the heavies t ils i s fi rs t passed tt h h r ugh t he

o , o
h lt er p res s T h pu rifica
-
fi t i n c n s is t s o f a
. e ca o o
se ries f filt i g in t he filt p ress n d mel t

o er n s er -
, a
ings in li g h t oil Th las t t racess o f i l are . e Oi re
move d b y scrub b in g wi tt hh super hea t ed s t eam -
a n d t he paraffi n wax i s clar clarified

i fied by filterin g
t h r u g h an imal b lack
o I n one place in G . er
many where t he sys t em

, mw was adopte d 7 0 to 80 as ,
per cen t o f marke t able pro d ucts were oobtained

.
bt n d a
'
fr m li g ni t e t ar viz 5 t o 2 0 ppe r cen t o f

o , .
, 15 e .
paraffi n wax ; 5 t 0 per er cent o f kerosene ; 5 o 2 .
to 5 pe r cen t
1 f tt es and rg anic aci d s ;
. o c r e s o es o ,
t he remain d e r b ein g li g ht p ro d1ucts petr l etc ( , o , .

,
or heavy pr d uc t s such as g Oils an d l b io as u r
ca t in g ils o .
A F U E L O I L B U R NER
We illu s t ra t e here b t h ex t ernally a d i , o n h
te r nally t he C leman i l b u rn er ma d e b y the

, o o
F un d ry
o Equipmen t C mpany C levelan d o , ,
O hio I t is al rea d y nume r usly empl yed in

. o o
foun d ries n mel t in g fu rnaces f c re ando , or o
mol d ovens annealin g ven s la d le hea t ers a n d

, o ,
wherever fuel il i s b u rne d d t here i s no p o , an a
paren t reason why i t sh ul d no t b e as ser o
i
v c ea b l elsewhere as in t he f un d ry
e o .
I t hi s bu rn er t he ai r su pply is c nn ec t ed t
n o o
th el we r n zzle and t he ai r is fed from t he

o o
main ai r cham b e r t hr u g h a h ll w brass s t em o o o .

8 70
2 C O MP R ES S ED AI R MAG AZ I NE .
FI G . 1 . I
P U MP N G ROO M
c harg e l ine t ha t g oes up the
m a i n h ft t o t he su rface mak
s a ,
i n g a head o f 8 0 ft fo r the .
p umps t o w rk a g ainst Th m
'
o . e re g
p umps have a maximum l i ft o f

ft on the suction line The
. .
pump room itsel f as can easily

-
b e s een in Fi g 1 is built en .
,
t i ely o f concrete
t .
S i d e El e v 0 “ o n
Th e C l field company has

ea r
"
had con siderable t oub le i n op r

'
a t i ng
er these pump s I t has .
b een diffi cult to prime them as ,
t hey w uld not start until there

o
‘
was 7 lb p ressu re in the dis

.
c har g e line F irst the plan was

.
t ried o f keeping the water in F r o n t El e v a r i o n

'
t h e pumps f rom runn ing back

t o t he sump by mean s o f foot
alves but thes e valves would
v ,
stick an d l eak an d they ,
c aused a great deal o f a n

n oyance .
N ext priming was tried by p .a r,
m eans o f an auxiliary pump an ,
electric driven plunger pump FI G 2
and the plunger p ump was run u n til the W

-
b uilt by D eming Th e water was pumped into . a t er
t h e centri fugal pump through t h e pr i m i ng hol e . fi lled the sucti n pipe and th e pump and r os e
o ,
F oot valves were placed on the suction pipes , 14 ft in the discharg e pipe The n the c en
. .
l v t d t mp ra t ur f l
e e a e e th n 600 d g r
e e o es s a e ees
n t i g ra d
c e d a t h ig h p r
e an ur f m r tth n r e s s ur e o o e an
20 tm p h r
a os un t i l l ii qq u ii d
e es l w m l t ing u or o e
p mt r ti n p r d u t f th l i d r b nna u
-
o ea c o o c s o e so c a o c e ou s
m tt r
a e sf rm d a re o e
J m
.
P AI N T I N G AP P AR AT U S
S G i l m r K n xv i ll
a es
T nn
.
e o e; e
E V AC U AT I O N
.
, .
AN D C O MP R E S
S I O N OF G AS E S E d m un d S c tt G u t v
S t a ff r d E n g l an d
. o s a e
R e es , o
S AN D I N G D E V I C E F O R L O C O MO
, .
TI V E S W i ll i am H W h it R n k V
. . e, oa o e, a
ME T H O D OF AN D AP P AR AT U S
.
F OR I N EC I NG J T F U E L I N TO C O M B U S
I O N C H AM B E R S J os ep h 0 F i s h e r U S
§
-
. .
, . .
avy .
P N EU MAT IC P AT ENTS J AN U A Y R 1 .
VV O R K S E P A R A I N G ME AN S T CEN T R I F U G AL R E F R I G E R AT I N G
rl h ic MAC H I N E V i c t o r J G oe t z P h i l a d e l p h i a P a
-
.
h
C a e s D Mc D o n a ld , C a g o , I ll
h rl A c e n t r i fu g a l r e f r i g e r a t i n g m a c h i n e h a v
. . . , , .
T O C a e s D Mc D o n
.
SUC I N CUP 1
h i g h a n d l ow p r e s s u r e
-
. . . ,
a ld , C hic a g o , I ll i ng i n t e r c o mm u n i e a t i n g
TO T Ad e i l T TO c ha m be rs t o r e c e i ve t h e r ef r i g e r a t i n g
.
AU MA I C R AI N S P and th e
n c om p r e s s i n g m e d i u m s a n d a n a s p i r a t o r o p e r at e d
-
.
Y ea m a D od g e C hi
c a g o , I ll
r b y c e n t r i f u g a l fo r c e on t h e c om p r e s s i n g m e d i u m
, .
,
5 D R I L L I N G M AC H I N E G eo g e H
il n l r nt t o c o n t i nu o u s l y a s p i r a t e t h e g a s e o u s p o r t i o n of
- -
. . .
G ma , C a em o N H
t h e r e f r i g e r a t i n g m e d i u m f r om t h e l o w p r e s s ur e
, . .
J AN U AR Y 8 c ha m be r to th e h i g h p r e s s ur e c h a m b e r a n d
c ha ng e i t t o a l i qu i d
M E T H O D F O R AS C E R TAI N I N G P N E U MAT I C AC T I O N F O R P L AY
.
8 -
T H E L O C AT I O N OF L E AK S I N U N D E R Ad ol p h P
.
E R P I AN O S AN D T H E L I K E
'
G R O U N D F L U I D P R E S S U R E P I P E S G e o rg e G u s t a f s o n C h i c a g o 1 11
-
, .
V P a yn e C h i c a g o 1 11
- -
AI R L I FT P U MP C h a r l es W W h i t
.
, , .
.
, , .
H Y D R AU L I C S T E AM AI R
-
. .
OR C h i c a g o I ll
VAL V E N i c h o l a s U P e r i s S t ee l t on P a , ,
n ey
1 An a i r l i f t o r p um p e d u c t i o n p i p i n g c om
, . .
V E N T I L AT I N G F AN J oh n S t a n , ,
p o s e d of a s e r i e s of c a s t i r o n s e c t i o n s c o u p l e d
. . .
.
l e y G l a s s p o o l e T e l f e r a n d J a m e s H e nry C a r t
-
t o g e th e r s o a s t o p r o v i d e a s m oo th i n t e r i or th e
.
n e r B oy d L on d o n E n g l a n d e x t e rn a l d i a m e t e r o f a s e c ti o n b e i n g
,
s ub s ta n
t i a lly i d e n t i c a l th r o u g h o u t i t s l e n g th w h i l e t h e
, , .
P R O C E S S AN D AP P AR AT U S F O R
I N C R E AS I N G T H E P R O D U C T I O N OF O I L
I rw i n L D unn Ma r i e tt a
i n t e rn a l d i a m e t e r i s g r a d u a ll y a n d c on s ta n t l y ’
W ELL S Oh i o
A p r oc e s s o f op e r a t i n g o i l w e ll s w h i c h c o n
, , i n c r e a s e d f r om o n e e n d t o t h e o th e r
AI R B R AK E ME C H AN I S M E d wa r d
. . .
.
1
i n i n t r od u c i n g c om p r e s s e d g a s t o t h e o i l
.
S B oc k E ll i nw o o d K a n s
-
.
S IS tS
s a nd i n w h i c h t h e w e ll s a r e l oc a t e d m a i n t a i n .
, , .
a c o l u m n o f o i l i n t h e w e ll t o b e p um p e d t o J AN U AR Y 1 5
,
i ng
e x e r t a b a c k p r e s s ur e u p o n t h e c om p r e s s e d g a s AB D O M I N AL MAS S AG E I MP L E
p ump i n g t h e o i l f r o m s a i d w e ll s M E N T W i ll i a m C J G u i l fo r d H a rr i s o n Me
,
a nd . . . . , , .
P N EU MAT IC P AT ENT S J AN U ARY 8
AI RI NL E D E ICE W T Me l V i ll i am AP P AR AT U S F OR T R E AT I N G AIR
la wa J oh n L or i me r P h i la
-
W I TH Q
.
t on J r , N e o Io LI UIDS H
i ll i m d elp h i
, . . ,
O K i th
.
W A Sm
, .
R C D R ILL a a, Pa
nv r l F ra n k
-
,
T FL U I D ME T E R
. . .
De e , Co o C UR R EN
i ll i m L a mb r t r kl yn N Y
-
.
W A
.
D R IL L S H AR P E N E R a e , B oo
m i th nv r l
-
.
, . .
J oh n
.
S De e Co o, .
D R Y I N G T U MB L E R
'
H 08
F P ER A E D O T C o l um b i a P a
. -
. .
L UID P R E S SUR E
t er ta g
T
AP P AR A U S F O R S PP ING AU T O M O TO W i ll i a m W
, , .
B IL E S O R T H E L I E E li M D e L a y, C
K hat S U C T I O N C L E AN E R
N ew Yor k N Y
- .
.
nn
. .
t a n oog a , T
e .
R os e n fi e ld
. , . .
P N EU M AT IC P AT ENTS J AN U A YR 1 5
9 AN D P U MP I N G S Y S T E M
P U MP
ur t n Ai k m a n M i l w a u k e e W i s
-
. .
B o S , ,
P O W E R AC T U AT T E D I M P L E ME N T
.
Ol iv r 0 rk
-
.
e Ap p N e w Y o r k N Y
u i J VV n
. . , . .
AI R C OO L E D T
TOO
O OL L on s an
i n c i n n a t i Ohi
-
. .
.
G u e lp e n , h 10
o C , .
D U S TI N G AN D S P R A I NG Y AP
AI I AT U S F red e r i ck J De ck r h es t e r
P ST
. . . e , R oc ,
II
B UR NER F OR N A U R AL G AS T
Z n r wn l v l n
.
e as H B o , C e e a d, o Oh i
lb rt
. .
AU MA I C O I L B U R N E R A eTO T
n i na l i
-
.
B D e em , I d a p o s , I nd
h ar l
. .
P N E U MA I C L C es AT TOO
u l tqu i n l
. .
H t
s , L os A g e es , C a l .
P R C E S S AN D AP P AR A U S F O R O T
I MP R E G N A I N G W D AN D T
H E R P OR OO OT
'
T
O U S M A E R I AL S W I H P R E S E R A I E T V TV
LI UID Q He S L o d , N ew
. o , N nry . u Y rk Y . .
P N EU MAT IC P AT ENTS J AN U ARY 2 2 .
2 T h e me od i m p r e g n a t i n g w ood w i th a
th of 5 96 VAC U UM C L E AN E R C l i ff or d C
l i q u i r rv ti v e un d e r a t m os p h e r i c s u p er a t D an D nv C l
-
. . . .
d p es e a c e, er , o o
h y d rau l i c p r e s s ur e s s u c c e s s i v e l y
, e
O l i v er
.
m os p h e r i c , a n d E L AS T I C F L U I D T U R B I N E
w h i c h c o n s i s t s i n s u b j e c ti n g t h e a r ti c l e s t o s u c h , ,
D H B ntl y B t n M
-
.
t r e a t m e n t i n a th r e e fo l d c y c l e t h e c o i n c i d e n t . . e e , os o , ass .
o p e ra t i o n s i n t h e s e v e r a l c y c l e s b e i n g d i ffe r e n t O M B I N E D L I G H T AN D AI R
-
,
C
t h e c o m p l e t i o n o f t h e o p e r a ti o n i n e a c h c y c l e
,
T R AN S MI TT I N G AP P AR AT U S D a n i e l M
Ma c d u ff D e t r o i t M i c h
.
i n i t i a t i n g a n d c a rry i n g th r ou g h a l i k e op e r a t i o n
.
i n t h e s uc c e e d i n g c y c l e
, , .
1 I n an a p p a r a t u s a s s p ec i fi e d th e c omb i n a
, ,
t i o n of a p l ur a l i t y of c o nn e c t ed t u b es m e a n s f or
,
T I R E I N F L AT E R Me l v on A Ma r
. .
S a n F ran c i s c o C a ] c on d u c t i n g t h e s un s r a y s i n p e n c i l s th r o u g h
-
. . ,
'
q u et te
s a i d t u be s m e a n s fo r p r od u c i n g a r ti fi c i a l i l l um
, ,
C U SH I ON S W E AT B AN D
.
AI R
H a rry Me r t z B a l t i m o r e Md
-
i n a t i on i n s a i d t u b e s a n a i r v e n t i n s a i d t u b es
.
,
th r ou g h w h i c h t h e a i r ma y c i rc u l a t e t h e p e n c i l s
, , .
,
D E N T AL B L O W P I P E B U R N ER
J o s e An t o n i o D e C arva l h o J r R i o d e J a n e i r o of l i g ht f r o m t h e s un s r a y s a n d f r om s a i d a r t i n
.
,
’
B raz i l l i g h t b e i n g a d a p t ed t o h e a t t h e a i r a n d
, . , ,
c ial
a c c e l e r a t e t h e c i r c u l a ti on th e r e of
.
D OU B L E AC T I N G AI R P U MP
R o b e r t D H u g h e s L yn c hb ur g
-
. .
. V a , , .
AU TO MAT I C T I R E P U MP Mi c h a e l
D Murr a y Am b r i d g e P a
-
.
J AN U AR Y 2 2 ,
R a l p h W K i n g an d
,
E VAP O R ATO R
. .
I N T E R N AL C O MB U S T I O N
H e r b e r t G M i ll er T h e D a ll es O r e g
EN
. .
G INE C ar l W W e i s s B r oo kl yn N Y , .
. .
AP P AR AT U S P URI F YING
. . , , . .
F L U I D P U MP T UR B I N E AN D F OR
R ic h a rd P a r s on s L on d o n AN D H U MI D I FY I N G AI R Ad olp h W L i s
. ,
T H E L I KE C
ng l n d s au e r N e w Y or k N Y
. . .
. . , ,
E a . , , . .
FI G . I
purchas ed and put into s erv ice by the thous
and with ample compressor capacity i n s mal l
, ,
'
un i t s for driving them Many of these l ittl e

, .
c mpres sors are mounted upon motor trucks

o
which can g o anywhere and th se o f a some , o
what l ar g er type mostly el ectri c driven are , ,
always near the trenches .
Fo trench in g i s practi cal ly al l min ing

r
'
«
work involving much rock cut t ing an d tun

nel drivi ng which must be d ne w ith a rush o .
O f the ph tos which c me t us from the

o o o
wa many of them most s atisfying and real

r,
i t i c vi ews f what i s actual ly g ing on it i s

s o o ,
much to be regretted that as ne f the i m , o o
p e at i
r conditi n o f thei r trans mis s ion no
ve o ,
st ry c mes with them Fo i nstance F igs

o o
'
. r , .
1 an d 2 here reproduced f rom the S i en tifi

, c c
Am i F b 23
e r c a n, h ow us tw bona fid e war
e .
, S o
s cenes fr m s mwh o in F rance an d they

“
o er e ,
”
m i g h t as wel l be s mewhere i n Montana “

o
”
so
far as they t el l us any t h in g F i g 1 w i l l be . .
rec g n ized as a C r wn C al P i ck an d F i g 2
o o o , .
as a J k h a me b t h g iv in g g d accoun t f
ac r, o oo o
thems elves W herever they are

An t her mst interes t in g an d n w most
.
o o o
e ffective and resp ns i b le us e f c mp res s ed o o o
a ir i s f t he m r t ars wh ich dr p g renades i nto

or o o
t he t enches F
r this service t he ai r pr ves
. or o
to be much b e tt er adapted t h an any t ype of

expl s ive o t nly fo i t s n is eles snes s b ut
, no o r o
al s f t he preci s e adj us t ment and contr l

o or o
of i t s ac t i n Al t h o u g h t he ran g e f t hese
o . o
ai r m r t ars is sh r t precisi n is required fo r

o o , o
the ir del ivery as much as f the l n g ran g e or o
guns The p int at wh i ch the pr j ecti le i s

. o o
dr pped an d the an g le a t wh i ch i t i s del ivered

o
are dete m ine d t nly by the an g le of ele

r no o FI G 2
CO MP R ES S ED AI R MAG AZ I NE .
I M EN L EAR N N G
H E GU N T
as l n g as the supply o f aaii r i s kept up There

o .
i s f cours e n hea t ing and no eros i o n t o

o o
qu ickly destroy t he piece .
NEW Y O R K C I T Y T H E G R E AT E S T
S C H O O L F O R MI N I N G E N G I N EE R S
An unusually s a t is fac t o ry bit of work even ,
from h im wa s t he addres s o f D Ros s iter W

, r . .
R aymon d when t he Ameri can S oci ety o f C ivi l

Engineers was f o rmally welcomed to i t s new
h me in t he En g ineering B ui lding The f l
o o
lowing i s a l i t tle t as t e f it :
.
T he min in g engineer i s s imply an en g ineer

en g a g ed i n min ing c nnec t ed wi t h s ome of
, or o
t he arts t ha t are ass ci a t ed wi t h m in in g T h e

o .
mi nin g en g ineer i s a civi l engi neer plu s a ,
mechan ical en g inee r plus an elec t ri cal en g i ,
neer H h as all t he problems that t rmen t

. e o
th s e en g ineers t g e t he r wi t h a t r t uring l t
.
o , o o o
f his w n t ha t t hey d n t have

’
o o o .
I t i s very pleas an t t u s t h ave t h is fac t

o o
so t ho r u g hly ackn wled g e d as i t has been in

o o
t hese l a tt e r years Th C i t y f N w Y rk
. e o e o ,
as pe rhaps y have b een t l d b e f re has

ou o o , AI R R E C EI V ER E X P L O S I O NS
b een f t he l as t few years t he g rea t es t min
or BY L
O N B AL I T
T
E S L E
i g camp n ea r t h
n o D u rin g t ha t peri d wi t h
. o , Th expl si n
e o f receivers in c mpresse d ai r
o o o
i t s immens e sys t em f subways d wi t h i t s o an lines d t he c n d u i t s f c mpresse d ai r has

an o or o
new wa t e r s upply fr m t he C a t ski lls nd wi t h

-
o a cau se d c onsi d era b l e c o mmen t in t he w p p ne s a
i t s d eep cel lars un d er i t s l f t y skysc rapers o , p ers. I n variably t he t echnical pu b lishers

non—
N w Y ork has li t erally

e d o t fi g u ra t ively em
an n a tt ri b u t e t he cause f t hese ex p l si ns t t he
o o o o
ploye d m re miners d t raine d m re minin g

o an o failu re f t h sa fe t y valve
o e .
engineers t han any o t her minin g field on t his \Nh i l t h sa fe t y valve i s an excellen t t hin g
e e
g reen g l b e and we have ma d e g d minin g

o —
oo to have up n an ai r receiver in case f ver
o , o o
en g ineers u t o f civi l en g iners I can t ell

o . pressure and par t icularly f t he m ral fl c t or o e e
y u t ha t t here i s
o s uch g d raw ma t erial
no oo t ha t i t has up n t he w rkmen in t he vicin i t y
o o
for a minin g en g inee r as a real t h r u g h , o o o f i t i t i s well t kn wn t ha t i f t he ai r

, o o i r ec e v
er was equipped w i t h a hun un dred sa fety valves ,
all in w rking o rder they

o hey would not prevent
,
the explosion i f t he condi n d it on s ins ide the

t iion e s r
c ei e
v r were right ; in fact ct the cond i t i ons i h
conditions ,
i
s ide t h e ai r receiver cause se the same result that

5 0 l b o f dynamite would1 cause in the same r e
. (
c ei e
v r I t must be b m
. rn ee in min d that air o
receiver explosion s are seldom i f ever caused , ,
by exces sive pneumatic pressure but on the , ,
o t her hand they are really , ally the explosions o f

highly combustible oili1 gases an d vapo rs -
pumped into th e receiverr from t he compresso r .
It is almo st imposs ibl e to0 supply lubrication to

a compresso r in su fficien tt llyy small amounts that
some oil gas es wi ll n ot be carried into th e rree
-
c ei e r an d con duits
v .
Ai compress ing is thee reverse operation o f

r
the steam engine W i t h steam t he pressure Is

.
,
buil t up in an enclosed boiler conducte d into ,
th e Cylinde rs o f an engine ine where it expan ds ,
g iving o ff power o r energy g y and is i s then ex r ,
hansted into the atmosphere here Th e lubr lubricatoi cato rs .
o f a steam engine can sa fely us e almost any

amount o f oil becau se itt is exhausted into i nto the
open ai r The air compresso
. presso r rece receives
ves its aairi r
a t atmospheric pres su re ; pow power i s applied to
th e piston s fo r the purpos e o f compressing i t ,
to be exhausted into an enclosed rece iv e r

‘
Every bi t o f lubrication fed into the cylin d e rs

o f an air c mp resso r must eventually pass into
o
th e receiver .
I t i s well to call a t tention to the fact that the

cylinders o f an air compresso r are not subj ect
t o the scouring action that the st eam cylin d e rs
o f an engine are hence it needs less lubricatio n
,
in the fi rst place .
F requently en g in eers adj ust t h e lubricators

fo r the s t eam en d an d the ai r en d o f th e com
- -
p ressor alike an d sometimes when automatic

,
g overnors c n t rol t he speed o f the comp resso r

o
the lubricato rs feed the same amount f oil o
per minute at sl ow speed that they feed at high

spee d .
T here i s o r should be always an attempt to

, ,
u se lubricatin g oils that are low in carb n but o ,
no ma tt er what method o f lubrication is used

i t may always be put down as a fact that mo r e
or les s oil g and oil vapo r from lubricatin g
-
as -
o ils i s pumped into the ai r receiver T his i s .
combin ed with m re or less dust gathered o
from the air some o f which settles in a thick

,
v iscous scum upon the inside o f the receiver

s hell , while some of it pas ses o ff in gas
t hrough the conduits an d tools I n fact I .
,
LON‘ I T U DI N AL J e t -r um
05 6K P L AN
W 0: PAM
DI CK
a ws
Lo :0 5 0 :PLAN
DE C K
of t he reat lack f t nna g e d t he u r g ency

o o an
H
g
for g e tt in g u men an d t heir supplies to
o r ,
s ay n t hin g f f d f the Alli es acros s t

o o oo or , o
E ur pe any pl an wh i ch w i ll c ns erve
o , o ou r
shipping and cu t down the l s s w i t h ut an o o
undue expenditure f time and m ney i s en o o ,
titled to a fai r tri al S uch a t least we j ud g e

.
, ,
to b e the atti t ude o f t he N aval C ns ul t in g o
B ard in s ancti n ing thi s very am b i t i us ex

o o o
pe r i men t .
Th e Luci a wh ich i s 4 3 2 feet lon g by 4 9

“
,
”
fee t b r ad and 3 8 fee t deep has a maximum

o ,
dea d loa d capacity f t n s on her max

o o
imum summer draf t an d f t ns at her o o
maximum w inter draft .
As w i l l be seen fr m the acc mpanyin g o o
l ine drawings th h i p has s ix waterti g ht

, e s
bulkheads wh ich d ivi d e her i nt o five car g

, o
h l ds a b i ler and en g ine r oom c mpart

o , o o
ment and a c o ll is i n c mpartment at the b w

, o o o .
S h e has three decks and t he system f fl t , o o a
t i n boxes i s appl ied t hr u g h ut t he full

o o o
len g t h o f t he carg space s n all t hree decks

o o .
Th e pl an s show the ship as arran g e d f or
carryin g a car g of c al Th shaded p r t i ns

o o . e o o
i n t he deck plans represent t he ex t ent to whi ch

the hull under thes e c ndi t i ns w i ll be fi lle d o o ,
up w i t h the fl ot ation un its I n her n rmal . o M I DS H I P TIO N

S EC
inches l o n g All t he b xes . o
a re ma d e f inch N r t h o -
o
C a r lina pine
o d t he d e. an
t ails o i c n s t ruc t ion are o
shown clearly in t he a c
c mpanyin g sec t i nal pe r

o o
s p c tie view T w in t e
ve . o
rio r t ransve rse b ulkhea d s

are pr vi d e d in each b x o o ,
and all b oxes are covere d

w i t h g alvanize d me t al to
ren d er th em wa t e r t i g h t Th . e
vari u s uni t s are c o nstruc t

o
e d t wi t hs t and pressu res

o
c rrespon d in g t 1 0 2 0 and
o o ,
3 0 fee t f wa t er acco r d
o ,
i ng t t hei r l ca t i n in the
o o o
ship T h me t ho d f s t w
. e o Al l o M A M N 000 0 . CO P RT E TS f t 5
i g t he b xes is sh wn in a
n o o
perspec t ive view o f o e f n o
t he decks I t will be n o
.
t ice d th a t t hey are s t wed o
in be tween t he frames o f
t he hull and b etween the A M A M N S F T CO P RT E T
d eck b eams on t he u n der

side o f t he d ecks Th . e
b xes are held in t heir e

o r
sp t i e pos i t i o n s by mean s
ec v
of bat t en s d t h readed
an
b lts
o t he ,
la tt er bein g AFT C OM AR M N S B AN ENG NE M 000 0
P T E T . OI LER O I ROO J [ 1 6
ho o ke d in t o th e frames and
deck beams and t he wh le , TORPEDO ED S H I I N VARIO U S CO NDITIO N S
o P
sys t em being brou g h t up

snu g ly in t o p o si t ion by mean s o f washers per cent o f this tonnage o r 5 00 tons leaving .
, ,
and nu t s on t he ou t side f the batten s a ne t t nnage f

o . t ns or cu b i c
o o o
T ren d e r a ship un sinkable th ree separate

o
feet A c al cargo requi res 4 3 cu b i.c feet f o o
s pace per whi ch he ne nn a e

,
c ondi t ion s are t b e c o n s i dered F i rst when o

t n o t t t g f o ,
n o o
ons am un s cu i c feet Th i s
.
,
she i s unloaded ; s ec nd when she i s l aded o

t t t o
b o o .
i s deducted fr m he o al n e cubi c feet and

,
w i th a m ixed ca r g an d t hi rd when she i s o,

t t t t o
l a d ed wi th a dens e heavy car g o such as a

o
leaves res e rve space of cu b i c feet f or
reserve bu yan cy un i s fl at he dea

, ,
ca rgo f c al F t he fi rst con d i t i n res erve

o o or o
t t t d o o o
wei h car t i s claime d by t he sp n sor

. ,
buoyan cy s uffi ci ent t o make t he sh i p u i n k g t g I ns

o . o
a b le when she i s unloa d ed i s attained b y f t hi s sys t em t ha t t he l s s f car g

or space o o o
in a ship ha is s el f s alva ing i s m re than

,
fi ttin g a sin g le laye r o f flo ta t ion un its between t t g

—
o
ofl t b y t he s alvagin g f t he carg o and o f

the frames and deck beams and again st t he
se o
wa t e rt i g h t t a bulkheads C argo res e rve

r nv e r s e
t he ship i t s el
.
f .
b u yancy i s de t ermine d b y t he nature f t he

o S h o uld t hi s me t hod f pr t ec t ion prove to
o o o
ca r g i t s el f and t he cu b i cal a rea ccupi ed b e succes s ful i t wi ll pr vide a power ful i

o o .
,
o n
F or ins t ance in t he case f a ,

t on sh ip nt i f
o t he c ns t ruc t i n in al l sh ips o f
-
, ce v e or o o
5 6 ubic c fee t i s all wed per t on makin g

o a t o t al permanen t s
,
el f s alva g in g qual i t ies some —
for th a t shi p f abo u t o cubi c fee t Th t h in g whi ch i s s a d ly Iackin g i n t h avera g e

. e e
reser e b u yancy un i t s necessary t fl a t the merchan t sh ip c ns t ruc t i n f t he pres en t d a y

v o o o o o o .
s hip when i t i s unl aded equal s abou t t en S i t ifi Am i — er c a n

o c en c .
GI B B S O X Y G E N R E S C U E AP P AR AT U S *
I t i s a c mplete sel f c n t a o i ned uni

ained n i t carried -
o
wholly on t he back o f t he use user I t isi s liig hh tt and .
its parts are well pr t ece t ed a g aain i n st inj

i nj u ry Ao .
special device feeds t he xyg en use d an d l o , a
thou g h plenty is availablee f the wearer when or
wo rkin g har d n ne is wasted when he is rest o
ing H ence t he new apparatus

.
pp t may b e wo rn ara us
fo r a cons iderably l n g err t ime me W i t hout h g o r ec ar
ing than can m dels now w ini n u se which ffurn u n ish

'
o h r s
a c ns t ant v lume A unusually e fficient car

o o .
.
n
b o di xide abso rbe r tha t liberates lli t tle heat is

'
'
n -
o l h
an t her feature o f t he appara t us C au s t ic soda
o .
,
which is much cheaper t han t he p tash salt o
f rmerly t h u g ht neces s ary i s us e d as t he b

o o , a
s rben t
o .
GEN A I N FO MAT IO N ER L R
N rmal ai r c ntains r ughly 2 0% o xygen

o o o
mixed with about 80% n itrogen an d a trace o f

carb n di xide At each inspiration part o f
o o .
t he xyg en breathed c mbines in the lungs w i t h

o o
carbo n br u g ht by the blood and the air ex

o ,
pi d c ntains about 4 % carbon dioxide T h

re o . e
n itrogen o f th e ai r is unchan g ed by the act o f

respi ra t ion an d takes no active part in it other
than to dilute the oxyg en Th amount o f . e
oxygen c nsumed in the body is p recisely the

o
same whe t her the gas i s breathed pure o r di

luted wi t h n itro g en in t h form o f ai r Con e .
trar y t the belie f held a few years g there

o a o,
is no flushin g o f the face no feelin g o f x hi l , e a
ration no increas e in the pulse ra t e no r eleva

, ,
ti n o f arterial tension
o .
I f however the oxygen content o f the air

, ,
breathed be materially reduced unconscious ,
ness an d death are almo s t su re to follow w ith

ou t any warnin g symptoms provided the car ,
b n dioxide content o f the air remains low

o .
F or t his reason it i s advisable that breathin g

appara t us supply an atmo sphere rich in oxygen .
A much f the oxyg en made fro m liqu id ai r

s o
con t ain s 2 o r 3 % n itr g en which remains n o , u
changed an d accumulates in the apparatus ,
analyses o f the a t m sphere breathe d by the o
wearer generally sh w a decreas in g conten t o
proportionate to t he len g th o f time t he p a
paratus is worn I f the propo rtion o f carbon.
dioxide in th e artifi ci al a t m sp here ris es much o
above deeper brea t hin g or pan t in g warns

*
his apparatus in several respects superio r
T ,
to o ther typ es has been developed by M W, r . .
E G ibbs engin eer o f mine saf e ty investi g a

.
,
-
t ions in co perati o n wi t h other members o f t he

, o
st a f
f o f t he U S B u reau f Mines . o . FI G . I
C O MP R E S S E D AI R FOR C L EANI N G poses holes o f about 1 3 2 to 1 64 in c a n b e

- -
.
MO T O R S us ed .
T hes e sm a ll nozzl e s do not clog r eadily i f

B Y D R S H EARER
. .
all the scale an d dirt i s blown out o f th e p ip

a great many manu f a cturing
In u ng plants es r
'
,
ing As an investment such a clean ing s ys t em
.
p ec i lly those wo rking in

a i n woo d o r a s imila r w ill b e foun d to p y for its el f in the r educti on
, a
material th drivin g motors ot o s hav e a t e nd ency

, e r o f motor troubles and the d ecr ea s e in fir e
t o bec me cl og ged w i t h dust in a s ho rt time
o . haz r d P owe
a —
r .
S uch accumulation o f dust is a fi e h a zard r ,
particularly i f the mo tor s aaree overlooverloadad e d a n d

d
liabl e to have co ils burn out ; an d i f a moto r isi s
n ot verl aded it may heei tt i f th e aaii r ducts a e
o o ,
r
filled wi t h dus t Moreover over the moto r is not .

,
able to carry the peaks when called upon fo r ,
the reason that the additional t on l heat can not be i i a
d issipa t ed Mo t ors should bee cleaned f e

. r
quen t ly but such cleaninng W

, wii t h the means o r
d i n a i ly at hand i s a rath
r th e r ddififfi cult proc e du r e
s ince t he i ducts are usually small and d iffi
a r
cul t t o clear w ith a brushsh Th W windows

i ndows may . e
be brushed o ff ex t ernally lly but such cl ean i ng

aning ,
does n t reach the real t o f the trouble

'
o s ea .
O n o f the best methods

e ods isi s compressed a i r i
under c ns iderable p ressure

osure I f the a i r i ss not . i i
available from some source uree al ready in i n use itit ,
is advantageous to u se a small moto r dr driven

ven -
c mpressor an d a storage ta nk Th e compr e s

o .
so r should have a capa city o f fr m 4 to 1 0 cu o .
f t o f ai r per minu t e at a pressure o f 1 00 lb

. .
per sq i n an d the tank should h ld from 4 0

. .
, o
to 1 00 cu f t T his s ize w ill take c a r e o f the

. .
avera g e plant .
I n p ipin g a fact ry t he ai r line can b e 1 in o -

.
,
i n an d
-
i n pipe S ince the amount o f air
-
. .
u sed in cleanin g any on e m to r is small a o ,
large pipe is not necessary An outlet with a .
valve should be plac e d n ear each motor or i f ,
they are grouped seve ral mo t o rs can b e ,
reached f rom on e outl et with or in 1

2
-
.
hose ; the smaller s iz e is mo re eas ily handl e d .
Th e n zzles can be mad e up o f brass ro d o f s uit

o
a bl e s izes and shapes one o f which is shown in ,
the illustration I t i s neces sary however to .

, ,
us e n zzles wi t h small openin g s a s a l a rg e noz

o
z le open in g w ul d con sume too much a i r o .
P robably the m o st use ful sizes would b e 3 3 2 -

,
1 1 6 and 3 64 inch an d these three nozzles will

- -
meet most condi t i ns o .
S me t imes it becomes desirable to cl ea n sur

o
faces wi t h air ; f ins t ance t he walls o r c e il or ,
ings f t he buildings T his may be do ne with

o .
a tool made f rom V o r i n pip e i n which -

.
ther are a number f h les as shown to fo rm

e o o
‘
, ,
a brush o f escapin g ai r Fo or d in a ry pu r
“ ”
. r
I
DR LL SH OP , EMP RE I I
M N E, GRAS S VALLEY , C AL IF O N I A R
stock pile which i s supposed t o be kept ade

-
, v i ou s day including the b roken steel T h ac t
,
. e
qua t e for all emergencies . ual result app roaches t his condition qui t e clo se
T H E DRI LL RECORDS ly considering that fou r different se t s o f men
,
Each t oo l boy is provided with a book con

-
, han dle the bus iness ; also due allowance must
v en i n t ly ruled and fu rn ished with carbon
e in , be made for carelessness and in d ifference The .
wh ich as he visi t s a stope on any particular

, six levels f r m 3 000 to 5 000 f t inclusive are
o .
level he reco rds the number and the lengt h s

, visited by two tool boys who collect an d e-
,
r
o f the d u ll drills taken out After he has vi s co rd the dull steel from t he wo rking places -
.
i te d a ll the stopes on a level he tears o ff a

, Th e o re bodies are in most cases at a c on s i d
-
, ,
ta g from his boo k which i s gi v en to the mule

, c rable distance f rom the sha ft ; consequently
driver on that level showing t he number and

, t he steel must be t ranspo rted on each level fo r
l en gths o f sharp steel to be delivered from the d istances varying from 1 000 to 4 000 ft and .
,
s u p ply a t the station s to th e steel racks pro -

must be collected from an d distributed to t h ree
v id e d at t he ma n wa ys l eading to the stopes Th e
, . to twelve workin g places -
.
rest o f th e l ea f o f the too l boy s book is sent

-
'
S L I DES FOR T H E STEEL S
to the shop and shows the number an d length s

, The pitch o f t he vein is about and t here ,
o f shar p s t eel to be put on th e truck in t h e fore to facilitate t he handling o f t he dull s t eel

,
p roper compart men t fo r that le el The bro

v . in t he st p es sli de s have been place d in t he
o ,
ken s t eel i s also recorded and a similar p iece ma nwa ys through which the steel is d elivered
,
s ubs t itu t ed when the t ruck i s loaded . to the level below proper precau t ion s b eing
,
The theo r et ical resul t i s th at each stope i s taken o f cou rse t o avo id accidents A d e
, , .
a lways provided wi t h enough drills o f t he ri ht ta iled count o i all steel undergr o un d and in t he
g
ki nd Ea ch l evel and s t ope gets back on the
.
shops is made once every t h ree months The .
n ex t tru ck t he sam e numbe r and kind o f sharp t otal n umber o f pieces has remained n e arly
d ri ll s t hat were ta k en away dulle d on the p re ~ con s t ant re futing t he obj ec t ion that i f an
,
87 1 8 C O MP R ES S ED AIR MAGAZ I NE .
abun dance f steel were fu rn ished there w ould

o ,
o f June July and Augu st 1 9 1 7 D urin g th i s
, , .
be a hi g h percenta g e o f loss Th number o f . e period in which there were 7 9 working days a

, ,
the l nger lengths d ecreases due to breakages

o , ,
total o f pieces f steel were handl ed o r
o ,
whil e the numbe r o f short drills increases Th e an avera g e o f pieces per day An item
i d statement o f c o s t s follows :
.
.
sh rt len g t hs rec rded as being rej ec t ed b e

~
o o z e
cause t o short f use c rrespon d closely to

o or , o C O ST P P I EC E ER
t he numbe r o f pieces o f n ew s t eel cut Th e .

C ent s
rec r d o f broken drill s seems t show that

o o , Labo r
when there is a sh o rtage o f drills in a stope tope , C rude oil
t he percentage o f breakage age increases
i ncreases .
C ompressed ai r
T H E D I LL S I N T H E M I N R E Furnace repai rs
H ammer stoper s u sin ng soli d steel an d a S ha rpene r repairs
Miscellane u s
,
cr ss bit are u sed in t he s t pes wh

o -
,
whilei le the
he dd i v o ,
r1
o
i g i s d ne with water mach

n o machines i nes us in g hollow -
C
s t eel wi t h a cr ss bit T here i s a cons iderable o -

T otal
M in i ng rancisco
.
variation in the characterr o f the gr und drilled o ,

-
P r es s , S a n F .
b ot h in t he dri f t s and stopestopes T h e foot and .
hangin g walls in the lower wer levels are g rano

, ,
di rite an d in many cases

o ,
ases the fi s u e iss not s r -
wide enough to a ff rd suitable u t b le wo rk ii n g space o l a ,
an d the drilling must bee done in i n on e o r the

other wall S udden increases ea
. in the hardnes s r ses
o f the gr un d especiallyy in o i n the ddrixiftt some

, ,
t imes causes heavy deman man d fo r dr 11 but i f

drills
a 5 ,
the stock pile has n t been neglected the

-
o ,
emergency i s readily met .
TOOL S H ARP N I N G EQ U I P MENT E
Th e tool shop equipment cons ists o f two No

-
.
5 an d on e No 3 I ngersoll R an d pneumatic .
-
S harpeners and on e pneumatic punch o f t he

,
same make fo r clearin g th e h les in the hol

, o
low steel C ncrete tanks with screen s n ear

. o ,
the bo tt m are used fo r tempering C rude o il

o , .
is used for fu el in the fu rnace which i s o f the ,
ordinary type enclosed with a substantial brick ,
wall having openings on three s ides an d pro

, ,
v i d d with a hoo d an d lar g e flue f

e carrying or
o iI the was t e heat T h e structu re itsel f is built .
o f steel no wood whateve r enterin g into i t

, s
constructi o n W orn T rails were u sed fo r the

.
-
f rame and ra fters to which the roo f an d si des ,
o f corru g ate d i ron are riveted Th d i m n . e e
s i n s o f the bu ildin g are 4 5 by 3 0 ft with eaves

o .
1 5 ft hi g h giving plenty o f ai r space and p r

.
,
-
, os
d u i ng t he maximum o f com fo rt fo r the men

c .
Th wo rk o f t he sh o p is done by three pera

e o
t rs an d tw helpers w rkin g eight hou rs per

o o , o
d ay .
A dailyreco rd is kept o f the work done i

_
, h
clu d in g n ew stee l cut; an d while the amount

varies somewha t a t d i ff erent peri o ds on a c -
c unt o f fluctua t i ng deman d fo r drills it w ill

o
,
*
Co n den sed fr m o R a i lwa y a nd L o c omoti v e
be fairly well represe nted by the three month s Eng i n e er i ng .
872 0 C O MP R E S S ED AI R MAGAZ I NE .
parts of t he d oo r sh uld
ld be operated w
o without
th ou r
o il .
Th e device is use d inn a variety o f fo rms ,
some wi t h the d rs pen in g ver t ically one

oo o ,
p r t i on m vin g upwardd and t he o ther down

o o
war d .
FI G . V ER TI C AL S L D NGI I OO
D RS
D AN G E R OF O X Y GEN R ES C U E AP
P AR AT U S *
W hen oxy g en rescue apparatus was fi rst in

t r o d uc e din the U n i t ed S tates an d made use o f
in t he mines foll wing explos ion s and fi reso ,
there was a wide misc ncepti o n on the part o f o
many miners an d mining men as to the extent

to which it mi g ht be used an d the limitation s ,
o f the physical endurance o f those who v ol

un t ed t
e er wear the apparatus Many con
o .
c i
e ve the idea that with an oxygen apparatus
a man immediately acquires s uperhuman
s trength and endurance I t i s not putting it too .
s t r n g ly to s t ate t hat a num b er o f goo d men

o
‘
Abstract o f an article S t atus o f O xyg en ,
“
R escue Appara t us and P hysiological Effect s on

U sers by James W P aul chie f o f coal mi n
”
-
, .
,
i ng invest ig a tion s U 8 B ureau o f Mi nes

, . .
,
P it ts bur gh P enn ; p resen t ed at the m e etin g o f
, .
th e Na ti o na l S a f ety Co uncil , New Y o r k, S ep t

'
1
.
I3, 1 91 7 .
AN AI R D RI V E N P E D E S T AL E ME R Y
GRI NDER
general se rv ice in mach in e shop s and
Fo r
e lsewh e r e where a stationary pneumatic grin d
,
e r is mo r e suita ble than a po r t able tool t h e
I nge rsoll R an d C ompany I I B roa d way Ne w

-
, ,
Yo rk C i ty i s placing on t he market th e ma
,
chin e h e re shown the No 8 Li tt le D avi d , .

“ ”
gr i n der T h e th ree cyl inder motor with i ts

. ,
continuou s power impul se the ro tary valve in ,
tyra l with th e c rank shaft an d t h e t ripl e ball ,
bea r i ng s p in dl e are o f d e sign simila r to th e

No 7 g rin de r Th e machin e i s rated to r u n
AI R B L AS T F O R H AR D E NI N G I C E;
. .
D RY
t 34 00 r p m with ai r at 80 lb T h e foot l eve r
-
a
C R EAM
.
p rovid es compl et control T h e whe el nor e

harden ing o f i ce cr eam i s s ai d to be o e
.
Th e
ma lly employ ed i s 8 in diameter and I in n
of the s everest tests t whi ch re fri g e ration i s

. .
f cea
o
put to day th e obj ec t being t extract a g iven

.
o
-
n umb r f heat un i t s from each g all n o f i c e

e o o
P RE C I S E P AY ME NT S F O R AC T U AL cream in the short e st po ss ibl e time after it
W O R K D O NE c m e s from the fr e ez r hanging it from s emi
o e , c
F igu r es fo r 1 9 1 7 coverin g the earn ings o f sol i d to s ol i d f o rm T h i s wa f rmerly don e

. s o
mold e r s m o l ding machin e Opera t ors clean

, , by m an s o f i c e and s al t and wi th the d ev e l
e ,
e r s and o th e r pi ec ewo rk employes th at a e , r 0p m e nt o f m e chan i c a l r e fri g e rati n t he can s o
b e ing co mpiled by found ymen fo r t h e in fo r r w e re s ubm e rged in col d brin e C ons iderabl e .
ma t ion o f in c om e ta x c o llecto r s r ev ea l s u r , interest now at t ach es to th dry ai r bl s t sys e -

a
p ri s ing to t l s I n some plan t s machi ne o p e r

a . t em o f h a rd en ing i c e cr ea m in vi ew o f t he ,
a t o s ha e r ec ei v e d n early $ 5 000 in wages

r v an d , n eed for c ns e rving a mmon i a and energ y in
o
$ 2 5 00 an d $ 3 000 fo r th e y ea r s e ff ort s a e com m echan i c a l r e frig e ration of all kinds

'
r .
monp lac e fig u r es t ha t wer e attained la st y ea r The d ry bla t id ea i s m b o di ed in a s yst em

-
s e
by tho u sa n d s o f wo rk e r s in cas t ing pla n ts Fe w .

by wh ich the cold a i r i s bl w n a r und the o o
c ra fts ar e p a id s o well and not ma ny voca ca n s by a p ower fan Whe re th er e h a s b e en
.
a ny tem it has been n early

failure o f t his system
a lways t raced t apid f rmation oo ff fr st
t he rapid o o o
on b unker c i ls and s ucces s has depended o ,
u p n s t ppin g up leaks
o f aaii r int the co l ing
o o o o
r oo m d pr vidin g g 0dd Ins

an ins ulat
ulation i on Ai leak
o oo . r
ag is f t en uns uspected
e ed and cl s e examin a
o , o
tion o f t he plant fo r de ffects i s recommended

t s is e ec ,
w i t h care in n t us ingg uuns n u u i tt a bb lee bui l dings

o s i a
for dry b las t purp s es —

o .
C AN V AS T U B I N G F O R MI N E V E NT I L A
O T I O N*
Me t al tubin g wi t h blower
lower o r exhaust fans , ,
h l n g been used t supply aairi r to dead ends

as o o
w here na t u ral ventila t ion

on isi s impossible
mp bl an d in O SS i e,
drivin g smoke f om such uch places I n B utte r

-
.
,
Mon t canvas t ubing has been used exten

'
si ly ve d has many advanta

vanta g es not possessed
an
by me t al t ubin g I mp rovements
o m nt in i n the canvas . v e e s
i t sel f the j in t in g f secti

, t n ns and man ne r o ff
o o ec io s O
uspens i n have increased

s sed i t s u se fulness A
o .
p r d uct n ow n t he market
o k t is i s imperviou
i mperv i ou s too ar e
i fi p
a r, . des a system o f 1j 0o int1:
f and pr vides re r oo , o 1 11
ing that permi t s the tubing bi g t be put up u n o or
taken d wn in a few seconds conds o .
C ANVA I A U S ED A S AN ITE M O U NTAI N

P PE S T GR
S H AF T EF GA VAN I Z ED T U I N G
PR ERRED TO L B
‘
D eepen ing the G ran ite M untain ha ft o f o s
th e No rth B utte Mining Co B utte Mon t .

, , ,
f rom th 3 00 t the 3 7 oo ft level was b eg un

e 1 o -
.
in 9 6 S atis fact ry progress was made for a

1 1 . o
few mon t hs bu t ai r c nditions became poorer , o
wi t h d ep t h and the bes t w rkmen le ft Th , o . e
G rani t e M untain is a d wncast ha ft w ith a o o s
g o d supply o f ai r on the 3 000 ft level

o A fan -
. .
with g alvan ized tubin g exten ding f r m the o
3 ooo ft level down the sha ft

.
. thr u g h t he , o
pump compartment had been considered But , .
the d rawbacks an d disadvantag es o f the gal

v an i d tubing were such that the engineers
z e
i n c h arg deci d ed to try a canvas tubing that

"
e
was‘
the market bout the time that a
t h w o k on the sha ft was be g un N mean s

‘
e .
. r . O
ot j in in g sections were attached to the tubing

o
v
a n d c nn ections were made by slippin g

o two
e n ds over a wide metal h oop and holding th e
« a nv as in place by w irin g it there W he n t wo
c .
Lg g th were j o in n d in this way a compara

i s e ,
sl ig ht we ight could pull t h e sect i on s

a pa r t P r bably concussion s have worked th
. o e
ame re sult .
s
er by L . D F . rink , Feb . Meetin g

W hen hol ed throu g h to the aainbow

i nbow sha ft th e R ,
crosscut was a mile from m the G ran ite Mountain

s ha ft the sou rce O f the air supply
, .
T h is was the fi rst ventilatinen t il t ng ai r llinn e that a i

'
had been run in a cros scut u t an d the tubing con ,
formed easily to the bends nds W here gal galvanized

n i ed
. a z
pipe woul d have been hard to install because ,
O f j utt ing roc k o g ht ben ds the canvas

slight r ,
passed them in smooth curves Elbows to fit .
any angle were easily made ade by cuttin g the tub

ing to pattern as a tinsmith ,smith cuts elbows and ,
s ewin g the two en ds together gether .
REM OVAL OF BL AST I N G P I EC E PREV ENT S I N J U RY To O
P I PE DU R I N G BLAST I N G
I n thi s cros s cut s me e ddii ffi culty was ex p e

o r
i en c e d wi t h the leading len ng t ths

h s unt
untili l a success
e
ful blastin g p i ece was made T hi s pi ece was .
made up w ith harnes s snaps fastened to ears

s ewed to th e hem o f the tubing so t hat itt ,
might eas i ly be put up or taken down B ef re . o
spi t tin g a round O f holes es th i s p iece was de ,
t a h d and carri ed back to a s afe place

c e T his .
w uld leave the dis char g ee far enough removed

o
fr m the breast to be s afe ffrom

o om flyin g rocks
and the e ffects f concuss u s iion
on O an d sti l l clos e
s ,
en ugh so that the s moke woul d qu ickly b e

o
driven out When the next sh i ft cam e on they

.
woul d replace the blasting pi ece s o that the

ai r mi g ht blow di rectly on th e workmen .
O n the ft level good ai r was s uppl ied

-
.
to the breast o f a dri ft by means O f a No .
S i rocco fan blowing through 5 00 ft of .
I o in
-
.tubing I n thi s length there w a s one
.
place where th e water ran on the tubing in

streams but the canvas showed n o i ll effect s
,
from the bath The cost per foot O f driving

.
w as reduc ed about 5 0% in thi s dri ft and no ,
diffi culty was experi enced in keeping men O n .
th e 3 2 00 3 4 00 and 3 6oo ft l evels co n s i der -

.
,
a bl e us e has been made o f the canvas s tub i ng
in th e cros s cuts R ock temperature s on th e s e

.
lev e l s a e h igh being 1 00 F at the 3 2 00

r ,
°
.
on th e 3 4 00 an d 1 04 on the 3 600 ft
' °
1 02 -
.
l evel but as yet a s eparat e fan h a s not b een

,
put on e ach o f thes e l evel s and al l the a i r ,
i s s uppl i ed b y a No 6 S i rocco fa n blow i ng .
from the 3 000 ft l evel An a i r b ox ha s b een

. .
put i n one cor ne r of the pump c ompartm ent

of the s haft At e ach lev e l the b ox i s t a p p ed
.
,
a n d d i r e ct c o nn e ctio n i s mad e to th e fle x i b l e
tubing that r u ns to the br e a s t of th e c ro s s c ut .
I n s p i t e O f the hi gh r ock t emp e r a tur es th e ,
work i n g c o n d i t i o ns a t th e b r ea s t h a v e b een
s en t ed by s uch places I n one s t ope w i t h .
ample conn ec t i ns be t ween level s a N 4 fan o o .
and I 6 i t u b ing c mple t ely revers e d ai r cur

-
n . o
ren t s w i t h , res ul t in g d r p f 1 5 d e g rees

a o o .
Thi s res ul t was acc mpl i she d w i t h u t caus in g o o
any apparen t il l effec t s i n t he t her w rkin g s o o .
O f t en pl aces are enc un t ered i n b t h s t opi n g o o
and devel pmen t where ar t i fici al ven t i la t i n

o o
i s needed only wh i le a ra is e i s bein g pu t up ,
or a cr s s cu t o a dri f t ex t en d ed S uch w rk
o -
r . o
may t k e a m n t h or les s Normal con d i t i ns

a
‘
o . o
may b e s uch t ha t i t i s imposs i b le f men t or o
work in t hes e place s T hhe sh r t per peri d f . e o o o

L
t ime n eces sary t o have t he fan b l w win g b ef re o 1 o
na t u ral ven t i la t ion cann b e bt a ine d d es t o o no
w arran t th e b ui l d i n g o f a c ncre t e f d o ou n a
t ion \V o d f un d a t ionn s ha
. have
o xe b een el imina t e d
o s
alm o s t en t i rely for all l elec t ri cal macl mach in eryy '
on acc o un t o f fi re riskk As m t or haul a g e s . o
wi t h di rec t curren t i s uss ed alm s t en t irel irely d o y , an
t he t rolley l ines reachh almos t eevery er y par t of v
t he mine some No 2 and No 3 di rec t cu

, current
. .
fans placed on heavy pll a t es have b een m un t

, , o
ed n t rucks and s a rrange

O a ng e d t h at t hey mayo rr
be t u rned t any horizon all an g le w i t h t he

i o tt a o z n
trucks and makes s ati s ffacc tt ooryy ii n s t al la t ion

, i on f s a r or
us e in t he se pl aces .
F fll I O T
CO BI P R ES S O R B L ED TO TAB LE
The experi ence f t he No r t h B u t te Mini n g
.
CO wi t h canvas tubing ha s ex t ended o ver a

.
peri d of more t han a year and has been tried

o
ou t i n all s o r t s o f workin g pl aces and i n every ,
cas e has j us t i fied t he instal l a t ion C anvas .
t ubin g i s mo re s a t i s fact ry t han metal t u b in g o ,
and t hos e who adop t its u se are not l ikely t o

re t u rn t o galvan ized i ron .
T H E G AR AG E D AN G E R
No t wi t hs t anding
al l warn ings agains t un r
n ing a g asol ine m tor i n a cl s ed garag e o o
many dea t hs by s uffocation are reported every

year when c o l d weather comes on and t hey ,
a re us ually o f people who are s uppos ed to be

reason ably intell i g ent For the bene fi t o f a u .
t o m b i le use rs we w il l repea t th e warn ing

o
n t to run an internal combus t ion motor i n a

o
clos e d g arage unde r any ci rcums t ances C on .
t a y to the general impres s i o n s t he gas t hat

r r
p roduces such sudden an d fatal r esults ha s ,
no Odor whatever and a s urpri s ingly small ,
p erc en tag e o f th e gas i s fatal Moreove r in .

,
most cas es the gas giv e s absolutely no warn

,
ing o f i ts pres en ce and t he vi ctim ha s no

chance the fi rs t s ign o f i ts pres enc e being a
,
sudden tota l and helpl e ss collaps e S c i entific

,
—
Amer i c a n .
'
1"
I
Q
i
I
OF TAB E
FI G . 2 . T
S KE CH L
s or rest horizo ntally as sh wn in Fi g 3 Th e o .
table is t hen l cked by means o f a lo n g ppin

o i n ex
ten d in g t hrough t he frameame aatt the t p f the o o
plu nger The arm i s rem

. m vved
ed it will be t o so ou
f the way o f the repair man B e fore g o ing

'
o r .
ahead wi t h the repair work ork a sheet i ron sleeve ,
i s pu t ar oun d t he piston ro d an d tthehe cylinder 11 ,
ai r pressure release d Th e sleeve sleeve then h lds

. o
t he pump at the requi red1 hhei g hht andd preven t s (
waste due to ai r leakag e by t he cylinder pack

i g leather
n I f mo re c nven ient f
. t he worko or
man sleeves o f diff erent lengths may be p

,
ro
v i d e d which with the arm attached will hold

,
t he c mpres so r at any an g le de sired and by

o ,
FIG . I
,3 : To B E OVERH AUL ED
i31 3 ." t
P O R T AB L E O MP R E S S O R F O R
AI R C ready fo r use Two tie tam p ers chipping ham
.
,
E L E C T R I C R AI L W AY S mers or ther tools can be used at the sam e

, o
Th hal f t one ab ve shows a machine in se r time Four small wheels under the truck at
'
e -
o .
vice which saves larg e am unt o f manuala o right an g les to the track wheels permit th e -
,
l abor a mot r driven air compresso r mounted

, o outfit t o be run o ff the track on heavy timbers .
o n a s t an d ard g a g e truck and ope rated from I n a test made under c o ntinuous tra ffi c con
the street trolley circuit I t supplies t he mo . d i t i on s it was f un d that the cost o f the tamp
o
t ive power f the t ampers track d rills chip

or , , ing wi t h this machine was hal f that o f on e -
pin g hammers f t oothing out bricks air

or , hand tamping an d bette r results w ere ob
,
b las t s f or cleaning rust from structural steel , t a i n e d as no s ec n d tampin g was required on

, o
a n d many other pneumatic tools found se rvic e account o f settlement unde r tra ffic Further .
,
a ble n track and road work

o . it was found that two men with the pneumatic
T h ou t fit c nsists o f an 8 b y 6 inch I ngers ll
e o o tampers could do the wo rk f ten lab rers o o .
R an d c mpress r d riven by a 1 5 H P 5 5 0
o o . . Equally satis facto ry resul t s were Obtained in
v ol t W es t in g h use direc t cu rrent m to r wi t h
o o tearing up c o ncre t e as shown ab ve in clear
, o ,
t artin g h o t l kn i fe swi t ch an d fuses I t i ng t he rus t fr m brid g e rollers and seat s

'
s r e s a , . o ,
i s hauled t t he j b by a t rolley car an d when

o o d rillin g b lt an d t ie
o d h les picketin g and
ro o ,
c o nnec t ion is ma d e to the trolley wire it is , cleansin g b ricks e t c , .

The T reasu ry o f t he U n ited S ta t es has a

g reat deal o f m o ney t o raise an d it can not b e
raised by banke rs al ne says S ecre t ary Mc
o ,
Adoo T h banks o f thi s c untry can not

. e o
alone su s t ain America s n ee d s in t his war an d

’
EV E R Y T H I N G P NE U MAT I C extend to ou r allies t he essen t ial ai d which

E t ab l i h d 1 8 96
s s e
they must have to con t inue t he war T he rich .
W S AU N D E R S
L Ed i tor o f th is country can n o t do it al ne ; the men
o
I M ana g i n g
.
F i tor
.
R AN K R C H AR D S
.
Ed
B u s i n e s s M an a 8 r o f t his country can no t d it alone ; the w o
.
C H AS A H I R S C H B E R G , g e o
cu l a t i o n M an a g
i rcu
. .
W C L AB S C O er
. . .
men o f thi s country can t d it al ne ; but

no o o
P UB L I SH E D MO N T
TH L Y BY TH E all O f u s the people o f t he U n ited S t ates dis
, ,
C om p r e s s e d Ai r Ma g a zz i n e C om p a n y re g arding partisanship fo rg e tt ing s elfish inter

,
E a s t on , P a . ests thinkin g only f the supremacy o f ri g ht

,
o
an d determine d t vin d ica t e the maj esty o f

o
Ne w Y o r k O ffi c e — 11 r a d way
B o
nd Q u n V ict r i t reet American ideals an d s ecure the sa fety o f
.
Lo on O ffi c e— 1 65 ee o a S .
u b r i p t i n i nc l u d i n g p t a g
S sc o Unit d os e, e
America a n d C ivilization can d the g reat and
, o
S tat d M xic y ar C ana d a d

.
a br ad
es
o
an 0 e
a y ar S i n g l c p i 1 0 c n t
o,
e
a
e
e .
o es ,
a .
e
an
s
splendid wo rk which Go d has called upon us
f il t r ii v p a p r p r m p t l y
. . .
Th wh os e o a o ec e v e e s o
to do
will p l n t ify a t nc .
eas e o us o e
Ad v r t i i n g ra t f u rn i h d a p p ll ii ca tt i n
.
e s es h s e on a c a on .
We i nv i t e c o rr e s p o n d e n c e f r o m e n g i n e e r s
c o n t ra c t o r s i nv e n t o r s a n d o t h e r s i n t e r e s t e d
.
i n c om p res s e d a i r
.
V 01 . XXIII . AP R I L , 1918 . No 4 .
C O NT E NT S
C ompressed Ai in th e W r ar . . 8 7 07
N Y C ity a S chool fo Mining Engineers
. . r 8 7 09
Ai R eceive r Expl o si o n s
r 8 7 09
Makin g t he S hip U nsinkable 87 1 1
G ibbs O xy g en R escue Apparatu s 87 1 4
C ompressed Ai fo r Cleaning Moto rs r . . 87 1 6
S harpen in g Mine D rill S teel 87 1 6
Ai O pera t ed F ire Do rs
r o 87 1 8
D an g er f O xygen R escue o 872 0
Ai D riven Eme ry G rinder
r 872 1
Ai B las t f H ar d enin g I e
r or c 872 1
C anvas T u b in g fo Min e r 87 2 2
Ai B rake C mpresso r R epai r
r o 87 2 5
Aer n P ain t S prayin g S ys t em
o 872 6
H ea t in g O ve r d n e o 872 7
All t he W k G a g es e 87 2 7
P r t able C mpress r f
o S t reet R ailways
o o or 872 8
Th B uoyancy B ox es
e 872 9
Th e T anks 87 3 0
W rkers W an t e d f Avia t i o n
o or 873 1
W a F uel r 87 3 2
No t es 87 3 3
P a t en t s 87 3 5
8730 C O MP R E S S E D AI R MAGAZ I NE .
su g g es t t he mean s f s lu tt i nn or even part partial

o ia o u io
s lu t i n f t he p r b lemn
o o o o .
T here is much sa t is fac ac t ion

0 t o be f un d in 1 o
t he kn wle d g e t ha t t he d ev
o evicei ce is in i n t he way o f IS
imme d ia t e d em n s t ra t i n T h th o thinn g t a on . e
'
c nsi d era b le ex t en t d em n s tt ra tt es itsel

o t f dn on s r a e s i se , an o
d rv d k t rials t ha t have b een su g g este d o r

oc , ve ,
any t hin g f t ha t kin d c ul d g ive

o i ve much addi o
tio na l assu rance .
Th nly way to cer t ainly

e o ly p r ve the p a ai n o r c
t ical savin g p wer f t hee bu yancy b xes is t

o o o o o
have t he L ucia g in t re g ular service as s o n o o o
an d as ac t ively as po ssii b le an d even t hen we ,
can har d ly say t ha t shee sh uld seek t he mo s t o
d an g er us wa t ers or pu it hersel f in t he way to

'
o , u n
ac t ll invi t e a tt ack butt she sh ul d t ake her

ua v , u o
chances d resul t s mi g hhtt be ex

an expec t e d1 t o ffoll (
lo w .
No t wi t hs t an d ing
the publici t y which has
b een g iven t t he equippin f t he L ucia itt
'
ppi g o n o ,
w ul d seem t hat her loca

o o tt ii n and m m vements
me t s ca on o e n
in t he n ear fu t u re sh uld ld be as secre t as po s o
si b le d we may n tt expect t kn w much

, an so o o o
o f her c min g s d g in g s but we must con

o an o ,
t in e t
u wish her g d luck a d i f there
o oo
o ,
n
shoul d be full warran tt t ha t the buoyancy n
b oxes are o f saving e ffi ci ency t he equipping o f

o t her ships wi t h them c ul d be acc mplished o o
m re quickly than c ul d any o t her arran g e

o o
ment t hu s far p roposed .
W i t h re g ard t o thi s inven t i n as applied o
up n t hi s particular ship our at t i t ude i s c

o -
,
'
er
t i ly embarrassin g an d
a n t clearly d efinable no .
I t w o uld ot b e easy to say j ust what we

n
w ul d wish C er t ainly we w ul d no t wi sh to
o . o
have her s t ruck and sunk O ur c nfi d ence may . o
b e far fr m a b s lu t e that h c uld n o t be

o o S e o
s t ruck s t hat she woul d cer t ainly s ink W e

o .
can nly say tha t we w uld wi sh that s o me

o o
'
t hin g mi g h t happen t o sa t is fy u s all .
T H E T AN K S *
O n a cer t ain F ri d ay in S ep t em b er 9 6 f , 1 1 , a
t er t w years f fi g h t in g when i t mi g ht have

o o ,
b een t h u g h t t ha t human in g enuity in t he art

o
o f killin g h d b een exhaus t e d a fresh en g ine

a ,
o f war was su d d enly sprun g upon a w rl d s ick o
o f hearin g f new me t ho d s o f slaughter A

o .
d y a t w o later
or s n as t he n ewspapers , so oo
were a b le t g ive s me in f rma t ion a b out this

o o o
d evel pmen t t he w r d T ank was on all B ri t “ ”

o , o
*
F r m an a d mirable paper b y
o l onel E D
Co
yal En g ineers
. .
S w mt on , C . B .
, D . S Ro
o ri g i nally prin t e d in
. .
Th e I/V or ld
’
s Wor k .
smi t hs shee t me t al w rkers

,
ers pr peller makers o , o ,
wi reles s pera t ors d c ns t ructors

o tt ail rs an o , o ,
ten t makers sail makers t ruckmasters vulcan

-
.
-
, ,
i e s w el d ers n d makers kers repa repaii rers an d i n 6‘

z r , , a ,
t ll
s a f: Ma g n e t o s i g n i t i nn systems cam
er s o , io ,
eras w a t ches nd cl cks ins

, i ns t ruments an d type
a o ,
wri t ers .
W AR L
F UEL
“
acc o r d in g t D B u rton chem
I f, chemisi s t o f the
o r .
,
S t an d ar d O il C ompany t he 1 9 1 7 pr d uc t i n , o o
O f g as line will be o g allons o ff ,
which he es t ima t es g allons W willll be l
requ i re d fo r American aut mo b iles i les ii t foll ws o , o
t hat b ut g alll n s Wwilll be ava available

i lable o i
f or use by mili t ary t rucks ck an d fo exp rt t s .

r o o
t he allies says F N elson son Carle former sec

”
, .
,
r et y ar f the M t o r T ruck C lub o f Am

o o merica .
W i t h all d
“
respec t t so em eminent
ue i nent an a o u
th i ty I ven t ure t raise

or se t he ppoo mintt t hat n ear o
-
H
,
er 5 0 per cent f ou r n ex t t w years p . o o

’
ro
d uc t ion o f g asoline will1 b e requ i re d d irec i rec t ly

o r in d i rec t ly f war puu rpp ses F r t una t ely
or ly r o s es . o
for t he passen g er car wner o t her fuels are o ,
b ein g a d ap t ed t t he u see ff farm t rac t rs n d

o o o a
g as en g ines so t hese a g ricul i c t ural nece necessi

ssi t ies
i es a r u
will t compe t e wi t h him f fuel as here

no or
t f re
o o .
B t what ab u t t he submarine chaser the

“
u o ,
g as driven sc u t cruiser a d t he m ot r boa t

-
o n o
pa t r l ? A good b ig chaser f the type now

o ,
‘ ’
o
b u il d in g perhaps by t he hundreds cer t ainly

, ,
b y t he sc re has two and in s me cases t hree

o , o
2 5 0 h rsep o we r m t rs which con sume

-
o in a
o o , c
t i n 3 0 g allon s o f gasoline per hou r per m o t r

o , o .
I f we have to supply fuel fo r such b a t s o
a b r ad as well as in our wn waters

o o ,
000 g all n s will not supply such th irsty ho r

o
n e t s t hr ou g h u t t he war w i t h ut starvin g i th
o o e
er t he m ot r trucks n ee d ed by the armyo
or t he 601 h rsep wer t o u rin g car

o o .
F r t una t ely milli n s up o n millions o f g as

“
o o o
lin e uni t s can be c n served fo r n eeded tasks o
t h r u g h t he use o f elec t ricity as a fuel par

o ,
ti l ly in ci ty t rucking
c u ar A lar g e pr p r t i n . o o o
o f elec t rici t y is ma d e b y water power s tha t , o
even c al i s n t nee d e d t increase t he sup

o o o
ply f t his fuel in s me sec t i n s G ran t e d c al

o o o . o
i s use d t he c s t f in d us t rial electrici t y is

, o o so
l w t ha t i t f rms o e o f t he cheapes t mean s

o o n
o f pr pelling m t or d riven city vehicles

o o -
.
Th war prac t ically d enu d e d Eur pean c i t

“
e o
ies o f pe t r ol vehicles in th e fi rs t year o f t he

c nflic t an d the relatively small num b er o f
o ,
C O MP R E S S E D AI R MAGAZ I NE . 8733
n ess and t he man wi t h an elec t ric truck a or oils was expl ded b y t hei r detonati n T hat
o o .
flee t f them w i t h d eple t ed batteries i s as wel

o the expl s i n was caus ed b y the i g ni t i n f
o o o o
c me as t he prover b ial spr

o i n g fl wers
sprin o . o i l f g may b e a very c nveni en t w rking
o o o
Then is w hen he can buy elec l tt ricity as hyp thes i s bu t i t i s a l i tt le di ffi cult t un d er

'
c i t y fo
“
ai e ec r r o ,
o
l w as
o on e hat he m
thir d o f what
-
miig hht pay durin g s t an d how i g ni t i n was e ffected o .
t he peak hours f cu rren e tt demand S l w o rr n . o o
is t hi s ra t e in many ci t ieses iinclu lu d iin g B s t n i , nc n o o ,
t ha t su fficien t current to keep a 5 t elec t ric -

on
truck runnin g all d y can be pu rchased f a or
what i t cos t s t b uy f u r g all n s o f g as line

o o r o o ,
o r t fee d a sin g le horse f 2 4 hh urss

o rse or ou .
F rom t he s t an d p int o f m t r t ruckin g

“
o o o ,
t hen elec t rici t y w uld seem t be t he l g ical

,
o o o
fuel f such t rucks as c nfine t he heii r ac tt ivii tt iies

'
or S o ac v es
lar g ely to t he ci t y d immedia t e subur b s I n an . h
t lli g
e t c o n serva t ion
en f pe t r leum d i t s de o o an
i ti
r va is as imp r t antt as t ha t f g rain s d
v es o n o an
o t her pr d uc t s f the s i Il
o o so .
”
A R E D L AMP W I T H O U T F L AME
T h i s in t erestin g l i tt le l amp w o rks on t he
incandes cen t prin cipl e and i s S peci ally us eful ,
for t o uris t s Any al c oh o l lamp or a smal l

.
,
bo tt le pr o vided wi t h a r oun d w i ck i s used , .
Th e w i ck i s spread out in a b unch j ust ab ove

t he o pen in g o f t he b o t t le an d when we t w i t h ,
the alc o h o l place upon it t he Barden ph o to

,
“
incandes cen t c one t hen l i g ht the wi ck burn ”

, ,
fo r five minu t es b l o w ou t an d t he small piece , ,
o f the s u b s t ance w il l c on t inue t o a b s o r b the

al c oh o l an d burn wi t h a red g l ow w i t h ou t b e
i ng c ns ume d
o .
OI L F O R O MP R E S S O R S AI R C
I t he c urs e o f a paper
n o t h e Chemis t ry on
“
d E xamina t i n f Lubricatin g O i ls read ”

an o o
bef re t he D i esel En g ine U sers As s ci ati n

o o o ,
M E ll i t t A Evans made some remarks

r . o .
on the quality f i l requ i red for u se i n ai r o o
c mpres s rs
o o .
H s ai d that t he P enns ylvani an oil s are the

e
o nly ones m derately stable when s u b j ec t e d

o
to t he ac t i n f h i g hly c mpress ed ai r an d
o o o , T hat there i s m re m ney in wo rkin g f o o or
then only at m derate temperatures At ele o . coal compani es these days than in s me o f the o
va et d tempera t ures the oi l cracks g ivin g ri se , learned p r fess i ns i s evidenced by the fact
o o
to l i g h t er i l s wh i ch i n t hei r turn crack i n t

o o t hat D D aniel R eese f S ummit H ill P has
r .
, o , a .
,
stil l l i g h t e r i ls D urin g th e crackin g car b n

o . o cl s ed his dental ffices an d is w fo reman f
o o no o
i s dep s i t ed an d m xt m ly uns t a b l e hy
o , so e e
'
re e an anth racite coal strippin g at No 1 4 c lliery . o
d bo
r oc a r pr ba b ly f t he l fin s eries are
ns, o o O e e ,
f rmed whi ch dec mp s e w i t h expl s ive vio

o o o o A walkers clu b has b een s t ar t ed at H arris
’
lence I t i s quite c nce ivabl e that t he x p l

. o e o b ur g P , Every member ple d g es himsel f
a .
‘
s i n i n an ai r c mpres s r at S mi thfi ld
o -
o o e oc hersel f t walk t o d fr o m w rk i f t he d i
o an o , s
curred t hr ugh the producti n f t hes e m

o o o u t ance is less t han t w miles T his ple d g e i s o .
s t able b d ies and t hat the v ap r f t he l i g h t

o , o o to b e kep t in all r t s o f wea t her Th moveso . e
8734 C O MP R ES S ED AI R MAG AZ I NE .
t on o f t he queer
ment i s ano t her mani fes tt ation es a i
ea has rece
tu rn which the t hri f t idea i ved
received .
An American pain t er recen t lyy re t urne d from

the O rien t believes t ha t in
i n the new renaissance
in archi t ecture which ii s t o c o me a f t er the
h
war we are to have concrete rete skyscrapers bbril1 r
ess to say as a sub ti

lian t wi t h c l r N ee d less o o .
,
s
tu t e fo r t he d ull gray o ff t he averag e c nc ncree t e o
c ns t ruc t ion pink t ones little green shutters

o ,
“
5 ,
-
,
red r fs an d purples as the

oo h archh i t ect pre ,
”
dic t s w uld cer t ainly be a gay and giddy

, o
chan g e n d possibly g ivee American a c h i tec

a v r
ture a t uch o f I taly anmdd t he O rient

o .
Mos t arti fi ci al colors now produced

of th e
fl
have n o coun t erpar t i n na t ure Th e vat dyes .

,
c nspi cuous s ince the war b y thei r abs ence

o ,
are faster t han any t hing obtain abl e commer 6‘
c i lly fr m t he ve g e t al worl d
a o .
suffocating po ison g a s fi rst u sed by the

Th e 11
G ermans i s n ot chlorine as g eneral ly s upp s ed o
but ph sgene wh ich i s a c mb in

o , i n ation of o
chlorine an d carbon monoxi n ox ddee T hhii s powerful 1 .
g a i s an important factor
s tor i n the manufacture
o f syntheti c col o rs H ere i s a cas e where a .
G erman peace p r duct was immedi a t ely avai l o
a b le fo r mi l i t ary offens ive .
Aeroplanes fo r carryin g mail are the subj ect

o f a call fo r bids recently issued by the P ost
O ffi ce D epartmen t The specifications call fo r .
five machines each capabl e o f carrying 3 00

,
poun ds o f mail a distance o f not les s than 2 00

miles n n stop maximum speed under full
, o -
load 1 00miles per hou r min imum speed u nder

, ,
full l oad 4 5 m iles per hour cl imbing speed

, ,
60 00 feet in 1 0 minu t es equipped w ith a 1 5 0 ,
h rs e p wer motor
o -
o .
The I nstitution o f C ivil En g ineers f Lon o
don En g lan d
, Jan 2 completed the hun
, ou .
d d th year o f its existence having been estab

re ,
li h d in 1 8 1 8 at a meetin g o f ei g ht engineers
s e
at t he Kendal Coff ee H u se in F leet S treet o .
At the meeting o f the insti t ution on Jan 8 a .
statement commemorative o f t he founding o f

t he institution was presented war t ime con di ,
-
tion s precluding mor e fo rmal celebration o f

the centenary .
H eavy pneumati c hammers were us ed t o

r ivet circul ar reinf rcement sleeves t o the o
O
P R C E S S AN D AP P AR A U S F O R T
T H E S E P AR A I N I L S AN D G AS E S T O OF
F O
hili J n nt ri
.
P o es , S a a Ma r i a , C a l
i ll i
p
FT t vn
.
DRA G AG E W am H S e e s,
lt n
-
. .
A oo a , P a
F YI i h l F
.
L N G — M AC H I N E M c ae
rr i y u k n
. .
Mo s s e , M s e g o , M c i h .
FE B R U AR YY 5
S I P H ON I C S YS TE M D el a va n V
B urr e ll R o c k y F o r d
. .
C 010
M I L K I N G MAC H I N E R Y N o rm a n
, , .
J o h n D a y s h P ou g h k e e p s i e N Y
.
VAC U U M C L E AN E R J o h n B l a k e
. , . .
K e ll o g g O ra n g e N J
-
.
MI L K I NG MAC H I N E C L U S T E R
, , . .
M e r e d ith L e i t c h P o u g h k e e p s i e N Y
.
MIL K I NG S eb a s t i a n
, , . .
MAC H I N E
S i s S t P a u l Minn
.
, ,
AI R C O MP R E S S O R O R M OTO R
. .
R o b e r t G B a tt i n K a n s a s C i t y Mo
.
.
, , .
P N EU M AT IC P ATENTS J AN U ARY 2 9 .
AI R O N T R O L L I N G ME C H AN I S M
C P N E U MA I C O N VE YE R
C T Th eo
B L O W I N G MAC H I N E S Au g u s t r ka M i nn
-
.
F OR G L AS S do e G T h o r m o d s on , H a n s
K a d ow T o l e d o
-
.
, .
Ohi o D E VI C E
.
C AR D OO R O P E R AT I N G
AI R C U S H I O N G eo rg e B
,
W a l te r V T urn e r W i lk i n s b urg a n d W i ll i a m
, .
Ma e g l y
- -
.
K a n s a s C it y MO
-
,
M Cad y w
. .
.
, ,
P N E U MAT I C P U M P J u s ti n E R u s
, .
.
, Ed g e ood . Pa .
s e ll C h i c a g o I ll
. .
P U MP AN D P U M P I N G YS TE M S
B u r ton S Ai k m a n M i l w a u k e e W i s
.
, , .
C R U D E O I L ATO MI Z E R AN D AI R
I n a p u m p t h e c om bi n a t i o n o f a d i a p h r a g m
, , .
D un c a n C M c c a i g Van c o uv e r B r i t
.
-
MI XE R 1
c y l i n d e r h ea d me m b e r h a v i n g a c h a m b e r o n
,
i s h C ol um b ia C a n a d a
.
,
. .
, ,
a
s id e o f t h e d i a p h ra g m s a id h e a d ha v i ng
, .
B AR O M E T R I C C O N D E N S E R on e
a p a s s a g e w a y c om m un i c a t i n g w i th t h e c h a m b e r
Ray ,
m o n d N E h r h a r t E d g ewood P a
.
c om p r e s s e d i n l e t p or t O p e n i ng i n to s a i d
,
AI R M O D I F I E R H ein
,
S t ep h i n J
.
. .
a a ir
N ew t o n H i g h l a n d s M a s s p a s s a g e wa y a n e x h a u s t p o r t op e n i n g i n to s a i d
-
. .
r ic h ,
AU TO MAT I C P R E S S U R E
, .
p a s s a g e wa y a v a l v e b od y a d a p t ed t o o b s t ru c t
,
s a i d p o r t s on e a t a t i m e t h e exha u s t p or t h a v i ng
R EGU ,
AT I N G VAL V E J oh n C K i t t o n C h i c a g o
L s u b s t a n t i a ll y l a r g e r a r ea th a n t h e a d m i s s i o n
,
I . .
, ,
a
p o r t t o p rod u c e a s e a ti n g p r e s s ur e u p o n t h e
II
P R E S S U R E R E L E AS E R o ll i n
B a c h e r C l e ve l a n d Ohi o
L -
. .
v a l ve a n d m ea n s for s h i f t i n g t h e va l v e f r om on e
p o r t t o t h e o th e r
, , .
C E N T R I F U G AL O I L B U R N E R M i l
t on A F e s l e r S a n F ra n c i s c o C a l
.
-
AP P AR AT U S T R E AT I N G
.
F O R
FL O U R G eo rg e J H i c k s S a g i n a w M i c h
.
, ,
AU TO M O B I L E AI R C O M P R E S S O R
.
L o r e t o P o c c i a Ma m a ro n e c k N Y I n a n a p p a r a t u s f o r t r ea ti n g fl o ur t h e c om
-
. . .
, , .
1
b i n a t i on w i th a b o t t om d i s c h a r g e s t or a g e bi n
, , .
,
S U C T I O N C L E AN E R Jos ep h L
. .
S u ll i v a n C l e v e l a n d Oh i o h a v i n g a p l ur a l i t y of s e p a r a t e d i s c h a r g e ou t l e ts
- -
. .
AI R C O MP R E S S O R Al v i n R B e r c k p r o v i d e d w i th c l os e r s o f a n a i r t a n k m e a n s f o r
, , .
F r e d T j a d e n H a s ti n g s N e b r h ol d i n g op e n a ll of s a i d c l os e r s a n d a b l owe r
-
. . , ,
a nd
F L U I D S H O C K AB S O R B E R F r a n fo r f o rc i n g f rom s a i d t a n k th r ou g h fl o ur
, , . ,
a ir
c is V P h i ll i p s O r l a n d o F l a fl ow i n g f r o m t h e d i s c h a r g e o f s a i d b i n
-
.
.
, , . .
{2 5 5 35 5 8
P N EU M AT IC P ATENT S F EBR U AR Y 5 .
ME T H O D OF I M P AR T I N G C O N o f th ma v l i t y f m v i n g t r m f an
V E R T I N G AN D U T I L I Z I N G E N E R G Y I N
e ss e oc o a o s ea o
xp n d i n g g d p t ntial
,
a d i b ti
a ll
e c a y e a as, an o e en
g y th r f i nt k i n t i c n rg y f r t
,
C ON N EC TI ON W I T H A C O MP R E S S I B L E er e th
eo
F L U I D M E D I U M AN D AP P AR AT U S F O R
o e e e e o a o a
t b l t ur b m m b r ; w h i h
a e o e n i t i n p rm i t
e
S AI D M E T H O D R obe r t H
c c o s s s e
t ing th r g r i v d i b t i xp n i
-
E MP L OY I N G f th
ug h h ila d elp h ia P a
e p o ess e a a s on
k i f r i c ti l n t t w i th t h
e c e a o e
m v ing g
. .
H o P i
k i n t i c n rg y
o n
me th o d o f c o nv e r t i n g
as s n on a
r f c f i d m m b r ; p r g r i v l y c n d uc t
. , .
co ac e
1 . The e e e su a e o sa e e o es s e o
42 5 6 ,
[2 5 62 3 /
P N E U M AT IC P ATENT S F EB RU ARY 12 .
i ng th ev i n g t r a m i n a d l ii m i tt d p th f
mo s e e
'
e a o
id n t t f r m r g ii n f t ti f d e on o r o a i on o sa i
m m b r h vi n g r l t i v l y h i g h ll ii n v ll i tty
sa c o ac , o a
w
n ea r e oc e a e
r g i n h v ing l w l i n r v l i ty ;
e e a ,
.
t o er ea e oc i and
c ti n l
o
iv ly i n r i ng th r
o a e a
p ro g r
es s e c ea s e c os s s e o a a rea
f th tr m in i t p
ea s a g fr m th f m
a s 5s 3 e o e or er
r g i n t t h l a tt r i n u b t n ti a l
o e s ,
r
.
e o o e e on e, s s a c or e
d
s on e n c e w i th t h e sa id p r g r i v
o es s d b ti
e a ia e c
xp n i n d i d r d u ti n f v l it y
p
a s o an sa e c o o e oc
W i ll i
e .
AI R B R AK E S Y S T E M s C
W b t r D ub i P
-
. .
e s e o s, a
E N G I N E E R S V AL V E AN D P R E S
, .
S UR E C O N T R O L L I N G ME C H AN I S M F O R
W i ll i C W b t r D u b i
-
AI R B R AK E S -
. s . e s e , o s,
P n EU M ATI c P ATENTS FEBRU ARY 19 .
1 VAC U UM OTTO N P I C KI N G MA
C T
P N E U MA I C ME T H O D OF V E N
B il y E h a n e y C o rp u s C h r i s t i Al fr e d
-
H INE T I L AT I N G C OTTO N S E E D W
g
a e C
F r e n c h P i q u a Oh i o
-
. .
, , . .
exa s
C O N T R O L G O V E R N OR T h e h e r e i n d e s c r ib e d m e th od of t r e a t i n g
.
, , .
AI R R ob 1
ll y C i n c i nna t i Oh i o c ot t on c on s i s ti n g i n s up p l y i ng v ol u m e
-
. .
er t A Ga s ee d a
o f a i r a t m u l t i p l e p o i n t s a t t h e b a s e of a p i l e
. , , . ,
F L U I D P R E S S U R E B R AK E Wal
of c o tt o n s e e d o f s u b s t a n ti a l h o r i z o n t a l a r ea t o
V T urn r W i lk i n b urg P
-
.
c a us e s a i d t o d i s t r ib u t e a n d p a s s l a t e r a ll y
t er . e , s , a .
.
a ir
a n d u p w a r d l y th r o u g h t h e m a s s o f s e e d t o p r e
F E B R U AR Y 1 9 v e n t t h e s eed f ro m h ea t i n g a n d t o c oo l a n y s ee d
B R AK E C YL I N D E R P R ES SUR E w h i c h m a y h a ve b ec om e h ea t e d
P a t r i ck H D on ov a n MO L D I N G MAC H I N E
.
R E G U L ATO R C h es t e r H
S t ee l e Q u a k e r C i t y a n d F r a n k H
Ed g e
-
w
. .
S c a tt e r
. . ,
oo d
G e o r g e t o wn Oh i o
. Pa .
, , .
g oo d
I N S R U ME N TT AP P L Y I N G MI L K I N G AP P AR AT U S S a mu e l B
, , .
F OR
LI QUI D F TO OE S INISH SH H e nr i M a r o i s H a rn e r n e a r X e n i a Oh i o
. .
wi t n M ,
.
,
Le
, .
C O MB I N E D P U MP AN D F I R E E X
s o e
d vi h r t r d r ib d
, .
r uk
-
1 I n f th
a e c e o e c a ac e es c e a
l i qu i d n t i n r f d p i p n t r ing t h TI N G U I SH ER G eo g D B St L ou i s ,
.
.
. e . c , .
co a e a ee e e e c on Mo
dj
e
b ru h i n g u id nt
,
t i a n er . a id p ip s sa e, a e a
.
80 AP P AR AT U S F O R T H E MAN U
i d b ru h d a p t d t b m v d m nu ll y i n
ac e -
.
sa s
n t c t w i th m p r t f t h w r k
a
v lv
e o e o e a a
FAC T URE 0F B L O W N G L AS S AR TI C L E S
nj n h a m ber l i n
-
.
co a so e a o o
mi h t Y
id v l v
e a a e
R oc e s e r , N
i n id p ip m n f p ra t i n g
Be Day C
a
,
, . .
sa e, ea d s or
ME H T O D OF C O MP R E S S I N
p r bl v l v p r ti g
O e sa a e an
an p u mp
air b y th O e a e n
T F
E L AS I C H e r b e r t A fr e d H mp r e y , l u h
u p p l y i n g i un d r p r ur t a i d
e a e O e a
m n f L UI D
t in t r n l n
.
ea
t i r
s or s a r e es s e o s W es m s e , E g a d .
c on a n e .
T R I P L E V AL V E F OR AI R
S AF E TY S U I T F OR AV I ATO R S B R AK i ll i
ES W s C W eb s ter , D b o s , P a u i
Au g u t R d l H b n C u b
-
. . .
S U C I N C L E AN E R J
.
s o o a a T O a mes B
A l v l tr u rl w at r l ik
a a a
K i rb y l v l n Oh i
-
, , . . .
1 . s ee d e es s an o se es s s e e -
e , C e e a d, o .
Th eshiel d has multiple

1e air
a r chambers in i n its
i ts
f rwar d par t each ending
o ng 3 ft in
, i n f ront o f t he .
chamber immediately above bove iti t thu s enablenablin

i ng ,
t he excava t i n t be done me in separate ver t ical

o o cal 11
faces t he escapin g c mpressed

, pressed aairi r fr m each o o
chamber en t erin g t he g round fo rwar d o f t he

excava t ion in t he chambersers above Means . are
als pr vided to close the space between the

o o
tail o f t he shiel d and thee tunnel llinin

i n ing .
H OW T H E AI R ESC AP ES
In considering the pr oblem o f a multiple a ii r -

a r
chamber shiel d nd the behavi r o f the m a o co
pressed ai r a fter i t s escape cape in t o the ground

fr m i t s various levels i tt is well t give at
o atten , o eh
ti n t
o the manner in which escapin g c m
o o
p ressed ai r fr m pneumatic atic cais sons makes

'
o a ss on s m k s it c i a e i s
way thr u g h t he g round1 t the su r face I

o ( o . n
the sinkin g o f cai ss n ff uundations nd i ons f river

o o a or
p iers a d lar g e bu il dings

n gs i t has been ff un d , o
that the escapin g air is ddispersed i spersed f a CO c on i C

dl or Il s
Sl
c rable distance fr m t he ca caiss

i ss n s be f re reach
o o o
i n g t he su r face W hile the g rea t er par t o f t he

.
air ascen d s directly upward pw d W wiitt hhin

i n narrow ar
limits in s me cases f ca
, o i ssons f bu
caissons buildin
ld g s
o or in s
it has been found escapinng into i nto cellars as much

as 3 00 o r 4 00 ft dis t ant Experience has shown
. .
t hat where two caiss n s are being s unk in clos e o
proximi t y t each the r th e escaping ai r in t he

o o
g r und fr m the l we r air chamber where t he

o o o
pressu re is much higher caused no increase f o
p res sure in t he upper ai r cham b er sh win g , o
t hat as t he c mp ressed ai r ascen d s it expands

o
in p r p o r t ion as t he pres su re is reduced in the

o
g r un d wa t er
o T his is sel f evident an d nee d s -
.
n o exten d ed s t a t ement .
I t is t his principle o f t he re d uc t i n o f pres o
sure i n escapin g c mpresse d air as i t ascends o
t h rou g h t he groun d tha t is at t he b ot t o m o f the

n ew plan f having superimpo sed ai r cham
or
bers in t h e f rward part f a tunnel shield in

o o ,
each f wh ich an ai r pressure w uld be main

o o
fain ed sui t able t t he pressu re in the gr un d

o o
wa t er t i t s fr nt
a o .
F ACE STEP D AC K F RO M LO W EST C H AM BER

PE B
T h shiel d s here t f re used in t he construe

e o o
t i o n f t unnels have b een des i g n ed f d in g

o or o
the excava t i n at the fr n t f t he shield fr m

o o o o
t he t p d wnward in n vertical plane t he

o o o e ,
face f which is held in place w i t h breas t

o
b oar d s when t he material at t he face will no t

s t an d up b y i t sel f ; bracin g an d j acks h ld the o
b r ea s tb d in place as t he excava t i n p
oa r s o ro
C O MP R E S S E D AI R MAG AZ I NE . 8 74 1
H o r i z o n t a l S e c t i o n
\
ih fl a f a b l e
Pa c k i n g Rin g s
r v i c a l S e c r i o rs
Lo n g l v u d i n a l S e c t i o n a t C e n t e r Fr on t Ele v en
-
i o n R e a r El e v a t i o n
(s h o w nn g Cu t t i n
g Ed q e ) (s h o w i n g Er e c t ors . - . c
)
DE TAI L S OF SH I ELD C O N ST R U CT IO N
a nd c n t rol in t he mul t iple air hambe r shiel d
o - -
C ch ambe r whi ch un d er t he r d inary prac t ice
, o ,
as in t he ordinary shield whose only cu t tin g w ul d requi re a c ve r

o times t he hei g ht o
e d g e is in t he circum ference . o f t he ch am b e r U nder thi s rul e t he g r und

. o
At t he f rward end o f t he j ack ci rcle are

o in fr n t f t he t unnel i s s uffi cien t c ver f
o o o or
l ca t e d di aph ra g ms wh i ch f rm t he i nne r wall

o o al l b u t t he t p ai r ch amber whi ch w ul d
o ,
o
o f t he ai r cham b e rs and c n t ai n a i r l cks o o requ i re a c ver a b ve t he t p f t he shiel d

o o O o
wh i ch t g e t he r w i t h t he ai r t i g h t fl o rs and
, o -
o o f 1 % t imes t h e hei g h t f t ha t cham b e r I o . n
s i d es make each forward level an independen t

, th ecas e f an rdina ry sh iel d f t he d i ame t e r
o o o
an d w rkable ai r cham b er w i t h an open fr n t

o o . un d e r c o ns i d era t i n here t he hei g h t f c ver o ,
o o
Each chambe r i s worked w i t h i t s o w ex n t ha t w ul d b e requi red a b ve i t t re t a in t he

o o o
cav a ti g f o rce This greatly expe d i t es the

n . un b al an ced ai r pres s ure w uld exceed 5 0 ft o .
,
excava t i n wh i ch in t he cas e of fou r l evel s

o , whi le t he mul t iple ai r cham b e r shi el d w ul d - -
o
ha s fou r t imes as many men and requi res nly o requi re a c ver t p
o f o nly 3 % fee t on o o 1 .
o ne f ur t h o f t he t ime t ha t w uld b e t aken i n

-
o o Tha t c mpress e d ai r cann t en t e r an upper
o o
a shiel d o f one level excava t e d fr m t he t p o o ai r cham b er fr m a l wer where t he

o o o ne
downward w i t h fou r t h t he n um b er f
on e -
o pres s ure i s hi g her i s eviden t fr m wha t has o
men a t w rk in t he shiel d
o . al ready been s t a t e d in re g ar d t t he behavi r o o
l n wa t er bearin g g roun d each ai r cham b e r

-
o f c ompres s ed ai r t h a t has escape d in t t he o
w ul d b e fi lle d wi t h c ompresse d ai r f s ui t
o o g r un d fr m pneuma t i c cais s ns
o o I t he case o . n
a b le press ure f t he wa t e r in th g r un d in
or e o o f t he t unnel shi el d t he ai r escapes in t o t he ,
fr n t f i t near th e floor and t h un b alanced

o o , e g r un d s me d i s t ance f rwar d
o o f t he ai r o o
pressu re in e ch chambe r w ul d t here f re

a o o cham b e rs a b ve whe re i t imme d i a t ely ex
o ,
b e appr xima t ely t ha t o f t he hei g h t f t he ai r

o o pan d s t t he pres s ure f t he g r un d wa t er
o o o
874 2 C O MP R ES S ED AI R MAG AZ I NE .
t hrou g h which i t is ascen d in g A i t passes en ri . s
in fr n t f o h s ucces ss w
o
‘
ive aaii r cham b er iti t

ea c es e
o nly has t he pre ss ure i n t he g r und a t that o
level t meet whi ch each

,
o ach c h am b er h s ll i as a
rea d y equal an a t er aaii r pres sure

g rea or , so
t ha t t here i s n p s s i b i l i t y f the aaii r es capin g

o o o
fr m any chamber en t erin

o rin g any upper cham
b er a t a pres sure hi g her t han t ha t al rea d y in in r
t ha t cham b er T here i s t heref re . ques t i n o no o
o f t he prac t i ca b i l i t y f main t a i n i ng i d p n
ainin o n e e
d en t ai r press ures wi t h hii n super

superimp mp s e d a i r os e
cham b ers a t t he f rwar d par t f any sh iel o i el d r o
when t hey pr j ec t b ey y nd o e an t her inn o on o I
s t eps whi ch all w t he ai r t expan d inn t he o o I
g r un d
o uts i d e o .
A IR A AG
LE A K TAI LE OF SH IT D S SE IO U S I N EL R
L ARGE TU N N EL
Th e next ques t i n that at ari seses i s i n re g ard
o an
to t he a i r pres sure w i t hhini n t he t unnel ii tt s el ff se .
Th i s i s a ma tt er f g rea
ea t imp r t ance as al l o o ,
t he acci den t s t hat havee here t f re ccurred o o o
un der rivers in wh ich t he earth at the fr nt o
o f t he shi el d was b l wn away happened b o 11 e
caus e i t he a i r es cap in g a t the t ai l f t he

o n o
s h i el d carryin g away the he cove r s uu ffificienntt to s CIe
permi t t he b l w u t at the he fr nt Even W

o o w i th o .
mul t ipl e ai r cham b ers at the fr n t t he u b l o , n a
anc e d ai r press ure i n t he t unnel s t il l equal ,
to t he t t al diame t er requi res a radi cal

o ,
chan g e fr m t he present prac t ice i n re g ar d t

o o
cl s in g t he space be t ween t he t unnel l in in g

o
an d t he t ai l f t he sh iel d o T hi s i s d ne in the . o
new shi el d b y packi ng Three rin g s f s t eel . o
pla t es each a b u t I in thi ck are rive t e d and

, o .
,
calke d t t he t ai l n d space d apar t s u ffi cien t ly

o a
to f rm recess es ; in t t hes e a re se t tw i
o o o n
fla t a b l e packin g rin g s i n sec t i ns and moun t ed o
o n t h in me t al plates Th e b tt m f t he i n . o o o
fl t bl
a a packin g rin g c ns is t s f s t rips f
e o o o
ru bb er l ea t her t he l ike wh i ch p r j ec t f
.
, or , o or
war d i t he cas e f t he tu b e nearest the en d

n o
o f t he lin in g d b ackward in t he cas e f t he

an o
tu b e neares t t he t ai l T hes e t u b es w ul d b e . o
c nnecte d t hi g h pres sure a i r pipes t hr u g h

o o -
o
spaces in t he skin f t he sh iel d en t erin g t he o ,
la tt er ins i d e t he j ack circle Th t u b es w ul d . e o
b e main t aine d under pres sure excep t when

t he shiel d was bein g sh ved durin g wh i ch o ,
t ime t he pres sure w ul d b e re d uce d t l wer o o o
t he fri c t i n b e t ween the t u b e s

o d t he t unnel an
lin in g T h e pr j ectin g l ip in t he cas e f t he

. o o
on e nearest t he d f t he l in in g w ul d be en o o
f rce d a g ainst t he l inin g b y t he ai r pres s ure

o
l ike t he famil i ar flap valve t ha t when t he , so

raise d the suc t ional acti

, eti n in i n la t era
eral rear o f o
t he b all p r b ably also g e t s g reater con t rol o

, o n
acc unt o f th marking o f t he ball

o e .
I t will t hu s be s een tha t in i n eff ect th e gol f , ,
ball has a t ail o f c mpressed ai wherever it

“ ”
o r
flies ; tha t t his tail is off vary varyin i n g de g rees 0 of

densi t y f r o m t he p in t o ff u t m st c mpress mpression i on
o o o
in fr nt f t he ball un t il i t re g ain
o o i n s n rmal den e a s o
s i t y behin d t he b all d t ha t on acc unt o f th e , an , o
la t eral suc t ional ac t i n o f t he t aaili i t s i n flu o

“ ”
i
en e persists until t he poin

c oin t Oo ff normal dens i t y
is reached .
W have w t c nsider
e der t he phenomen n O f
no o o o
t he erra t ic fli g ht f the smooth ball T hhis i s has

o .
puzzle d even a scientis t eminent m en as P r f J so e in o . .
J Th mps on C aven d ishh P r fess or o f P hys

. o , hysics i cs o
a t C ambri d g e U niversi t y En g land an d w inner nn e , , r
o f t he N b le P rize f r P ho hysics
y P rof e so r
fesso or S l CS . r
Thoms n has admi tt ed tha t he is

o i s unable to ex
plain i t d indeed i t i s not easy to d o but
'
, an , , 5 o s ,
t he explana t i n o f t he flflight i ght f the r u g h ball

o o o
may help us in the c nsi d era tt i nn o f that o f the o i er a i o
smoo t h sphere t ha t is never used in i n prac t ical

i cal
g lfo .
T h sm oo t h ball cannot
e not be rel relied
i ed in
i n any on
way I t ducks an d soars d darts ab ut some

. 5 an o
t i mes alm s t as erra t ically as

o bu t terfly I t a .
w ul d s eem t ha t t he reas n f th is i s pr i
o o or ,
mari ly t h a t i t s lack of g rip preven t s its h ld

,
“
o
i g i n t i t s l ine I n t her w r d s t he b al l has

”
n o . o o
a b e tt er chance f Slippin g i t s cush i n f o

“ ”
o o
c mpress e d a i r
o .
T his pro b a b ly is aided c ns iderably by the o
d efec t ive cen t er f gravi t y f the ball a mos t o o ,
c mm n faul t i n m s t g ol f b all s and a g rave

o o o
d e fec t .
I f t he center f g ravity o f t he b all is de fee

o
tive o s ide will lag more t han t he o t her d

ne an
t his will b e seized ins t an t ly b y the m on co
presse d air t f rce the ball out o f lin e I f o o .
the ball enc un t ers as it o f c urse ve ry f

o , o re
quen t ly d es s t ra t a f air o f varyin g d ensity

o , o
and als ai r p cke t s these va g ari es will b e ex

o o ,
a g g t d ; fo r t h e stream o f comp resse d ai r i s

er a e
dis t ri b u t ed t hinly a d compara t ively speakin g n , ,
evenly over t h e sur face o f the sm th ball I t oo .
is t hen easier t b reak t hr u g h t han i f the ball

o o
were i f we may , express i t in the grip o f so ,
the fin g ers o f c mpressed ai r that clu t ch the

“ ”
o
marked b all .
A c ns i d era t i n f t hese phenomena f rces

o o o o
on e to t he c nclusi n that in the n e r fu t u re

o o a
the markin g f t he g l f ball by de t ermina t e i n

O o
den t a t i n s as in t he rdin ary dimple o pi t

o o
“ ”
r
“ ”
C O MP R E S S E D AI R MAGAZ I NE . 8 74 5
vi t al par t Then fo llowe d t he in t r duc t i n f . o o o
compres sed ai r opera t ed mach ines and new -
meth ods of min ing wh i ch were a d eci d e d i m

pr vement ver hand w rk o o o .
Lat t erly as t he appl i ca t i n f elec t ri c pow , o o
er s prea d t hr u g hou t every in d us t ry mining o ,
mach ines d riven b y m t r were in t roduced o o ,
par t i ally replacing c mpressed ai r equipment o
f cer t ain clas ses f w rk or o o .
O f l a t e t he me t h d s of c al mine opera t i n o o o
P N EU M ATI C C O A P U N C H ER L
have un der g ne still fur t he r chan g es as a e o , r
sul t f whi ch c mpress ed a i r has resumed o o

C O MP R E S S E D AI R I N T H E C O AL MI N E
an imp r t an t pl ace f cer t ain phas es f t he o or o
B Y C H ARL ES A H I RS C H B ERG .
w rk There i s no intention t deny elec o o

Th e mining of c o al has devel ped to a poin t
.
t i i ty any of its j u st dues fo i t i s perform

o
r c r
whe re it i s qui t e g eneral ly c nceded th a t t he
,
i ng admi rably i n coal mining N ever t heles s

o
a d vantages o f Opera t ion are al l n t he si de f curren t practice shows t hree di stinc t clas s i
.
o o
ma c h in e min ing as c mpared w i t h hand work fic a t i o

o
f c al mines namely ; t he com
.
ns o o
Machin e min ing quicken s pro d uc t ion increases pres s ed ai r perated mine t he elec t ri cally
,
,
o
capaci ty t o produce f each man un i t
,
th e - -
o
perated mine and the mine whi ch uti l izes a ,
o
making it pos s i b l e ei t her to expand c al min c m b ina t i n f t he t w o
I t he dis cus s i n o o o o n o
pera t i ns rel ease miners f ther whi ch fol lows no attempt w i ll b e made t t el l
.
i g
n o t o or o or o
o
p rt ions o f the w rk a s ccas i n requi res Th e t he s t ry of t he electrically pera t ed mine
,
o o o o .
o o
l a b o r problem has aff ec t e d t he c al m inin g but w i ll be confi ned to a di s cus s i o n f the
,
o
o
industry th e s ame as every o t her i ndustry methods and advantages o f empl yin g m o co
a n d th pres en t acu t e shor t a g e makes t he s u
e
press ed ai r ei t he r exclus i vely o in com b ina r
i i ty o f machin e minin g especi ally
,
p er or o
t i o n with electri city p r
.
C al min ing logi cal ly divi des i t s elf int t w o

n o c ed
un
o
.
o
A is th e cas e w i t h eve ry t her in d u stry
s
divi s i n s of work ; devel pmen t nd pro d uc
o ,
o o a
t he re are s everal clas ses of machinery fr m ti n The char t herewith sh ws t he ran g e i o
o o o
wh i ch th c al opera t or can cho se an d th
. _
e o
work an d the appl icati n o f ai r t o l s
o , e
o o
pr b lem th ere f re b ec mes on e o f selectin g
.
o o o
DEVELO M EN T W O RK
, ,
t ha t t ype and make o f equ ipmen t wh i ch w i ll P
p r d uce c al in quan t i ty wi t h g rea t es t ec n

o o Th e pr blems inv lved in s inkin g o sha f t o o s .
o my d effi ciency
an .
an d drivin g development t unnels do n t di f o
I nt he early days f coal mi nin g t he mine r o fer fr m th s e o f contract me t al mine work o o or .
w i t h pi ck sh vel and han d auger pl aye d a

, o f s imi l ar na t ure Th s ame me t hods are pur o . e
Sh f t S i k i g {U m t d R k D rill
a n n n ou n e oc s
M t d R k D r i ll
T l D mg {U m t d R k Dr il l
unne n v
n
ou n e
oun e
oc
oc
s
s
E t ry Dr i v i g U m t d R k Dr i ll
n n n o un e oc s
D EV EL O P MENT Di t h i g
Dr i g l c n
a na
S mp D i g g i g
e{ U m t d R k D iu
l n
n oun e oc r s
T r k B ll t i g t T mp r
H l g I t ll t i P m i ac a as n ne u a c a e s
g r H l D r i ll i g t d R k Dri ll
au a e ns a a on
H {U m an e o e n n o un e oc s
S tr ip p i g {U m t d R k Dri ll n n ou n e oc s
Und e r tt i ng la t S ea ms
Ai r P un c h er s
Ai r C ha i n C utt er s
c u
k Mi n i ng O v tt i ng i t c h i ng S e a ms
Mo u nt e d Ra d i a l
S ea m
Th i c
h er s
er c u
P un c
Sh e a r i n g { Mo un t e d R ad i a P u n c h e s l r
PR O DUCT I O N S h o t H ol e B o i n g r
{ Ai r Aug e D i s r r ll
r
U n d e c ut t i ng { Mo un t e d Ra d ia P u nc her s l
Th i n s c a m Mi n i ng
{ S h o t H o e B o i ng l r
{ Ai r Aug e D i s r r ll
O p e n Pi t Mi ni ng { U n mo u nt e d R o c k D i s or Ai r Au g e s r ll r
Hau l Ai r L o c o mot i v e s
ag e
Ai r H o i s t s
C O AL M I NI N O G P ER A TIO N S A N D M EC H AN I CAL EQ U I P MENT
874 6 C O MP R E S S E D AI R MAG AZ I NE .
TRAC K W O RK
I J AC K H AM D I I N G CO AL B D
FI G . . ER R LL E
s ued and t he s ame cl as ses of machi nes us ed .
E very ne w il l c n ce d e t hat f
o t his cl as s fo or o
w rk r o ck dri ll in g
o —
d excava t ion om an —
c
press ed ai r is unrivaled Th w rk i s i r u g h . e o o o
charac t e r d n ne b ut the m s t ru g g ed ma
an o o
ch inery i s capa b le f standin g up t t he work o o .
Fi g 1 sh ws t he unm un t e d t ype f dri ll

. o o o
empl ye d f d wn h le dri ll in g s uch as shaf t

o or o -
o ,
s inkin g n d b ench work I t has on occas ion

a .
, ,
b een m un t ed f l i g ht headin g w rk
o or o .
A es t ima t e f t he capacity f t he m un t e d
n o o o
dri ll may b e g ained fr m a perf rmance rec o o
or d n a devel pmen t tunnel a t S henan

o o
d ah P where 5 3 feet o f 1 x7 % f t t un
o , a .
,
1 2 -
oo
n el carryin g a 4 x2 f ot draina g e di t ch was

,
-
o ,
d riven in 2 8 d ays w rkin g three 8 h ur shi f t s , o -

o
pe r d y a .
At n f t he D L
o e W mines where a
o .
, . .
,
shaft s inkin g j b was in pr g res s an u n o o ,
m unted d rill i th is cas e a J k h me

o , h
“
ac a
”
r,
was b s erved t have pu t in a total f

o o o
feet f d ri ll h le in 7 d ays w rkin g

o o 1
’
o . FIG . 2 . SH FT S I N I N G
A K W IT H J AC K H AM ER
ers (on e in use 9 % months the other three

”
, drilling boulders an d cap rock fo r blasting p r e
months p revious to t he time o f writing ) are parato ry to shovel loadin g and fu rther for
repor t ed to have driven feet o f narrow drilling the coal bed .
entry , feet o f entry 1 0 feet wide , Th e experience o f a T exas min e in borin g

feet o f 1 2 foot entry an d
-
feet o f 2 2 foot -
in a 3 0 t o 4 0 inch seam o f semi bituminou s
- -
entry slate on the whole wo rk averaging about

, coal is an excellent example o f the compara
6 feet in thickness I n addi t ion fou r over
.
, tive wo rking speed o f han d a ng e s an d a r
cas t s o f a total area o f 3 3 1 square feet have “

J a c k ha me drill By the former method fou r
r
”
.
been made two waterways 5 0 feet long by 2 %

, men us ing a post auger consumed fi ve hou r s
feet square have been driven a ditch 1 2 5 feet , in drilling fou r 4 foot holes while with the
-
,
long 1 8 inches wide an d 3 feet deep has been

, air drill two men did the wo rk in about 2 5
dug an d a p ump room 9 x 1 2 x 1 8 feet cut in solid
, minutes At this min e the wo rking space i s
.
rock . ve ry low and the men must kneel .
FI G ,
4 . O I
B R NG H O LE IN TH I N S EAM W IT H J AC K H AM ER
In a Kentucky min e these drills are spoken “

and the portable mine car
J a c kha me r s
”
o f as having p roven most use ful in drilling“ ”

compressors already described form a combina
the fin e grain hard sandston e roo f above th e
, tion equipment that has won favo rable com
coal Mention i s also made o f the i r use fo r
. ment in many mines fo r its ability to bore shot
“
sh oting sumps taking bottom an d drilling
o , , holes in coal most economically Th e measu r e .
han g er holes .
”
o f t hei r superio rity over other methods is w ell
I n a W ashin g ton mine two J ac kha mer s exempli fi ed by th e fact that one singl e com
“ ”
were reco rded as having driven feet o f pany has placed some 3 0 odd comp resso r un it s
rock tunn el and f eet o f gangway in coal , in its mines .
includin g the l i fting o f bo ttom rock an d were , I n the work mentioned in the fo re g o ing par
expected to sho rtly complete a secon d a g rap h s the drills were used w ithout mount
foot rock tunnel . ings bein g hel d and gui ded by the workm en
,
.
I n stripping operations such as are being , T here are however recently developed mount
, ,
c arried on in the Kansas an d I llino is districts whcih rel ieve the miner of c on s i derabl e
i
, i ng s
drills o f this type are extens ively used ei t her mus cul ar e ff ort and at t he s ame time faci l i
with a po rtable compresso r o r as an a d j unct tate t he work Fo rock tunnel ing i t i s pos s i
. r
to the steam shovel an d operatin g on steam bl e to equip a J a c kha me with a detachabl e

“
r
”
di rec t from its boiler The duty cons ists in . feed shel l m ounting whi ch makes i t th en
-
i s t ha t i t is only appl i cable in flat or S lightly

pi t ch in g seams i n wh ich th e angle f pi t ch
, o
d es n t exceed 2 5 deg
o o .
T H E RADI AL AX E
FI G OVERC UTTI N G VIITTH RADI ALAX E

. \
'
a d ap t a b le t o use as a c lumn mounted ddrill or ll .
This t ype o f m un t ing has f o ound wi de favor

am ng t he me t al mines and wi l l undoubtedly
o
be empl yed i n fu t ure c o al mine t unnel and

o
r o ck dri l l in g development work .
Th second moun t in g (Fi g 4 ) c c o mmo

e . a
da t es t he J c kh ame when fi t ted for b ring

“
a r
”
o
c al nd wa s ri g ina t ed t o meet t h e demand

o , a o
for a means o f min ing t hin s eam coal The .
s ucces s ful me t hod i s enti rel n e f b o ring y o o
and bl as t ing th e s l i g ht extra expens e fo r

,
p w d er being m o re t han abs rbed in the t ime

o o
a n d l ab r s avin g as compared w i t h o t her min

o
ing me t h ds I n narrow wo rkin g s o f t his kin d

o .
a m o un t ing s uch a s shown in F i g 3 reli eves

, .
,
t he miner o f t he nee d fo r effor t other than

t ha t o f pushing t he dri l l fo rward on t he s l i de
rai ls T he four l egs a re provided w ith exten
.
s i n pieces wh ich permit adj ustment of the

o
m un t in g for d rilling holes at any needed

o
an g le I n ope ra t ing w i t h th i s m un t ing the

. o
dril l is cl amped in a l ight cradle t g ive a o
beari n g on t he s l i de rai ls .
T hi s type o f moun t ing h as proven f grea t o
as s i s t ance t o opera t ors in speeding up work ,
and i t i s expected t hat i t wi l l be adapted t o

w rk i n high a s wel l as narrow seams
o .
C mpre ssed ai r driven m in ing mach ines are

o -
inheren t ly s t urdy s imple abus e pr o f an d in

, ,
-
o ,
c ns equence main t ai n t hei r initial e flfic i en y

o c
d espi t e t he handi cap f un fav ra b le w rkin g

o o o
c n d i t i o ns a nd uncon sciously careless hand

o
l in g I t i s pe rhaps fo r t h i s reason t ha t t he
.
empl ymen t
o f o n e o f t he earlies t t ype o f coal
o
minin g mach ines namely t he coal puncher , , ,
s t il l persi s t s in a grea t many c o al mine s f or
t he w rk f undercu tt in g
o o I t one limi t a t ion
. s n o . 6
. I
S H EAR NG W IT H RADI ALAX E
c ra t r D wn t here t he c al i s al l cu t b y con
o . o , o
t rac t t he machine runne r g e tti

,
tt i n g so much a er
t on and payin g hi s w n helper I t ii s ra t her o n .
d i ffi cul t t g t a t t he max
maximum iomum capac
capaci
e i t y f o
t he machines win g t t h iss fact T hat i s t o o . 15 o
say , t he machine runnn er makes anywhere

fr m $ 8 t $ 5 per d y clear of expens es a d
o o 1 a , n
W hen h has ma d e w ha t he c ns i d ers en u g h

e o o
f or d y he qui t s
on e nd g a es h me I f h
,
a o o . e
has g d luck and g d ai r press ure he may

oo oo ,
g t hi s 1 0 r ms t i n five s ix h urs
i
e oo ou or o ,
when he i s free t g h me o o o .
I a t es t perf rmance
n R d i la x ocut , on e a a e
84 r ms 3 0 fee t w i d e in 1 6 shi fts

oo ,
.
At an Alb m mi ne a 3 f t c al s eam was a a -

oo o
undercu t a t a ra t e f 2 80 square feet i n 4 % o
h urs inclu d in g all movin

o ,
ovin g t ime O n t he .
b as i s f a t n pe r cu b i c yar d t hi s amounts t o
o o
a pr d uc t i n fi g ure of 60 t ns per n ine h ur

o o o -
o
sh i f t .
I S u t hern I ll in i s un
n n d er high c al and in
o o o
level vei n s t he R d i l x wi ll undercut tw a a a e o
2 5 r -
ms t a dep t h f 6 fee t or W
oo o w i ll shear o ,
'
a b u t fo pl ac es 0x7 fee t
o ii r 1 .
At ano t her m ine man esta b li shed a rec on e C ompresse d

or d 0f un d ercu t tin g t en n 2 0 f ot r m s to a
m —
o oo s ai r Ii o r s es
d ep t h f 6 fee t in an e i g h t h ur shi f t
o C al in Lab r -
o . o o
t hi s s eam pi t ches a b u t 1 6 t 2 0 d g and i s 6 S u p p h s o o e .

e
fee t 4 inches i n t hi cknes s D eprecia t i n .

o 5
A R d i l xe pera t r was t imed at one f
a a a o o o
t he C ana d i an mines n d t he f l l w in g fi g ure s a o o
rec r d e d : 1 minu t es were requi red t o make

o 2
a 6 f t un d ercu t 1 4 fee t w i d e Th e i ni t i al
-
oo .
s e t p f t he machin e requi re d j ust fi ve mi n

-
u o
u t es .
I n cu tt in g t an 8 t o I o inch ban d of di rt
ou -
in t he cen t er f t he c al seam i n a T ennes s ee o o
mine 60 square fee t f cu t was acc mpl i shed o o
in h ur d a hal f Th e cu t was made a t

on e o an .
t he b tt m f t he b and rem vin g al l b u t 3

o o o , o
inches f t he dir t d as s on as t he cu t was

o , an o
ma d e t h i s remainin g di rt fel l in leaving the ,
c al prac t i cally clear

o .
C O M PRES S D A L O C O M OTIVES E IR
Th same c n d i t i n s which n ecess i t a t e the

e o o
u se f ai r minin g machinery make i t expe d ient

o
t
’
o u t ilize t he c ompresse d ai r l c m t ive fo o o o r
g a t herin g d haula g e w rk an I ac tua l work o . n
d n e t he c mpr esse d ai r l c m t ive c o mpares

o o o o o
fav ra b ly wi t h t her me t h ds f haulag e in

o o o o ,
c nvenience e fficiency d ec n my I t s u t
o , an o o . o
stan d in g vir t ue i s the en t ire absence o i t he fi re

hazar d an d t hat o f d anger f rom elec t ric shock
87 5 2 C O MP R ES S E D AI R MAG AZ I N E .
o xy g en i s t requ ired in t he wel d in g flame

no . The t oo l
sh wn in the hal f t one is t he Lit t le
o -
s o t ha t t here nee d no t b e any re d uc t i n f t he o o D avi d calkin g machine n w bein g pu t on theo
car b on i n t he i r n osteel whi ch i s being

or marke t b y t he I n g ers ll R an d C mpany I t
o -
o .
wel d e d , t hu s pr d ucin g a so ft wel d S i t ifi

o —
c en c i s en t i rely b e on d t he experimen t al s t age and
y
Ame r c i a n . is an assu re d success W herever in t ro d uce d .
T H E O LD W AY AN D T H E N EW W AY OF I
C AL K N G
A C AL K I N G MAC H I N E T O S P EE D U P T he machine wei g hs but 1 3 % 1h an d per .
S H I P B UI L DI NG f m
or a n c es critically observed have shown that
American shipbuilders will be specially i h i t can b e eas ily han d led and perate d in any o
t t d in learnin g
e r es e f t he per fec t in g o f a
o p siti n I t automatically tacks either machine
o o .
p rac t ical pneuma t ic caulking machine Th e or han d spun oakum in side

-
b t tom seams or o
any depth requ ired f final horsin g O n

.
t l here shown sh ul d g rea t ly accelera t e t he

oo o to or .
S pee d f w o o d en ship b uil d ing which up t o

o d eck plankin g it will als do the horsin g
o I ts .
n w has been hin dere d b y the scarcity o f com

o wo rkin g spee d is about 1 5 00 tacks per minu t e
pe t en t calkers I t g es wi t h ou t sayin g in these
. o ei t her c ilin g o r runnin g t he oakum s t rai g ht
o .
t imes t ha t any device which will spee d up ship T h e Li t tle D avi d calkin g machine i s n co
b uil d in g for that mat t er any war in dus t ry

, or , , ,
t rolled b y a tri g g er similar t that o f a l i g h t
o
is a t nce t o be t only welcomed bu t pu t t

o no o scalin g hammer I t differs however fr m t he
.
, , o
work t t he full ex t en t f existin g pp r t un i

o o o o usual hammer in t hat t he pis t n has an extend o
t ies . ed d fi tt e d wi t h a t hin calkin g bla d e T his

ro .
,
C O MP R E S S ED AI R MAG AZ I NE . 875 3
being a reciproca t ing i r nn W wii th pos iitt ive

i ve ppullu l o
back has no t en dency t o bbind

,
i nd Th e calk calkingi ng .
iron t ravels in gu ides wh i ch p revent it

which i t f rom
t u rnin g t he whole being fitted with spr
,
springs i ngs so
tha t t he wo rkman can varyy the penetrat penetration i on o f r
th e i ron wi t h t he varyimgn g depth o f th e seam .
A un ique d evice automatically c a lly feeds the oakum i
wi t h each movement o f th e calking blade .
G uide wheel s run in the h e seam be i ng calked

being
an d keep the t hreading iron on l ined
i ned up The t 0 ool
01 .
opera t es wi t h negligible Vvibrai bra t ion anand iit fol ,
lows wi t hou t elf o r t on th e part o f the he work

a lk n g i s made so s im
man ; in fac t mach ine calking ,
i
ple tha t ordina ry wo rkmeenn can do hhighly i ghly eff i
cien t work Th e tool m ea sures 2 2 inches in

.
length over all Th e o rdd innary a y equ ipment con

. r
s is t s o f a calking iron /1 6 in i n t hick although .

,
an in i ron can be fu rnn iished

. s h e d i f requ i red r .
A d emons t ra t ion was recently conducted bbee

fo re t he U S S hipping ng B oard Emergency
. .
he t ool was appro

F lee t C o rpora t ion an d the approved ed .
-
I
'
e n er u
-
m
L
m
-
k
A W AT E R W H I S T L E
'
I O
B Y FRAN K H U S K N S N
C en t ral s t t i n power was in s t alled a t a cer

a o
t ain min e Th e power hou se was conver t ed

.
i n t o a subs t a t ion As t here was no n ecessi ty .
fo r keepin g up s t eam th e u se o f t he boilers ,
and engin es was discon t inue d T hen i t was .
d isc vered t ha t t he s t eam whis t le which had

o
si g ale d t he t ime o f s t ar t in g
n d s t oppin g an
work c ul d no t b e soun d e d I d ecide d t t ry

o . o
a scheme o f blowin g t he whis t le by mean s o f

wa t er a nd ai r Th wa t er t ank was loca t e d u p
. e
on hill The pressure a t t he boiler hou se was

a .
8 5 1b .
,d we h d plen t y o f wa t e r
an a .
sh r t b las t s Af t er eachh bb ll w
o win g f t he W
. whhi s o ni o i
t le i t was necessary t d ra i n ff t he water

rain o o
fr m t he 1 2 i pipe as descr
o describe i be d in the p re
-
n .
,
ce d in g para g raph and this

his bein g d ne a t once , o
t he whis t le was always re rea d y ff e C 1l or us —

oa
Ag e .
MAG N I T U D E O F T H E T R E N C H
TH E
G AS P R O O B LL E M
Wh ile t he d aily press has kep t u s perhaps
su fficien t ly in f o rmed o f the
he fact that p o isonous
g ases are w empl ye d as weap n s f kul
no o o o
t ured war fare few f us have realize d t heir o
d ea d ly e fficiency o t he ex t en t to which t hey r
are bein g empl ye d Att a recentt mee t in g f o . ec e n ri g o
t he C hica g sec t i n f t he American C hemical

o o o
S ocie t y Maj r S J M Aul d chemical a d vi ser

o . . .
,
o f t he B ri t i sh Mili t ary Mi ss ion thrille d t he u a
d i nc e f
e nearly t w h u rs wi t h his d
or ip o o es c r
ti n f t he hav cs o f g s in twen t ieth cen t u ry

o o o a
war fare H d escri b e d t he fi rs t g

. e at t ack as
ma d e by the G ermans early in t he w an d the ar
g allan t res is t ance o f t he her ic men w h me t o o
i t wi t h ut even t he mos t primi t ive means f

o o
d e fense H pr cee d ed t t ell a b ut t he d evel

. e o o o
O pm t f t he g
en ff ensive fr m t he fi rs t g
o as o o as
clou d a tt ack wi t h chl rine t t he u se f ph s o o o o
g ene var i ou s t ear and sneeze pr d ucin g g ases o

-
, ,
po is n g ases d finally t he la t es t acc mplish

o , an o
men t s w i t h g shells Th g rea t ma g ni t ude

as . e
w ith wh ich s me f t hes e a t tacks were carrie d

o o
o n may b e impressed up n us by learn in g t ha t o
hun d reds o f t n s f liqui d chlo rine have beeno o
u e d in a sin g le attack n d t ha t in s me cases

s , a o In ou rrep rt o f Maj r Auld lecture noth
o o
’
s
t he d rums o f chlorine were placed cl o sely so i g appears as t o the operati ns necessary f

n o or
t g e t her t ha t t here were t hree f

o each tw o or ge t tin g rid f the g ases A they are p c ifi
o . s s e
yar d s al n g a front o f c nsiderable len g t h T h

o o . e cally much heavie t han atm spheric air they
r o
eff ect o f weather c n d i t ions t he d irec t i n and o

,
o na t u rally seek t d se tt le in the l wer lev
ou an o
veloci t y f t he win d the fac t r o f sa fe t y a d

o , o , n els Th g cl u d s pene t rate trenches and
. e as o
many t her details were explain ed

o . d eep d u g uts and in most cases it i a matter
o , s
I recent a tt acks wi t h gas shells as many as

n , o f many h o u rs b e f re t hey become su fficiently
o
t shells have been d r ppe d

o o on d ilu t e d w i t h the atmosphere t o permit f saf e o
a l imi t e d acrea g e in tw t hree hou rs S me o or . o b rea t hin g . S o the ma t ter re solves itsel f into
o f t he g shells c ntained in a d di t i n t o t he
as o , o a problem o f drivin g the p i s n us fumes out o o o
b urstin g char g e f hi g h expl o s ive b o tt les c o , on o f t he trenches and u nd er g r un d shelters o r o ,
t ainin g liqui d an d in s me cases e ven solid , o a t least thinnin g t hem out un t il the air i s a g ain
chemicals which would be so c o mpletely
, made safe An d this i s d ne in the m st c om
. o o
at mized b y t he bu rsting o f the shell t ha t t hey

o mon sensible way in t he w o rld T h e g ases are .
w oul d have t he same eff ec t s as shells charg ed s imply shoveled out an d ac t ual photos o f the ,
wi t h l iquefie d g as es I t was s t ate d t ha t a cas e . o pera t ion have been exhi b i t e d Th e broadest .
was rec r d in which a shell wh ich faile d to

on o sc p shovels are empl yed n d t o these are
oo -
o a
expl de was examine d nd f und t c ntain

o a o o o adde d win g s fl pp orat the sides Men
a er s .
b tt les w i t h t he
o g i l K a h lb u m labels s t ill or na a empl ye d in t his wo rk f c urs e u se respirato rs
o o o
in t ac t . an d are relieve d a t frequent intervals .

FI G .
4 FI G . 6 .
it wi l l g ive t roubl e in the l ines especi al ly in ,
win t er .
I t i s also neces sary to have a gas gatherin g

,
-
sys t em fr o m the pump ing wel ls to s upply fuel

for the c ompres s r plant T hes e us ually con
o .
s ist f 2 inch l ines an d the system i s es sen

o -
t i a lly t he s ame as n the ordin ary lease where

o
cas in g hea d g a i s us ed fo fuel or fo mak

-
s r r
i n g g as l ine
o .
T h well pumpin g equipment can b e o f the

e -
usual kin d s bu t as t he c ompres s ed ai r can

,
b e use d as a s urce of power there has been

o
a t en d ency t pu t in pumps pera t ed b y c m

o o o
VELL P I PED FOR AI R

FIG . \
d uc e d th r u g h the cas ing (s ee F i g

o W here .
t he pumpin g wells are fitted t o take back

pre s sure i t i s neces s ary t h at provi s i n be o
t aken as in ai r wel l s t o prevent the waste

, ,
o f ai r and in fact the possibility o f leak

, , ,
age shoul d b careful ly con s i dered at al l

e
points i n the sys t em becaus e leaks i n the ai r

l ines or the di ffus ion o f the a i r i nto unp o r
t ec t ed f rmati ns t h rou g h ai r wells pumping

o o ,
wells , ol d aban doned wel ls w i l l grea t ly e

or r
duce the e ffi cien cy o f t he method Th e s ame .
can be s a id o f t he pumping equipment and ,
s t eps sh u ld be taken t preven t the u n nec e

o o s
s ary es cape f ai r from pumping wells

o .
PREP AR I N G AI R \VELL S
O ne f t he mos t impor t an t c ns i dera t i ns i n

o o o
preparin g wel ls for takin g ai r i s t o n t le t o
t he ai r have acces s to any f rma t i ns t he r o o o
t han the O il sands o t herwise large quantities

,
of ai r may escape i n t o the barren s t ra t a n d a
be wa s t ed I f t he wel l h a s a s t rin g o f e i ng
. as
t ightly s ea t ed on t he t op o f t he o i l s and t he ,
ai r can be le t in t o t he t op of t h e cas in g
t h r o u g h a t i g h t head o r cap (see Fi g .
When t he well is not cased i n thi s mann er a ,
s t rin g f s mal l pipe o r t ubin g i s pl aced i n t he

o
well an d packe d a t t he t p o f t he s an d as o ,
sh wn in F i g 4 O ne inch pipe h as been

o . .
us e d in shal low fi elds t hi s some t imes bein g ,
t h e only pipe i n t he h l e o .
I t has no t o f t en b een con si d ered n ecessary

to shoo t t he ai r well s T hey sh ul d how . o ,
ever b e cleane d ou t an d s me t imes i t i s d

, , o a
visable t o remove t he waxy se d imen t s t ha t cl g o
t he su r face f t he san d Ne w ly d rille d w ll

o . e s FIG . PU MP H EAD R U N BY AI R
mean s t he f rma t i ns o verlyin g t he i l san d

, o o o
S h ul d b e case d o ff
o t ha t t he g will n ot so as
w as t e in t he same way as i t woul d in an ai r

well n t case d ff An t her meth d f main
o o . o o or
tainin g b ack p ressures inn t he wells i 5s shown 1
in F ig 6 . .
Al t h u g h t he pr cess d es o t require chan g

o o o n
i g t he t ype
n f pumpin g equipmen t a lo g ical
o ,
d evel pmen t w ill b e a g rea t er u se o f

o m co
p resse d ai r i t he fu t u re as t he s urce o f pump

n o
i g p wer on leases employin

n o mp lo i g t he pr ces s n o .
S M ALL P O RTIO N OF C AM P GR AN T
Th p wer is cen t ralize d
e o d t he air is rea d , an
ily d is t ri b u t e d W i t h u t much l ss in pow powero o or
tr u b le in pera t i n I n many eastern fiel d s

o o o .
t he wells were pumpe d b y c mpressed aai r l n g o o
b e f re t he pr ces s f f rcin
o o i g c mpressed airo orc n o
in t t he san d s came in t u se
o o .
At B ra d f r d P t he c mpressed air is als

o , a .
, o o
u se d t run s t eam en g ines

o es pumpin g wellwellss o ,
"
n
t he b eam o in air hea ”

r ea d s Ai l i f t s ha
“
havee .
”
"
r v
been t rie d in t he eas t ern fiel d s but were n eve r ,
sa t is fac t ry S mi t h an d1 D unn us
o . use ai r dis (
placemen t pumps manyy f the shall w wells on n o o
w here t heir p r cess i s empl1 ye d o O n a few f o . o
t he pr per t ies s me f t he wells have d isplaye d

o o o
a t en d ency t fl w ; d i t is possi b le that w i t h

o o an
the pr pe r applica t i n o f t he ai r t he wells can

o o
s me t imes be ma d e t flow their pr d uc t i n s

o o o o .
O O TIO N OF A W L S
PR P R IR EL
Th e pr p r t i n f ai r wells t pr d ucin g
o o o o o o
wells w ill d epen d t nly n t he l o cal c n d i no o o o
ti ns
o on each pr per t y but also o t he princi , on
ple on which t he p r cess i s bein g pera t ed I f o o .
b ack p ressures are bein g use d d i fferent fac ,
t rs en t er in t o t he pr blem f r m t hese m re
o o o o
per t in en t i f no back pressu res are bein g main

t i
a ne d .Experience wi t h u t t he u se f back o o
p ressu re in d ica t es t ha t t he b es t p rac t ice is t o

d is t ri b ute many ai r wells as uni formly
as p ssi b le am n g t he pr d ucin g well
o o o .
M re recen t experience w i t h the u se o f

o
re g ula t e d b ack pressu res in d icate s t hat fewer

ai r wells are necessary n d t ha t the wells , a so
use d can be ch sen b y t heir capaci t y f takin g

o or
air ra t he r t han becau se f t hei r cen t ral l oca t ion o
am n g a g roup f pr d ucin g wells W here

o o o .
b ack pressu res have n t been u se d t he t en d ency o
has b een t increase t he p rop r t i n o f air wells

o o o ,
t he avera g e am n g 3 4 pr oper t ies ta b ula t e d b e

o
i g 1 air well t
n pr o ducin g wells At fi rs t
o .
WH Y TH E IFT ?
AI R L
c nsi d era t i n t he pera t r is ap t t t hink t ha t

o o o o o I n t he c ns t ruc t i n f t he sys t e m f wells for
o o o o
as few ai r wells as p ssible sh ul d be used o o ,

t h e wa t er w rks
o not ime was available t ex o
b u t experience has sh wn t herwise o o .

plore t he un d er g r un d c n d i t ions by test wells
o o
3/ inch holes along its length and en ding in a

16 -
Who is it takes a transit out to fin d a sewer to
special nozzl e to cool the nos e o f the shell , tap ?
c oled the inside I t took fi e minu t es to r e
o . v W ho then w ith car e e xtr em e locat es th e j unc
duce the fo rging fro m furnace
u na c e heat to 8 00 de r tion on the map ?
grees Fahr W hile beingg cooled itt rested on a
. i Who is it goes to dig it up an d fi n d s it no
pai r o f 4 inch rollers onee o f W
-
which
t h was dr drive
i ve n , where near ?
by a compres sed ai r motoror wh while
i le the other ran , Th e mu d bespattered tor n an d tattered civil
-
as an idle r Th e 3 inch ppipp e supplying

. pp y g the -
'
engin eer .
compressed ai r to the coolingl i ng pip

pipeses was about
1 0 feet long and had a 1 loos e jj ooint at the topp '
e e , s ,
so tha t all the pipes couldd be li fted an d sswungg

away when the fo rging was as ch
changed1 ( .
Coals having di fferentt ccompos

ompositii t o n requ
requii ree
diff erent sizes o f combustion
mb u s t i on space T he . .
chemical charac t eristics thathat aare most likely

to affect the s ize o f th e combustion spac space rr e
quired fo r a given s et o f cond conditions
ions a rre t he '
quan t ity an d quality o f the v ollatile a t le matt atter V

'
Th e quanti t y o f the volatile

la t i le matte r is shown how
by its percentage as determined
m i ned by the p r xximate i mate o
analysis T he quality o f the volat

. volatilei le matter i s
in d icated app roximately by th e rat ratio
i o o f volatile
ol t le v a
carbon to available hydrogenogen an d pprobably ob ab ly also ,
by the oxygen content o f the ccoal on a mo is

tu re an d ash free bas i s B u u of Mi nes —
r ea
B u lle t i n N o . I35 .
O ME E N G I N EE R S S *
H
Wh o i s the man desi g ns ou r pumps with j udg
3, fl 9’ fl ’3
ment skill an d care ? ,
Who is the man that builds em and who keep s ’
them in repair ?
Who has t shut t hem down becaus e the valve
o
seats disa p pear ?

Th bearin g wearing gearin g tearin g m h an i
e -
,
-
ec
cal en g ineer .
Who buys hi s j uice fo r hal f a cent and wants

char g e a dime ?
to
Who when we ve sign ed t he contract can t de ’ ’
liver hal f the time ?

Wh o thinks a loss o f twenty s ix per cent is -
no t hin g queer ?
Th e v l t inducing load reducing electric engi
o -
,
-
neer .
*
[Mining enginee r interpolated by C . A M] . .
”
Ga mb oli er ,
“
S u ng to th e Tu n e f S on
o o f a at
a Meeti ng o f th e Eng i n eer i ng S oc i e ty o f

'
B u fla lo .
I accep t th e challen g e I know t hat y u c

. o a
cept it All the wo rld shall know t hat you a c

.
cept it I t shall appear in the u tt er sacrifice

.
and sel f fo rge t fulness wi t h which we shall

-
give all that we love an d all that we have t o

MAGAZ I N E redeem the wo rld a n d make it fit fo r free
EV ER YT H I NG P N E U MATI C men like ou rselves t o live in T his n w is t he
. o
Establ ish ed 1 896 mean ing o f all t hat we d o Le t eve ry t hing.
W S AU N D E R S
L Ed i t or t hat we say my fellow countrymen every t hing
,
-
Ma n a g i n g i tor
. . .
F R AN R I C H AR D S K
C H AS A H I R S C H B E R G ,
.
B u s i n e s s Ma na g
Ed
e r t ha t we hence fo r t h plan and acc mplish ring o ,
i r c u l a t i o n Man a g r
. .
W C L AB S O
. . C . e
t rue t o t his resp o nse till the maj es t y an d mi g ht
P UB L I S H E D MO N T H L Y BY TH E o f u c o ncer t ed power shall fill t he thought
o r
C om p r es s e d Ai r Ma g a zz iin e C om p a n y a d u tt erly de feat the fo rce o f t hose who flout

n
Ea s t on , P a .
an d misprize what we hono r an d h l d dear o .
G ermany has once mo re sai d t ha t fo rce and

Yor k r a d way
,
Ne w O ffi C F II B
Lo nd n o O ffi c e — 4 65 Qu Vi t ri
een
o
c o
.
a r
S tt r e e tt .
force alone shall decide wh e t her j us t ice and
,
ub r ip t i n i n l ud ing p tag
S sc o Unit d c n os e,
peace shall rei g n in t he a ffairs o f men wheth ,
e
d M xi y ar C ana d er ri g h t as America conceives i t d min ion
,
St t a es an 0 e c o, d a e a an
br ad y ar S i n g l nt or o
.
a o p i a 10 e e c o es ,
fa i l t m p tt ll yy
c e s
r i v p ap r p r m as she concei ves it shall determine the des t in
. .
Th
.
whos e o o ec e v e s
will p l
e o
t ify ea s eat n no us o ce
Ad v r t i i n g ra t f urn ii h a p p ll i a tt i n ies o f mankin d T here i s there fo re but ne
.
e s h d es n s e on a
‘
c a i on . .
, , o
We i nv i t e c o rr e s p o n d e n c e f r o m e n g i n e e r s response possible f rom u s :F rce fo rce t o o ,
c o n t ra c t o r s i nv e n t o r s a n d o t h e r s i n t e r e s t e d
.
in c o mp r es s ed
.
a ir .
t he u t mos t force wi t hou t s t in t o r limi t t he
, ,
ri g h t eou s and triumphant fo rce which shall

V ol . XXIII . MAY , 191 8 . No 5 .
make ri g h t t he law o f t he wo rld an d cas t
CV CI V
‘
selfish dominion down in the dust

O N T E NT S
.
C
O U R P R ES I D ENT .
Novel S hiel d fo r Larg e T unnels 87 3 9

C omp res se d Ai Tail o f the Gol f B all r . . 874 3
C ompressed Ai in Electric S t a t ion C on r
s t ruc t ion 8 7 44
C ompres sed Ai in t he C oal Min e r 874 5
N w Ga fo r W el ding and C u tt ing
'
e s 87 5 1
C al k in g Machine t o S pee d up S hipbuild

87 5 2
A W a t e r W histle 87 5 3
Th e T rench G s P ro b lem a 87 5 4
C ompressed Ai in O il W ells r 875 5
Ai Li f t a t Ca mp G ran t
r 87 5 8
C oling F o r g ings by C mpresse d Ai
o o r . 87 5 9
S ome En g in e ers 8 7 60
O u r P residen t S peaks . 8 7 61
W All are i n t he F i g h t
e 8 7 61
P reven t ing F reezin g in Ai P ipin g r 8 7 62
V alves fo r Li tt le C ompresso rs 8 7 63
Ai C arri e d P w d ere d C oal
r o 8 7 63
F i re Doo rs Co pper Q ueen Mine 8 7 66
No t es 8 7 66
Pa t en t s 8 7 68
N ever t heless , t here aree few am on g u s w h o P R E V E N T I N G F R EE Z I N G I N AI R

are n ot seri o usly t hinkinn g a n d m o re o r les es s PI P I N G
realizin g t ha t a stru g g lee fo r 1li1 fee i s up o n u s .
I t is a t hin g a b s o lu t ely uunescapable

nes c a p ab e T here is
is .
n o p o ssi b ili t y o f g ivin g up t o o r o f se tt lin g

wi t h t hese reekin g f o es o f the human race at
a n y price W e mus t c onnquerq u e r c o mpletely o r b e
.
h o pelessly b o un d in prac t iical

ac t ca slavery to fo r
e ig n mili t ary t yran t s fo r years unc oun t a b le .
S uch a s t ep b ackward w o ul d b e a reversal o f

t he en t i re recorded c o u rse se o f t he human race .
O ur way i s upward an (d1 n ot d o wnward As .
t he t rue American patri o tt n ever d espa i r ed o f

’
t he re p ublic s o t he t rue u e man o f the w o rl d

never d e spairs fo r humanity manity All aal o n g the .
way h wever ma has had tt pay the price

, o , n o ,
too o f t en in drenches o ff bb ll dd d nly ly a g es oo

o , an o
a f t er is it s een t be a barg aain in f u s o or .
T h pr gress f civiliza
e o a t i nn as we have been
o o ,
w n t t call i t has had o more t rann s ffoorm

o o , minng n ra s r
‘
e ffec t t han in t he ar t s d c n d i tit ions ons o f war an o
fare Th hero t t he fr nt was n ever mo re

. e a o
a her and t he risks to be faced were n ever

o so
g rea t W i t h a full realliiza tt ii n f t h is all f

. z a on o o
America s y un g manho 0 ’
od d ii s cr wd
o wdini ng f o or
war d as fast as i t can b e r g an anized

i zed and an o
equippe d d transp rted T h assurance o f

an o . e
ul t ima t e success i s all in t he p r vi d in g an d o
equippin g and t he sol d ier at t he front i s only

,
a helpless victim i f thes e shall fail him This .
pu t s t he resp nsi b ility up n us all f we allo o , or
have a han d in these t hin g s A sin g le ba t tle .
may b e w n by t he pers nali t y f t he com

o o o
man d d t hat f th e men en g ag ed b ut even

an o ,
then t hey mu s t be lavishly un failin g ly sup ,
plie d wi t h t he swi ftly wastin g mun i t i n s an d o
every t hin g ri g ht at han d f their in s t ant or
nee d s while f the con d uc t f a campai g n the

, or o
requi remen t s g far beyon d u p wers f o o r o o
enumera t i n Th e call is f the p r d uct f

o . or o o
all ou r fac t o ries an d all farms t he main ou r ,
ten a n c e f financial s t abili t y unwaverin g

o , c on
fid e nc e d res lve whatever may be fall an d

an o ,
t his pu t s a bu r d en o f resp n sibili t y mm o , co en
su ra t e wi t h abili t y a d oppo rtun i t y up o n u s n ,
all .
T h e Ne w Yo rk subway wi t h 1 3 6 miles f , o
track haul s m re than t w an d

, ohal f times o on e -
as many passen g ers as t he number hauled by

t he P enn sylvania R ailr o ad with its miles
o f t rack A d t he P enn sylvan ia s t re t ches
. n
t hr u g h t hi r t een s t ates n d t he D is t ric t f C0

o a o
lum b ia .
FI G .
screw conveyo rs placed in concrete trenches .
T hese re c e i e th e co a
v l from the coal storage
pocket an d deliver i t to an 1 8 ih b elt conveyor
‘
-
-
. .
After passing a magn etic separato r which r e

moves all foreign matter the coal goes to a
bucket elevato r This elevates and dischar g es
.
it throu g h a sp ut to an automatic reg istering

o
scale w hich wei g hs and drops it t o a drier .
T his drier which i s han d fi red removes the

, ,
m i stu re from the coal so that only V per cent

o a,
remains There is not much danger o f the coal

.
ta k ing fi re s the velocity o f t he gases is low

'
due to the larg e area o f the drier Also the .

,
drier i s provided w ith dust tight rings at each

-
end to p revent du st leakage .
F rom t he drier the coal is conveyed by a

scr ew conveyo r to the two dri ed coal bins one
-
being plac e d between t wo B onnot pulverizers .

F IG . 2
Th e p w d ered c oal i s fed t o a cast i ron high

o
-
pressure d is t ributing blower along with air in

such propo rtion that it is carried by suspen sion
t h rough pipes to t he diff erent furnaces at a
veloci t y o f approximately a mile a minute Th . e
coal dust an d ai r t raveling t h rough the pipe

fo rm a n n ombu stible mixtu re wh ich
o -
c re
qui res addi t ional ai r fo r combustion o f the

coal T his is fu rn ished under a small blas t
.
pre ssure a t the coal bu rner .
Th amoun t o f coal dus t an d ai r fed to t he

e
distri b u t ing blowe r is g verned by a regulato ro
which in t u rn i s gove rned by the volume o f

ai r fl win g t hr u g h t he l ine so that i s p e
o o r re c
tive o f varying d eman d s on the system a con

s t nt mix t u re o f c al an d ai r will be delivere d
a o
to the d istribu t in g duc t Th regulato r con . e
t r ls t he spee d o f a variable speed moto r which

o
drives t he screw fee d ing coal t o t he bl we r A o .
fl o a t c n t rol s t he free ai r a d mi tt ed t t he blow

o o
e r wi t h t he coal dus t .
T h dis t ribu t ing pipe f

e t he 4 6 sheet a nd
or
pai r fu rnaces i s 1 4 80 f t l n g and i s carried up

. o
a n d over and t hrough t h e r f t russes wi t h oo
branche s d roppin g d own at each fu rnace t o

supply t he bu rners Th me t h d f d r ppin g a
. e o o o
branch pipe to t he burner nd als t he manner a o
in which t he supply o f coal a d sec ondary ai r n r 10

.
3
Fi g urners a t rear f sheet and pai r

.
3 . B o d o rs are set in c ncre t e and are n rmall y
o o , o
hea t in g furnaces sh win g c al d us t an d sec

, o o held pen by a l atch ; when t he latch is raised
o ,
ond y air suppl y

ar I Ag —
r on e . the d r i s clo sed by a wei g ht Th e latch is
oo .
h eld l cke d b y an air cyl

‘
inder ac ting ag ainst a c un o
:
t er W i g ht
e Th e air c ylin
.
d ers connect by pipi n with

G
’ 440
g ,
all d ors protectin g the sha ft

o
an d wi t h the comp re s sed air -
main nthe su rface By open

o .
ing a valve at any station o r at ,
t he sur face the ai r s ystem is

,
drained o f air the p ressure on ,
t he cylinder falls an d t he ,
wei g h t throws the latch and l a
l ws t he d oo rs to close Any
o .
P L AN d r f course may be opened

oo , o ,
F lG J
by han d af t erward A small .
h o le in a metal g asket furn

ishes en o u g h ai r to supply
leakage in the pipe system but
not en u g h t o prevent the fall
o
in p ressure when ny valve is a
o pened By this arrangement

.
,
i f anything g es wrong w i th o
the pipin g air pressu re the

or ,
doo rs cl se automatically ; i f
o
the latches were thrown by cyl

inder pr essu re instead f the , o
revers e they w ould fail i n case

,
o f acciden t t the air line o r i t s

o
inj u ry by the heat o f a fi re t no
quickly discovered I t is pr b . o
able t ha t the doo rs cann t b e o
made ai r ti g ht but i f meces

-
sary t hey can be eas ily a nd

F ifi ? quickly caulked by helmet men ,
O
C P PER Q U EEN FI E DOO S R R a fter they are closed .
FI RE D OO R S AI R -
C O N T R O L L E D AT
C O P P E R Q U E E N MI N E
I a paper b e fo re t he American I ns t itute o f

n
Min in g En g ineers F b 9 8 G erald S herman, e .

, 1 1 , ,
S upt o f Mining D ep t C pper Queen C onsol

. .
, o
i d t d Minin g C o B isbee Ariz na describes

a e .
, , o ,
an in g eni us arran g ement fo r cl sin g fi re

o o
d rs simul t ane usly all ver a mine by s imply

oo o o
o pen in g an ai r valve anywhere n t he sys t em o
f r m t he ur face t t he s t pes
o s o o .
A ske t ch f the d rs is given in F i g

o an d
oo . I ,
a d iag ram f t he pipin g sys t em t hr u g h which

o o
they are pera t e d is sh wn in F ig

o F ig 3 o . 2 . .
g ives de t ails f t he pera t in g mechanism

o Tho . e
L AT E S T U . s . P AT E NTS
F E B R U AR YY 2 6
V AC U U M V AP O R H E AT I NG S Y S
H e nry J H un t C h i c a g o I1 ll
-
TEM 11
L uc ia n
. . , , .
P R E S S U R E R E G U L ATO R
W C u s h m an S t J o s e p hh M o
-
.
AP P AR AT U S F O R T H E L I Q U E
.
, . ,
. .
F AC T I O N AN D R E C T I F I C AT I O N OF AI R
H e n d r i k F i l i p p o a n d P an cra s S c h o o n e n b e r g
.
E i n d h ove n N e t h e r l a n d s
,
G r e g o ry V i c t o r P i o
, .
AI R P U M P
B u ff a l o N Y
-
.
t r ow s k y
P R OC E S S F O R P I C KL I NG OL I VE S
, , . .
W i ll i a m V C r u e s s B e r k e l e y C a 1 d e d i c a t e d
.
b y m e s n e a s s i g n m e n t s t o t h e G o v e rnm e n t
.
, , .
, ,
of t h e U n i te d S t a t e s a n d t o t h e p e op l e o f
t h e U n i t ed S ta t es
5 . T h e p r o c e s s f o r p i c k l i n g o r cur i n g o l i v e s
.
wh ic h c ons is t s i n s ubj ec t i ng t h e ol iv es t o a
lye b at h a nd s ubs e que nt ly s ubj ec t ing th e
,
4 2 5 Z 6 07 .
8 05
P N EU M AT I C P AT TS
EN F EB RU AR Y 2 6
ol iv es in t a n k t o a hea t ed l i q u id c a rry i n g M AR C H 5
p ar t i c l e s o f a i r i n s u s p e n s i o n
a
m i nu t e c on
t i n u ou s ly W i t h d ra w i n g th e l iquid from t h e V
,
AU TO MAT I C O
C L S I NG DE ICE
b o t t o m o f t h e t a n k c o n t i nu o u s l y a d d i n g a i r F OR FIR E OO R S F r D ri k tin ed e W Ma r
t o s a i d W i t h d r a wn h e a t e d l i q u i d a n d i n t i m a t e
c
Y or k
-
, , .
N Y
.
N ew
ly m ix i ng s a i d a i r a n d h ea t ed l i qu id a nd c a us I n a fi r e d oo r a p p a ra t u s t h e c o m b i n a
, . .
1
t h e m i x t ur e t o flo w b a c k i n t o t h e t an k t i o n o f a d o o r a c y l i n d e r a n d p i s t o n f or o p e r
. ,
i ng
c o n t i nu o u s l y a t i n g t h e d o o r s a i d c y l i n d e r h av i n g a n or
,
m a ll y o p e n a d m i s s i o n p o r t a m a n u a l l y o p e r
,
P R O C E S S F O R P R E P AR I N G F E R
.
Th o ma s A D un g a n a t e d v a l v e fo r c o n t r o l l i n g t h e s u p p ly of fl u i d
,
T I L I Z I N G MAT E R I AL
t h r o u g h s a i d p o r t a n e x p an s i o n c h a m b e r a n d
. ,
C h i c a g o I ll
.
T h e h e re i n d es c r i bed i m p r ov e m e n t i n a v a l v e o p e ra t e d b y t h e p r e s s ur e i n s a i d ,
, .
,
1
t h e ar t o f f o r m i n g f e r t i l i z e r f r om s t e r i l i z e d c h a m b e r f o r au t o m a t i c a ll y c l o s i n g
.
s a i d p or t
o rg a n i c m a t e r i a l w h i c h c o n s i s t s i n i n oc u a t p red e t e rm i n ed t i m e a f t e r t h e op e n i n g
l a t i n g t h e m a t e r i a l w i t h a e r ob i c b a c t e r i a a n d
a
m a nu a l v a l v e
,
of s a id
p e rm i t t i n g t h e b a c t e r i a t o d e v e l op w h i l e c on V AC U U M F U E L F E E D I N G S Y S
.
t i n u o u s l y fo r c i n g a i r t h r ou g h t h e m a s s H a ro l d
-
T E M F O R G AS O L E N E E N G I N E S
M E T H O D OF C O MP R E S S I N G AI R New Yor k N Y
-
. .
C S uc k er t
H erber t Al f r e d H u m p h r e y S AF E TY V AL V E F O R P N E U M AT
.
, , . .
OR G AS E S
W e s t m i n s t e r L o n d o n E n g l an d W i ll i a m J Y o un g M i n e t t o N Y
-
,
I C TI R E S
.
, , . . . , , . .
P U L S ATO R F OR M I L K I N G MA AI R P U M P E R O R M OTO R C I R C U
R o b e r t B ru c e F o r s y t h C h r is t
-
C H I NE S L AT l l C H E C K R ob e r t A G a l l y C i n c i n
c h u rc h New Z e a l a n d n a t i g g 10
.
, -
. .
,
P erc y
,
P R E S S U R E R E G U L ATO R
.
Ma r t i n B
, .
R u s s e ll P h i la d elp h ia P N E U MAT I C TOO L

-
.
Ad o p l h W
Pa a nd
F e t c h e r D e t ro i t Mi c h
. .
S c h ra mm R i v e r t o n N J
, , .
, .
W a l ter
, , .
, ,
C O T TO N P I C K E R
. .
R O T AR Y P U MP OR C O MP R E S G ee
R o b e r t S c h o rr S a n F r a n c i s c o C a l U p c h u rc h N as h v i l l e Te n n
-
.
SOR
I n a c o t t o n p i c k e r s t ru c t u r e t h e c o m b i n a
.
, , . , , .
F L U I D O P E R AT E D MO TO R W i l
l i a m A S m i t h D e nv e r C o l o t i e n of a c o t t o n r e c e i v i n g c h a m b e r m e a n s fo r
-
. ,
.
, , . , ,
re m v i n g t t n f r m ii d h a m b r i n l u d i n g
o c o o o sa c e c
a p air f i uc t i n f n h v i n g u t l t p i p
o a r s o a ns a o es .
fl xib l m mb r
e
m mun ii c tt ii n g w i t h i n l t
,
e e e e s c o un c a n e s
o f i d f an a f r k d n zz l t h a rm
sa s, f o e o e, e s o
sa i d n zz l nn c t d t
o e id ut l t p ip
c o e e o sa o e es ,
sa i d fl x i b l m m b r e xt nd i ng i n t
e id
e e s e e o sa
c h am b r w h r b y t h c t t n W
e w i l l bb d r w
e e wn e o o e a n
t h r th r u g h i n t
e e a i d f an
o d t tt h hr ug ho s s an ou
i d f r k d n zz l
o
a o u p n p ra t i n f t h f an
e o e o o e o o e s
AI R V AL V E F O R H O I S T S J ph
.
J J u t n M i l wau k
-
os e
Wi
.
. s e , ee, s
P N E U MAT I C
.
R U N N I NG G E AR
F O R VE H I C L E S Th ma J Mu l l n N w o s e
B r ig ht n d Th ma F B r n nan T m p
. .
, e
o , an o s e o
N Y
.
,
k i i ll ns v e,
S E L E C T I VE
. .
P N E U M AT I C DE
L wi D man E a t S yracu
XY
ICE B . e s . o , s s e,
AI R C O M P R E S S O R S t i r l i ng B
H i ll S a t t l Wa h
-
.
.
, e e, s .
P N E U M AT I C D E S P AT C H TUB E
E rn t J L r i ng S m r
- -
AP P AR AT U S
.
es o
v i l l Ma o e
. .
,
e, ss .
0
' 99
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N
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,
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P N EU MAT IC P AT TS MARC H
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P N EU MAT IC P AT EN TS MARC H 12
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P N EU M AT IC P AT C N TS MARC H 19
8772 C O MP R ES S E D AI R MAG AZ I NE .
t he top b o tt o m o f t he t unnel a n d e le c t r i
and .
c a llv o pera t e d
—
b l o w ers a n d exhaus t fans o f
prop o r t i ona t e size .
T h e t unnel sec t i o n w a s fille d w i t h g as o l ine

mo t o r t rucks a n d au t o m o b iles o f vari o us s izes ,
t o t he num b er o f ei g h t in all a n d a series o f .
t e t s was ma d e un d er t he d i rec t i o n o f D r G e l
s
.
~
ler t Allei n a n o f S w ar t hhm i n or

, ree C ollle leg e e SS a m .
ples o f ai r t aken a t manyv pp o m in tt ss in t hhe t unnel nn ,
w i t h all t he ca rs runnin g tt lhr i r ottt llee d d o wn “ ll a n d .
racin g w i t h a n d w i t h ouu tt vven

. et t t iila
la tt ii o n
n wvere ere ,
analyze d T es t s w ere maa d ee \w ii t h fresh ai r ii h

.
'
t r o d u c e d a t t he t o p a n d e exhaus e d a t tt ihee b ot
li a u s tt e '
‘
-
t o m a n d similar t es t s w i tt h h t he d irec rec tit i on o f t he

ai r reverse d Th e v olume n e a n d vel o ci t
. t y o if t he _
'
air s o in t r o d uce d w a s measu ea s u r ree d a nd a Cchemi he n .
FIG I L O C AT IO N
T
0F I
P PE TTES
cal a i i a lv s i s ma d e o f t he a i r samples t aken
. .
s ai n
p e s
d u rin g t hese t es t s .
F i g s I a n d 2 reprin tt e
. e d fr o mn H ea tit inn g a n d
.
V en t ila t in g Ma g az ine shh o w w t he aa rrran ra w, ement

g e m en t
o f t he sec t i o n as t es t e d .
O N C U S IO N S OF T STS
C L E
F r m t he analy t ical resulltt s Ob t aine d D

o Al esu s r
i g conclus i o ns :
.
leman d raws t he f ll win o o n .
“ hen all d rs d ven t ila

i la t rs are l se d
’
I . oo an o C o
an d t he en g ines f ei g h t cars are racin g f O or
t hir t y minu t es t he a t m sphere b ec mes i t l

. o o n o
cra b le ; t he hi g h c n t en t f unsa t u ra t e d hy d r o o o
car b n s o b ein g res p ns i b le fo r a '

o
m k d i rri t a t ion f t he eves

ai e d respi ra t ry
o an o
o r g an s an d t he carb n m n xi d e p r d ucin g
, o o o o
dis t ressin g physi lo g ical d is t ur b ances S uch o .
an a t m sphere mus t b e re g ar d e d as d an g er us
o o
t o pers ns w h brea t he i t fo a c n t inu us

o o r o o
peri d O f fi f t een minu t es

o .
2 W hen all d ors an d ven t ilato rs are cl sed

. o o
an d t he engines o f ei g h t cars are runn in g “
l i g h t fo t hir t y minu t es t here is a marke d i m

”
r .
p r vement in t he c o n d i t i n f t he a t mosphere
o o o
as in d ica t ed un d er T es t 2 b u t t he brea t hin g .
O f such an a t m sphere f a c n t inuous peri d

o or o o
o f fi f t een minu t es mus t als b e re g arde d as o
dan g er us o .
3 \V hen all d
. rs are cl sed an d t he ven t i
oo o
la t rs are pen d exhaus t in g fr m t he top

o o an o
o f t he t unnel wi t h t he en g ines f ei g h t cars

, o
racin g fo t hi r t y minu t es t here is a fur t her

r .
impr vemen t in t he c n d i t i n f t he a t m s
o o o o o
ph er e ver t ha t in d ica t e d un d er T es t I d
o an
T es t 2 H wever t he carb n m n xi d e con

. o , o o o
ten t f t hi s a t m sphere mus t b e l ke d up n

o o oo o
as p bably dan g er us ei t he r t t h se pers n s

ro o o o o
wh o are physi l g ically weak o o t t h se per , or o o

C O MP R ES S E D AI R MAG AZ I N E .
73
fr
'
f o /7
n
D o f/e o
’
. s
y u ok e :m d /c o /e 0
p “ my :m m
( a /1 0 7
.
OF EKX ERI MENTA FIG . 2 . P L AN P L T U N N EL S EC TIO N

r e g ar d e d as d an g erous i f brea t he d ccon o t t inu
n n
'
O l f
ns v a pe rio d o f 3 0 min
or .
I t appears t ha t t he e d ii r ec t ion
i on f tt he i e ex o
hau s t ai r is o f c n si d cerable imp mp o r tt ance t he

o r a nc e,
m s t sa t is fac t ry resul t s b en
o ein g oo bbtt aine d when
o s 0 aii e
th eai r en t ers t he t unn el a t t he b tt m n d ii s o o a
wi t h d rawn a t t he t op T hhisi s w wass t o be exp expece t e d

. a
becau e o f t he fac t t ha t t he eexhaus

s ha s t g ases
leave t he m t o rs a t a hi g h t empera t u re nd
o a
a re c nsequen t l li g h t e r t han ai r
o y d rapidly , an
d i ffuse upwar d Th e la t eral pr puls ion o f

. o
t hese hea t e d g ases in t o t he a t mosphere pro

d uces a mo t i n which mixes t he exhaus t gases
o
w i t h t he ai r t hus acc un t ing fo t he fai rly uni

, o r
f rm d is t ribu t ion o f t he p ro d uc t s o f mb u s
o co
t i n in t he a t mo sphere o f t he vari u s par t s o f

o o
t he t unnel .
8 S me . f t he o d o rs which are unpleasan t

o o
a re in no sen se dan g e rous nd are pr d uced a o
by t he c rackin g o f lu b rica t ing oi l

“ ”
.
T hese t es t s prove t ha t t he g eneral me t h d f o o
ven t ila t i n ou t line d fo r t he t unnel is en t i rely

o
feasible n d t ha t t he pr d uc t s f g as lin e
, a o O o
c m b u s t i o n a d smoke can b e o ve rc me b y t he
o n o
in t r duc t ion o f ai r in t he quan t i t i es specifie d

o
a nd exhaus t e d as descri b e d leavin g t he ai r ,
prac t ically no rmal .
MO DIFI C ATIO N OF VENT I L AT I NG S Y ST M E
Th sys t em o f ven t ila t ion sh wn in t he plan

e o
(F ig in which t he exhaus t ai r is d rawn

.
ou t fr m t he t w roa d ways t hr u g h g ra t in g in
o o o
t he pavemen t i s nly t en t a t ive T here i s

, o . no
ques t ion t ha t t hi s sy st em woul d b e eff ec t ive

wi t h suffi cien t capaci t y pro vi d e d in t he exhau t s
fans S ubsequen t s t u d ies f t he ques t i n h w

. o o . o
ever sh w t ha t t he me t ho d is unec n mical

, o o o
a n d i t is likely t ha t t he sys t em t ha t w ill finally
be a d p t e d will f rce t h ai r fr o m t he ha f t
o o e s s
a t t he b ulkhea d lines in t t he t unnel t t h cen o o e
t er a t which p in t fi t i mean s w ill b p

, o e ec v e e ro F IG .
3 . ARRAN GE M ENT OF TS
DU C
87 74 C O MPR ES S E D AI R MAG AZ I NE .
d uc t s un d er t he pavemen en t s each f a g iven , or
len g t h o f r a d way d ischar char g in

i n g t he f ul ai r
o , o
t h r u g h t he l i g h t p sts suuF
o ficienntt llyy a b ve the
ffi o s Ci e o
level f t he s t reets t bvia t e any nuisance

o o o
t here fr m o .
C O MP R E S S O R E X P E R I E NC ES WI TH
S U B MAR I N E D I ES E L E NG I NES
LI UT F C S H M AN U S N
BY E . . . ER , . . .
*
D iesel en g ine ai r c mp p res s r tr ubles m —

o o o co
prise valve tr uble cooler oler leaks d x p l o , an e o
sions T hey are due t the hhii g h tempera t u res

. o
crea t e d when t he ai r i s c mpressed inn t w o o or
m re sta g es f rom atm sphe ric p ressure t p

o o o a
proxima t ely 1 000 lb per sq in I n tt hhe type . . .
O f en g ine men t i ned at t he b eg eginnin

i nn i n g o f th is
o is
paper t he c mp ress r was
, as ddesi g nedd t take i t s
o o eSI ne o
suc t i n fr m the scavenn g er aai r h usin g

o o d -
'
o , an
i t was t hen c mpresse d in i n t w s t a g es in

o i n tan o
dem t 800 l b t 1 000 lbb per sq in

o . i n T his aair
o ir . . .
was c le d fr m each sta g e in a c ler n

oo o oo co
s is t in g f nes t s f small stra

o straii g ht tu b es ar un d
o , o
which ci rcula t e d c lin g wa t e r Th aairi r fr m oo . e o
t he sec n d s t a g e c o ler passes to t he spray

o -
o
air b tt le which ac t s a reserv i r

o t he way as a o on
to the spray ai r line f th en g ine —

i ne I t W will
i ll beo e g
.
seen tha t when t he t w s t ag e air c mpressor o— o
t akes i t s suc t i n f r m the caven g er h usin g o o S o
c n t ain in g ai r a t 7 lb pressure (ab ve t

o . o a
m ph os ) i t vi r t ually makes a t hree s t a g e

er e —
c mpress r O n ou r en g ine however t here

o o .
, ,
was always much oil in t he scaven g er h so ou s
i g t ha t i t was c on sidered dan g er us t

n m o o co
press ai r c n t ain ing so much i l an d su b j ect it

o o
to t he t emperatu res reached n d in practice i t , a
g ave c n siderable trouble

o S o the suc t ion t . o
t he scaven g er h usin g was disc nn ected a d o o n
a suc t i n direct t the atmosphere substitu t ed

o o
which g ave a straight t w stage c mp ressi n o -

o o
f rom th p h i pressure t 1 000 l b per sq

a os er c o . .
in T his worked much mo re satis fac t rily as

. o
reg ar d s p resence o f oily vapor in the com

presse d air d ccu rrence o f c oler expio an o o
si nso .
A c mm n p rac t ice in D iesel en g in e d esi g n

o o -
s eems to be to have a restric t i n in the sp ray o
ai r line between the reservoir n d t he en g ine a .
Th only b j ect f t hi s that I have been able

e o o ,
to d isc ve r is t enable a hi g her p ressure t o

o , o
be carrie d in t h e reservoi r t han is n ee d ed on
the sp ray air system so as t o build up a

—
, re
*
Jou rnal American So cie t y of Naval Em
g i n ee r s .
87 74 C O MPR E S S E D AI R MAG AZ I N E .
d uc t s un d er t he pavemen en t s each fo a g iven i ven , r
len g t h o f r a d way d ischar harg inoi n g the foul aaii r , C
t hr u g h t he li g h t pos t s su ffic
o ficieni en t ly a b ove t he
level f t he s t ree t s t o bv
o bvia
i a t e any nuisance o
t here fr m o .
O MP R E S S O R WI TH
’
C S
E X P E RI E N C E S
S U B MARI N E D I ES E L E N G I NE S
BYI UT F C L E U
. . . S H ER iv
M AN , . S N
. .
*
D iesel en g ine ai r c mp p res

resss r tr ubles m -
o o o co
p rise valve t r uble c oler leak leaks a d x p lo

o , o s n e
si ons T hey are d t t he hhii g h tempera t u re

. ue res o s
crea t e d when t he ai r i s c o mpresse d inn t w o r o
m re s t a g es f rom a t m o spher
o spheric i c p ressure t p o a
p roxima t ely 1 000 lb per sq in I tt hhe t ype . . . n
o f en g ine men t i one d a t t he b e g innin i nn i n g f t h i s o
paper t he c mp ress r was

, as d esesii g ned t take i t s
o o o
suc t ion f r m t he scavenn g er air housin

o h o mg d -
us , an
i t was t hen compresse d in i n t wo s t a g es in i n t an g
dem t o 800 l b t 1 000 lbb per sq in . i n T hhis

o i s aair
ir . . .
was c le d fr m each sta g e in

oo i n a c oler
o er n co co
s is t in g f nes t s f small s t ra
o raii g hhtt t u b es ar un d
o , o
which ci rcula t e d c lin g wa t er Th aairi r fr m oo . e o
t he sec nd s t a g e cooler passes to the spray

o -
air b tt le which acts a reserv i r

o t he way as a o on
t o t he spray ai r lin e f t h en g ine -

i ne I t W willi ll be o e g
.
seen t ha t when t he t w s t a g e air compressor o -
t akes i t s suc t i n fr m the scaven g er h u sin go o o
c n t ainin g ai r at 7 l b p ressu re (ab ve t

o . o a
m sp h
o ) i t vir t ually makes a t hree s t a g e
er e -
c mpress r O n ou r en g ine h owever t here

o o .
, ,
was always much O il in t he scaven g er h

so ou s
i g t ha t i t was con sidered d an g er us t

n m o o co
press air c n t ain ing so much i l n d su b j ec t i t

o o a
to t he t empera t u res reache d n d in p rac t ice i t , a
g ave c n si d era b le trou b le

o S o the suc t i n t . o o
t he scaven g er h usin g was disc nnected o d o an
a suc t i n d irect t the atmosphere su b sti t u t e d

o o
which g ave a s t rai g ht t w sta g e c mp ressi n o -

o o
f r m t h p h e i pressure t 1 000 lb per sq

o a os r c o . .
in This worked much mo re satis fac t rily as

. o
re g ar d s presence o f oily vap r in t he com o
presse d ai r n d occu rrence f c l er exp loa o oo
s ions .
A c mmon prac t ice in D iesel en g in e d esi g n

o -
seems t be t have a res t ric t i n in the sp ray

o o o
air l in e between the reservoi r n d t he en g ine a .
Th nly obj ec t f t hi s that I have been able

e o o ,
to d isc ver i s t o enable a hi g her pres sure t

, o o
be carrie d in t he reserv o ir t han is n ee d ed on
the sp ray air system so as t o build up a

-
, re
*
Jou rnal American So cie t y of Naval En
g i n ee r s .
O M PRES S ED AIR AI NTI NG

C P A \V OO DEN I
SH P
fee d filled wi t h fresh wa t e r in s t ead o f o il A

,
. TH E MET H AN E P H O NE
fairly ra p i d feed was se t on i t abou t t wo to ,
f u r d r ps per secon d and t hi s wa t er was

o o ,
d roppe d t hr u g h t he t p o f t he air suc t i n

o o -
o
pipe a nd d rawn in t t he compresso r wi t h t he o
ai r T h ac t i n f t his fresh wa t er was f un d

e o o o
t
o be as f ll ws :I t helpe d t lu b rica t e t he
o o o
valves nd cylin d e r walls a nd preven t ed t he

a
d ep si t
o f car b no Th hi g h t empera t u re
o . e i a
m s t imme d ia t ely t u rned i t in t s t eam a b s rb

o o , o
i g s me
n o f t he hea t wi t h u t rise
o f t em p e ra o o
t u re in t he f rm f la t en t hea t n d t hus keep

o o , a
i g d wn t he t empera t u res d evel ped d

n o t o ue o
c mpressi n I a d d i t i n t he s t eam kep t t he

o o . n o
car b n fr m c llec t in g
o o d g ummin g up t he
o an
val res d
, h re d uce d t empera t u res resul t
an t e
i g preven t e d t he sprin g s fr m l sing t hei r

n o o
t emper T his fresh wa t e r cup was a fine t hin g

.
-
,
an d I s t r n g ly a d vise o t he r D iesel en g ine per

o
-
o
t
a ors t t i t n t hei r ai r c mpressors
o ry o o .
8776 C O MP R E S S ED AI R MAGAZ I NE .
T E S TI N G AN AI R C O MP R ES S O R
\V ALTER S W EEK Ss ““
'
Bv .
’
W hen a c mpress r is sold iitt i s g uaran t eeed

o
e d o 3
to have a cer t ain volume me trric

i c ee ffi
fici
c ency by o i ri
fi ce t es t .
T his e fficiency is d e t ermine m n d as f ll w s : Th ee r i e o o
air d elivered per minu t e b y t he compres o p s r ii s c n r es s o r
measured Th e volumee o f t h i s a i r i s l u
: ca c
.
la t e d un d er th e c n d i t i nn s t ha t p re revaile
a i le d a t o o s v
t he in t ak e f t h e c mpress ress r Thhisi s v lume i s

o o o . o 3
d ivi d e d by t he v lume swep t per m minu

i nu t e by
o
t he pis t n f t he lo w pressuu ree cyl

o o ylm in d er Th -
ress r c er . e
resul t i s t he e ffi ciency s uu g htt Th ppisi s t n od o . e o r
shoul d b e n e g lec t e d .
T h t erm v lumetric e
e e ffificiency
n y is i s als u sed
o Ci e c o
in c mparin g t he per f o rmance o f a c mpresso r

o o
a t d i fferent al t itu d es a n d wi t h di fferen t in t ake

t empera t u res Thi s u se o f t he t erm is in my
.
Opini on unneces sar d con fusin g Th wh le y an . e o
su b j ec t may b e clarifie d by u sin g t he ter m l ‘

v o
u m t i e r c ffi i n y e nly fo t h at g iven b y t he
c e c
’
o r
o ri fice t es t n d s t a t in g the air c o n sump t i on f

a -
o
t ls in su b ic fee t o f comp ressed ai r at a g i

oo v
en g a g e pressu re -
.
A example i f I may d i g r ess f a moment

n , or ,
w ul d b e s me t hing like t his :

o o An air d rill — re
quires 1 0 cu f t o f c mpresse d ai r a t 90 lb
. . o -
.
g ag e . Th al t i t u d e i s e f t Th t emper . e
a t u re f t he mine is 1 00 F Th e t empera t ure

o
°
.
f t he c mpress r ro m i s 60 F W ha t mus t °
o o o -
o .
b e t he d isplacemen t f the l w p ressure c yli n o o -
d er t run 1 0 d rills ? Th e v lume t ric e ffi ciency

o o
o f t he c mpress r by rifice tes t i s

o o o
C omp ressed air nee d ed I O X I O I OO cu f t

d
Z . .
nu, P
d i n d i am (z
e
. .
T
R ati o Of c mpressi n at
o o ft 10
IO
F ree air cu f t . .
1 000 cu f t i s nee d e d in t he min e a t 1 00 F °

. . .
I t i s 60 in t he c mpress r r m o t he f ree
°
o o -
oo , s
ai r a t t he t empera t u re a t t he c o mpress r r m o -
oo
520
is X 1 0002 92 9 . Th e c mpress r will de
o o
5 60
liver a t t hi s al t i t u d e accordin g t t he maker
, , o ,
only 80% f t he pis t n d isplacemen t hence t he

o o -
,
—
92 9
d isplacement n ee d e d i s -
_ I I 61 cu f t . .
Thevi t al ques t i n s ab u t an air compres s r o o -

o
are :H w much d oes t he c mpressed ai r cos t

o o ,
and i s t he c ompress r d in g all t ha t it h ul d ? o o S o
*
Ass ocia t e P r fess r
o o of Minin g , U n iversi t y
of C al i f rnia o .
FI G . I
8778 C O MP R E S S E D AI R MAG AZ I NE
of b ein g 5 2 0 a b s i s s o m
me o t her t empera t ure
°
.
T, a b s W e can d e t ermine
.
ine t he flow b y multi
mult i
/5 2 0
plyin g t he values on curve rv e A by V Th e
T.
measure d a t 60 F T his c rrec t ii n isi s pl tt ed °
. S o o o
in curve B .
N w supp se t he b ar me t ric
o r i c pressu re ii s t
o o no
b u t s me t her pressure P l b pper sqq in

o o es s u r e , .
,
. .
I nf rmula No I P i s the avera g e pressu re in

o in
.
l b per sq ft
. Let P m b e t he avera g e pressure
. .
,
i
. the same uni t s when P isi s the bar metr
n metrici c 11 , o
p ressu re Th fl w f ai r w when
h n t he barometer is
. e o o r e
P ,may b e obtaine d byy mult multiplyin

i ply i n g values
ai r a f t e r making this c rrec t i o n will still bbe o
/P m,
fr m cu rve A b y
o
P
apprecia b le err r we may use t he
\Ni t h o u t r ror
ra t i f b ar me t ric pres sures

o o u ins t ead 0f t he
o es s r es o
averag e pressu res S we way mult i ply b y

multiply . o
/P , /P mi ,
V ins t ea d o f V
P
Af t er makin g this c o rrec t i o n t he air w o ul d
s t ill b e measu re d a t l b per square inch . .
W e wan t t he v olume a t pressure P , s o we
mus t mul t iply by t hus t he t o t al corree

P1
/P ,
tion w ill be XV
P, P,
his c rrec t i n f rms t he basis f cu rve C
T o o o or .
I have use d inches o f mercu ry f t he b ar o or
me t er pressure b ecause most aner id b m o a ro e
ters rea d t his way .
Af t er makin g t he c rrecti o ns f n zzle o or o
tempera t u re d bar meter we have the ai r a t an o
d a t t he b ar me t ric pressure exis t in g

°
60 F . an o .
T here remains s t ill t o compu t e t he volume a t

t he in t ake t empera t ure T his co rrec t i n i s . o
merely t he ra t i f t he absolu t e tempera t u res o o
a d is pl tt e d in cu rve D
n o .
Th final resul t mus t be mul t iplie d by t h e

e
square f t he d iame t er o f t he nozzle in inches

o
f t he us e o f t he chart :
.
Example o
N zzle o in d iam 2 . .
W a t er c lumn 8 in o .
N zzle t empera t ure 8 0 F m p h i pressu re is

°
o . os er c
B ar me t er 3 0 in
o .
AB
I n t ake t empera t ure 9 O F L ess ai r is t aken in t o t he crank end f t he
°
. o
C urve A cu f t a t l b per sq in an d cylinder t han in t o t he hea d en d because t he

. . . . .
60 F
°
. pis t n od takes up r m ; t here f re t he dis o -
r oo o
C u rve B ,
placemen t f eac h d mus t b e fi g u r d sep
2 o en e
C e C
u r v
. t el s ta y
8 7 79
Le t L : olu me a t head en d at a t m spheric

, v o
p ressu re .
Let L : olu me at crank end at atmospheric

, v
pressu re .
Le t
T hen the number f cubic fee t o f ai r t hat o
ac t ually en t ers t he compress r each minute a t o
a t m spheric pressure is
o M —
_
.
Th e ai r delivere d as measu re d by the n zzle o
divi d e d by M g ives wha t i s called the sl ippa g e

effi ciency I t is assumed t hat the ai r is t
. no
hea t e d n i t s way in t o t he c ompress o r T h

o . e
ai r must be warme d s mewhat j u st how much o ,
in a fas t runn in g c mp ress o r I d n t kn w

-
o , o
’
o .
A li tt le study will how tha t t he warmin g f S o
the ai r will make this efficiency appear l wer o
than it really i s Even i f t he meth d is no t . o
rigi d ly accura t e it will de t ect leakage by the ,
pis t on n d t h rou g h t he valve

a .
S B R d fi ld t estin g en g inee r f
. . e et he I , or n
g ll R and C o t who m I am in debted for

er so -
. . o
much in fo rma t i n has used a similar char t fo o , r
many years in t es t ing t he many c o mpress rs o
tu rned out by t he plant d has f und t he , an o
me t h d m s t sa t i s fac t ry O n t he char t is a
o o o .
ske t ch f t he n zzle a d pted by M R d fi ld

o o o r . e e .
FIG .
4
F i g 4 i s a pho t g raph
. f a n zzle A castin g
o o o . of ai r c mpres s rs w oul d a g ree
-
o a s t andard
o on
sh uld be ma d e o f brass an d t he n zzle t hrea d

o o me t h d f t es t in g A t he case s t an d s a t
o o . s
e d t screw in t o t he t ank
o T h n zzle sh ul d . e o o presen t a c mpa ris n f g uaran t ees is i mp i
o o o oss
be p l ishe d F a tes t a nozzle sh uld be se

o . or o b le b ecause t he c mpress rs are t es t e d b y d i f
o o
l t d t o keep t he wa t e r g a g e less t han 1 5

ec e fe r en t me t h d s Th imp r t an t g uaran t ee f
o . e o o
inche s a c mpress r is t he h rse p o wer in p u t per 00

o o o -
1
Th area f t he t ank sh uld b e t wen t y t imes

e o o cu f t ai r d elive re d Th way t ha t t he ai r is
. . . e
t he area f t he n zzle An even fl w t h r u g h

o o . o o measu re d sh ul d b e care fully sc ru t in ize d
o .
t he t ank is d esi re d T h g l be valve admi tt in g . e o I n r d er t ha t cu rve A may b e pl tt e d t a

o o o
ai r t t he t ank may b e ma d e d elica t e b y fas t

o m re pen scale I appen d t he values fr m
o o , o
e n i g a l n g leve r t
n t he han d le W hen a m
o o . co which i t is p l tt e d o .
presso r is pu rchased specifica t i n sh ul d be , o o W a t er l -

Cco f t Wa te r l C f t
. u . .
-
co . u . .
ma d e t ha t i t be t appe d for in d ica t rs T hese o . in inches f ai r in inches o f ai r o
holes are han d y in t es t in g t h e t i g h t ness f o 9

valves n d pis t n s a o . 10
I t w uld be an excellen t i d ea i f t he makers

o 3 .
3 69 7
4 12 74 3 6
5 I1 3 .
77 44
6 14 . . 80 4 1
8 . . 60 5 7
.
Mi ni ng c ii en tzi fi
6 Se '
fi c P r es s .
T H E I N V E RTE D D EP TH S O F T H E AT
MO S P H E R E
The sensational G erman
man feat o f dropp i ng
shells on P ari s has awakened k en d a great deal o f a e
i n t eres t in the natu re o f the air t h rough which

t he shell pl ws its way on i t s 1 2 0 mile cou rse ;
o -
,
fo r while the actual range nge o f the g u n i s in in

the n ei g hb o rhood o f 7 5 miles assumin g that ,
th e gun is eleva t ed to an n an g le o f 4 3 % ddegrees

g ,
the shell must rise to an altitude o f about 2 4

miles ab ve the earth W ddo nott kknow muchh
o . e
about the con di t ion o f t he atmosphere above

an altitu d e o f 7 miles except
cept by theoretical rea
son in g T h e maximum elevation ever reached
.
by man is probably that at attained by Gllaisher h er a s

'
a d
n C oxwell on S eptember
tember 5 1 862 Mr , . .
G laisher made his last obs observation

a t i on when his rv
ballo n had ca rried hi m

o m up 2 9 000 feet H e .
was then ascen ding at the rate o f feet

per minute S hortly a f t er t hat h e l st con
. o
s c i ou es s an d M
sn C oxwel l his assistant also
r .
, ,
began to l se the u se o f his muscles H ow

o .
ever he succeeded i n stopping fu rther ascent

,
by pulling the valve cord with his teeth a his , s
arms w e re powerless T hi rteen minutes later .
M G laisher regained con sciousnes s an d then

r .
f un d that his ball on was descen ding at th e

o o
rate o f feet per minute ; from which h e

estimated that in t he interval they must have
, ,
reached t he ex t reme altitude o f over

feet I n 1 9 01 t he G erman ballo on P reussen
.
reached an altitude o f feet T hes e are .
the hi g hest al t i t udes ever reached by man an d ,
t hey are n t one t hi rd o f the al t itude that must

o -
be reached by th e shells fi red from the Fo rest

o f S t G obain . .
Jud g in g fr m t he cu rve o f pressu res r e

o
cor d ed in the lower strata o f th e atmosphere .
it i s assumed t hat there is a very high vacuum

a t that heigh t O f course this does not mark
.
,
the limit o f t he earth s atm sphere Meteo r ’

o .
‘4
i t es c me sho t in g d own to the earth wi t h e

o o v
lo i t i s up to 2 0 miles per secon d leaving a

c e
trail f fi re caused by the friction w i t h t he ai r

o
or wi t h g ases su rroundin g the ear t h T hese .
t rai ls have been bserved as hi g h as 2 00 miles

o ,
I N DU ST I A F U RN ACES
IN R L . Th e fi eld of s t eam g enera t ion may be sub
P ulverize d c al was fi rs t utilize d in t he o d ivi d e d into t hree classes :stati o nary bo ilers ,
U n i t e d S t a t es about t wen nt y six years g fo r

ty e -
a o, l c mo t ives
o o a n d s t eamships
.
e c nomically b u rnin g cement

o me t r ck in t he o e n o r
STAT IO N ARY B OI ER S
L
tary kiln s f t he P r t lan d cemen t in d us t ry I t
o o n .
has n w lar g ely replace d m o re expen sive ffuels

o u l
such as o il in par t s f t he c un t ryy whe

, where c al
o o r o
i rea d ily b t ainable

s Thohe t y m nt kiln . e ro ar . ce e
fi re d with pulverize d coall has been applied in a
s everal o t her in d u stries as f calcinin l i g vari

ar , or ca c n n
' '
ou minerals
s .
D Y I NOG R .
P ulverize d c al is u sed ed fo r dry odryin i n g cemen t

rock b e f re fee d in g i t t the kkilns
o i lns a d it i t has o , n
been use d t a small exx tt enntt f fi rrin

o i n g r tary e or o
c al d ryers in pulverizin g plants O ne plant is

o . 1
i n stallin g equipmen t f ryin

d ry i n g b aux auxiitt e in in a or
r t ary kiln I the ferr t iiliz m

o . in g in n i n d ustry ii t ii s iz
u sed f d ryin g t anka g e (g ar b a g e and sew

or e a
a g ) e f ,d ryin g ornd li g h t ly roastroastin i n g ph s

a S
-
p hate r ck d f o d ryin
y i n g fel d spar shale in
, an or in
r t ary kilns f use as ffer tt ilizer
o l or fi ller er i i z .
M TA U RG I C AL F U N AC S
E LL R E .
T h e m st impo r t ant appl o applica i ca t i n in which o
p ulverize d c al has ma d e n t able p r g ress in

o e o o
t he las t few years i s in t he metallurg ical fi eld .
Marke d ec n mies have been attained b y t he

o o
a pplica t i n f t his fuel t

o o fu rnaces us e d in o
th manufac t ure f i r n s t eel c pper zinc

e o o , , o , ,
g alvan ize d i r n n d t in plate o , a .
Th applica t i n f pulverized c al in t he
e o o o
me t allurg ical in d us t ri es is still in i t s in fancy ,
bu t t he list f plan t s usin g it sh ws that it has

o o
ma d e g d pr g ress oo o .
Th sh r t a g e o f na t u ral g
e o in s ome local i as
t ies has been an incen t ive f t he g rea t er use or
o f pulverize d coal and the hi g h cost o f fuel ,
o il has been an a d d iti nal incen t ive o .
O n the averag e t he su b s t i t ution o f pul ,
i d c al as a fuel f
v er z e o metallur g ical fu r or
naces has resul t e d in a savin g f a b ut 3 3 per o o
cen t o f t he fuel require d when b u rn in g c o al in

o ther ways .
O ne feature f in t eres t in this connec t i n i s

o o
a c mpari s n f t he percen t ag e o f excess air

o o o
requi red when bu rn in g vari u s fuels in me t al o
l g i l w rk
ur ca o .
P ulverized C al 5 t o 2 5 per cent o
H an d fi d c al -
re 1 00 t o 2 5 per cent o 1
S t ker fi d c al
o -
re 50 t 1 00 per cent
o o
P r d ucer g
o 5 0 t o 7 5 per cen t
as
N a t ural g 4 0 to
as ,
5 0 per cen t
F uel il o 5 0 per cen t and upwar d
C O MP R E S S ED AI R MAG AZ I NE . 8 78 3
I T
S EAM S H P S .
F uel oil has made considera n d ab b lle headway in ins er e
d isplacing c al b t h in t he merchant mar

o , o marine i ne
an d in t he navies f several eral c unn tt rieso es in i n sp spite
i te c ou r ,
o f i t s hi g h c s t in s me par t s f the wo rl d I tt s
o o 5 o s
a dvan ta ges over han d fi e d coal are :

.
:
-
r
I : S avin g o f s t okehold lab r

n o .
2 F uel han dl in g is re d uce d t tt he s imple

i mple o ,
S
pera t i n o f pumpin
o p i n g 0i 1l t hr u g h ppipes
o i pes o1 o .
T his applies b t h t o O ilin i l i n g t he sh ship

o i p and o
t o fee d in g the b u rners ners f rom t anks 1lo0

c t d in any part a e t o f the vesse vessel .
e C leanliness .
é L w fi o o m t empera
p rer ttu re oe e ra r .
W H i g her cal rific value lue o .
O H i g he r effi ciency in n b iler i ler fir firin

ing o .
V Abili ty t o pera t e b ilers i lers at a hhii g her ra t

o o
i ng .
8 m Ab ili ty t o f o rce b ilers l ins

i s t an t lyy when an oi e r s
a tt ack deman d s a sud d en increase o f

speed .
9 m S m keless combus t i no n io .
I o m Ab i li ty t w rk upp a smoke screen i n

o o i
t n t ly by over fee
s a e d ing g fue fuel e in .
Th e f u r advan t a g es mo marked ( ) are o f in
especial mili t ary value B y es t abl ablishin

i sh i n g pul.
v e i i ng
r z plan t s a t por t s coal in g s t ati ns or , o ,
on b ar d naval colliers pulverized coal c ul d

o , o
be used o ships wi t h prac t ically all t he lis t ed

n
advan t a g es over hand fi d c al excep t -

re o ,
M re t ons o f coal must be carrie d than is t he

o
ca se w i t h i l win g t o t he hi g h cal o rific valu e

o o
o f oil H oweve r pulverized c al is b urne d

.
, o
w ith be tt er e fficiency t han han d fi ed coal an d —

r ,
t his fac t will par t ly o fI t t his disa d van t g e O il se a .
is bu rn e d on shipboard wi t h a t least 1 2 per

cen t b e tt er e fficiency t han han d fi e d c al d -
r o , an
the same shoul d be t rue wi t h pulverized c al o .
P ulve riz e d coal when t red in s t r n g t anks s o o
al n g t he ides o f a ship presen t s c n si d erable

o S o
p ss i b ili t ies in t he way f t o rpe d pr t ec t i on

o o o o .
*
T h U S S hippin g B ar d has recen t ly au t h r

e . . o o
i e d t he buil d in g
z f a lar g e s t eamship em b d y
o o
i n g t his idea and us ing pulverized c al as fuel o .
N EC S I T Y FO
ES CO N S VATIO N o F U EL
R ER r
Th e buil d in g f o many oi l b u rnin g ships

s o -
,
t oge t her wi th t he l ss o f many oil t ankers o
t hr u g h t he pera t i n f G e rman submarines

o o o o ,
raises a se ri o u s pr b lem in re g ar d t o t he sup o
ply i fuel oil in a d equa t e quanti t ies

o .
T here is a lar g e sou rce f oil availa b le in o
‘
H d u s n Maxim o , S c i e n t ifi c Am er i c a n Ma r , .
3 0, 1 918 .
peaks o f the availabili t y o f e lectric power and

s
o f its ready adapta b ility to all the operati o n s

involve d in connec t i n with the industrial o
bu nin g o f pulverized fuel b u t this i s all so

r ,
obvious t hat i t is not necessary t o rep roduce i t

here .
TH E APP EAL TO T H E S TEAM TU RB I N E EN G I N EER .
F r m the p o int o f view o f th e engineers

o
havin g to do wi t h the desi g n an d development

o f steam turbines a n d electrical machine ry it ,
i s ra t he r disc ura g ing t o see ld an d waste ful

o o
meth o ds o f bu rn ing fuel persist in the boiler

room T hey have been g radually bringin g the
.
equipment o f the generating room up to the

hi g hest attainable e fficiency by refinements in
design and construction I t does not requi re .
much in the way o f careless fi ring to nulli fy

their eff orts when the overall e ffi ci ency o f the
c entral station is th e important cons ideration
i n generating electricity from coal .
Th e under feed mechanical c 1 ststoker

ker hhas much
i mproved the effi ciency f the bo iler
i ler fu rnace o ,
b ut it still has its limi t ation

t o ss espec
especially
i ally when a i n ,
burn ing low grade fuel W ith —

i th t h e develop .
ment o f effi cient methods ods o f handlhandlingi ng an d

b u rn in g pulverized fuel1 the power stat station
i on e ,
e ngineer has anothe r method at his dispo sal
fo r s o lving h is problems I t may not be un i .
v e s a lly appl icable in the present state o f th e

'
r ,
—
art but it i s a great advanta g e t o have t wo
,
go d me t hods f burning coal un der boilers to

o o
'
cho se f rom each o f which has its advantages
o ,
fo r cer tain appl icati n s o .
The effi cient utilization o f ou r l w grade o -
f uels is a mat t er f ever increasin g impo rtance

o .
T he e equipmentr o f O ld
-
boiler plants fo r
b urn in g pulverized coal may o ften be mo re
e asily accomplished than the ins t allation o f
effi cient stokers even when goo d coal i s ,
burn ed .
O n shipboard the steam turbine with me ,
c ha n i l o r electrical g e ring has much i m

ca a
De/aI/s of Refum Bend
p roved the steam ec nomy an d the old time o ,

-
p ractice o f han d fi rin g should be ab lished o
from the stokehold withou t fu rther recourse

to fuel oil which is an expensive fuel o f lim
,
i t d availability
e .
It i s authorita t ively s t ated that the number

o f airplanes destroyed by the F rench aviators
an d the members o f the La faye t te escadrille
fo r a period o f ten months was 1 2 0 over the
F rench lines an d 3 97 over the G erman lines ,
all total wrecks .

878 6 C O MP R ES S E D AI R MAGAZ I NE .
“
reques t e d M G rrii g g s pres i d ent o f t he
\V e r .
,
J u rneymen S t necu ttt ers Ass cciaa t i n o f

o o
’
o o
N r t h America t he l call fficers f t he s t ne

o ,
o o o o
cu tt ers ass ciati n d many f t he men in in

’
o o , an o
b th Be d f rd
o d Bl min g tt n to b rin g t u s
m o an oo in on o
t h se w h c mplaine d m s t o r we g t t hei r
o o o o , o
a d d resses d wen t t t he heii r h mes N n e f

an o o . o o
t he men t ha t we examine d were sen t t us i ne o
t hr u g h t he empl yers
o d n n e were exam o , an o
ine d in t he presence f t he empl yers t heir o o or
represen t a t ives I B e d f r d we reache d t hem . n o
chiefly in t heir h mes T hhisi s h d t he d o . a a v an
t a g e f makin g t hem
o d t heir h u seh l d s feel an o o
qui t e f ree t t alk in re g ar d t0 thei r c n d i t i n

o ar o o o .
I Bln min g t n M W al t ers t he sec

oo o secre tt aryy f
, r .
, e ar o
t he l cal b ranch f t he s t necu tt ers ass cia

o o o
’
o
t i n b r u g h t t he men t 0 us I b t h places
o , o o . n o
th men seeme d ex t remely

e ely frank an d pen in in o
wha t t hey sai d They are re as a class super .superii r , , o
men in pers nal i t y e d uca ca t ii n o d mann er o f ,

o , an
livin g I t rapi d ly b ecame

. me apparen t t ha t bb e
cau se t he symp t ms t ha t I shall describe o
o ccu r frequen t ly d fearear had been ar u se d , an o
in vari u s ways t ha t t heyy m

o mii g ht g r w w rse e o o ,
t he anxie t y f t he m n was due m re t t hhii s

o e o o
fear f fu r t her an d m re ser

o seri us resul t s t han o
'
to any t hin g kn wn t have u d oI fac t o oc c re . n ,
several f t h se wi t h th e m s t p r n unce d
o o o o o
man i fes t a t i n s sai d t hat i f t ha t was all t hey

o ,
t h u g h t i t f c mpara t ively sli g h t c nsequence

o o o o .
T hei r fears f b d lt h d apparen t ly

o a r esu s a
b een lar g ely ar use d wi t hin t w years b y t heir o o
in t erpre t a t i n f t he pini n f s me physi

o o o o o o
i
c ans wh h d seen s me a ffecte d men b u t
o a o ,
wh far as we c ul d learn h d t ac t ually

o , so o , a no
s t u d ie d t he cases t he men s w rk care fully or

’
o ,
b u t h d s mewha t na t u rally b ase d t heir a d vice

a o
6‘
up n t he men s w apprehens i n s
o
’
o n o .
”
A very care ful examina t i n was ma d e f o o
n ine t een men d D Ed sall says t ha t t he an r .
principal cause f c mplain t was a t emp rary o o o
b lanchin g d num b n ess f t he fin g ers when

an o
chille d I t ccu rs alm s t en t irely when t he

. o o
wea t her is c l d d chiefly in t he m rn in g

o , an o
when t he men s t ar t w rk d be f re t hey g t o an o e

“
warme d up I t als t en d s t recur in c l d
.
”
o o o
wea t her when t hey are t w rkin g when no o or
t hey plun g e t heir han d s in c l d wa t er Th o . e
c n d i t i n was d escri b e d b y t he men as ann y

o o
“
o
i g
n ra t her t han seri u s T h num b ness d es
”
, o . e o
n t in t e r fere apprecia b ly wi t h t he u se
o f t heir o
ha d s O ccasi nally t hey s t a t e t ha t i t makes

n . o
t hem clumsy sl wer d less accu ra t e in t heir

, o an
w rk whil e i t las t s
‘
o .
C O MP R ES S ED AI R MAG AZ I N E . 8 78 7
nee d o t b e s t raine d I n d in g t his i t w ul d

n so . o o sh ul d rec g n ize t ha t t he frequen t shi f t t t h e
o o o
b e well t use s me su b s t ance t ha t woul d o n

o co malle t may g far t obvia t e the tr u b le D
o o o . r
d uct cold o r hea t p o rly in i n s t ea d f as a t pres L ake s c nclusi n s a g ree t h r u g hly w i t h t h se

’
o , o ,
o o o o o
en t in t en si fyin g t he e ff ec t o f c l d b y h l d in
,
i ng o o of D Ed sall
r . .
t he c l d me t al As b es t s ssu g g es t s i t sel f
o . d os u es , an
i t s prac t ica b ili t y c ul d b e t rie d S me o f t he o . o
men have t rie d ru b ber ho se d rawn ver t h e o
t o l b u t sai d i t t en d ed t 0 w rk upwa r d
o ,
t he o o on
t l a d ch ke t he ac t i n f t he hammer O ne
oo n o o o .
man h wever said t ha t h e s ake d the hose in

, o , o
oil d rew i t
, hi t ls d allowe d t he s ft
on s oo , an o
ene d ru bb er t a d here t t he to l in i n d rying

o o o
an d t here b y was a b le t o u se i t success fully H e .
sai d t ha t he h d earlier h d d ea d fin g ers bu t a a

‘ ’
is no l n g er t r o uble d b y t hem Ashes

o sbes t 0s i ff . o5 ,
'
prac t ical w ul d have ev evii d ent advanta g es

, o .
S me such handle w ul d1 pperhaps

o haps serve also to o ( e
s me ex t en t as a shock a b s r b er and thus

o o re
d uce t he p ssi b le effec t s o f vi b b ra tt ii n I t is

o i ra on .
p o ss i b le t t ha t p rac t ica ca b lee me t h o d s f keep

, oo . o
i ng t he t o ls warm in col d wea t her coul d be

o ld o
easily d evise d d w uld1 reduce t he d i om an o ( i sc
f r t I t i s is also t be n tt e d t ha t t he pr
o . prac t ice o o e
o f c n t r llin g t he exhau st W
o o wii t h t he t hum b o r
fin g ers f t he ri g h t han d sh uld be d i sc n
o o o
t inne d I t he same c nnec t ion it is t be b

. n o o o
serve d t ha t in s me hammers due ei t her t o , o
t hei r c o n s t ruc t i o n t wear t he exhaus t or o ,
leaks ou t d ownwar d al ng t he t ol which i t o o —
should t d g ivin g a sli g h t c n s t an t b las t

no o— o
o f c l d ai r o t he le f t han d T hi s shoul d be
on .
o b via t e d H ea t in g t he c mpresse d air has I

. o ,
b elieve b een t rie d b u t mee t s wi t h d iffi cul t ies

. , .
a nd I d n t b elieve i t w ul d b e o f much value

o o o
i f success fully d ne o .
R e d ucin g t he t ime spen t a t any d i a d

“
s v an
t g
a u eo w rk d shi f t in g t o t her f rms f
s o an o o o
w rk i s in many kin d s o f in d us t rial d is o r d ers

o
su ffi cien t lar g ely t verc me t he t r u b le I o o o o . n
t his in s t ance t here i s an b vi us way o f aec m o o o
p li h i g t his b y requirin g t he men t

n u se t he o
—
s
malle t in su i t a b le par t s f t he w rk especially o o ,

'
in r u g hin g ‘
t
o Th pera t rs say t hey ou .
’
e o o
have always pre ferre d t ha t t his sh ul d b e o
d ne e specially b ecause c mpresse d ai r is ex

o , o
pen sive b u t t ha t t he men will t d i t Th

, no o . e
men a d mi t t hey use t he hammer in such w rk o
when t hey d t n ee d t par t ly because t hey

o no o,
g t m re d ne b u t t hey say t ha t unless t hey

e o o .
d o t he f remen l k un favora b ly
o t hem d oo on an
are l ikely t d r p t hem because t hey d no t o o o
wo rk o fas t Eviden t ly adj us t men t s d

s . an un
d t
er s a n di g are n ee d e d n b t h en d s here
s on o .
*
V ice P resi d en t Merrimac C hemical Co m
Th men e d t he pera t o rs a d t hei r f remen
an o n o pany , Bo st no .
The above fi g u res a r e f rom Mr H oyt S . . to be driven the bushing drop s over the head
G ale G eolo g i cal S u rvey
, . o f the screw and when the screw driver i s
At the pres nt time pro duction is p robably
e rotated it fin ds its own place in the n ick .
at t he ra t e o f mo re than tons pe r year , G eor g e M

. Dic k in Amer i c a n Ma c hi ni s t .
a remarkable showing fo r an industry only

three years old a result by the way wh ich ,
could not possibly have been attained i f p rice

r eg ula t ion had been p racticed in the manner
t hat we have seen in s me o f ou r important o
products The result is due to almost super

.
human e Pfo t s o f manu facturers to get the

r
b enefit o f the fabulous prices that potash has

been bringing in th is market .
I
I
l
I
i
I
o
o
I
l
c
m
0
E
>
l
I
H.
a :
Q
0
'
I
E
—
w
:
m
’
r
LII
m
a
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o
g m
m
Q
:
,
a
«1
:
d
t
«
C O MP R E S S E D AI R O P E R AT E D S CREW
D RI V ER
acking o f munitions mo st o f the c o

I n th e p v
e rs are fasten ed on the boxes by woo d screws .
T h e operation o f driving in the screws oc c u

pies a larg e portion o f the time taken to pack
a box and also considerable s tren g th i f don e
,
by han d Fo some time past we have been

. r
‘
usin g the screw driver shown in the cut I t .
is made w i th a Mors e taper shank an d is ,
used in a No 4 Little David C anadian I n

.
“ ”
g e s oll R an d dril l
r Th e loosel y sliding bush
-
.
ing by the thrust o f the spring no rmally over

han g s the screw driver a l ittle and bein g ,
s lotted on the s ide i s held fr o m dropping o ff ,
by the l ittle pin as shown W hen a screw i s .

D E T AI L S O F G AS W AR F AR E
J BY S . . M AU LD*
.
Not much is hear d o f gas war fare at t he

so
presen t t ime as two years ars g o when the fi rst a ,
u se f t ha t meth o d o f a tttt ackk was ma d e n th e

o ac o
W es t ern F r n t G is h o wever used t o a

o . as 5 , ,
t remen d u s ex t en t n d t he amoun t t hat has

o , a
b een d is b ein g hurle d b ack an d fo rth in

an in e
shells d cl u d s i s almost
an ost unbel
o i evable Th e
unbelievable .
success f a cl o u d g as attack depen ds on

o as
t h r u g h preparation be fo rehand Th e at t ack

o o .
ers mu s t kn w the coun tt ryy t he lay u t o f the

o n r , o
t renches an d t he d irecti nn a d vel ci t y f th e

,
o n o o
win d with certain t y F avorable o a b le con d ition s are . av r
l imi t ed prac t ically t o win in d vell ccities

i t i es b tween
between e o
t welve an d f u r t een miles3 per hou r W

o with
i th no ,
upwar d curren t s G erman man g at t acks are

. as
ma d e by t w re g imen t s f P ioneers witho o ,
hi g hly t echnical ffi cers5 includin g en g in eers o , ,
me t e r l g is t s and chemists
o o o mists , .
T h fi rs t a t tack was made w withh chl i e If

hl rine
'
e c o .
a g a tt ack is t b e ma d ee wi t h g s cl uds the

’
as o a o ,
num b e r f g ases available

o l is llimite
i mite d Th e g a s e .
mus t b e eas ily c mpres si bb lle easily ma d e inn o S Si e,

'
lar g e quan t ities d sh b ul d be c nsiderably

, an o o
heavier t han ai r I f t thi s is a d d ed t he e . o n c es
s i ty f i t s bein g very t xic an d

o f low chemi o o
cal reac t ivity the ch ice is p ractically reduced

, o
to tw g ases
o chl rine a d ph s g ene T h e o n o
—
.
g s is c n t aine d in an
a o r d inary cylin d er like o
t hat use d f xy g en or hydro g en P ure

o or .
chl rine d id t satis fy quite all the require

o no
men t s as it i s very ac t ive chemically an d

, ,
t here f re easily abs rbe d P a d s soaked in

o , o . so
lu t i ns f s d ium carb nate an d t hio sulpha t e

o o o o
were fi rs t used in t he p r tective respirat rs o o .
La t er wi t h th in t r ducti n f ph s g en e a
, e o o o o ,
g as wh ich is very insi d iou s an d diffi cult t p o ro
tec t a g ains t s d ium phenate was used

o .
T here are many con d i t i n s t hat have t

so o o
b e fulfille d in c nnec t i n wi t h the g o cl u d o as o
t hat i t s u se is limi t e d T h case is di ff erent . e
with g shells Th g shells are t he m st

as . e as o
impo r t an t o f all me t h d s f u sin g g on the o o as
W es t ern F r n t d are still in c o u rse o f d e

o , an
v e o l p m nt T h fi rs t use
e . f t his me t h d was
e o o
wi t h t he cele b ra t ed t ear shells A n

“ ”
. c on c e
tra tio n f o par t in a milli n f s me f

on e o o o o
t hese lachryma t rs makes t he eyes wa t er se o
v er e ly Th. ri g inal tear shells c n t aine d l

e o o a
J urnal
*
o of t he W ashin g t o n Academy of
S ciences .
I AN O MO N TER B RAM E
Ag ain whe re b en d s ccu r much o f t he ai r is

, o
d eflec t e d fr m i t s cou rse in t he ai rway and

o ,
.
c r o w d s t he o u t e r curve f t he ben d whe re t he o
vel c i t y w i ll b e t he g rea t es t O w ing t t he

o . o
same cause t he vel ci ty a t t he inner cu rve f

, o o
t h e b en d will b e les s t han a t any t her p int o f o o
th e ai rway .
Ag ain b ecau se f a d iff erence in t empera

, o
t u re g aseous c o ndi t i n
or f t he ai r passin g o o
in t t he min e d t ha t fillin g t he w rkin g s n d

o an o a
m any v i d a d aban d n e d places t he warmer

o n o ,
or l i g h t e r ai r will cr w d t he r f o f t he ai r o oo
w y while t he c
a . ler heavie r ai r t ravels
oo or
a ol n g t he fl r T his may g ive a d i ff e rent

oo . v e
loci t y f t he ai r cu rren t a t t he r f and t he

o oo
flo r Th same eff ec t i s b serve d in d ips d

o . e o an
rises in t he ai rway where t he bulk f t he ai r . o
m y cr o w d t he r
a f t he fl r f t he passa g e
oo or oo o
a s t he case may b e .
A imp r t an t fac t r t b e c ns i d e re d in
n o o o o ,
t akin g measu remen t s f t he vel ci t y o f ai r in o o
an ai rway i s t he b s t ruc t i n t ha t t he b
, o o o se rv
e r s b d y presen t s t t he even fl w f t he ai r
’
o o o o .
I t is imp ssi b le t make any accu ra t e all w

o o o
ance f t hi s b s t ruc t i n which always ac t s t

or o o o
B est res ul t s far bt aine d in prime m vers
so o o
are a h rsep we r h ur f in
,
Bt
i ncrease t he rea d in g f vel ci t y b u t t in o o -
o or u .
o o no
l ar g e s t eam t ur b ines f in g a
,
B t
p r p r t i n t t he d ecrease in sec t i nal area
o o o o o , or u . s
b y reason f t he b server s b d y
o o
'
o .
en g ine s and f
,
B t u i n D ei sel en g ine s
or . . .
.
N t in o frequen t ly has i t happen e d t ha t a

c ra f t y min e f reman kn win g t ha t his mine o , o It has b n experimen t ally d e t e rmine d in
ee
was sh r t f ai r w ul d aff ec t t b e much i

o o . o o h En g lan d where illumina t in g gas is use d as
.
t t d in t he rea d in g s t aken b y t he m i
e r es e i ne n m t ive p we r f m t or b uses t ha t 2 5 0 cu b ic
o o or o ,
s p ec t r h 0pin g t ha t t he inspec t r w ul d t
o . o o no fee t f g is equivalen t t n g all n f g as
o as o o e o o o
r ealize t ha t his presence in t he airway w ul d o line .

S AV E
TH E S H IP S t h a t yo u a re AN D W H I L E the a i r
B UI L D I N G a re IS L E AK I N G a wa y, a nd t he
L I F E B O AT S fo r th es e ME N a re b ei ng S E N T H O ME
ME N a nd it t ak es F OR W AN T of AI R , and
R I V ETS L O S I NG t h e i r P AY ; t he
T O B UI L D a. s hi p li k e t h e SH IP S ar e D E L AY E D a nd
K AT R I N A L U C K E N B AC H O UR B OY S O V ER TH ER E
AN D in the me a n t i me, t h e AR E I N D AN G E R ; a nd
U B O AT S
-
are g e tt i n g a b ou t TH E U B O AT S
-
n ev e r
3 T I ME S AS MAN Y SH IP S K NO C K OF F a m i n u te .
AS ar e b ei ng L AU N C H E D ; D O Y O UR P AR T
AN D i t t ak es ST OP T H E L E AK S
RI VE T S to b ui ld o ne P UT a W AS H E R In y ou r
H OSE ; ta k e b k th e
'
D ES T R OY E R to ca tc h a ac
U B O AT
-
: B US T ED H O SE ;
NO W i t t a k es a MAK E F UL L P AY
MI G H T Y S MAL L L E AK EV ER Y WEEK ;
TO W AS T E e n ou g h ai r F I NI S H TH E SH I P S a nd
TO R UN A H ADI ME R S ER V E Y O UR C O UNT R Y .
oster prepared by direction o f S upt B ens n o f the hul l construction department Fo re

P . o , ,
R iv er S hip b u il d in g C mpany I t is t be note d t hat t he rati

o . o f ships built to ships sunk
o o
ha s been much impr ved since the p o ster was prepared

o .
a nd caulkers j u st as much ch as t ha t o f t he ship

yar d s I the buil d in g f t h e w den sships
. n he
h p s tt h o oo
’
pneuma t ic t l t he b ree r t he pin d river e t c

oo , o , , .
,
a d especially t he caulker
n er sh ws up a g aain i n as o
t he pacemake r which has d n e much t hu rry o o
up t he w rk o .
Th pneuma t i c t
e ls i n Ameri can sh ps and oo o
yar d s are d in g t heir bi t inn many more ways

o ,
t han here su g g es t e d j ust as truly as t he g un s ,
in F rance .
US I NG AI R J U D G ME N T
B R AK E S WI TH
T h ma t ter o f c as t in g
e f runn
runnin g down o , or o n
g ra d es o t he su r face railways
n lw ys W w ithout
i thout the u se i a
o f p o wer has been investiga t i g tt edd an d foun d t o s a e
a ff rd pp r t uni t ies f qu
o o quii t e imp
o i mp rtant sav or o
in g s T h habi t s f applyin
. ply i n g n d shu tt in
e i n g ff o a o
t he m t r cu rren t
o o d f u sin mg the brak brake in , an o us
c nnec t i n a t t he p recisee t imes

o o i mes t s ecure t he o
b es t resul t s vary c nsi d erably b ly W

, wii t h the in ind i o er a
vi d ual m t rmen d c nsequen o o q tt ly

y t he an c on s e u en c on
s ump t i n f p wer f t rip varies cco rrrespp ndd

o ,
o o or es o
i n g ly .
a recen t issue o f t he B R T M n tt hl
In hlyy . . . o ,
W illiam S ie b r t superinten d en t o f sur face e .
tran sp r t a t i n p ints u t that the sche d ules

o o , o o
on t he B r klyn R apid T ransi t sys t em call f

oo or
t rips per d y I f each m t o rman a . o on
each t rip w ul d c as t an a d d i t i onal 2 5 0 ft

o o .
, or
less t han t wen t ie t h f a mile

on e -
the no r o , or
mal d is t ance b e t ween t w num b ered stree t s it o ,
w ul d mean a d aily savin g in power c nsumed

o o
equal t t he p wer it w uld t ake to opera t e

o o o
o ne car ft 1 5 8 1 miles a d fr m .
, or , n o
five t t en t imes t h is am un t c uld be eas ily

o o o
save d .
A very d i fferen t appreciation o f t he c as t in g o
e ff ec t w rke d t a sc re f years g n t he
o ou o o a o o
Ams t er d am Avenue l ine Manha t tan runn in g , ,
up t F rt G e o rg e T his line was at t ha t t ime

o o .
o pera t in g b y cable and there are several qui t e ,
s t eep ups d d wn the su r face W hen

an o on .
t he cars were runnin g d wn hill i f the g rip o on
t he ca b le was main t ained a c nsi d erable fo o r
war d pull was g iven t t h e cable and much o
p wer was save d Th m t rmen in this case

o . e o o
were very f n d f c as t in g and t hey w uld

o o o o re
lease t he g rip d check the speed when n an ec e s
sary b y usin g t he brake N t nly was much . o o
p wer thus l s t b u t t he cars ran ahead f their

o o o
sche d ule time t ha t i t was n ecessary to is su e

, so
s t rin g en t r d ers p r hi b i t in g c as t in g
o o o .
C O M P R ES S E D AI R MAG AZ I N E . 8 79 5
D r y i ng i f f un d essen tt iiall t rem ve t he o s en a o o
mo is t u re pri r t p lverizin er g d eliverin l

o o g to a u l i , e i v er i n
secon d s t ra g e b in o .
Ex t ti rac f ir n par tt icles

l on o Thhisi s b eein g d o ic es . iv y
a
vise d t save d ama g e t t he pulver

o pulverizin i z i n g millll o i i i .
A ma g ne t ic separa t r is i s c mm nly u se d f o o o or
t his purp se o .
P l i i g
u v er z ei t her in F ulle r
ii , Raym y nd 1 or o
mills t he i r equ ivalen t t he

or heni s t rrin i n g in a tt h hi r d , o
'
s t ra g e b in
o .
ll i i g
i r wi t h ai r fee d in g t ffurnace
n nace n d , e i i o u a
b u rnin g .
Af t er d elivery f t hee raw c al t c rush rushers

o o o
th e fuel will b e han d lleed by c nvey rs o r o o
sp u t s All s t ra g e b in s c nve rs and sp u t s

o . o , o yo o
mus t b e c ns t ruc t e d n d ma main

o i n t aine d d us t t i g ht a -
as a means f preven t in g expl x p l sim

o ox n s n d pp 1 e os , ai os
s i b ly such may have t o b bee ma d e f n c rr o on

i -
o o
sive ma t e rial .
Th Naval C on sul t in g B a r d is a t y u r
e n o o
service d i f i t b e youu r pleasu re t pr cee d

. an r o o
in t he prepa ra t i n o f des desii g n s es tt ima m tt es

o es n d , es
°
a a
speci fica t i ns we shall b e h n re d b y y ur

o , o o o
seekin g id in t he solu t ion

o ur i on f t h a his impo r t o
'
an t pr b lem o .
NE W B OO K
w d ere d Coal as a Fuel b y C F H e rin g
Po . .
t n
o N w Y o rk D V an N s t ran d C ompany
, e , . o ,
2 2 0 pa g es 6 b 9 inches 8 4 illus t ra t i ns
, y , o .
(ne t ) .
T d y when powered fuel is being use d so

o a
ex t ensively f ec n mical a nd ot her reas n s or o o o ,
a n d wh en many are seekin g in f rma t i n

so o o
up n t he su b j ec t t his b k c mes pp r t unely

o , oo o o o .
W ha t i t purp ses t d o i s d ne in a b usin ess o o o
way d wi t h sa t is fac t ry c omple t en ess Th

an o . e
principles inv lve d nd t he c n d i t i n s es sen o a o o
t ial t success are d iscussed nd t hen a lar g e

o a
p r t i n f t he b k is g iven up t o d escrip t i n s
o o o oo o
i n g rea t varie t y o f ac t ual ins t alla t i n s wi t h o
full d e t ails c s t s e t c A b i b li g raphy f 1 2

. o , . o o
pa g es will b e f value t t h se wh wish t o o o o o
kn w all t ha t i s availa b le on t he su b j ec t
o .
R E P AI RI N G T U NN E L L I NI NG S W I T H
G U NI T E
lin in g s f t w t unnels n t he N r t hern
Th e o o o o
P acific which h d b ec me seri usly d i i n a o o s
t g e t d t hr u g h t he c o m b ine d ac t i n
ra e f wa t er
o o o ,
l c m t ive g ases nd fro s t were repai re d

o o o a , re
t ly b y g ivin g t hem a c a t in g f g uni t e “ ”

c en o o ,
a cemen t m r t ar applie d b y mean s f t he o , o ce

so severe Th summi t o f the g ra d e line is5

. e
'
o u t si d e t he t unn el d b ecause au f t hi s an d tt 1he

, an e ec se o
fac : t ha t a ven t ila t in g plan t i s iin o p e tt i n the

opera 3 1 t ra
'
on ,
a t m spheric c n d i t i n s wi t hhin
o i n tthe
o l e tum
tunnell areo e
much b e tt er .
Af t e r a s t u d o f t hee sii t uaa t i n a t b t h o f

I
y s t o o
t hese p in t s a c n t rac t was

o as awar d e d t o t he C c
o
men t G C n s t ruc t i n Co mpany C hica g to

un o o , o,
repai r t he lin ings wi t h an aappl i cati n f g u

pplicati o o
n i t e Th c n t rac t r was
. e as pai d on a quan t ity
o i ty
o
b asi s d e t ermined by place

.
ace measu remen t s t he ,
en g ineer in charg e d e t erminin minin g t h e ex t ent an d

t hickn ess f t he c a t in g t o b e applied from an
o o
in spec t i n f t he c on d i t ii nn f the lin in g an d

o o o o
o b serva t i n f t he resul t s secu red as t he c o a t

o o
i g
n f g uni t e w
o applie d Thi s c a t i n g was was e . o as
pu t ton a t hicknes s f % t 5 in N at
o o 1 o . o
t emp t was ma d e t fill t h hee d eeper h le les some

o o s,
o f which h d a t t al dep ah f over e f o t

p tt h o e o on o .
\V h t he lin in g appea
e r ev e r pea rre d t bbe in g oo d o
c n d i t i n t he c a t i g was
o o vas omi tt e d U sually
o n .
in cases where p r t i n s f t he fi rs t c ursee f o o o co rs o
b rick h d d i sappeare d a repai r w rk w was no o as
d ne wherever inves t i g a t i n s sh we d t ha t t he
o o o
c urse un d ernea t h was i nn g o d c n d i t i n

o
'
o o o .
Th c o n t rac t r furnished ed t he plan t l b a d

'
’
e o . a or n
superin t en d en t Th railway supplied the ma . e
t i l and t h w rk t rain service

er a s e Th e plant
o -
.
c n sis t e d f a b x car c n t ain in g a g

o o o o as en
g ine b el t c nn ec t ed t o a I O i o by 1 2 i n sin g le n
- - -
, . .
cylin d er air c mpres s r which supplied ai r to o o ,
a cemen t g machin e place d in an a d j acent

un
car which als c n t ain e d the ma t erial s fo r

, o o
making t he cemen t m r t ar Th r fs f t hese o . e oo o
cars were used as pla t forms on which t he

men w rke d while cleaning t he sur face o f t he
o
lin in g a tt achin g t he rein f rcemen t

, apply o or
i g t he s t ream
n f g un i t e Th mix t ure in t he
o . e
cemen t g was t ran smi tt ed t t he n zzle

un o .
o
t hr u g h ao i h se Th n zzle was f —
n . o . e o o 1
i
n caliber d was al so a tt ache d t a éi i
. an o -
n .
h s e suppl in g wa t er f wa hin g I t was

o y or s .
necessar t pera t e t he ai r c mpress r a t a

y o o o o
ra t e t ha t c mpresse d ab u t 1 2 5 t 3 0 cu f t
o o o 1 . .
o f free air per minu t e in r d er t main t ain , o o
t he necessary pressure f 3 0 l b per sq in a t o . . .
t he n zzle o .
Th crew fo oper at in g t he plant f

e r or on e
shi f t c n sis t e d o f
o en g ineer f t he m on e or co
press r o man opera t ing t he cemen t g

, o ne un ,
tw o t hree men mixin g t he ma t erials

or , on e
man fee d in g t he g n n zzle pera t r d u , on e o o o an
on e n zzle helper Th materials c n sis t e d f

o . e o o
cemen t d san d t he la tt e r secu re d fr m L

an , o O
nausea sneez in g d c u g hing but did

, an o n ot O b vi usly mixin g i s an imp r t an t fa ct r in
o , o o
o t herwise harm any o f t he Americans . c m b us t i n Merely an exces s f ai r in the

o o .
o
furnace i s n t en u g h ; t he ai r must be sup

o . o
pl i e d as near t t he su rface f the fuel bed as

.
NO T E S o o
r s t will penetra t e t a g rea t er d ep t h in

F o o
prac t icable d b e t h r u g hly mixe d wit h the
, an o o
g ravel t han in clay when en b o t h are satu rate d c m b us t i b le ma t te r in r d er t hat t he mb

o o co us
wi t h wa t er f wa t er iss a b e t ter heat condue or

t i n may b e c mple t e d in a sh r t t ime and a
o o o
t han are t he minerals

,
l t hat c o mpose s d ilss small c m b us t ion space ma d e eff ectiv E

o e —
u
:B ll t i N I 3 5
t or s o
fA
.
li
I n a N w En g lan d t w wn las t winter f r st
e o n o
r ea u o ne u e n o . .
pene t ra t e d t a d ep t h f é6y
% ff tt in g ravell n d
o o .
'
o nly 3 % f t in clay . .
b u rns very sl o wlyy in t he fu rnace g ases

S oo t ,
because t he o xyg en is g rreatly e t ly rarefie d t he ,
g ases c o n t ain in g o nly a few per cen t o f free .
o xy g en ; i t b urns rapi d ly y in t he b o m b calori

me t er o r in mix t ure wii t h p ot assium chl o ra t e
b ecause i t i s su rr o unde d wi t h hi g hly c on c en g
t r a t e d o xy g en ready t o c o m b in
in e W
with
i th ii tt b ; t
’
—
. i
r c a u of Mi n es B u lle t i n N o 1 I 35 . .
uis iana as mi g h t b e supp sed f r m i t s

Lo , o o
g e g raphical p si t i n receivin
o c i g as i t d es the
o o , e v in , o ,
d el t a se d imen t a t ion fr m a great c on t inental o
d raina g e b asin p sses sess a rem k l varie t y

remarkable , o
o f clays Alm st every s r t requi red in the

. o o
in d us t rial n d d ec ra t ive ar t s is t b e f un d in
a o o o
t ha t S t a t e Th U S G e lo g ical S urvey has

. e . . o
recen t ly i ssue d bulletin 660 E d ealin g wi t h -
t hese res urces o .
er t ilizers f all kin d s w ill hence for t h b e

F o
su b j ec t e d t G vernmen t c n t r l t hr u g h t he
o o o o o
o pera t i n o f an execu t ive o r d e r f licen sin g

o or
t he imp r t a t i n manu factu re s t ra g e and d i

o o , , o , s
t ib t i
r u f sulphuric acid sulphu r ph spha t e
on o , , o
r ck aci d ph spha t e b asic slag s d ium i

o , o , , o n
t ra t e amm nium sulpha t e y i m i d calcium

, o , c an ,
n i t ra t e p t ash sal t s cement d us t b l t f

, o , , as ~
u r n ac e
d us t w , d ash es
oo d all o t her fer t il izer i , an n
g re d i en t s .
A r o un d sm oo t h h o le in t he s i d e o f a g ran
,
i t e m o un t ain a b o u t n ine miles o u t fr om Mex

i c o C i t y is l o cally kn o wn by a t erm which s ig
,
P lu t o s sa fe t y valve T h e h o le is a b o ut
“ ’ ”
n ifie s .
n ine inches in d i ame t er a t t he openin g which ,
is p o lishe d in a manne r which su g g es t s human

w o rkmanship T ha t man h a d n o t hin g t o d o .
w i t h d rillin g o r p o lishin g t he h o le will b e

rea d ily su rmise d when i t is kn own t ha t i t has
o ccasi o nally emi tt e d h o t air and smoke fo r a
kn o wn peri o d o f n o t less t han 3 00 years .

C O MP R ES S ED AI R MAG AZ I N E . 8 799
A n ew make i ronwa y t os t eel rus t pr f or -

oo Asavin g f 2 5 per cen t in amm nia o . o c on
is claime d in a pa t en t (U S issued . . sump t i n b y ice d re frigera t i n plan t s will

o an o
t o “ i llia m H Allen o f D e t r i t V ap rs con

’
. o . o mean seve ral milli n p un d s annuall f m o o y or u
ta in in g ph sph ru s c mp un d s are ma d e use

o o o o n it i s A p un d f amm n ia will make 2 0
on . o o o
o f Th p r cess c nsis t s in subj ec t in g a r t icles

. e o o han d g rena d es .
o f i r n d s t eel pr perly cleane d by picklin g

o an . o
o r san d b las t t o t he fumes o r vap rs o f phos

. o
The year
h l d s t he rec r d f pr o d uc
1 917 o o or
ph pen t xi d e
o r us anhy d ri d e t g e t her with
o or , o
t i n f P o r t lan d cemen t a t t al f p p x i
o o o o a ro
s me aque us vapo r un t il su r faces o f basic
o o
ma t ely b arrel s havin g b een manu
,
ph spha t es f i ron are pro d uce d T hese

o o . va
f t u d an excess
ac re ver t he former hi g h p o ro
p rs may b e pro d uce d in any d esi re d manner
o ,
d uc t i o n o f 1 9 3
,
f n early b arrels 1 o
t he pre ferre d p r o cess con sis t ing in subj ectin g
.
a mix t u re f g r un d phospha t e r ck coke a n d

o o o ,
san d t a s t r n g curren t in an electric furnace

o o . Li f t in g ma g ne t s are use d success fully in e r
Th li b era t e d phospho rus imme d ia t ely changes

e c verin g i ron d s t eel b j ec t s t ha t h d b een
o an o a
t o P 0 n d t hese fumes are d rawn in t t he

2 ,, a o sunk in the wa t er R ecen t ly a C u t ler H amme r .
-
pr cessin g cham b er b y mean s f a suc t ion fan

o o . t ype f ma g ne t was applie d t o li f t 4 2 0 t ns f
o o o
Th fumes may be fi rs t passe d t h r u g h a dus t

e o p i g i r o n fr m a wrecke d b ar g e in t he T
-
o en
cham b e r . n es s ee river .
0
’
6
2
[2 60 5 2 2
4 2 60
,
4 2 6 0, 7 02
P N EU M AT IC P AT ENT S MARC H 2 6
L AT E S T U S P AT E N T S P R C E S S AN D AP P AR A U S F O R O T
O O G L AS S OF
. .
C N TR L L I N G TH E F L O \V
i ll i a J i ll rw i va l b r u h
.
W m M e S Pa
p ec ifi c a t i o ns
ss e o o g
F u ll a nd d r a w i ng f pat I
.
, . .
s s o a ny
M E E R F O R M E AS U R N G G AS T
r y tt r l ar k b ur V
.
en t ma y b e ob ta i n ed b y s en d i ng fiv e c e n ts (n o t Do s e R Po e C s g \V
Th a
. . , . .
AI R B R U S H o m s A D e V i lb i s s
r y u ll r T l
-
s ta mp s ) th e C o mmis s i on e r Oh i
. .
to of P a te n ts , a nd G od f e M e e o e d o, o
O T T O T
. .
I N S AN AN E U S I G N I I N ME
Wa s h i ng ton D C
-
, . .
C H AN I S M FOR U EL OIL F A MI Z E R S TO
Ab n e r D o b l e D e t r o i t M i c h
-
.
MAR C H C O N D E N S I N G AP P AR AT U S
. .
26
.
R ob
P h ilad elp h ia
.
e r t S uc z ek Pa
T
ON S TR UC TI O N
T L N N EL C D un T h e c o m bi na ti o n i n a j e t c o n d e n s e r o f a
. . .
York N Y 1
c h a m be r a w a t e r c o ll e c t i n g
.
Mc B e a n N e w
.
ca n D
.
.
c o n d e n s mg a nd
A m e a n s fo r p r e p a r i n g fo un d a t i o n s fo r
. .
c ha mbe r a d i ff us e r fo r m i n g a co nn e c ti o n b e
. .
1
t unn e l s ec ti o n s w h i c h c om p r i s e s an a i r a nd t w e e h s a i d c h a m b e rs a n d ma i n t a i n i n g th e m i n
. .
w a t e r t i h t o p e n b o tt o me d s t ru c t ure o f s l i g ht l y d e p e n d e n t w h e n c o n d u c ti n g c ool i n g wa t e r a n d
g r ea t e r e n g t h th a n w i d th a n d o f t h e d i m e n s i o n s m e an s fo r e x t ra c ti n g e l a s t i c fl u i d f r o m s a i d
-
.
o f a t un n e l s e c t i o n a h o r i z o n ta l a n d re mo va b l e c on d e n s i n g c h a m be r a nd d e l i v e r i n g i t a t h ig he r
a r t i t i o n th e r e i n w h i c h f o rm s a c h a m b e r b e n e a th p r e s s ur e i n t o t h e e l a s t i c fl u i d a b o v e t h e l i q u i d
.
t for c o m p r e s s e d a i r a n d b a ll a s t ta n k s a b o v e i n s a i d c oll e c t i n g c h a m b e r th r ou g h a p a s s a g e
i t a n d me a n s fo r p e r m i tt i n g a c c e s s t o t h e c o m i n d e p e n d e n t o f s a i d d i ffu s e r
.
p r es se d a i r c h a m b e r w h e r e b y a t r e n c h m a y b e Ed w i n
.
C O MP R E S S E D AI R O I L E R
.
p r e p a r e d un d e r t h e s t ru c t ur e w h e n l o w e r e d t o E B a k e r a nd G u y H S n a v e l y \V i l lo w s
-
, .
Ca l
th e b o tt o m w i th i ts l o n g e r ax i s t ra n s ve rs e t o
.
P N E U M AT I C AL L Y O P E R AT E D
. . . .
2
t h e l i n e o f t un n e l o f g r e a t e r w i d th t ha n th e C h a r l es J O l s on Mu s k e g o n
-
. .
l N S AW
gifi
ii
t un n e l t o b e l a i d th e r e i n
. . .
, ,
. c
8 8 00 C O MP R ES S ED Ai R MAG AZ I NE .
“E N D O P E R AT E D TOY H rv AP P AR AT U S FOR DE VE L OP I NG
rd S l i l
a ey
Th a t c h e r M r o a I ll t r
-
N J
.
P O WER L e o na P ng a n d s on
vl i g
a e
Vit r
a . , . . .
S U B M E R S I B L E AP P AR AT U S
. . .
1 An a p p a a t u s f d e e op n m o vv e r c o
v r i l l m h vi g i l t
or p
t o r i o B o s c a w ll a S a n F ra n c i s c o C a l p ri
. .
ing
s a e t c a c o u n a n i
a r t n e s a
‘
d p i r 1 l pi g
. . .
v e r 1c ll y ac e o nts d p w an n
p w rd l y
S p o e ( 9 \ e o
IL dr v
. _ .
,
AP R 2 m e a ns i n sa d l mc o u nby i en an u a
n oy i ng c ur r t f i h r th r g h
en o a r t e e ou
TI
. .
P N E U MA C S H C K — AB S R B E R O O
l k J
.
S a m u e R C oo Sa n os e Ca l AP R I L 9
V IF rn t
. . . .
AC U U M — L T E es N H og u e
ug t r n
. . .
F AN P er A An d e New
'
\ V i lk n s b u r g Pa us so
rl
. ,
O O Y T
. .
AI R C M P R E S S R S S E M Ca O l ii
‘ T
l M I L K I N G AP P AR AT U S
-
- .
i i
.
E L L p m a n , B e o t , V xi s
'
L aur its
rk r ck Mi n n e a z ol i s M i n n
‘
V V
. . . .
AI R AL E Ma Mc c a e n D i i es ei i
rtl Or J oh n E G r e en a wa l t
, .
B L OW ER
. . . .
Po a nd eg 8 06 7
v
-
,
J
. .
h
.
Y T
. .
S P R A I NG AP P AR A U S os e p D en C o lo er,
T l r i T O
. .
C a k D e G r a ft M n n AP P AR A U S F O R TH E P R D UC
V TIO OF V O h rl
. . .
P R E S S U R E G AS AP R
.
P U MP F O R AC U U M C L E AN E R S N C a es
r l r r rt ni
- -
J h
.
T T
.
H o ac e H ay o and L e o n a d A Mo b e r r y , E d mu nd o nson H ob a a s ma a Au s t r a
kl
. . , .
O
.
a a nd Cal . . li a .
42 64 4 3 7
4 2 6 45 5 6
P N EU M AT IC P ATENT S APRI L 2
AI R C U P L I NG LINE H
DE OSE O
VI Fr k a
- - -
CE an M om s P g g o , Ar k Th i tt
TI V
. ,
T
. .
AP P AR A U S F O R E L E A N G O R
I FT
L I
I N G AC D S O R T H E L I K E Th om a s
ir in h n l n
.
B r a d b e a r , S p a r k b r oo k , B m g a m, E g a d
a ra t u l v t in l i t in
.
1 In an ppa s for e e a g or f g
i l ik c bin t i n a t nk
.
a c d s or th e e, th e om o of a
l
a
s ea ed in a n a i r ti h t
g ma nn r
e ; a n op e nt op p e d
fl t th r i n n
-
oa e e ; m e a s for a d m itt i ng i
ac d to the
t nk
a a nd ext r i r
e o of t h e fl at
o a nd l t r to t h e
ink fl t utl t
a e
int ri r
e o of t h e fl t oa s o a s to s the oa ; o e
i
p p es a nd v lv
a es t o t h e t an k a nd int ri r o of t h e
n t r ll b y fl t
e
fl t
oa ; a nd mea n s c o o ed th e oa fo r
ad m i tt i
ng r
c om p e s s e d air to th e i t ri r
n e of th e
t k wh n fl t i nk
o
an e the oa fo r t h e p ur p os e
u b t n ti ll y
s s ;
i
S p ec fie d a nd s s a a as s e t fo r th
F O
.
S U R AC E AN D J E T C N D E N S E R
ur i bl n Va l in r i
.
Ma c e Le a c, s ur S e e, C o s s y,
F ra n c e
- - -
W i ll i a m R e a
.
AI R C O M P R E S S O R
e ll a n d E d w i n V t a lt e r J on e s I p s wic h E ng
-
.
y
, ,
a nd
ATO MI Z E R W a l te r W F ig g is
B r oo kl yn N Y
. . .
, . .
P R O C E S S F OR A E R A T I N G
L I QU I D F r e d e r i c k B K o ll b e r g B i s b e e Ar i z
Ma x K r a u t L o s An g e l e s C a l
. .
, , .
,
a nd , . .
R E G U L ATO R F O R C O M P R E S S O R
U N L O AD E R S Ar th u r E P e t e r s E a s t o n P a
. .
, , .
8 8 02 C O M P R ES S E D A I R MAG AZ I N E .
FL U I D O PE R ATED MOTO R H or
a t i C R n d a l l S F r a c ii s c Ca l
-
.
o a an a nc s c o,
R O C K D R ILL T h ma s E S t u r t e
. . .
va t D v e r N J
-
. o .
n o
AI R P U MP C l i n t n L \ V l k er ,
. . .
P ie d m n t Ca l
-
. i o . a er .
o
W ATE R PRE S S UR
ESS E
. .
UR E SYSTEM
J am e s S R g i s O t t u m w a II w
.
a a n 21
a wa t e r pre ssu re s y s t e m t n k a d a p t
o va
‘
. . , .
1 I n
e d t b e a rr an ge d i a b d f wa t er s a i d tan k
.
, a a
o n o o
c m p ri s i n g fl a t i n g a ir c h m b r d
y ,
o a m o a e an a c o
m i
un ca ti g wa t e r c h m b er th e l a tt er h v i n g
n
va l v s per m i t t i n g th e i gre ss f w t er d i
a , a
e n a an a
d c l s i n g a g a i s t th e egre ss
o r
a n o f th e w t er n o a
m s f su pp l y i n g a i r u d er p re ssu re t t h e
.
ea n or n o
a i r c m p r tm e n t d a d r aw ff p ipe c nn ec t e d
o a an o o
th e w t er c m p r t m e n t
-
.
.
to o
V A CUU M C L EA N E R E m i l F W m
a a .
'
h ner S t L uis M
-
. . e
oe . . o . o
42 64 04 3 ,
/2 6 3
72 2 I
P N EU M AT I C P A T E N T S A PR I L 2 3
BO LL W EE V IL D EST R O Y IN G G ou l d B r ok aw P a r i s
W i l l i am
Er a n ce
O SES
MA C H I N E T h oma s H D i s e re n s D a l l a s a n d
.
, ,
‘
F r an k C Mc K a y C e l i na T e x , ,
AMMO N I A C OMP R ES SO R G e o rg e
. . .
FL U I D D R I V E N MOTO R E m i l F erg us on A p e l d oo r n N e th er l a n ds
-
.
, . . .
K l a h n L i v i n g s t on N J P N E U MAT I C TE L ES C OP I C MA ST
-
. , , .
An ton L Koe s t e r A N D I T S APP LI C AT I ON S M a rce l G u ic h a r d

, , . .
\ V I N D MI L L
G or h a m K an s ,
P a r i s F r an ce
,
. . .
TEAT CU P C L A W F O R M ILKIN G H O U SE V E N T IL AT IN G A N D FI R E
, .
, .
J oh n G G E k l u n d h C o l u m E X T IN G U I S H IN G S Y STEM A n d r ew B
-
H am i l A n d r e w 0 V e n s e l a n d F r a n k S B e rg
.
. .
, .
us 10
P N E U MAT I C D I AP H R A G M F O L s t r o m Ra y A r i z
, .
, .
, .
L O \ V E R Ro b e r t A G a l l y C i n c i nn a t i O h i o A v e n t i l a t i n g a n d fi r e e xt i n g u i s h i n g s y s
, . .
1
t e m i n c l ud i n g c o m p re ss e d a i r c o n du c t i n g m e an s
. .
, , . .
AP R IL 2 3 w a t er c o n du c t i n g m e an s m e an s t o c u t off t h e
,
c om pr e ss e d a ir c on du c t i n g m e a n s m e an s t o c u t
,
P N E U MAT I C G R A IN E L E V ATO R o ff th e w a t er c o n du c t i n g m e a n s m e an s i n c l ud ,
—
G e o rge B e r n e r t M i l wa u kee W i s a fus i b l e m e m b e r t o n o r ma l l y h o l d t h e a i r

. ,
ing
A I R SE P A R ATO R Ge o rge S E m e r ou t o ff m e a n s i n o p e n p o s i t i o n an d t h e wat e r
, . .
ick P h i l a d e l p h i a P a m e an s i n c l o s e d p o s i t i o n a n d flu i d
-
. .
ou t o ff
A U TOMAT I C STO P ME C H A NI SM pre ssu r e a c t u a t e d m e an s t o c l o s e t h e s a i d a i r
, , . ,
F OR C A R S W i l l i am E L awn a n d J am e s c u t off m e an s a n d o pe n t h e s a i d Wa t er c u t off

A R an R o c h e s t er N Y m e an s w h en s a i d fus i b l e e l e m e nt i s fus e d
. .
S UC T I O N S W EEPE R H owa r d E a r l
y
S UC T I O N D R ED G E I TEAD Joh n
.
.
, , . .
,
— —
R e i d N e w Y o rk N Y H o o v e r C h ic a g o I l l
-
. .
A U TOMAT I C T R A IN P I PE C O U P C OMP RESSED AI R A U TO STA R T

. , . .
, , .
LI N G T h oma s R B r own S p a rk i l l N Y E R N e a l T N a s h H i nt o n I owa

- -
. . . . . . . . , , .
EV E
E RY TH H
IN
QG P N EU M A T I C
‘
V ol xxiii . J ULY , l 9 l 8 No 7 .
IT S
’
UP TO ME AN D Y OU
T S TRO H M Br Rt
’
rt s
'
T here s a powe r ful pile o f talkin

‘
’
A s t o h w we r e go in to win
' '
o ,
A some f i s und an full o f se

sen se
' ’ ’
h o t s o
A mu h o f i t weak an thin ;
n
'
c s
’
F or it mo s t ly calls n othe r s o
F o r t h help t p u ll u s th r ough
e o ,
“h th simpl e truth o f the thing i s th is

en e
I t s a j ob f m an vou
' ’
or e .
T he r e s a l t o f em loudl h t i
'
o
’
y s ou n
’
T hat an endless line o f ships

W ill knock the cup o f the conquero r P
F rom th H hen z ollern lips ; e o \Y 1
. :
A while I am not d yi
n
'
en n
’
T ha t their wish i s comin true ’
I m sartin sure t hat the final punch

'
\ V ill be up t o me an
’
o y u .
Y a bunch f em keep i s i t i
et o
’
n s n
’
T hat ou r hopes are based on g n s u ,
A others say that t h nati n s wealth

' ’
n e o
W ill de feat t he hated H u n s ,
W hile some pin fai t h to ou r fighte rs T and

I n the wo rk they re called t d ; '
o o \V
‘
B ut as fo r me I am still c n vinced , o
I t s a j ob fo me an y
’
r
’
ou .
P or
7 09 3
No we ain t at t h f t in F landers '
e ron
( TW )
, , ’
P
\V h th bl od red rive rs run
ere e o -
,
2
.
B ut sa fe t home in t he b u sy land
a being t h recip r c al f e o o
\Vh ‘
th war tasks mu st be done ;
ere e T able I c mpiled by t h ai d f t h above
.
o e o e
I f ea r th t be r id o f t h K ai er
'
s o e s form u la g i es t h “ i g h t f moo
. \ ft o f
e t o c u . .
A his dir t y P r ussian c rew

n
'
,
dry ai r for a varie t f c mbination s o f tem y o o
T here s wo rk f a hund r ed mill ion hands

’
or p t and p r e u r e T ble have been p u b
era u re s s . a s
up t me and y li h d wi t h minut r m and a g r eate r

'
50 t i s o ou . s e x l e ter a s
—
. 4 mc r i c t m . l l a c h i n is t . ran g e but t hi i t h u g h t t be u ffic ient here
.
s s o o s .
88 04 C O M P R ES S E D A I R M AGA Z I N E .
T he diag r am F ig I em , .
,
bodies the same data as in

the table but not fo r the ,
0 ’2 0
entire range o f tempe r a

tures A s al l the l ines in
.
0 /00
F ig . are straight lines this

I ,
diag r am may be inde finitely Q Q
extended by the aid o f a Q0
straightedge an d pencil .
T hese dry ai r data are 7 00
genera ll y the starting point g 0
in computations concerning é”
per formance an d effi ciency
in compressed air practice ,
an d there is m re than a o
suggestion o f un fai rness o r

i rrelevance in thei r employ
ment T he idea l o f f
. e
fi i n y the 1 00 per cent o f

c e c , .
e ffi ciency in air comp res

,
C IO ea 3 0 ( a 5 0 60 7o 60 9 0 I 00 #0 mo l3 0 /4 0 I 5 0 we I 7O 1 00 n o e ap
s ion is generally based first , , FI G I

upon the as sumptio n that
.
abso l ute l y dry air i s used an d second that the , ,

T he simp l e fact is that the ai r does n ot
operatio n o f compres s ion i s isothermal o r with ,
pic k up the Water at a ll ; but that the water ,
no rise o f ai r temperature f rom the beginning when it has the chance forces itse l f in amo ng ,
to the end o f the operation Now it happen s .

,
the air mo l ecu l e di ffusing itse l f equa ll y a ll
s,
that both o f these assumed con ditions are prae through the ai r an d in the act displacing a
“
tical l y imp o ssib l e an d the computed percent

,
po rtio n o f the ai r so that an y v olume o f
,
ages i accomplishment are compared not with

o moisture l aden ai r has not a ll the o rig i n l
-
a
a possible but an impo ssible 1 00 .

vo l ume o f dry ai r in it but the body become , s
F o r common ma n ipu l ation there i s no su c h a mixture the vo l ume o f ai r in it b eing

, re
thing as dry ai r ; a n d how cou l d there be when

we remember that on e o f the most important
an d pers istent functions o f the atmo sphere is
the conveya n ce and distributio n o f water over
the earth ?
T his wo r k o f the ai r is the most familiar
topic o f ou r dai l y conversation W e think .
o f the ai r as driving over the sur face o f o ur
sphere an d whenever it comes in contact

w ith water picki n g up some o f it converting ,
it into invisib l e vapo r an d flying along with

it until the conditions f pressure an d tem
, o
t
er a u r e
p change su fficiently and then drop ,
ping some po rtion o f it genera ll y in the fo rm ,
o f rain I n our fami l ia r talks about the w th

.
ea
er when we be l ieve rainsto rm impending

, a
we speak o f the ai r as heavy o r l ade n with ,
moi sture B ut the paradox o f it is that the

.
more the ai r is l aden with moistu re the great ,
er the proportion f water vapo r it:carries o ,
the lighter it is vo l ume fo r vo l ume ; and

,
when as we say the ai r is satu rated with

, , Ae s m s s s un t:
moisture it i s lightest o f all
,
.
FI G . 2
88 06 C O M P R ES S ED A I R M AGA Z I N E .
Al bs . T emp . A bs .
TAB L E III
P ressu re D eg . F P ressu re
I 1 02 9
2 12 6 10
3 141 II
4 I S3 12
5 1 62 I3
6 1 70 1 4
7 I 77 1 4 7
8 1 83
F igure 3 embodies the same data .
TA B L E II
In the mixture o f dry air and cold o r low , expansive force is very small but continua ll y ,
temperature steam which we are cons idering

,
, increases with the ri se in temperatu re the ai r ,
the steam retains its ow n characteristics .

pressu re decreasing co rrespondingl y “ A t any
fo r in stanc e exercises its e l astic f orce as u
, s point mea su ring vertically the sum o f the
, ,
ual o r produces the resu l tant p ressure due

,
steam pressu re added to the air p ressure
to the temperature T he .
total pres sure o f the mix

ture there fore co n sists o f
, ,
the sum o f this p ressu re

added to the air p ressu re ,
an d does not cons ist o f the

air p ressure a l one .
T able I I gives the p res

sures o f both the air an d
the cold steam as we are ,
cal l ing it at various t em

,
p e a t u es all the way from

r r
0 to 2 1 2 deg F the boiling . .

,
point o f water at sea l evel -
atmospheric pressure T he .
diagram F ig 4 shows this .
i n an interesting way an d
shou l d he wo rth studying .
c w t?
B eginn i ng at z ero F ah ren
heit the steam pressure o
, r FI G . 4
C O M P R ES S E D AI R M AGA Z I N E . 88 07
1)
. 4 0 5 0 60 7 0 60 90 I OO 18 0 I3 0 I4O 1 50 1 60 I 7O l w I 9O 2 00 2 20
T EN P ER A
M D 05
'
T UR E
/3 7 6 . F
FI G .
barring slight inaccu racies i n the ddrawing w mg o f Ies ra
the cu rves equals the atmo spher

—
spheric
i c p ressure .
I t is to be remarked al l a l ong that the actua l

con stituents o f the mixtures tabu l ated are not
the same all th rough but are con stantly di f ,
f e t fo r the diff erent temperatu res

er n T he .
quantities o r weights o f both ai r and steam in

saturated m ixtu res are given in T ab l e I I I an d ,
are shown graphical l y i n F ig 5 R e ferring t . . o
t h e l atte r cu rve A shows the weight o f d y

, r
ai r at sea l eve l an d at di fferent tempe ratu res ;

B the weights o f satu rated mixtu res o f ai r
,
an d cold steam ; C the weight f air in the, o
mixtu re an d D the weight o f steam in the

,
mixtu re the sum o f C an d D being always

,
equal to B an d always l ess than A I t i s

’
thought that th is diagram can suffi cient l y

speak fo r itsel f w ithout fu rther explanation .
T he word satu rated in the forego ing con

“ ”
n ec t io suggesting a sponge satu rated an d

n,
hea y with wate r i s far from satis factory

v ,
and as misleading as possible but n body s u g , o
gests anything better P 0w Pl t E g i .

—
er an n
n ee r i ng .
A nd now B i r mingham the w rksh p f the ,

"
o o o
wo rld has be g un to tu rn out ships am ng its

,
"
o
many products ; not indeed in the completed , ,
st ge but in parts which are

a , t to seac ast sen o
localities to be assembled .
T he purpose o f this paper iiss to give proo fs

o f the above pos s ibility and to ppoint omt out some
o f the app l ication s o f superspeed theo ry as it

r l ates to prope l lers a n dI b l owers
e ( .
S uperspeed is not readi d i l y observant with the

standard type o f two b l ade p rope l ler oowing w mg to -
th emasking o f this e flect c t by the m

1
mingl
i ngl ing o f ‘
e
high peed air with a much l arger quantity o f

-
s
i n ert air l ying betweenn the prope ll er b l ades

.
T here fo re the measurementsments were made upo n

a specia l type o f propee ll er ha having ing extreme l y
short b l ades o f great width i d th sweeping the en n , e
tire circum ference o f the he ddisk i sk area .
A p ropeller o f the widede blade type described -
having an experimental mean pitch o f 2 5 3 ft .
g ives a win d on static test that flows 3 3 3 ft .
per revo l ution regard l ess o f the speed o f the

, he 5 5
propeller T h ese va l uesS were determ

. determined i ned fo r -
the writer by P ro f E P L esley at the L elan d . . .
S tan ford I U n iversity

, i ty W
r .
,w iind
nd tunnel con ,
fi rming the w riter s ow n m measu reme nts T he

I
’
. ‘
superspeed ra tio 5 3 is , an d thes e '
figures bear so direct a trigonometrical

g on m t l relat
relatio io n ri o e ri c a
t o the blade angle as to suggest that a aii r iinn stead

o f being swept backward rd b y a sscrew c rew pressu re
is driven back b y preci se re fl flc
e tt i on o r b atting
att i ng e g n
act i on .
T he reflection theo ry i s supported b y data

obtained with a b l ade o f 2 8 deg ang l e and by .
other con firmatory tests I n thi s conn ect i o n .
an investigation was a l so made o f the more

co mplex con dition o f a propeller operating in
a wind tunne l with wi n d con dition s co rres
ponding to those on a flying p l an e .
A mong other things it was found that for

l ow b l ade ang l es where the superspeed ratio is
,
[
mo re pronounced the air l eaves the p ropeller ,
at higher ve l ocity near the blade tips than part

way in a condition incons istent w ith th screw
,
e
theo ry fo r stan dard type con stant p itch pro - -
p elle r s .
i e l in his R echerches p resents a n e l ab

E ff
“ ”
o rate collection o f data showing that this con

dition exists but the reflection theor y for the
,
fi rst time explains it .
L ight ribbons placed in the ai r flow from a

s tatic propeller show that the air moves in a
di ection strictly perpen dicular to the blade
r
ang l e a con dition determined by th e reflection

,
t heory but n ot by screw action M o reover .

,
th ese ribbo n s in dicate that the stream con

t ra cts s l ight l y in diameter as it leaves the pro
pe ll er whereas w ith the s q uee z ing action o f a
,
s crew th e ai r wou l d be expected rather to ex
p nd
a .
88 1 0 C O M P R ES S E D A I R M AGA Z I N E .
also th rough tu r bulence prevent the fo rmation result from the dri fting o f warm humid air ,
o f ex c ess ively cold ae r ial lakes .

over cold sur faces as also those that are p ro
,
T he distin c tive facto r in the fo r mation o f d ed

uc by the flow o f cold air over warm ,
this type f fog is the free radiation o f the

o humid regions are but e ffects f temperature
, o
ground and the lower ai r by which the latter ch nges induced by the ho ri z ontal transporta
a
i s suffi ciently coo l ed to induce condensation .

tion o f ai r ; hence the proposed genera l name ,
H ence fogs formed in this manner are prop “

advection fog T he term advection is pre
.
”
erl y termed radiation fogs sometimes a l so

“
,
”
ferred to convection because the l atter is p r ac
called land fogs and summer fogs

“ ” “
.
”
tical l y restricted in meteoro l ogica l usage to
, ,
ADV E CT IO N FO G
a change o f l eve l whereas in the case un der
,
consideration on l y ho ri z ont l movements are a
W henever warm humid ai r dri fts over a , concerned T he contradistinction there fore
.
, ,
co l d sur face its temperature is reduced between advection fog and co n vectio n
“ ” “
throughout the lower tu r bulent layers by con cloud i s obvious and p resumab l y worth
”
, , ,
duction to that sur face and by mixture with whi l e .
remaining portions o f the previous cold ai r

and a correspondingly dense fog p roduced .
Hence fog o ften occurs duringg W winter

i nter in the ,
,
f ront po rtion o f a weakk cyclone ; also when '
ever ai r dri fts fro m w warmn water to cold a i
f r om the G ul f S tream for instance to the , ,
L abrado r C u rrent ; an d wherever gentle ocean

—
winds blow over snow cove red l an d circum i rcum - —

C
stances t i at j usti fy thee te

l
'
terms
ms wwinter
t fog “
n r
"
and sea fog (dri fting on sho re in places

“ ”
.
and even some distan c e in l and S imilarly .

,
a c l d win d d r i fting o r s p reading un der

o
an d th r ugh a b dy o f warm humid ai r

o o ,
also p r oduces a fog though usually a compar ,
a ti
ve ly light T his x p l i i the fog that
on e . e a i s
f re q uently forms du ring winter al ng the .

, o
front o f a high and the thin fog that o c ca

“
,
”
i
s on a lly is seen over l akes on f rosty autumn
morn ings when the w ater appears to be
,
FI G I
steaming actually evaporating into ai r l
.
—
a
ready saturated and thus inducing c nden sa o
tion I t als o explain s the f r e q uent occu r rence

.
o f frost smoke on p olar seas

“ ”
.
I f the win d i s strong th e tu r bulence ex (6
tends through comparatively deep layer

a .
’7
Hence in the case o f w a rm ai r dri fting ove r

a co l d surface i f the movement is rapid the
total duration f c ontact between any po r tion
o
o f the air an d that sur face is likely to be so

brie f that but little cooling can take place and
no f g be fo rmed S imilar l y it u u ll also
o .
, us s a y
happens that fog does not fo r m when the cold

win d blowing ove r a w arm humid region is ,
even mode r ately strong H ere the tu r bulence .
mixes the excess ive humidity n ear the su r

face through so la rge vol u me that satura a ~
tion mm l is n ot produced nor there

co on v , ,
fore any trace o f f g

, o .
*
J ourna l A merican S ociety of M echanica l
F rom the above it appears that all fogs that E g n inee r s .
C O M P R ES S ED A I R MAGAZ I N E . 88 1 1
been math matically demonstrated

emon s t a t ed th e m i nd r ,
n evertheles s rebels against n s t a l aw wh i ch d e enies

n es
the po ss ibili ty o f u si ng; any po rt rtioi o n o f the it
thousan ds o f mi l lion s o f ho rsepowe r ex existi n gg

5 t n 1
a t all times in the atmosphere osphere S uch me ntal .
rebellion led the w riter to at attempt

em the uti l i z a
tion o f thi s ene rgy in spite i te o f what iiss dec l ared
to be the secon d law o f thermod yn am amics i cs .
T he resu l t o f this e floo rtt wh

whichi ch t h us far ha s ‘
r ,
been im ginative rather than through math »

a
ma t i l treatmen t seems
ca ms to in dicate d i cate s evera l
,
me thods by which w o rk may be real realii z ed ffrom om

the b eat i n the ai r .
A simp l e app a ratu s whichhich demo n st rates th e

fact In :been con structedd and operated b y the
writer a n d will be unde r s tta nndd by re ferr ferringi ng to r
F ig I This appar a tu s con ssii s ts o f bu

. . but th ree
essential lem en ts vi z the bo
e boii l e r I the tur
, .
, ,
bine 2 and the conden ser 3 A ppipe

, i pe con nects r .
t h e top o f th e boiler to the no zzl e o f the tu r

b ine and the cas ing o f the tu rbine bine ope n s di di
r ec t ly into th e cond en s e er T he h conde 1 n ser is r . (
p ro i ded w ith mea n s fo r evapo rating water

v
f rom its outer su r face I n the s k etch this is .
s ho wn as a fibrous covering 4 which keep s ,
moist by drawing wate r fr o m the receptac l e

5 by its capillarity A p i pe conn ects the bot .
tom o i th e con den ser to the bo ttom o f the

bo iler .
T he Ope ration will be most easi l y un der

stood by as suming the p l ant comp l eted a n d
ready fo r tarting T he first act i s to exhaust
s .
the ai r from the enti re sy s tem through the

valve in the b oi l er A quantity o f l ique fied .
ga s sufficient to partly fill the boiler i s next

introduced through the same valve which is ,
th en clo ned F ina ll y the receptac l e at th e bot

.
tom o f the conden ser is fil led with water .
T he heat interchanges o r c y cles o f wh i ch ,
the re are two commence as oon as eva p o ra

, s
tion o f water takes p l ace from the exterio r o f

th e condenser T he water in the act o f evap
.
,
orating removes an increment o f heat f rom

,
the conden ser causing a reduction in tempera

,
tu re and consequently a con den sation o f the

vapo r therein T his in tu rn brings about a
.
, ,
n c e in pressu re between the condenser

'
difl e re
and the boiler which i s available fo r operat

in g the tu rbin e T he condensate from the T he nonc on p v f water coupled
.
‘
"
i cw o
‘
. .
,
c onden ser ente rs the boile r at a tempe r ature with the th i ck n ess l s me men s heads has
L o
'
,
l ower than that o f the atmosphere w hich n , e h el ped the repai r x s t several m illion s o f
s
‘
o
ab l es the bo iler to absorb an amount o f heat dollars o f wor k u nm t change th e

. atu re e n
from the atmo sphere equivalent to the amou n t o f water but we can do s mething with th e
,
o
re j ected by th e con d en s er to the atmosphere men s head M i E g i

’
s — i g
a r ne n n eer n .
TABLE I APPLICATI ONS TO WHICH SYNCHRO NOUS MOTORS

—
ARE ADAP I ED the a l read y wide ra n ge o f
’ ‘
thes e motors and the prom

ise o f a much greater use i n
the future .
W here a heavy a n d fair l y

continuous load can be d i r v
en at a constant speed there ,
is genera l ly a n opportu n it y
to insta ll a synchro n ous mo
to High e fficienc y and e
r . r
l iabi l ity o i service are the

two great essentia l s in such
wo rk I t is sa fe to say that .
a sy n chronou s moto r i s al
ways higher i n e ffic i e n c y
than a n inductio n motor o f
correspon ding rating A t .
low speeds the adva n tage i n

favo r o f the sy n chron ous
moto r is even greater than
at high speeds .
T here are man y heavy

duty machines which must
be ru n at l ow speeds F or .
mer l y i f these machines ,
were to be driven by mo
tors it was necessar y to in
sta ll some fo rm o f belt or
gear drive T hey can now .
be direct l y connected to ‘
A D A P T AB I L I T I E S O F S Y N CH R O N O US synchronous motors an d op
M OTO R S e at
r e e fficiently at speeds as low as 7 2 p m r .
B Y W I LL B R O W N *
S TA R T I NG A BI L I T Y
S ynchronous moto rs cannot be used p ofit r T he o l d han dicap o f synchro n ous motors
a b l y on smal l l oads T his ge n era ll y means
. was thei r inabi l ity to start up from rest whi l e
anything under 1 00 hp A n exception shou l d
. carrying a mechan ica l l oad T h i s ha n d i cap .
b e made in the case o f smal l synchronous mo has been overcome to a greater exte n t tha n
to r generator sets however T he y cannot b e
-
, . most engineers rea l i z e T here are practica l .
u sed on intermittent l oads invo l ving f requent examp l es o f l arge sy n chronous moto rs deve l
ti g n d stopping such as cran e moto rs oping a starting to rque as high as 5 0 p e ce n t
‘
t
s ar n a , , r .
reve rsib l e ho ist motors tc T hey ca n not be

, e . o f fu ll l oad to rque obtained w ithout a p ro
—
used where variab l e speed o r ad j usta b l e speed hi b i t i ely l arge kva input
v T he future wi ll
. .
i s demanded unless some mechan ica l mea n s o f probab l y bring even more remar k a b l e resu l ts .
regulating the speed change is provided T he y . I t i s a fundamenta l fact that a l ow speed -
cannot be used where it is necessar y to start synchronous moto r cannot deve l op as h i gh a n

up the full l oad from rest un l ess a c l utch o r initia l starting torque with the same start i n g
some other mechan ica l metho d o f easing the vo l tage as the high speed moto r i t be i n g un
-
starting condition is supplied . d e s too d that ho sepower ratings o f the two

r r
W here synchronous motors ma y be and , motors are the same F o r examp l e a certa i n .
,
are actual l y emp l o y ed i s attested by T ab l e I

, . moto r with a s y nch ronous speed o f 2 00 p m r .
I t does not b y any mea n s cover the fu ll fie l d ca n deve l op a starting torque o f 3 5 per ce n t .
o f po ssib l e applications but it does i n dicate

, o f fu ll l oad to rque on the 4 0 per ce n t vo l tage
-
.
tap with an input o f 1 3 0 per ce n t o f the fu ll .
*
C ondensed from El ectr i ca l W o r l d . l oad kva whereas a 6oo .
, moto r ca n d e
88 1 4 C O M P R ES S ED A I R M AGA Z I N E .
In mp es sor the pres s ur e

st rti g a n ai r compressor
a n o r
c a n be re l ieved by a b y pass so that th e mo -

,
to r has o n l y the fr i ctio n l oad an d in ert ertiai a to

over c ome in brea k ing the compresso r f rom
re t T hi s is ver y eas i lly t ak e n care o f with
s .
out drawing excessive kva from th e l ine a n d .

,
th e motor ca n pu ll i n to o sy n chron i s m without

causing Ob j ectionab l e fl uc t u a ion o f t he l iin
fluctuation ne
voltage .
S ince the l oad facto r o f a compresso r i s

genera ll y high an d since c e the p o wer f facto r O ff
,
a sy n ch ronous moto r can be mainta maintaii n ed at

u n ity a favora b l e rate ca n usua ll y be s ecu r ed
,
when energy i s pu rchased from a centra l s a ‘
tion T he fact that thes e motors operat at

.
e
unity power factor o r s l ight l y l eading (at

part l oads ) should app ea l with even gre a te r
fo rce to p l ants ge n erati n g thei r own energy .
the power facto r a n d effi cie n c y obtai n ed w i th

a typica l direct connected s yn chr on ous mo -
to r driven ai r compresso r are sho w n in T a

-
bl e I I .
R ecentl y there has been an eno rmo u s de

man d for l arge synch ronou s motor dr i ve n ai r - —
compressors among the shipyards f the cou n o
t y
r .T he y range in si z e from 1 5 0 hp to 1 2 00 .
hp A mong other l ines O f in dustries us ing

.
t h es e machines might be mentione d m in es ,
foundries automo b i l e facto ri es structura l

, ,
stee l works ; in fact a n y industry wher e a ,
l arge quanti ty o f compressed air i s used I n

m
r
. P .
e
d
a
driving tunnels the air p ressure can b e mai n R«

0
Q
uL
o
t a i n e d in the headi n gs by means o f a b attery

0
2
o f l ow pressu re comp ressors dr i ven b y sy n

ch ronon s motors .
s
d
A M M O N I A CO MPR ESS O R
DR I V E l
a
o
l
T he l arge ammonia compressors used i n ic

l
a
e t
p l ants (5 0 ton or over ) are driven i n exact l y

a
t
, n
th e same way as ai r compressors by e i th er ,

h
t
s
n
be l ted o r direct conn ected synchronou s mo o

c
g
tors T he starting duty required i s however
.
, ,
i
n
n
somewhat more severe than i n th e case o f o
i
m
a
r
ir comp resso rs I n o rder to obt i n

e
di na r
y a a
r
a
.
the requ ired sta rting torque it is sometimes

r
m
e
neces sary to us e a higher vo l tage tap on the a

c
g
,
starting compressor tha n wou l d b e n ecessary Y

C
R
O
it
n
WM
i
with the corresponding air compresso r i n

‘ c
I
‘ x
[ O E
T he l arge flywhee l combined with
‘ ’
I
t ll t i n
s a a o .
C
S
the inertia an d frictio n o f other moving parts U
O
r equires that the moto r be specia ll y des ign ed N
O
to p roduce maximum starting torq u e .
E C
R
H
T he preference fo r di rect connected sy n - L
B Y
N
c h on o
r motor drive n ammo n ia compressor
us - -
s
AS
T
C O M P R ES S ED A I R M AGA Z I N E . 88 1 5
mean s th es e the cl ea rance c a n be increa sed

of responding tests o f rot ry exhauste rs b e a ,
an d th e ca pacity lowered to any des i red po i n t cause th e discharge o f the latter i s pu l sating .
be tw e en fu ll load and one qua rter l oad o r even -

No z l es o r o ri fices cannot be used to mea su r e
z
l ow e r T hus the flexibi l it y o f th e compres

. pulsating flow un l ess the pu l s tions are e l im a
so r i s ful l y equal to that o f th e o l d ad j usta i n ted

a T hese tests are eldom per fo r med on
. s
b l e speed comp res so rs driven by l ow speed

— -
rotary exhausters chiefly because every o r
Co r l is s engines . tary exhauster is a mete r O f the displaceme n t

T he effici en c y curve o f the s yn chro n ous mo ty pe so that the S peed o f the exha u st er i s a
,
to rs is quite flat throughout a w i de ran g e o f me su re o f the quantit y o f gas de l ivered A

a .
l oad so that there is ve ry l i tt l e l o ss in effi

, de finite quantity o f gas is impri soned du ri n g
c i en c y on th e part o f th e moto r whe n ru n at each cyc l e an d de l ive red positivel y except fo r ,
part l oads A s far as th e compresso r i s co n

. the l eakage o r slip T he latter is consta n t e
. r
ce rned th e efficien c y at part l oads seems to

, g a d les
r o f spe ed depe n ding on l y upo n th e
s ,
b e p ractical l y as goo d a s at fu ll l oad T his is . in l et an d out l et pressures and upon th e d n , e
due to th e ge n era l con di ti o n s u n der w hi c h ice s i ty o f the g being exhausted

as .
ma n u factu ring p l n ts operate T he effici en c y

a .
, I n each rota ry exhau ster the re i s a sp eed ,
power facto r a n d s ta rting to rque fo r a typ i common l y re ferred to as the s l ip at wh i c h ,
c a l s y n ch ro n ou s moto r direct con n ec ted to an

-
the l eakage accounts fo r a ll o f the g s h n a a
ammon ia compresso r are in d i cated in T ab l e d le d b y the exhauste r A bove this s p eed t he

.
III . exhauster de l ivers its fu ll disp l acement to the
ME A S U R I N G A I R DEL I V ER Y OF RO di scharge s ystem T he proba b l e del ivery

.
,
TA R Y B L O WER S there fo re is found by mu l tip l ying the diff er

,
F o r th e pu rpose f in vestigatin g various O ence betwee n th e s li p speed a n d the actu l a
theo ri e P ro fesso r W T ri nk o f the Ca r n e

s, . s spee d by the disp l acem n t o f th xhauste r e e e
g i e I nstitu te f T ec hn o l ogy h
O made n i n as a per revo l ution Evident l y th o l u metric f
.
, e v e
te res ti n g series f te t o f a rota ry b l ower

O s s f i ent y increases w ith the spee d
ic
‘
W hen the .
built by th e P H F M R oots C ompan y

. . . .
, speed o f the exha ste r is 1 0 ti mes the l i p
u s
Co n ersvil l e I n d
n , . speed th e volumetric fli i n y i s 90 pe r ce nt
, e c e c .
T ts to dete r mi n e the vo l ume o f g a de

es s S ome Operato r o f rotary b l owers an d ex
s
li vered b y c n tri fuga l ex h u ters are mo re

e a s h a s te s believe that othe r f cto r en ter in to
u r a s
e asily n d mo re frequ n t l y m de t h n the cor

a e a a th e rate o f de l ive ry T he belie f is r the r g en
. a
era l that pressure drop du e to f riction in

th e intake pipe redu ces the de l iver y and coun
t era ct the increas e i n fli c i en c y du e to the
s e
h ighe r ratio o f actua l speed to s l ip speed .
T he arrangement o f the testing apparatu s

employed by P ro f T rinks i s shown i n F ig I . . .
T he air f rom the b l ower enters the right ha n d

t nk through standard no z z les T his tan k i s
a .
c l osed at the top b y a thi n rubber diaphragm

the mas s o f which is so sma ll that it vibrates
with the pulsation s o f the air in the intak e
pipe an d maintains practically a steady flow
o f ai r through the no z z l es W he n the b l ower .
i s in operation the oi l in the dra ft gage near

the blower vibrates with the pu l sations in the
ai r co l umn whi l e the o il in the dra ft gage at
,
the measu ring tank i s motion l ess T he water .
s ea l at the extreme right in F ig I saves the .
rather expen sive rubber diaphragm in case the

blowe r i s started with a l l the no zz les closed .
T he intermediate tank between the measuring

tan k an d the b l ower i s not abso l ute l y nece § Revoluti ons pc Minute — o
sary in th is test because the vacuum p roduced

FI G
,
i s not greater than the rubber diaphragm wil l . 2
allow
into the b l ower thus increas ing the de l iver y
.
T he re l ation between the quantity o f ai r ,

.
delivere d and the speed o f the b l ower i s T his case is paralle l to that o f b l owing eu
S hown i n F ig 2 T he test o f the b l ower pro gines with i i nt k e pipes and automatic i n
a r ~
a
-
l et va l ves where the del ivery i s l ikewis e i n

.
d u c ed the l e ft han d curve T he results were

creased by the inertia o i the air in the intake
-
.
so su rp ris ing the tests were repeated w ith a ,
l arger slip speed I n o rder to Obtain the l at p ipe .
V ibrations have a phase l ag against the i m

.
ter the he d p l t e were removed from the

a a s
—
b l ower an d more red l ead was put into the p ressed vibration o i the b l ower T his may .
j o in t T he right hand curve was obtained - exp l ain why attempts to furnish an engin e
to rque coinciding w ith the static torque o f
.
f rom this test I t wil l b e seen that the char

the b l ower have not been success fu l V ibra
.
acter o f both cu rves is exact l y the s ame T he .

.
l ength and shape o f the in l et pip e were varied tion s occu r not on l y in the i n take b ut a l so i n
an d the l ocation o f the pressu re gage on the the discharge pipe I t has bee n thought that
.
out l et was changed ; but these changes had no perhaps at high speeds thes e vibrations might
appreciable i n fluence o n the shape o f the char become destructive I t i s tru e that vibrat i ons
.
ac t e i s t i cu rves
r c I n thes e tests the discharge increase with the speed but on l y up to the
poi n t where they b ecome sou n d waves A bove
.
pressu re was fi e pounds per square inch A t

v .
-
.
l ower p ressures th e s l ip speed is much this speed the pitch o f the sound i e fre , . .
,
T he actua l de l iver y fa ll s be l ow the p roba que n ey o f vibration increases ; but the amp l i
,
b l e delivery at lower speeds an d rises above it tu de i e l oudness remain s co n stant T he

, . .
, ,
.
at higher speeds V ibrations o f the ai r co l max i mum vibration depends upo n the ratio o f
out l et pipe si z e to fluctu ation o f disp l acement
.
u m n undoubted l y explain this pecu l iarity At — .
T he smal l er the out l et pipe fo r a given b l ow

.
l ow speeds the whole column is accelerated

and retarded but as the speed increases the er the worse the vibration becomes W i th
,
.
the average s i z e o f outlet pipe the vibration

,
inertia o f the column cau ses vibration s o f a ,
sound wave character to appear A t certain

— .
to e i ther s ide from mean does not exceed 1 0
speeds the phase o f these vibrations co rre pe r cent o f the absolute average out l et pres
.
sure I n unusual l y long pipes however reso

,
p o d with the op ening o f the blower to the

, ,
s n s .
suction and an extra q uantity o f air is shoved n ance might increase this somewhat .
l ine le ding t o th e lower j et and th e other on

a
roo f W here the tunn el i s very w ide how
.
t he line lead in g to the upper j ets placed above eve r as in a dou b le track rail road tunn el a
, ,
t h e level f t he batch o .
wye bra nch is used in the l i ne so ther e a r e
,
T H E O PERAT TIIOON two lines o f pip e entering the tunnel form .
I n perat i ng a fter thee batch cont a in ing

o i ng c c
,
A side valve o gate is placed in the wye for
r
ment a g g reg ate and wa t er i s placed in the

, diverting the b atches through one line o r ,
m ixer th e d oor is closeed and the main j et Ii ss

,
the other.
Op ene d T his i s followed .

wed by opening open i ng the
valve t t he upp r i jj ets Many operat o rs
o e a r .
very this m eth od but the e ffect o f this se

q u en c e f control is to start tart the batch fo rward
o
a t the bo t tom o f the machin ch i n e detaching

detach i ng s uc ,
c s s i e p rtions o f the batch at the t ip o f t h e

e v o i
c on e T h materials in the mixer flow down

. e
w ard i n the same manner mner tthat h t san d flow s

f rom the u p p er chamberr o f an hou r gl as s but -
t h e sp eed o f th e flo w is accelerated
acce e a t ed by th e air air r
p res ure s .
Th c nveyin g pipe ccon

e on s mi s ttss o f aanyy sta n d
o
a d sm oth steel pi pe wit h jj o

r o oints
mt s mad e W witi th
b o l t ed flan g es o r any type mo st e as ily i ly a n d
’
r ap idly handled i n making i ng c on nect nections

i ons Th e .
m os t r ap id wea r on the he ppip i p e occu r s at th e

p o i nts wh ere d i ere i s aptpt to be a s l ig ht irr irreg
e g i
u la it y or a shoulder
r T hreaded p i p e iis als o .
t h inn er where th e t h re ea d s are c ut and o f

co ur s e wear s through the r e fi rst For mak .
in g d eflections o f the p i pe line c a st elbows ,
a re used An or dinary ca st ir on elbow will

.
last s ometimes le s s tha n a d ay but a cas e ,
hardened ste el elbow wi fl u s u al ly l st a few a
w eek s Th e be st elbow is cast manga ne s e

.
,
which will al most outlast th e pipe itsel f T he s e .
elb ws are made in 4 5 d eg with a thick n e s s

o .
o f SA in n the inn er cu rve an d . o in th ick .
n e s n the outer cu rve T his g ives a weight

s o .
o f ab o ut 2 2 0 lb for an 8 in e lbow T he radius .

-
. .
o f t he elb w is 3 ft mi n i mum a s a s ho rter o .

,
radius i t oo sharp a turn an d cau se s plugs in

s
t he li ne Sho rte r radiu s elbo ws may be u s ed

.
however at t he discharg e en d o f the pipe A

, .
S pli t elb w o f 90 d g ha s also b ee n u sed fo r

o e .
6i -
h pipe Thi s elbow is split lengthwi s e so
. .
that th e uter hal f o f the cu rve which usually

o
w ears r pi d ly may be replaced a .
A mean s o f d eflecting o r guiding th e d i s

c h rg ea f c ncr te in the forms cons ists o f a
o o e
s ries
e f sl ig htly tapered pipes fitting together
o ,
l ike st vep i pe Two o r three section s o f t his

o .
li g h t pipe ab ut three o r fou r feet l ong are all o
t hat are n ee d ed in a tunn el fo rm for divert

i ng th e discharge f r m on e s ide wall to th e o
other d fo r g uidin g the concrete discharge

an
a r u d i nt o f r ck proj ecting fr m t he
o n p o s o o
po rtion s g re d i en t s . As th e
o f t he ba t ch dr p into t he o
lower ai r stream whi h has , c
a vel oci t y o f a bout ft .
pe r sec t hese portion s a e .

, r
carri e d al ng in s u spens ion o
much d us t is carried as
al ng in a s t o rm except o
,
”
"
t hat t he pa r t icle s are much
l
p close r to g e t her Al t hough .
he spee f t he ai r j e t
s
e
fl
t d o
f
b
a is very hi g h t he speed o f ,
f
o t he c o ncrete ma t erials is
a
N much l we r T h speed o f o . e
t he c nc re t e va ries acco rd o
ing to t he am o unt o f voids

in the ma t erials which p er
mit the ai r to pas s th roug h .
Th e ai r in passing through
t en ds to carry with i t the
smaller ingredients ; that is
AI R REQ U IRE MENT S F OR CO NVEY I N G C O NCRETE
,
t he sand tends t o fi ll t he
i f it i s des ired to get th e maximum output vo ids between the rocks an d th e cement t e nds
po s s ibl e the cap a ci ty o f the comp res s o r should to fi ll t he voids rema in ing and as th e voids , ,
b e g rea t enough to bu i l d up th e ai r pre ss u r e bec o me fi lled up with t he small e r ingredients
in th e s to rage ta nk i n the time r equi red to p a ss ing th rough the speed o f th e mas s in ,
s h oo t a batch
cre a ses th e pressu re o f t h e a i b eh in d th e
, r
mas s incre as es with the decrease o f the voids

.
TH E M I X I N G PROC ES S
in the mass and the speed o f the ma s s c on ,
On e o f th e fi rst question s asked by t he en c rete in creas es .
is th e concrete ix d h N ow in this explanatio n o f the mixing pro

”
m
“
g i n r
ee i s , H o w e ? T i s ,
is explain ed by a s tu dy o f the conditio ns ces s I hav e a s sumed t hat th e air v eloci ty ,
whic h a ffect the ba tch from the time it is passing through t he p ipe is suffi cient to k ee p
place d i n th e mixer until it is delivered in the material s in sus p en s ion an d it is impo rt ,
place in t he form s . ant to have a suffi cient ai r p r es sure to k e p e
I n loadin g t he mi xer th e i ngr e dients cem e nt t he ma t erials in susp e ns ion becau s e wh e n th e

, ,
a n d wat e r are u s ually placed in a mea sur in g ai r veloci t y i reduced th e materials sim p ly
,
s
h op pe r so t ha t when the hopper i s emptied roll an d tumble long the bottom f t he pip e
,
a o .
i nto th e m i x e t he fi r s t comm i n g ling o f the

r The concret e w ill also mix in t hi s manner but ,
in g redi en t s ta k e s pl ce The fi rst c ommi ng

a . it i not con d uci e to go d operati n and s v o o
l in g i s not par t icu la rly impo rtant s it is ve y make s a di rty pi p e line whic h is liable to b
, a r , e
slight W h en t he ai r is tu rn ed on that po r come plu g g ed I n hootin g concrete there

. . s ,
t ion o f th e batch w hich is a t t he bottom o f f re i t will b e f un d t ha t wi t h an 8 i pipe

o , o -
h .
t h e m ixe r in f ront o f the conv eying ai r j et

,
and wi t h ma t erials o f the specific gr vity o f
, a
i s fi r s t to move an d i s in sta n ta neously fol limes t one the p re su re should not fall belo w , s
low e d by po r t ion d ropping f rom above As 5 0 lb per s q i n as the ma t erials will then
s .
. . .
,
t h e mixer h t he hap e o f an hou r glas s t h e commence to dra g along the pip e A y ai r

as s , . n
c en tr al p o r t i n o f th b atch in the mi xe r flo w s expen d ed below 2 5 lb is wa s t ed when blowi ng

o e .
d o wn fi r t d t h po rtion in t he s ide s fol c ncre te t h rou g h an 8 i pipe

s , an e o -
n . .
lo ws i n th e trea m from t he uppe r par t ex

s T h ree g ene ral types o f p neumatic installa
,
metl y as s an d flo ws in a h u r glass D urin g n o t ion s h ve b een d evel pe d t h rou g h the requi re

. a o
t h i s op e ra t ion t h e m in g lin g o f th d i fl en t men t o f di fferen t clas se o f wo rk T hese e

e er s s . ar
in g re d ien t pa rt s ca u e s th e smaller ing redients c n t ral pl n t o r schem o f locating t he mixer

s e a e
t o flow in t o t he v o i d s betwee n t he l r g r in t ace n t r l p in t f ro m whic h t h conv yo r

e a a a o e e
pipe is lai d to the forms ms po rtabl e plant o r ,
outfit upon which the mixer i s carried an d is

eithe r l ade d from binss ccarried
o a ed on the same rr
'
conveyance o r supplied by a belt o r other

l ading device an d the scheme o f loading the
o ,
mixer at various pointss as at the bottom o f

manh o les in s hallow tunnelsnn els an d supplying it t I
with materials thr o u g h a chu chutee from the vari

ous correspondin g points t s along the su r face .
T h e las t i s a fo rm o f central madee sem

n t a l plant ma semi '
por t able .
D R I VI NG A T U NN L
NEL U N D ER AI R
P RES S U RE AN D FII L L I N G I T S OLID
O N C R ET E W I TH C .
I o rder to stop a heavy

n avy lleakk wh i ch threat
which a
ermining an d d t uc
ened t he ul t imate undermining es r
tion f Lock N 3 on the

o h Cayuga
yug a n d S eneca
o . a a
.
C anal at S eneca F alls N Y a tunnel was , . .

,
driven under c mp ressed sed air bbeneat h the o a

'
walls o f the lock the leak located in a bad ,
stratum o f rock and e fffectively ly checked with

'
t ec ve
a concre t e cutoff wall Th small s ize ze o f th

thisi s . e
'
t unnel 4 x6 ft n et s ection
, t i on requi red spec
. i al
special c ,
equipment fo r handlingg muck an d concrete .
O n acc unt o f the large volume o f the leak a

o
heavy battery o f bo ilers an d compresso r
equipment had to be ready fo r emergency s er

vice t all times
a .
T h methods employed permitted the com

e
p l ti n
e o f the j ob wi t hout interfering with
o
the water level in the canal .
Th C ayu g a and S eneca C anal is a branch

e
feeder o f the New Yo rk S tate B arge Canal

I t conn ects the northerly ends o f C nan d a i a
gua Lake S eneca Lake and C ayuga Lake

, ,
an d empties into the B arge C anal at Monte

zuma N Y At S eneca F alls between S
, . .
, e
n eca Lake and C ayu g a Lake i a darn with a , s
power h use an d twin locks No 2 an d 3

o , s . .
T hese twin locks have a combined li ft o f 5 1

feet f r m El 3 8 1 t El 4 3 2 above mean sea
o . o .
level Lock No 3 which is the upper o f the

. .
,
two has a li ft o f 3 9 f eet

, .
S hortly after completion o f the locks an d

fillin g f the upper pool a leak showed itsel f
o ,
when the wa t e r was lowered in the cham

ber o f l ck No 3 Th leakag e increased
o . . e
until i t became too g reat to be carried by the

weep holes in a two foot c ncrete bottom -
'
which had been laid in the l ck chamber to o
prevent sc u rin g T his b ttom w ul d not

o . o o t e
s is t t he pressure f the hea d f water which o o

which to work to takee down the remain ing i ng

4 ft o f rock . .
I n the to p bench o f C concrete D p ipPes were ,

9
.
placed fo r grout i ng P ipe i pe No 1I led ed from . .
the bulkhead at the front n t en d o f the s ection to
a point at the roo f ne ar the back end P ip e .
No 2 wi t h an elbow and s ho rt n ippl e led

.
, ,
from the bulkhead t o a pothol e shot in the

roo f near th e front end o f section Afte r the .
top bench o f co n crete was placed as clos e up

to the roo f o f th e tunnel nel as wa s p racticabl e
a n d allowed to s et fo r 2 4 h r th e grouting .
,
machin e w s hooked up t0 o pip e No

a 1I a nd .
,
gro ut was forced throuug h this p ipe i pe untuntili l i t

filled the j oint between the ol d an d new ccon on
crete ros e up in the pothole

, ot h ole an d was forced ,
out t he vent pipe No 2 T his ins u red a ti g ht . .
j oint on th e top o f th e cutoff wall Thhi Ss meth ‘

. l
o d o f taking down the rock ov e rhead fi lli ng ,
with concret e a nd grout nt in g the m j oint

i nt in s ec
tion s was follo we d until1 thh e tunn el wa s fi ll ed .
W he n the rock was ta k en dow n at the iInte nte r

s ec t ion o f th e up p er miter s ill an d the north
wall the cross se ctional
, a 1 are a o f wha t ha d
been the chann el o f the he main l e ak an d had
been fi lled wi th grout was c lm rly shown I t .
was an area sh aped like the segm ent o f a

larg e circle w ith a cho rd l ength o f 1 1 ft and .
mi ddle o rdin a te o f 2 7 in The grout whi c h .
filled the opening wa s sol id an d free o f any

th ing fo reign showin g that the leak ha d a ,
clear channel o f 1 2 sq ft cro s s s ection a l are a . .

-
.
B oth for excavation and concreting the ma

t e ia l was handled in dump ca rs specially
r
built fo r thi s tunnel T rucks o f 2 4 i n gage .

—
.
flat ca rs wer e s urmounted by woo den bo dies

of cu yd cap acity hinged under the mid
. .
dle fo r dumping T here wa s a 2 4 in gage .

—
.
track laid the full len g th o f the tunn el w ith a

turntable a t the intersection o f t he en tranc e
tunnel wi t h th e main tunnel u n d er the s outh
wall T h e b tto m o f the Sha ft b ei ng 6 ft
. o .
low t han t h e bottom o f tunnel permitted

er
d umping t he cars o f muck direc t ly into the

c isson bucke t handled by a derrick at t p o f
a o
shaft W hen concretin g an inclined plat fo rm

.
,
was s et up in the sha ft about 5 ft abo ve the .
bot t om o f t unnel C oncrete w s du mped from . a
the bucket handled by derrick on the plat

,
f rm an d t hence mov ed b y g ravity into the

o ,
car .
T h e contractin g fi m was well equ ipped with r
plant for t h i s pi ec e o f work T here bein g but .
o ne sha ft o nly one d errick was required for

,
CO MP R ES S ED AI R MAG AZ I NE .
$ 33 33. 333 3
EM
.
i
2
3
=
%s 3
i
g 3 0
.
c o
5'
s
3
E
5
9
a E
i M
a
B
G
%
57 O
Q
I .
C 3
E
a 5s
d
d
i
.
m 2
.
a
s
fl R
:
.
8
’
3;
>3
L5
50
ge r s o ll and ER I compre s so r which has a

-
R -
pis t on displacement o f 94 cu ft per min ut e . . .
Th i compres so r sufficient fo r t he operation

s ,
o f fou r tools i s d riven by a 2 o hp moto r op

,
-
.
c ra t ed b y connec t ion betw een trolley and rail

H
.
An a verag e o f seven j obs i n which 2 69 2 ft .

l ,
o f s in gle t rack was ballas t e d wi th hand tamp

ing ga e t he fi g u res as to thi s cost given in
v
Tabl e I .
B as ed on th e same wage con di t ion s and on

t he same t r ck namely 6 i n by 8 i n ties 8
a ,
-
.
-
.
,
ft long on 2 ft cente rs th e co sts shown in

.
-
.
,
Ta ble I I were foun d typica l for pneumatic

u mp in g T hese figu res being based on a
.
c rew o f s e v en men and fou r ta mpe rs making

1 80 ft o f s i ngle t rack pe r day
.
.
Thus t he sav in g eff ec t ed b y t he pn eumatic

eq u ipmen t amou n ts to about per mile
o f s in g le track I t is believed that a more
.
c o mpac t road b e d c a n be secu red by t hi s me t h
od . Mo reo ver th e fac t t hat labor required

,
i s mo re th an cu t in hal f is con sidered a s t rong

p o in t in favor o f th pneum t ic me t hod in e a
times when the la bo r problem i s acute .
Th wo rk on th e U n i t ed Rail road prop

e
e rt i es i s un der th e d i rection o f B P Le g are ,

. .
ch ie f engin ee r o f mai nten ance o f way an d

construc t io n El t i R i lw y J ou l
—
ec r c a a r na .
88 2 4 C O MP R ES S E D AIR MAGAZ I NE .
TH E AR G U ME N T F O R TH E O NE -
MAN
D RI L L
J BY I NG . P AR K E C H AN N *
Ab out t en years ag I star t ed to develop a o
l w grade copper mine in

o —
i n Arrizona
i zona A mine n ne . s i
superintendent I had N O lliver i ver Lawt n a '
. o ,
member o f this I nstitutee who se experience x p e i n c e at , e e
Lake S uperio r has made de him fam familiari l i ar W with

i th
what i s known as the one n e man a airi r d rrill
i ll T hhis is - —
-
.
i s a light machine weii g hhing i g a b out 1 2 5 1lb b n .

,
which can b e readily sett up and o perated by e
on e man W e started t o us e these in Arizona

. i on r z
where be fo re no t h in g but the lar g e r an d

, ,
heavier machine requi ring i ng two men was in , in ,
us e T here was an immediate

. e iate oopposition
p p o s n on f rom
th e men an d we were aaccused ccused o f t ry rying
i ng t o
th row hal f t he no rmal number o f m miners
i ners out
o f w rk W henever I went thr ugh the min e
o . o
I t k t he oppo rtuni t y to tell the men that

oo
this o rebody up to thatt ttime i me had n ot been

, ,
con sidered o re t hat it was r ck n d that

‘
,
’ ‘
o ,
’
a
n b o d y thought it was wo rth exploit

o exploitingg ; that n
'
far fr m throwing o e man out o f work we

o n ,
were giving two men j obs ob s that ii f two men ,
had to wo rk on a drill1 the co st f min m i n ing

i ng o
would be s high that the he material

mater a 1 would not
o
be o re bu t t hat i f we gave each man a drill

,
an d put him t wo rk in a separa t e dri ft theno ,
the rock w uld become o re that these men

o ,
w uld have empl yment an d that a new indus

o o
try would be started About three m o nths o f .
this p ropaganda convince d the men o f the

t ru t h o f u claim and in a short time i t
o r ,
would have been impossible to get the men t o
go back to the old t wo man drill becaus e each -
man n w felt that he stood on his o wn feet

o
an d g t credit fo the whole distance h e

o r
dri f t ed T hi s i s only one example but i t i n

.
,
d i t s what can be done by educa t ion

ca e T he .
o ld t ime mana g er or old time superintendent

— -
woul d s imply have said take the j ob o r leave ,
it ; but this i s n t t he attitude for t he modern o
en g ineer .
C O MP R ES S E D AI R I N E L E C T RI C S T A
O NS TI
C ompressed air i s frequen t ly employed fo r

blowin g out switchboards and the apparatus ,
mounted upon t hem Fo the re ar o f the . r
b ar d a pressu re between 5 0 an d 8 0 pounds

o
rom ad d res s at meetin g o f B oston sec

*F
tion American I n sti t ute o f Min in g Engi

.
n ee r s .
.
No w, i f a s they havv e lately cl a imed the

, ,
tube s e vice is unsa fe i ff it damages the m a il

r , ,
i f i t d es not expedite the m ill i f it iss not

o ai ,
'
effi ci en t why in the wo rld ddii d these same

,
exper t s that are held up to us as the only men

wh know anything about
o u t th e busin es s r ec om
men d t he continuance o if the tube service in in

N w York ci ty ?
e
T here i s an area in that hat c 0or1 g c sf d iitty that .

-
. e ct i
i s mo re cr wded tln n any other city in h

o . e
world T ake F i fth avenue

. enue they say fr om , ,
Fo rty secon d street Mr Myers th e chic chie f o f '

h °
-
. r .
,
tra ffic police says f rom F i fty f f th s treet do

, downn -
i l t v ,
or o n B roadway there are more foot passe n ,

l
gers an d more v hicles p a ss ing than in i n any e
o t her place in the world rld Even in the ci ty .
o f London aroun d T ra f falgar

a lg a, S quare o the r , r
S trand o r P all Mall o r P iccadill

,
i ccadill y o r any , ,
where you cannot hn d any n y such crowded on c
dition as you find in this5 congested district in

the city o f N w Y rk e o .
A year an d a hal f ago go these experts exper ts ec r
o mm d d t hat the tubee serv

en e service i ce be cont i nued
continued
th ere B u t now they come aroun d and say
.
that the tube service is not w orth any th ing ,
tha t it is j unk that it i s no g ood an d should , ,
be aban d on ed e v erywhere T hey wanted to .
put in a service that i s unsa fe slow un lia , ,

re
ble in t he most thickly populated section in

,
the w rld T hey have cri t icised th e T ube

o .
C ommissi n fo r not payin g su ffi cient heed to

o
p stal experts Th is subj ect i city transpo r

o . s
t t ion
a I t i s a subj ect that must be learn ed
.
f rom actual ex p e rience an d observati on Mr . .
K ons M Gardner M Johnston an d Mr

o , r .
, r . .
Mullen were post offi ce in specto rs I t has .
been th i r duty to ferret out crime They

e .
were detectives T hei r wo rk in no w y qual i . a
h e d t hem as experts in this matter The only .
man who had had any experience in ci t y

transportation was M R yan who fo r a sho rt r .
,
time had been uperintendent o f ma ils in P hil s
adelphia M Gardner however would not

. r .
, ,
sign the rep rt re fused t s ign i t disagr ee d

o —
o —
wi t h the rest T hese other three in specto rs.
have claimed that they knew all ab ut the sub o
j cet an d that n body else kn ew anything about

, o
it an d they have asked C ngress to take on

, o
faith what they say ab o ut it Eviden t ly some .
people do B t the cri t icism that has been

. u
ma d e up n the T ube C ommission that they

o —
did not consider the statements o f the D epart

ment is un founded The commission had b e
—
.
fore i t the testimony f thes e experts be fore o

Po s t mas t e r M r g an f N \ w Y \ rk k g iven
o i ven b o
I
e or . e
f re t he H use C mmi ttt t ee a t t he lhearin

o o ea i g a o ee i n
year g a I will in ser t t ha t als

o . i n t he R
in o ec
s t r n g l fav re d tt hele c u n t in ance 0 f

inuance
'
o d H o o t o
‘
r . e o y e
t he t u b e service H was as a real ex p e r t . e .
T his t es t im ny an swers rs eever

ery b j ec t i n t ha t
o \ y o o
has b een ma d e b y t hese claime d exper t s w wh , to
s imply kn w b y b servaa t i n o in ft rma tt i n ;

o o or in o r ni a i o n
6‘
b u t t his i s t he t e s t im ny f a man w h kn ew o o o
b y ac t ual experience w h h d char g e f t he , o a o
t u b e service H says t here ere iss less

. I i n t he way
in
e vay i CS
‘
o f acciden t s less d ama g e t o t he mail nd , a e a
g rea t e r expe d i t i n o f t he m maili l by t he t u b e

o a
t han b y au t mobile d i t expedi

o xp t es the mail
m , an 1 e e e .
T ha t is a valua b le t hin g in a ll ar g e ci tt )y like e Ci
t his where ,
000 g es t hr u g h t he o o
C learin g H use every d y o d 90 pper e cc

ceni t f a , an . o
t ha t g oes t h r u g h t he m ms
mails I tf y u sen d a
o . o
check fo r t a bank in N w Yo rk o 1 e ,
t he cus t o me r is cre d i t edI wi W i th and i t draw s ( ,
in t eres t f r m t he t ime t he mao maili l isi s d el elivere

i vere d
an d t he envel pe pene d d t he check p
o o aced
placed an
to hi s cre d i t If y . b uyy a lar g e quan

b ou u
t i t y f g rain an d pay f itt wi

o h a check i f i t
w tt h or 1 ,
t akes l n g e r t d o t ha t b usin
o m es s t he expen se
o us es s ,
o f t ransac t in g t he business i s charge d up in in ss 15
in t eres t d t he c n sumer has t pay i t T hat

an o o .
is t he reas n why ever bus iness man in N w

o y e
Y rk d every o t her ci t y says t ha t i f y d

o an ou e
lay t he fi t clas s mail y t uch t he ve ry

rs ou o
nerves f busines s li fe I fo d elay t he . v ou
financial t ransac t ion s f t his c un t ry y d o o , ou e
lay t he con summa t i n i t ra d e and t h ere b y i o o ,

n
c rease t he c s t f livin g a g rea t many t ime s

o o
m re t han t he wh le p s t al service c s t s
o o o o .
Min in g me t ho d s in N w Y rk C i t y i new e o —
n
su b ways vary c nsi d erably I t he san d d

—
o . n an
g ravel s t ra t a cl se t im b erin g is necessary

, o ,
wi t h hal f se t s I ha r d pan g ravel . d n - —

an
clayey ma tt er a shiel d is u se d t his b ein g —

,
pushe d ahead as excava t i n pr cee d s I r ck o o . n o

—
a h i tgsc i r d inary d rillin g
s n e s s— d b las t o an
i g me t h d s are in v g ue
n o Min in g in t he ci t y o .
is o f fa r g rea t er ex t en t t han g enerally t h u g h t o
an d b y t he d f 1 9 8 t here will b e 3 08 miles

en o 1
f su b ways T his d es t in v lve t he

6‘
o . x o no o e ca
va ti g f a small t unnel b u t
n o t he full . one
wi d t h f a s t ree t d o f t en wi d er At t he
o an .
same t ime t raffi c t he su r face mu s t t be on no
in t er fere d wi t h b y t he un d e rg r un d w rk o o .
Even t ually t here will be 600 miles f under o
g r un d lin es c s t in g in all “
o , o d —
an
t hen s me o .
”
into t he sewer wi t h water had at once been put

in t use a fter the accident and a vastly g reater
o
calamity was thus avoided but the machinery ,
depar t men t had been filled with explosive

vap r mixtures As there was no i nfl mma
o . a
b le ma t erial in th e basement we understan d

t hat the en g ineers present p r tested with the o
fi re departmen t a g ainst t u rnin g water into the

premises b ut tha t was unavailin n i l ng the he fi re oth av a
'
c i a l s u r g in g t hat t he water
ater w w uuldd absorb t he o
fumes W hen t he wa t er was turned in o r very

.
,
s on t herea fter a violent

o n eexplos,p lo ion on occu rre d s
'
believed to b e d e t t hee e ffect o f the water in

u o
sh r t circui t in g the elec

o -
ec tt rical
c l main
ma i n s from ri a
which the plan t was operated rated Th e machinery h .

'
was run en t i rely by electric tr i c cur

current e t i .
Many fi remen a d soldiers guardin g the

“
n
b ai d zo ne and others on the outs i de o f the

rre ,
buildin g were hurt by the fumes and the e f

feets f the expl sion a mon g them the com
o o ,
p an y chie f en g ineer W m E B eren d O w

’
s . . .
ing t o the late h ur only .

ly the n nii g ht c rew was
o
employed in t he buil d in g most o f wh m were , o
ou t o f t h e way f t he explos ion the f rce o f

o , o
which g in g up through the sha f t carrying

, o
the brin e pipes to the re fri g eratin g rooms in

sec t ion s ab ve blew many o f t he d oors f rom
o ,
t heir fas t enings wrenche d them l se or oo , or
blew them open an d filled the r oms with , o
sm ke a d fumes Apart from the blowing

o n .
ou t o f these d rs the damage to the hou se i t

oo
sel f was in si g nificant but re fri g eration was ,

,3
shu t o ff from the en t ire plant n d the damag e a
t o g oods st red was considerable

o .
”
A P N E U MATI C W AT E R L E V E L I N DI
C AT O R
An in g eni u s co rresp ndent has sent t o one
o o
o f u o most esteemed exchanges the sketch

r
here repro d uced photo would have been

—
a
so much more convincin g wi t h accompany —
ing descrip t ion as foll ows :

“
A c nven ien t water level in d icator f
o a -
or
remote water tank can b e made as shown in

t he accompanyin g illus t ra t i n A 4 i pipe o .
-
h .
is ver t ically ins t alled in t he tank top f , on o
wh ich is screwed a 4 x i n re d ucer t he bot —

.
,
t om e J o f th e pip e bein g le ft pen an d sup

r o
p r t e d about an inch fr o m the bottom o f t he

o AI R T URB I NE D RI V E N G R I N DI N G
t ank A line o f
. i pipe i s run to a con -
n . W H EEL
v en ei nt p int and an old pressure g a g e
o t a BY W J NEN
. . E
tac h d to i t
e As the tank fills i t is evi d ent t hat
. O ne o f t he m o st pronounced di ffi culties as
t h e air en t rapped in t he 4 i pipe cannot n es s oc i t d with the electric welding o f ca t i ron
a e s
-
.
cape hence i t must un d er g o c mpression As

, o . in t he small sh 0p i s the ten d ency t leave the
o
w ul d t kn w his spee d t hr u g h t he air ahea d Th air sets up a co rrespondin g pres

o no o o . . e
t he spee d f his p r pellerr t he am un t o f g sure in an auxiliary tube which is calibrated

~
o o , o or as ,
o line in his t ank t he t empera mp tt ure

re f hhisi c l and indica t ed n a dashboard rec rdi g
, era o s oo o o n
i g wa t er
n i f his i 1l was ccircula
, or l tt ii ng H e p ressure g auge
o1 rc u a .
c uld t t ell whe t her hee was

o no w b ankin g pr per a o
ly o his t u rn s
n .
T hese c mprise t he n ecessary flyin

o fly i n g ii i t c es sa r v ns r u
men t s b u t an avia t r c ulldd

. t fly t o c o no o a ny
g rea t hei g h t wi t h o u t an tt h her valua b le iir s t io er n

i s ru ‘
e
men t an xyg en suppl

, ply in
i n g appara t uus
o y s . no r
c ul d he Opera t e his g un
o uns s ii g nal1 hh d q s . s ea ua r
t ers release his b m b s r sh t hhis

. i s cameras
o . or
“
oo
”
"
wi t h u t a d d i t i nal mechani
o h sms
m o a ni s s .
All t hese in s t rumen t s mus t b e rea d f i y

\ or ii
s t ll t i n
a a as s n as t hhe ai rplanes are as
o oo
sembled f n plane is c m p le t e wi t h u t
, or o o o
them I n s o me i ns t ances as f t he two sea t

.
, or -
ers d t he heavy b mbin g machin es t wo d

an o . an
even t hree f each sor t are necessary t t al

o , o
i g sometimes as many as 2 3 b u t f
n o r d inary . or
wo rk nly ab ut 9 are nee d e d The averag e

o o .
~
c s t f a set f navi g a t i o n ins t rumen t s fo a

o o o r
s in g le plane is $ 3 5 0 .
F t he
or pera t in g f ac t ual b servin g ph t
o o o , o
o g p hi g
ra b mbin g
n d fi g h t in g planes man
, o an y
o t he r c mplica t e d o d expen sive ins t rumen t s an
a d se t s
n f apparatus are necessary
o Am n g . o
them are machine g uns gun mounts syn , ,
c h on ir b m b racks b mb droppin g d
z er s , o , o e
vic es b o m b si g h t s ra d i ph t o g raph ic n d
, , o, o a
oxygen appara t us electrically hea t e d clo t hin g , ,
li g h t s a n d flares Th c s t f t hese a d di t i o nal

. e o PR S S U RE GAGES
o E
accessories w uld brin g t he total c st o f o I ns t rument board pressure g a g es were l o -

a
equipment up t o several t housan d d llars rea d y manu factu red here i n large quantities o .
,
V arious in s t rumen t s have been develope d and as soon as standard specification s were
or improved b y the S i g n al C rps includin g : d evel ped production starte d T wo types are o , o .
TH TAC H O M T E used one to re g ister the ai r p ressure which

E ER ,
T his in s t rument indicates t he num b er f f rces the g asoline t o the en g in e an d the ther o o o
rev luti n s per minu t e at which t he en g ine t show the pressu re produced in the o ilin g
o o o
is runnin g U nlike t he spee d ome t er on an u sys t em by the i l circulating pump S tan dard
. a o -
.
t m b il
o o it d es t t
e, l t rev luti ns i
o no f rms o f cases and dials with i nt e c h ng
r an s a e o o n o r a ea
t
o miles per h ur ; an ther ins t rumen t g ives ble g lasses an d bezels have been des igned
o o .
t he speed in rela t i n t t he ai r W hen i t u T H E RADI ATO R H ER MO MEI R E

’ ‘
o o . ns r T
ment mat t ers were t aken up las t J uly the re T his i n strument i s mounted on the i n t u s r
were t ach me t ers manu fac t ure d in t his ment board where it indica t es the tempera
no o ,
c untry o f t he t ype which has pr ven m st t ure o f the c ling water in t he engine Um
o o o oo .
success ful a b r a d ; n amely t he escapement o r d e heating shows that t he en g ine is n t run

o , u o
chr ma t ic t ype
o . n in g pr perly that more water is needed o or .
A D I N DI C ATO T hermometers f this type made here were

"
H S T E IR P EE R o ,
T hi s is a pressure g a g e f sh win g t he and still are bein g submitted to exten sive

or o ,
speed f t he plan e in rela t i n t t he air not t ests

o o o , .
t he ear t h T his ins t rument includes wha t i s

. B AN K I N G I N DI CATOR
kn wn as a V en t u ri P it o t t ube which is fast
o -
T hi s is an instrument used to show whe n a
,
ene d t a s t ru t d t akes in t he ai r f om plan e is c o rrectly banke d in makin g a tu rn

o an r -
.
C O MP R ES S E D AI R MAG AZ I N E . 88 3 i
S piri t level balance d g yro scopic types are

, , an
b ein g u se d Th problem f in d ica t in g t he

. e o
ex t en t t which o plane is incl ine d t t h a

'
o e
h riz ntal in t he ai r i s a very compli ca t e d

o o
on e No simple s lu t ion has ye t b een reache d

. o .
F r t u na t ely it i s
o t o f t en necessary t
,
no de o
t ermine whe t her t h e plane is exac t ly h riz n o o
t al except i n c nnec t ion wi t h b m b d r ppin g

,
o o o .
D evel pment w rk is un d er way which i t i s

o o
h pe d will lead t improvemen t f d evices l

o o o a
rea d y in u broa d se a .
T H E ALDI S S I G H T
T hi s si g ht which i s u se d in c nnec t i n wi t h
,
o o
fixe d g uns fi rin g thr u g h t he pr peller has o o ,
b een copied as regar d s ii t s pp t ical

,
i cal fea t ures s o ,
f rom an En g lish in s t rumen m e tt ; b u t t he c ns t rue u n o
t i n has been mo difie d in such a way t ha t t he

o Ih
b ehavio r o f the in strumen men t in i n ac t ual u se wil will

pr obably b e very much ch impri mpr ve d A Af t er a o .
number f tests an d experimen

o xp men t s sa tt ii s ffac tt ryy e er sa s ac oI
O
ins t ruments are now ava i la b le Th make rs

availa . e
have b een assi sted in recc o mpu t in i n g t he len ses

sui t t he p t ical g lass ava
availai la b
b le in t hhisi s c un
'
to o n o
t ry Th illumina t i n o i these s i g h t s f
. e o s or
n i g h t pera t i n i s al so b eeing
o i ng s t u d ie
o i ed s .
O R O F U N S AF E T Y
F AC T
O n a recent trip t a remote part f t h o o e
s t ate f C ali forn ia

o f t he b oiler i p , on e o ns ec
t rs o i t h e I n d us t rial Acci d en t C ommi ssi n

o o
foun d an ins t allation wh ich w t t he a s, o sa y

P N EL
’
M ATI C VOO
\ U P L AN ER
leas t uniqu e Th b iler was o f t he ver t ical

, . e o
t ubular t ype 3 0 in in d iame t er an d was fi t t e d

, .
,
wi t h a ball an d lever sa fe t valve I ad d i

- -
y . n
t i n t t he ball wei g h t t he lever carrie d f u r

o o ,
o
larg e sized horsesh es U p n inqui ry i t d

-
o . o e
ve lop d t hat the opera t r f t he b iler t h u g h t

e o o o o
he h d a fac t r f sa fe t y f 5 since he car

a o o o ,
rie d nly 4 0 1b pressure d t he s t eam g age

o .
, an
was g radua t ed t 00 1b A y i d ea t ha t t he o 2 . n
horseshoes w ere a symbol f g d luck was O oo ,
so n dispelled by the in spec t r w h p in t e d

o o . o o
out t he g rave d an g e r f l a d in g t he sa fe t y o
“
o
”
valve .
P O RT AB L E P N E U MAT I C W OO D
P L AN E R
Th e t l here shown in o pera t ion i s o e o f
oo n
a line f ai r planin g machines manu fac t ure d

o
by t h S hipbuil d ers P n euma t ic T l C m

e oo o «
pany P or t lan d O re g n T h rea d y a d ap t a

, , o . e
b ilit y o f t his t l especially i ship b u il d in g

oo ,
n
work is evi d en t a t nce I t can be applie d

, o .
t
o su r faces t b e plan e d an where d manip
o y an
glas ses fr o m th flo o r o f the bboiler O er r om S e i o . ev
eral p la s fo gett i ng ridd f t he vapo r were

n ; r i o
tried without success The c al supply was . o

n
j ust ou t sid e the bo iler room and t here wa s a ,
continual openin g a nd closing losing o f doo rs as the

fi men brought the coall in Th e ffog was ssoo '
re n og -
.
,
d ense in f ct that when t the

he fi rremen
emen started
i
, a , e
in with the coal they hadd to ssho out

d in
n o rderder to,
-
r
'
avoid runn i ng into each O o t he

her an d it was di f ,
fic ult t get men t o stay and wo rk under such

o
conditions W ater ten d ers had to be put on

.
in o rd er t watch the wate r g ages from an

o
e levated platf rm cons t ructed in front o f t he o
boilers .
A c n d i t i n e x i s ted which resembled the

o o .
bl win g o f one s breath int o c old ai r in t he

o
’
w inter time and it s eemed med to me that, hat the

l g ical t hing to do was to br
o bring
i ng the incoming
i ncom i ng
ai r up to th e temperatu ree o f the room o r pos
s i b ly a lit t le hi g her so it
t could carry o ff s ome ,
o f the vapor P r ceeding

n g along t hese llines
. i nes a o ,
large hea t er an d multivane ane fan an were inst i nst lled a Co mp ressed air hoists pumps an d drills
-
, ,
which drew th e ai r from m t he r oom m mixed it ,

are fast displacing steam power in the Mi s -
w i t h some fresh air from outsid e an d f rced o s u ri Kansas O klahoma zinc lead reg ion A
o - - -
. s
i t throu g h a duct system leading along the far as economy is concerned it has been dem
si des o f t he r o om and down each si de o f e ach on s t a t e d
r that with direct c nnected gas -
o
d oo r an d up against t he c ld su r face o f t he o driven air compressors the enti re shaft sink

'
- —
win d ows Th fan and heate r were insta lled

. e ing equipment can be Operated much mo re
on an incl os ed plat fo rm o ver the d o r which o cheaply by air than with steam The only .
l d t the coal pile and advantage was taken

e o , reason why compressed ai r is n t mo re favo r o
o f this plat fo rm making it a ceilin g o f a —

ably regarded an d more generally employed
room into which to pou r a large amount o f i s that proper precaution s are not taken fo r
heated ai r . drain ing th e air and av o iding the f reezing
Th e fan had a capacity o f cu ft o f . . up o f the exhau sts .
ai r per minu t e an d the ai r in the ro o m was ,
c h anged every three minu t es T h heater was . e
c apable o f heatin g this amount o f ai r f rom 1 0
d eg to 1 5 8 d g when supplied with steam at

. e .
60 lb pressure Th e system had t he advantage

. .
o f removin g the steam in the w inter an d also

provi din g a mean s o f ventila t ion in the sum
me r .
T he wner has a d vised u s t ha t the sys t em

o
worked satis factorily rem vin g every trace , o
o f the vapor even du rin g t he extremely c ld o
w ea t her last winter P 0w .

—
er .
O T ES N
A Bost n h t el wi t h a lar g e electrical si g n
o o ,
when c mpelled t cut H i t s illumination m

o o O u C ement an d S and 3 t o I mixture sprayed — —
d er t he F uel Adminis t rati n order pr hi b i t in g o o on min e timbers by compressed ai r renders

, ,
such uses o f curren t h d the si g n pain t e d , a t hem fi resistin g to a considerable deg ree
re -
.
wi t h lumin us paint which is said t be fairly

o , o Any desired thickness may be built up by
s a t is fac t ry war t ime subs t i t u t e
o -
. spraying in laye rs by the ement gun , c .
C O MP R E S S ED AI R MAG AZ I NE .
T I C TOO L J oh n T M c
P N E U MA BL OW E R J oh n C S wa y k u s and
G r a th B l oo m i n g t on A ex l T r a c z L a c k awan n a N Y
. . . .
1 11
F L U I D P R E S S U R E B R AKE W a l t e r
, , ,
AU TO MAT I C F I R E E X T I N G U I S H
. .
, .
J o h n R H a m i l t on Y on V T urn e r W i lk e n s b u r g P a
- -
.
I N G AP P AR AT U S
ke rs N Y , ,
. ,
Ja mes T
. .
C OTTO N S E E D L I N T E R
.
F L U I D C O MP R E S S O R E d war d A W e s t R oc k i n g h a m N C
-
. . . . .
R i x O a kl a n d AI R C O M P R E S S O R C a r l A V C ar l s
-
. . , , . .
Cal
\ Va s hi n g t o n D C
-
, . .
M E T H O D OF AND AP P AR AT U S
. . .
s on
D E H Y D R AT I N G OF C U R I N G O L I V E S
, , .
FR U I TS P R OC E S S
.
F OR V EG E
T AB L E S AN D S I M I L AR AR T I C L E S G e o r g e H om e r C S t a l e y H a yw a r d
, .
Cal
H i ll ar d B e n j a m i n N e w Y o r k N T h e p r oc e s s o f c ur i n g ol i ves w h i c h c on
, . .
, , .
Y 1
C ON VE YE R G eo r g e B e r n e r t s i s t s i n s u b j e c ti n g t h e O l i v e s t o a ly e ba t h a n d
, , . . .
Mi l
wa u kee W i s s u b s e q u en t l y s u b j e c ti n g t h e o l i v e s t o a b a th
. .
I n a p n e u m a t i c g r a i n c o nv e y e r a c a s i n g
,
ar ti fi c i a ll y a e r a t e d c i r c u l a t i n g
.
1 of c o n t i n ou s ly
h a v i n g a b l owe r f a n th e r e i n a t run k e x t e n d i n g
,
l i qu i d
.
f r o m t h e c a s i n g a c o nv e y e r d ru m c o mm un i c a ti n g R OC K D R I L L Th om a s E S t ur t e
, .
w ith t h e t run k m e a n s fo r p re ve n t i n g t h e a c v a n t D ove r N J

-
, . .
c u m u l a t i o n o f g ra i n i n t h e f a n c a s i n g a nd mea ns
, , , .
.
f o r r e t urn i n g g ra i n d rop p e d i n t h e fa n c a s i ng M AK I N G B OTT L E S F R O M P AP E R P U L P

.
v y r d ru m H a rry C Ay e r s t S e a tt l e W a s h
.
t o t h e c on e e . .
, , .
{2 65 ,
4 3 63 72 4 0
P N EU M AT IC P ATEN T S MAY 7
AR I AL AP P AR AT U S H o war d P
T we e d D e nv e r C o l o
. .
P N E U MAT I C D I E C U S H I O N C a rl
, . .
W i ll e r s a n d N i l s O L a ur i n C h i c a g o 1 11
-
.
W AV E P O W E R AP P AR AT U S F O R
.
, , .
C OMP R E S S I N G L em ue l
-
AI R D W oo d s
B os t on Ma s s
. .
,
VAC U U M S E AL I N G AP P AR AT U S
, .
4
E d w i n N o r t on B e rm u d a
-
.
P a g et W es t
.
, , .
MAY 7
V AC U U M L I Q U I D F E E D D E V I C E
F O R I N T E R N AL C O M B U S T I O N E N G I N E S
-
W bb J ay C h i g
-
.
e I ll c a o,
L I Q U I D F U E L F E E D I N G AP P AR
, .
1, 26 5 8
R b rt C M it h ll M un t V rn n
- -
.
{I é
I TI S o e . c e , o e o ,
T I R E P U MP C h rl P S k b li n,
D tr it Mi h
-
. a es . u
e o , c .
AI R S T AR T I N G M E C H AN I S M F O R
I N T E R N AL C O M B U S T I O N E N G I N E S H nr
—
W S u mn r W i n l w W a h
. e y
. e , s o , s .
Y T H I NG P N EU MAT I L
EV ER Y
V ol xxi ii . AUGUST , I9 1 8 No
.
O U R E N G I N EE R S I N T H E W AR
BY GEN . VV I LLI AM
Vi M . B L AC K *
E g n ineerin g in warfaree has always b een ees s
s en t i a l, and i t i s even d u bt ful whe t her t he o
s ci en ce of en g ineerin g d es n t w i t s bi r t h o o o e
to t he works f war An engineer eng i neer mys el f I

o .
,
would b e t he las t t b l i tt l e t he w rk f o u o e -
o o r
profes s i on I t i s a ma tttt e r o f pri de t ha t t he

. er
men f o pr fes si n becaus e f t he n a t u re

ou r o o , o
o f t he i r empl ymen t i n t ime of peac

o peacee are of , ,
al l the civi l profes s i nn ss mos t p repared to o ,
s erve t he c untry in war ; but t o s erve the

o
,
coun t ry adequately i n war the engineer must

add t o h i s peace equipment for pro fes s ion al
work There woul d b e a g reat am o unt o f c i
.
for t save d i i ou r peopl e recogn ized m re o
clearly t he exi s t ence f t he techn i cal iti es o f o
t he pro fes s i n of a rms The g vernment in

o . o
\V ash in g t n i s s imply deluged w i t h s u g g es

o
t ions and o cal le d inven t ions f t he winn in g

s -
or
o f t he war Th rec r d s show t ha t a b u t

. e o o
n ine t y ei g ht pe r cen t f al l t hes e are w i t h u t

-
. o o
mi li t ary val ue d t ha t t ime a nd l a b r have

an o
b een t h r own away by men ea g er t help b u t o
en t i rely i g noran t o f t he hi s t ry an d condi t ion s o
o f warfare .
N U MB S N G I N EERS
ER N TH
or S E CE 1 E ERv 1
Th pa r t wh i ch en g ineers are
e w pl aying no
i n t he war i s a very g rea t e T h rec rds on . e o
of t he Ame ri can I n s t i t u t e f Elec t ri cal En o
g i n ee r s show t ha t ou t f a t t al mem b ersh ip o o
of t here are 8 5 0 in t he servi ce pe r , or
cen t f i t s r s t er T he Ame rican S ci e t y o f

o o . o
*
r m an a d dres s b y th C h ief f En g i
F o e o
nee r s , U n i t e d S t a t es Army a t t h At l an t ic , e
C i t y conven t ion f t h American I ns t i t u t e of

o e
E lec t ri cal En g inee rs J une 27 , .

t he g r win g t im b er in t
o lum b e r f t he d i me o o n t al i o n ;
ei g h t een t ruck d au t c mpanies an o o ,
s ion s requi re d fo r t he various services L c . o o and f r t y f ur d ep t d e t achmen t s The g reat

o -
o o .
m t ive d car sh ps l are per forming es

o an -
o a so er part f the se r g anizati ns are n ow over
o o o
s n t i l s ervi ces
e a T p g raph i c c rps s un d
. o o o , o seas S me are s ervin g with t he B ritish army
. o ,
ran g in g c rps and cam ouufla o fl g e e c rp s are als a o o s me w i t h t he F rench ,bu t t h e maj ri t y are
o o
am n g the varied ac t i vii t ies f t he en g i neers

o o .
wi t h u wn tr ps in serv i ce both at the
o r o oo ,
NG I N
fr n t n d in t he rear
Q U A IFI C ATIO
o a .
E ON S EER L I FI TI
W hat preparati n i s requi equi red f t he f lfill AI R L I F T F O R H AN D L I N G T AI L I N G S

'
o or u
men t f t hes e varied duutt iies

o es ?
? F t he ac t ual or
BY H A C AM PB EL L
t echni cal w rk of construc struc t i n or iins tt aalla
o ll o i s a
. .
t i n t he i vi l t rain ing off the en g ineer sho

o C shoulldd i
p r ove s u fficient where the he plans wh ich em b d y o
t he m i litary features havee been p repared o v r
when t he mi litary techn ique has been learne d

and as s imil a t ed A fundamental damen l of thi s mi l i
. a
t ary techn ique i s that the he time

i me element i s t o ,
be cons i dered rather t bhan an money cost and

t ha t the w rk mu s t be done w ith wha t ever
o
materi al s are avai lable .
HA OU \VEN G I N BERS
EERS A
T DOI N G
R RE
What have the en g ineers e d ne ?? W a was er s o r
declared Apri l 4 19 1 7 By the m middle

d d le f J uly
, .
'
nine regimen t s o f rai l road ad engineers had been

rais ed and organ ized and two had aactual t u a llly c
starte d f F rance I n each re g iment were two

or .
o ffi cers o f the C rps o f Engineers of the re g u

o
lar army the c o l onel and the regimental d

, a
j utant Th e remain ing ffi cers were al l fr m

. o o
the Engineer Res erve C orp s s me rece iving , o
t hei r c mmis s ions only when n the p int o f

o o o
s ai l in g O f course few o f the O ffi cers had

.
-
,
had any previous mi l itary training and the

tasks of or g an izati n were m s t di fficult S ince o o .
then there have been or g anize d five corps reg

i ment c ns is ting o f s apper s ea rchl ight and
s, o ,
sound ran g ing tro ps ; forty three regiments

-
o -
and trai ns ; two mounted bat t al i ns and o
t rain s ; five p o nt n t rains ; fou r inl and wat oo -
erway c mpani es ; f rty rai lway regiments

o o
and battal i ns includin g al l cl as s es of s t and

o ,
ard gage and l i g h t rai lway tr ops neces s ary o
for the c nstruction pera t i n a d ma inte

o , o o n
nance f railways one rai lway t ran sp rta t i n

o o o
corps ; on e hi g hway re g imen t ; n g and o e as
flame re g iment ; one g a t rain in g servi ce ; five s
f o res t ry and auxi l i ary f restry re g imen t s ; o on e
s urveying and printin g battal ion ; one mi l i t ary

mapp ing s ervi ce ; tw supply an d sh p re g i o o
ments ; one water supply re g iment ; n quar -

o e
ry regiment ; one mining re g iment ; one elec
t i
r ca l and mechani cal re g imen t t w crane o
;
oper atin g c mpan ies ; o cam ufla g e ba t on e o
83 t h
St a /c of fee :
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 3 10 11 1?
P L AN PU MP NG I T
PLAN
char g e fr m t he pump was led in t a tumbl in g

o o
bay c n s i s t in g f a b x p r vided w ith ba fflin g

, o o o o
pla t es Th wa t er es caped ver a wei r 1 2 i n

.
'
e o .
w ide a c n s t an t s t ream 4 % in deep bein g

, o .
main t ained prac t i cally t hr u g h ut the test I n o o .
o t her w rds t he b re was f und t b e capable

o , o o o
o f yiel din g up t a b ut gal l ns per h ur

o o o o .
F or t he permanen t mach inery it was de

ci d e d win g t t he expec t a t i n f a cer t ai n
—
o o o o
am n t of s an d bein g re t ained in the water

ou
t o u t i l ize t he ai r l i f t system f pumpin g f o or
rais ing t he wa t er fr m t he b o ring to t he s ur o
face where i t is di s char g e d I t was at fi rst .
i n t ended t us e f ur se tt l in g tanks formed f

o o o
cemen t c ncre t e each t ank b ein g 2 5 ft l n g

o , . o
b y 1 1 f t wi d e .d each pr vi d ed wi t h tw
, an o o
pens t ocks ac t ua t e d fr m the t p f the tank o o o
b y mean s f h and wheel s f char g in g

o d or an
d is char g in g I n t hese t anks i t was intended

.
t ha t t he wa t er shoul d have time t free its el f o
by se tt lemen t f any s an d bef re bein g pas sed

o o
on t ot he f rce pumps Eventual ly h wever

o .
, o ,
i t was f und t ha t o l i tt le s and was rai se d

o s
t hat t he i d ea f t he f ur t anks was aband ned

o o o ,
and nly o lar g e t ank was c n s t ruc t e d t

one o o
C O MP R ES S E D AIR MAG AZ I N E .
pipes b e ing run ins ide ann 8 in e d uc t i n ma in 1 11 . o .
Th e s urface pumps aree f t he duplex d u b le o o
ac t ing h o riz n t al t ype th e pl un g ers b eein

o i n g 1 0% ,
in d iame t er b y 1 5 in s t roke They have a

. . .
capaci t y of g al lons per lh u r a t a spee d 5 ol

lO ,
of 2 0 revolu t ions per minu e

i n u tt e .
C O NTR O L O MB U S T I B LL E AN D AI R
OF C
I N B U R NI N G P O W D E R E D C O AL
w G w u ox BY . . . c
*
H aving cons i d ered t he es s en t ial s o f mb u co s
t ion we can es t ima t e t h value

, l f p wdered e v a ue . o o
coal as a fuel I n the same way we can as .
cer t ain also t he conditions ons demanded fo r s uc

ces s in the combustion f pulverized fuel o .
Th s imples t view
e f t he combus t ion of c al o o
i s t re g ard i t a s a reac t i n b e t ween fuel and

o o
oxygen I t is a heterogeneous
.
g en o u sys t em ; con e s
s equen t ly th e vel city o ff the react reaction

i on and its
o i ts
comple t enes s wi ll depen d up n t he s urface ex o
po s ed by the sol i d the pres sure oofi t he reac t in i ng

,
gas and th e intimacy o f th mix

, mixture
ure By g rrindin e .
ing an in ch cube f c al so fi ne t ha t 885 % W o wili l l o 5
pas s a Z OO mesh s creen we h ave increas

-
i ncreas ed the ,
s urface expos ure fr m s ixx square ii nches t o o
appr xima t ely

o sq in Thus we have . .
increas ed th e velocity o f combus t ion 3 00 f ld -

o .
By doing so we have changed the character

,
i t i s of th e fuel
s c W now have a fuel rel . e
ati ly 3 0
ve 0 t imes mo re ac t i ve t han the inch
cu b e f coal a new t ype of fuel t ha t has i n i t
o ,
i nherent pos s i b i l i t ies n t t o be f und in lump o o
or s lack fuel By inc reas ing the s urface ex

.
po s ure 300 fol d we have s peeded c mbu s t ion

-
, o
pr p o rtiona t ely Thi s carries wi th i t a fur t he r

o .
e ffec t Th in crease i n rapidi t y o f combus t ion

e
al s incre ases t he rapi di t y o f hea t evol u t ion

o ,
and consequen t ly qu ickly rai ses t he t empera

t u re f the res t o f t he ma t eri al T h i s ris e f t em
o . o
p eratu wh ich i s much m re rapi d t han in

r e, o
th e norm al c m b us t ion o f c al wi ll d u b le
o o , o
th e vel ci ty o f com b us t i n fo r each ris e o f

o o
T h increase d rapi d i t y d g rea t er

°
1O C . e t ue o
su rface exp su re and t h a t d t t empera t ure

o ue o
ris e are s uperimpos ed t ha t a pulverized fuel so
a fl d a com b u s t i n t ha t i s hun d reds f t imes

or s o o
fas t er than when b urn in g lump O I -

c a .
H aving a fin ly divided fuel i t i s p e b l to

-
OSS l c
form a m ix t ure o f fuel and ai r so in t ima t e

rom a pa p e r be fo re t he
‘
F \V e s ter n Ne w
York sect ion f t he Ameri can o C hemi cal So
c i ety .
88 4 0 C O MP R E S S ED AIR MAG AZ I NE .
a i aphra g m havin g n umer

d m us i n t ers t ices n i e r ou s .
W hen t h i s mix t ure i s i g n i t e d t he t her on o
s ide f t h d iaph ra g m i t pr d uces a fi lm f

o e , o o
flame .
Th p e rer t he mixin g tt 1hee 1l 0n g er t he fl ame

oo , o1 er .
T h e flame s imply u t l ines

nes t he area in whi ch o
c m b us t i n i s t akin g place
o o ace and the len g t h f o
t he flame i s a mea suree f t he t ime elemen t o
necess ary t acc mpl i sh c m b us t i n Thio his

o o o .
t ime elemen t t her c n ddii tt ii ns bein g equal

—
o on on s
i s a b s lu t ely a func t i n f t he in t imacy f

o on o o
mix t ure as was n t e d b y B recken

,
k e ridd g e ten o r ec nr
'
years g when in B ul lee t in N 32 5 f t he U

a o, o o
S G e l g i cal S u rvey hee s t a t ed :

. .
. o o ,
Th c nclus i n i s reache
“
e oache d t ha t t he vel ccii t y
o o
o f c m b us t i n d ecreasess en rm us ly fr m t he
o o o o o
s urface f t he fi re t t he rear f t he m
o o o co
b us t i n cham b er
o where i tt i s rela t ively very
-
,
i
s mall t he prac t i cal appli

,
pl i ca t i n i s t ha t ll i tttt lle i on
'
i s t b e g a ine d b y a d d in g further len g t h f

o in o
s m t h c m b us t i n cham
oo m b er wh ich
o i ch w ul d b e
o -
, o
c mmerci ally as p r an inves tt m

o mentt of capi t aal oo nv e s en ,
as t d d t t he l en g t h f a C rl i s s en g ine
o a o i ne o or 1 8 5
cyl in d er d s t r ke ; w mus t res rt t t h r

an o e o o o
o u g h mixin g .
”
Jus t as i n t he past t here ha s b een a re
marka b le fai lure t real ize t he necess i t y f o or
i n t ima t ely mixin g a i r and c al d u s t t here o —

, so
has b een insuffi cien t c ns i d era t i n f t he o o o
charac t eri s t ics f t h is fuel when b urn in g o .
P w d ered c al has t he cha rac t eris t i cs

o o f a o
ri ch fuel f s mewha t hi g her kin d l in g t em

o o
p er atu t han pr ducer g

re n atural g o -
as, as, or
fuel i l T i ll ustra t e t he fac t t hat i t i s a

-
o . o
ri ch fuel we can c mpare t he avai l able B t

,
o u .
i n a cu b i c f t f a c rrec t ly pr p r t i ned oo o o o o o
mix t ure f p w d ered c al d ai r n d th

o o o an a e
ava i la b le B t in a cu b i c f t f u . Ct ly oo o c or r e
p r p r t i ne d mix t ure f pure me t hane a d ai r

o o o o n .
T ake a P i tt s b ur g h c al (hea t in g value o
Bt ) f t he f ll win g analys i s :
u o o o
V o la t il e
F ixe d car b n o
\ Ne fin d
’
t ha t
a cu b i c f t f a c rrec t ly p oo o o ro
p r t i ned mix t ure f c al d ust and ai r h as

o o o o —
avai la b l e 1 07 whi le a mix t ure f pure o
me t hane and t he pr per am un t f ai r has o o o
avail a b le per cubi c f t Btu oo , . . .
Th rapi di t y f c m b us t i n n d t h e m
e o o o a co
pl te e n es so f c m b us t i n f a mixture f c al
o o o o o
d us t an d ai r depend up n a num b e r f fac o o
t rs :f
o example they are depen d ent up n
or ,
o
f U EL B I N
G AV E F U E L G. AI R
M IX I N G P ADO L E
6 OZ . P RES S U R E
I N T ERC H AN G EAB LE ANNULAR

S C R EW O R I F IC E
FU EL O U TLET
S T AN DAR D O IPE
TH E L OP U LCO APP ARAT U S
MI X E R AN D F E E D ER F O R P O W D E R ED
O ALL C
T h cu t above sh ws the ess enti a

e al features
o
o f t he L p l
“
o ered ffuell m
powderedu co
”
i x i ng and
mixing u
feeding appara t us of the L c mo t ive Pu l o o
v er i z d F uel C mpany 3 0C hurch S t ree t New

e o , ,
York I t has been careful l y devel ped an d

. o
thoroughly tried ou t and has been found t be o
dependa b le under a w ide range f conditions o
an d wi t h a g reat varie t y o f c n diti ns I t i s o o .
of co urs e appl ica b le t s t ati nary s ervice as o o
well a s t o l com t ives o o .
Th e mechan ism compris es a fee d s crew

whi ch s erves t c nvey t he p w d ered coal o r
o o o
li g ni t e from the fuel b in t t he mixer where o ,
i t i s di schar g ed i nt an a i r blas t s urroundin g

o
a n d c n centri c with the del ivery end of the

o
s crew Th feed s crew is driven t hrou g h a

. e
t rain f reduc t i n gears by means o f a vari

.
. o o
a b le speed m t r wh ich makes feas ibl e the

o o
m d ifi cati n oi t he rate f feedin g to s uit

o o o
wi dely fluc t ua t in g power o r heat requ irements .
A an exampl e the 5 inch feeder i s capabl e

s ,
-
o f del iverin g fuel at a m inimum ra t e of 8 5 0

p unds per hour and at a maxi mum ra t e f
o o
pounds per hour wi t h 1 2 in t erme d i a t e ,
s t eps as may be requ i red .
Att en t i n i s speci ally cal led t o t he p

o a
p li b i li t y f t h is system for t he rel ief f the

ca o o
N w E n g lan d coal s ituation

e T here are .
g r ph i t i c coal beds underlying po rtions o f

a
R h d e I s land and Mas s achus e t ts nor t h o f

o
CO MPR ES S E D AI R MAG AZ I N E .
GEN ERAL ARRAN GEMEN T 0F OF :TIO N O NV Y O

S IU C C E R FOR AS H ES
S U C TI O NV EY OONO R S F O R AS H ES
C
REG I N A D T AN s C H
*
13 v D L R T OL
P ar t icul arly s ui t able f plan t s f con si der or o
a b le s ize i s system fo r h andl ing a shes whi ch

a
u t i l izes t he rush o f ai r t h rough a convey r o
duc t pipe t an elevated s t ora g e tank

, or , o ,
where a cer t ai n degree o f vacuum is mai n

t i n d by means o f a high spee d exh aus t fan
a e .
Thi s repres en t s t he m s t h i g hly developed o
mechan i cal me t ho d of acc mpl i sh in g t he ash o
handl in g task Th c nvey r pr per cons i s t s

. e o o o
of a heavy cas t i r n s t eel pipe runn in g

-
o , or ,
b ef re t he vari us b i lers under the b iler

o o o , o
room fl or an d i n which smal l in t akes are

o ,
loca t ed for t he recei pt o f t he ashes from each

bo i ler Thi s c nvey r pipe contin ues t t
. o o ou o
an ou t d r eleva t ed storage t ank into whi ch

oo
th ea shes are s ucked Th va rious in t akes . e
leadin g t t he convey r duc t are kep t t i g h t ly

o o
clo sed excep t in g when t he c nveyor i s be in g

, o
actually char g ed w i t h ashes .
When t he c nveyor i s t b e pera t ed t he o o o ,
bo i ler man s imply rakes t he ashes to t he i n
t ake t hen he rem ves t he c ve r an d t he ru h

, o o s
o f ai r t h r u g h t he open in g t ward t he par t ly

o o
e xhaus t ed s t ra g e t ank t akes t he ashes wi t h

o
i t Th ashes a re t ran sp r t e d vi r t ually in

. e o
‘
I ndus t rial Managemen t .
. o
I AS H ES I NTTOO C O NVEY OR
RAK N G
v ey duct a water sprayy plays on the ashes

or a
as they en t er t he stora g e tank quench quenchii n g them ,
an d precipi t atin g t he fine parti cles wh i ch

woul d o t herwis e be s ucked ked int i nt o the intake
i ntake of
the fan As the operation
. i on of the system de
pen ds up n t he s ucces s w ith wh ich
o i ch tthe
he a aii r i s
exhau sted fr m the tankk iti t i s neces s a ry that
o ,
th i s exhaus t t ank be made d aaii r ttight

i ght W w ith
i th aa d ,
mis s ion o f a i r only pos Ss ible b e through the con i
ve yo duct vi a the Opened

r ened intakes
, i ntakes i n fr o nt i
o f t he bo i lers .
Th e ashes being carried e d in

in V vii rtual s u p n i s e
s ion the carrying capacity

, C i ty f a s uctuctii n con o o
v eyo i s quite limited necess itating more con

r ,
t i n u ou perati n than equipment whi ch car

s o o
ri es t he ashes i n buckets o r cars A 4 i nch .

-
s uc t ion c nvey r i e one with a convey r

o o , . .
, o
du ct of 4 inch pipe has a carrying capacity

-
but l ittle ver 2 % t ns per ho ur whi le a 12

o o ,
i nch convey r about the l argest s ize employ

o ,
ed ha s an h urly capacity of somewhat les s

, o
than 2 5 t ons an h ur T he capaci t y o f con o .
v y e orsbetween the se l imiting s izes varies di

re c t ly as the s quare of the conveyo r duct
di ameter .
Th e di ameter f the c nveyor duct bes i des o o ,
g overn in g the carryin g capacity f the system o ,
g verns als
o the s ize and p wer of the ex
o o
haust fan n d as the exhauster i s the chie f

a ,
item of expens e the cos t o f an i n stal lation fo r

,
one ort w o b ilers i s very nearly as great as

o
th e c s t f o e carin g
or for a much l arger
on
b i ler pl an t Als o the cons umption of power

o .
,
is n early the s ame in a short conveyor sys tem

as i n a lO g one f equal capacity T hes e
n o .
peculi arities t end to l imit the us e o f s uch

me t hods f han d l in g ashes t the l arger plants
o o
where t h e high in i t i al cos t f instal lation and o
th e c s t o f maintenance are dis c unted by

o o
c ontinui t y o f pera t i n made p o s s ible by the

o o
l ar g e quan t i t y f ashes handled O .

O R C E O F Q U I C K L I ME
E X P AN S I V E F
S me i n t erestin g parti
o t i culars
l regarding
rega ding the r c u ars
expans ive force exerci s ed by qui ckl ime i me under

the action of moi sture have been ommuni t c ca
ed t th I nm ong
o Quii ckl ime as is wel l
Qu
e ro er .
,
kn own devel ps when wet an enormous ex

, o , ,
p an i force t hat acts

s ve t s lowly and cous e s , ,
quently has pecul i ar mechan i cal advanta g es

, .
Eff rts to uti l ize thi s f rce have been s ucces s

o o
ful ly empl ye d recently 1y t o break up heavy o
br i ck mason ry S everall p iers 12 ft by 2 0 f t

. a , . .
on plan and 12 ft hi g h were s itu ated between

, .
,
s imi lar foun dati ns n whi ch were fi xed ma o o
chinery wh i ch coul d n notot be disturbed T he .
pr blem was t break up the mas nry no l n g

o o o o
er requi red w i t h ut damage

mage to the rest f the o o
pl ant B lastin g was i nnadmi

. d mi ss iible
bl and han d a ss e,
cut t ing and breaking too 00 s low and expen s ive .
Th e work was accomplliished h d by dri ll iing ng 3 i n s e .
v ertical h les 3 ft deepp and 3 ft apart in

o . ee .
b th di rections ver the enti re aarea

o ea of the
o
p i ers and fi lling them W

, w ithin
i th i n 6 i nn f the top I . O
w ith lumps of fresh s lacked l ime i me wh i ch was

t horou g hly wetted Th e tops of the h les were . e o
then fi lled w ith brick drir i ll ingi ng well tamped and ,
i n about ten minutes cracks s tarted in every

di rection an d the enti re top of the foundati n
, o
p ier was br ken into 3 ft cubes o . .
“
L AU N D R I E S ”
FOR AI R B R AK E P U MP S
cut up n the opp o s ite page with the

Th e o
fol low i n g des criptive matter i s from a report

pres ented at t he recen t annual c on enfi n of
.
v o
th e American Ai B rake As sociati n tel l ing r o
of the means employed on the Minneapol is ,
S P aul an d S ault S t Marie R R for clean in g

. . . .
the air brake pump s or comp resso rs w ithout

t aking them d wn or in any way dismantl ing o
them .
D i rt enterin g the cyl inders O f an ai r com

pres s r destr ys l ubri ca t ion an d in creas es the
o o
wear f packing rings and cyl inder wall s The

o .
di rt and w rn O ff metal coupl ed w i t h heat of

o -
compress ion f rm t he hard gu m so frequently

, o
met w ith ; hence excluding di rt w i l l improve ,
lubri ca t ion and reduce wear an d gummin g .
C l g g ed an d gummed pas s a g es and rin g

o
gr oves o f the c mpress r are respons ible for

o o o
a por t ion f the tr u b le s uch as reduced effi

o o ,
ci n y e poun din g running l ame s low speed

c , , , ,
etc .
A ve y e ff ective and ec n mi cal way to e

r o o r
S
P
M
U
P
”
s
E
i
R
l
l
a
C p
n
o w
t
I
P
o
t
O
e
I
S
h D
so r i t d oes not r eq ui r e a n att en d ant dur i ng a bo ut ten gal lons mi xed as herein men t ion ed
th e t w o and o n e hal f or th re e hour p e rio d
-
w i l l be s uffi ci ent t o cleans e about fi e compre s
v
men ti n e d o the r th an an occas ional vi s it to s r s o ther th an th p s s i b le excepti n of add

o , o , e o o
ob s e n e t hat all i s g in g w e ll A s olu t io n of i ng lye t main t ai n i ts stren g t h

o . o .
88 4 8 C O MP R E S S E D AI R MAG AZ I N E
.
m
r
O N P R AC T I C E
MI N E SI PH
Th follow mg care ful statement f the con

e on o c
d i t i n n ecess ary to be Obs erved for the s uc

o s
c es s fu l in s t all a t ion an d1 peration

perat i on o f m minine ( o
s iphons has been prepared ed by C l Ag i nn oa e

'
te
r
ply to a questi n by a c rresponden p on d n tt

o o r r es e .
Th es senti al requi rements

e ments f the s ucces s or
ful operati n of a mi ne s iphon are t h e fol low

o
ing :
1 Th pipe l ine muss t
. e n ful l ; th at i s t ru Is o
sa y t he s ize (d iameter )
, f the pipe must be O
s uch that it wi l l c nduct the requi red flow o f o
w ater un d er a vel ci t y determined by the

, o
effective head and the fri cti n al res i stan ce o f o
th pipe e T hi s i s neces sary i n order that the

.
w ater fl win g thr u g h the pipe shal l sweep

o o
a w ay any ai r that might o t herwi s e separate

fr m the wa t er an d accumulate a t the crown
o
of the s iphon .
2 I n order th at the s iphon shal l run ful l

.
c ntinu u sly the di ameter length an d ff

o o , , e ec
tive head must bear a fi xed rel ation i n b th , o
branches f t he pipe Fo example the ratio

o . r ,
o f the fi f t h p wer of the diame t er i n in ches to

o , ,
the len g t h o f the pipe i n feet multipl ied by , ,
the eff ective head in fee t must b e the s ame , ,
f or b th t he intake an d dis charge en ds o f the

o
siphon T h f ti h d at the intake is the

. e e ec ve ea
a tmospheric pressu r minus the vertical l i ft e
fr m th level f the wa t er in the supply

o e o
b sin to the cr wn o f the si p hon Th fi ti

a o . e e
’
ec v e
h d in t he dischar g e end is equal t o the ver

ea
tical hei g ht o f the crown o f t he siphon above

the p in t o f dischar g e minu s the atm o spheric
o
p res s ure .
. .
3 T here must be n leaky j oints in the pipe

. o ,
an d all unn eces sary obstruc t ions in the fo rm ,
o f sha rp ben d s in th pipe valves an d other e , ,

Several swing checks were us ed wh ich l ast ,
e d but a week ten days bef re the ddiskori sk o
an d s eat h d t be faced ccd

a ff an d fitte d s o
o o
th ey w o ul d not leak A hor iz

horizontal 1 g l b e Check. o
valve was then us ed withh the di sk guided by a ,
s tem ab ve and an ther below the s eat

o Aftero .
be in g in s ervi ce about four weeks an ex ,
aminati n showed th at the stern an d g ui de

o
un d er t he di sk h ad w rn away the disk an d o ,
upper stem and gui de being in fai rly g o d o
con di t ion .
A check valve o f t he dashp ot type is m r ec o
mended as the bes t fo r th i s servi ce i n which ,
the upper part of th e valve di sk i s c onnected

to a dashpot wh ich w i ll prevent its s lamming
,
.
— P 0w er .
C O MP R ES S E D AI R -
DRI V E N C E NT R I
F U G AL P U MP
T he portab le c o mpres s ed a i r turbine driven -
centri fugal pump here shown i s bu ilt by H ugh

W ood and C ompany Newcastle on Tyne I t ,
- -
.
has been des igned for handl ing smal l quanti

ties of wate r up to 90g al s per minute up to .
heads o f 8 0 ft and c omprises a sin g le stage

.
,
-
centri fugal pump coupled di rect to a com

p ress ed ai r driven turbine both m unted on
-
,
o
a cast i ron bedpl ate the over al l dimens ion s

- -
being 2 4 in l ng by 1 2 in w i de by 12 in h igh
. o . .
,
a n d the wei g ht about 2 % cwt .
T h e smal l weight an d s ize enable the s et

to be readi ly moved and the compress ed a i r ,
drive wh ich i s s afe and s impl e makes i t

, ,
s peci al ly s uitabl e for col li eries sh ipyards etc , , .
Th e turbine is of very s impl e con s truct i o n ,
h av ing no del i cat e valves etc i n i t s c on , .

,
C O MP R E S S E D AI R MAG AZ I NE .
88 5 1
ai r pres s ure wh i le t he b l t i s b eing d riven A

o .
s in g le t h ree way t hro tt le controls both func

-
t i ns f the to l
o o o .
Th e hamme r element is i den t ical wi t h that

o f the No CC 2 5 D ri ft B ol t D river
.
-
Th e new
.
t l i s very p werful and w i ll dri ve b lts o f

oo o o
l % inch d i ame t er up t o 1 0 feet l n g

-
oIt .
wei g hs 90 lbs i s 5 5 inches i n len g t h when

.
,
a i r fee d i s clos e d and 7 7 inches when fully '
ex t ended .
I n i t s s peci al fi eld i t i s f di s t inct a d van t a g e

o
a n d shoul d be a welcome addi t ion t o t he a i r
t l equipmen t o f the yards turn in g u t w od

oo o o
en hulls .
A D RI FT — B O LT D RI V E R F O R W O O D EN
S H I PS
W hi le sh ipbui lde rs are bendin g every effo rt
t o s peed up each step o f ship constructi o n the ,
b uil d ers o f th e t o l s t ha t pl ay so important a

o
part h ave n t b een i dle T he i r t ask i s t he

o .
d evel pmen t of new and bet t e r mach ines s o

M
o ,
t hat a few s econds may be cut from the time
requi red for each operation .
T he latest con t ribu t ion i s an ai r h ammer

e specially des i gned fo r dri f t ing up b o lts Th i s .
t oo l enables ne w rkman t do i n a short

o o o
time t ha t wh i ch w uld o t he rwi se b e a rel

o
a t i e ly s low task needing t wo men

v There .
i s als th e con sideration th at t he new hamme r

o
makes the work far les s fa t iguing .
Th e tool in ques t i on i s s tyled I ngersol l

R and No C C Z SI D ri ft B olt D rive r
.
-
l t s di s
.
t i ng u i s h i n g fea t ure i s a telescoping leg ai r or
feed . T h i s por t ion o f t he d evi ce cons i s ts f o
t wo s ec t ions of seaml es s s teel tubin g o e of , n
w h i ch s l i des wi t h in the t he r and i s pr vided

o o
w i th an ai r tight cup lea t he r Ai r when a d.
mi t te d extends th e t o l un t i l i t i s against the

o
b ol t t be driven where i t i s fi rmly held by

o ,
p res sor and s erve merely

, ely as equal izers and
n t as s t ora g e reservoi rs
o s .
I n c mpara t ively lar

o a g ee installa t ions i ons by ,
wh i ch i s meant th s e of twen t y m or e d r i ll s ,
o or o
m
,
th e c mpres s r capacity
o t y may be es t iim
o ed
att e
fr m t he pr b able ay age
o g e recipr
o c p catin
c a i g time
er a re
'
ro n
o f t he d ri ll F ins t ance .c i f fi fty ddri llls

or ls are t o e, r
'
be in s t alle d and it i s expec xp ec t

, t eedd that each o e n
wi l l b e ac t ually runn in g 75 per cent of the .
time the ai r requ i red w

, w illll be 7 5 per cent of '
the am un t O f a i r one dri lll takes mul t ipl i ed

o ,
by 5 0 T hi s me t hod f estimating shoul d only

. o
be used for compara t ively ely l ar g e in stal l a t i o ns .
F or in s t ance i f two dri 11 lls are t be ins t alled

, o ,
wh ich w i l l p r b a b ly runn 75 per cent o ce nt of the .
t ime i t i s of cours e n eces s ary to furn ish

, , ,
c mpres s r capaci t y enou g h f th e two i n

o o or
s t ead f one and n e h al f s ince b o t h woul d

o o —
,
be w rkin g at t he s ame time T hi s me t hod

o .
o f es t ima t in g shoul d never be us ed unles s the

pr obable l s t t ime o f th e dri ll s is equal to at
o
leas t o d ril l T hat i s 75 pe r cent of 2

ne .
, .
equals 1 ; 7 5 per cent of 3 equals

1
2 75 .
pe r cen t f 4 equals 3 Theref re we c ul d

. o . o , o
expect nly t hree dri lls ut o f f ur to be

o o o
w rkin g n t he l as t mentioned instal lation

o o ,
and c u ld therefore plan on c ompres sor c a

o , ,
p a i ty en u g h fo
c t h ree dri lls W e cannot
o r .
,
h wever ass ume 2 % ou t of 3 as i t i s evident

o , ,
that ei t her two o r t hree dri lls wil l be working

and s o it woul d b e neces s ary t o have enough
ai r to run t he enti re three .
OTH AIR U S S ER E
I n additi n t o the actual requi rements of the

o
dri ll s o r t her main in stallati n of mach inery G AS O L I N E F R O M N AT U R AL G AS B Y

o o ,
a l iberal all wan ce sh ul d be made f us e i n

o o C O MP R E S S I O N or
t her machines s uch as pumps mot rs an d B Y w P DY K EM A *

o , , o . .
f r g es and als f leakage I t i s folly to

o , o or P lants treatin g n a t ural gas fo i t s gasolin e
. r
at t empt t di s c oura g e th e legitimate us e of con t ent fall under on e of three mechan i cal an d
o
compres sed ai r f r th i s i s a very economical phys i cal subdivis ions c ompres s ion refrigera
, o —
,
and e ffi ci ent me t ho d o f transmitting power ti n an d absorption o r a c mbination of thes e o , , o
and accompl ish in g certai n results but great me t hods Each divi s i n vari es wi dely i n me , . o
emphas is sh oul d be placed n t he unnecess ary c h a n i c a l detail s o f b th equipment and Oper a

o o
waste O f it especi al ly by leaka g e

, tion G as o l ine recovery by compres s ion an d
. .
LO S SES F RO M L EAK AGE re frigerati n wi ll be dis cus s ed in the follow o
V e ry few peopl e fully real ize t he l s s es due ing pa g es R ecovery by absorption method s o .
t o leaka g e of c mpres s ed ai r o A h o le one h as been des cribed i n B ulletin 12 0

. .
s ix t eenth f an i nch i n di ameter wi ll caus e a TH EORY OF PREC I P ITATI ON CO N DEN S ATIO N BY

o —
l o s s f ab u t s i x cubi c feet of free ai r per

o o COO L I N G
minute a t 1 00p unds press ure A one eigh t h o Th theory f the precip itati on o f vapor s
.
-
e o
in ch hole w i l l al low a l ss o f ove r 2 5 cubi c from natural g s i s in a way comparabl e to

o a
feet per minu t e or en u g h to run a small t ool t hat o f the precipitation o f water vapor from
, o .
A quarter f an inch hole w ill al l o w over

o
10 0 cubi c feet per minute to es cape enou g h F rom B ureau o f Mines B ulletin l 5 1
, or
* .
88 5 4 C O MP R ES S ED AIR MAGAZ I NE
.
temperature neces s ary i n cconj unction

onj u n ion w i th the
, c
pres s ure obtained to extract xt a c t the maximum o f

, r
commerc ial condens ate can be developed .
Th temperature and
e (1 th e p res s u re that w i l l
yiel d the most p rofitable le res ults are tthos h s e that

to g ether w i ll recoverr the larges t ppos os s ible
b le s
'
am o unt o f c ndens ates of low vapor tens ion

o on s '
and as much of the l ighter ht e parts as can be s o r
blended o r handle d as to con fo rm w ith lega l

standards o f s afety anmdd make a goo d motor
fuel .
AB S O RPT IO N T H EO RY
Th e abs orption proces es s fforr recover
recovering i ng con
dens ate from n atural gas i s bas ed on an n e
t i e ly di fferent phys i cal

r a l property th at o f the ,
sol ubi lity o f vapors i n lil iquiqu ddss I n th thii s p ro '
ces s the gas is brought h t into i ntntimate

i mate contact
wi th a l iqui d whi ch di sss oolvesl e s or abs orbs th e
'
s v
vapors ; thes e vapors are l ater disti lled from

the absorbing medi um and condens ed .
U SE OF C O MB I N AT IO N CO MPRES S IIOO N AN D REF F RI GER

ATIO N PRO CES S
As shown above the f undamental principl es
,
o f th e compres s ion p roces oc e ss are compres s ion

r i on
s
and cool ing of t he n atural tural gas to pres s ures

an d temperatures at wh ich certain hhydro d
carbons con dens e .
P lants f thi s character are erected to treat

o
cas in g head gas fr m oi l sands o r from s ands

-
o
closely as s o ci ated w ith oi l the ga s being ,
brought to the s urface either between the cas

i n g and tubing o f an oi l wel l o r wi th the o i l
i n the tubing T h e quantity of gas from each
.
.
wel l i s us ual ly comparatively smal l an d i n

some i nstal lations as many as 5 00 o r 600
wells are connected w ith on e compres s i on
p lant o f not more than the averag e capac i ty .
Th e d y (treated ) gas i s at most pla n ts

r , ,
us ed on the O i l leases to drive th e g a s engines

of the compres s ion pl ant and also for gas an d ,
s team engines in pumping an d dri ll ing wells .
A few compres s ion pl ants s el l the treated gas

for commercial us e i n citi es o r for ma nu fa c
turin g purposes The c st o f p ipe l ines and
. o
equipment necess a ry to del iver the smal l quan

tities o f g a to market woul d i n general be
s , ,
excess ive T here i s s eldom much gas l eft

.
after the quantity necess ary for furn i shing

power has been us ed .
W H E AT O L D S T H E Y E AS T B U B B L E S
H
W hen M H ver t l d the bakers o f the
r . oo o
c untry l ast wi nte r that they must for thwith

o
b e g i n t m ake thei r bread with t wenty fi e

o -
v
AI R C O MP R E S S O R S MAK E
'
TH E AI R L I FT H E L P S AR T ES I AN “
H I S S I NG ”
WEL LS W OO D C AR V I N GS
“ ”
“
BY E . R . CO N AN T [T h efol low in g acc unt of an unfami l i ar o
aphazard location o f t h e rive r station

H Opera t i n c mes to u s from the always beau
o o
g roup o f artesian wells at S avannah G put , a .

,
ti ful and interesting E d i s o n Monthly We feel .
in use in 1 88 7 1 88 9 resulted in a supply which -

,
c mpelled t o s ugg es t that t he h iss in g o f the
o
soon became i nad equa t e and led to th e s ink compres sors d o es not speak wel l for thei r
in g o f t he G winnett group T h e last n amed .
- operative e ffi cien cy ]
artesian well system was desi g n ed by T homas Th reader l ike t he rest f n fid i ng h u
e , o co
F John son C hicago

. The 2 5 river wells were
, . man i t y has marvel led perhaps at th e am unt
, o
put down at r a n dom over an area f 1 0 acres o . o f w o d carv ing that shows t day n portra it
o o o
T h e 1 2 G winnett wells were sunk 3 00 ft apart . frames mi rr r frames l amp standards moul d
, o , ,
on a lin e a t right angles to the direction o f in g s an d al l th is gil ded o rgy o f foi l s and cur
,
th e s ubterran ean flow Th e G winnett wells . l i eues W i t hout doubtin g its genuinenes s fo r
.
h ave a diame t er o f 1 2 i n a dep t h o f 5 00 to .

, a m ment the average m r t al has wondered
o , o
600 ft and are cased down into rock some 2 5 0 ft

.
, . where in the worl d s much an d so excellent o
Th wells are c nnected with a 6 ft brick

e o -
. ca rvin g c ul d pos s ibly come fromo .
condu it 1 0 to 1 6 f t bel w g roun d level which . o , Whi l e there are several s urces n at o , o e
discharges into a small well f r o m which water least and an elec t ri cal n i s f und shap
—
o e— o
i s pumped di rec t ly to the distributin g main s . ing and pruning away i n W es t T h i rteenth
T h e fi rst a rt esian wells in the S avannah dis s t reet .
t i c t antedated t he river sta t ion wells by five

r
T h ugh kni ves bro ad bl aded aff ai rs a foot
o ,
years The wa t er f r m these wells ro se t

. o o
l n g h ave someth in g to do w ith it the carv
o , ,
“
from 3 0 t o 3 5 f t above m ean low water . .

i ng i n th is cas e i s done on an upper fl oor to
”
There are no early rec rds o f t he sta t ic head o

t he t une o f the h iss ing f mo t r driven a i r O o
i n th e river sta t ion well s but thei r diminution c mpres s rs T hat i s to s ay the weal t h o f
o o ,
i n yield in dica t es th at the head was lowered

.
deli cate detai l tha t i s made here later to be ,
2 0 to 2 5 ft within t h ree y ea rs o f the time they

.
m unte d n w d i s f rmed under pres s ure
o o oo o
,
we re put in u se .
i n wo den moulds Th e s ubstance its el f i s a
o
T h e G winnett wells are 3 900 ft from the
.
.
secret m ix t ure clo s ely res embl ing putty in
river well s W hen the fi rst o f th ese were .
c l r and c ns i stency A l iberal lump i s
o o o
sunk in 1 890 thei r sta t ic head was ab ut 2 8
.
o
pl aced i n a mould and the wh le i s s et n the o o
ft above m e n low water I n 1 89 3 t he head
a .
pan o f o e f t h e press es I n a moment d o wn

n o
was 1 2 f t lower an d in 1 898 it was 5 ft low
.
.
, .
c mes the upper pan wi t h s me t h us an d

o o o
er s t ill T here i s no record o f the head when
.
p o unds f o rce d when t he pres s ure i sane r
th e ai r li ft was in s t alled in 1 9 02 fact the
,
I . n , leased and th comp s i t ion freed t here a e e o , r

s t a t ic head was not ca re fully determined until y u r curl s n d r se tt es as n a t ural as l i fe
o a o
when the w ri t e r found it to be 1 0 t o 1 2
.
Th kn ives sp ken o f shave t hes e carvings

19 15 ,
e o
ft below mea n low wa t er a dr p o f 2 2 ft
fr m thei r pas t y b ackgr un d as t hey a e
—
o .
o o r
in 1 7 ye rs o r an avera g e drop o f somethin g
a ,
needed a n d ski lled fin g ers fi t t hem foi l b y
l s than 1 % ft a yea r
es . .
,
fo i l t o t he wo od w rk awa i t in g t hem A l ittl e o

W hen t he 1 2 wells at t he G winn e tt sta t i n
.
g luin g a l i tt l e m re shapin g d the mould

o
o an
were pu t in u se in 1 89 2 t hey yielded by na t , , ,
i ng i s
,
carve d to t he s um f arti s t ic c 0m
“ ”
,
o
ural flow g l a day
, T his fell t o a
S me ac t ual carvin g d ve ry fin e
pl t n s
. .
e e e s o —
an
g l in a yea r o r two ; to
.
a .
w rk t o i s p r d uce d here yet by far the

o o —
o
gal by 1 89 5 an d t o
. gal in 1 9 00 .
,
o
,
m s t i s acc mpl i shed in t he manner d es cri b ed

o
,
where i t remaine d un t il t he in stalla t ion o f t he

.
ai r l i f t in 1 902 T es t s made by t he au t hor in .

'
1915 howe d a d aily yield f

S gal o .
An o t her new o i l wel l has j ust been br o u g ht

At pres en t 8 o f t he 1 2 wells yield in in t he Al am o d i s t ri ct near P anuc o Mexi c o ,
gal a d ay E g i ee i g N ws R c o d
, .
.
— n n r n e -
e r .
wh i ch a t a dep t h o f 2 1 1 5 f t yield s about ten .
t h o us and b arrels dai ly Th e fi rs t indi ca t i o n of .
‘
Ch ie f E ngin eer C t i y of S avannah . O i l was enc o un t ere d a t 1 860 f t .
WE V ’
E GOT TO DO W H AT W E C AN
S aid Mi c h a el O L e a r y t o P a t ri c k
’
Mc C r ee r y ,
m a k e m e w e a r y t h e w a y t h a t you w or k ;
“
Y ou s u r e
L a s t w e e k you lo s t on e d ay, a n d t h i s w e e k —
oh Mon d ay
Y ou la i d o ff c o m p le t e ly . B e d a d , ye
’
r e a S hir k" ”
S a id P a t r i c k Mc C r e e r y to Mi c h a e l ’
O L e a r y,
“
W e ll wh a t , if I d id —
an d I d i d , i t i s t r ue
If I g r a b o ff a p la y d a y
-
or two a r ou nd p ay -
d ay
my b u s i n e s s
’ ’ ”
I g ues s it s and n ut hi n t o yo u "
S ai d Mi c h a e l O L ea r y t o P a t r i c k
’
Mc C r ee r y ,
“
Me s on i s a s o ld i e r w ho
’
s fig h ti n i n F r a n c e ;
’
He t r ifie s li k e h e lm e t s r i fle s ,
’
s g ot t o h av e and
w i t h t h e b o c h e s h e w on t
’
Or e ls e s t and a c h an c e .
He t o h av b a t t er i es
’
n ee d s e —
g uns t h a t ll S h at t e r hi s
E n e my
’
s t r en c h e s b e fo r e an at t ac k
An d mo t o r s t o c a r r y h i s c a mp co m mi s s a r y
An d S h i p s t h a t ll b r i ng h i m ’
t h e t hi n g s h e m a y la c k .
t w or k i n
“ ’ ’ ’
B u t w h e n y ou a r e S h i r ki n ye r j ob , or a i n ,
b o ld i n hi m ms
’ ’
Y ou re up on hi s ar and s up p li e s ;
F or , g et t hi s s t r aig ht , n ei g hb o r , w h e n yo u s la c k yo u r la b o r
d oi n mor e h a r m t h a n
’ ’
Y ou re a h a lf d o z e n S p ie s .
T h er
’
s n ee d k e e n e s t of w or k e a c h m ac h i n i s t
fo r t h e —
An d fir e m a n a n d b la c k s m i t h s h o u ld s t i c k t o t h e j ob
In war -
t i m e c on d i t i o n s t o m a k e t h e m u n i t i on s
T o h e lp s ma s h t he K a i s er a n d a ll o f h i s m ob .
“
An d SO,
”
s a id O L e a r y, yo u r w a ys m a k e m e w ea ry ;
’ “
Y ou t h r ow d ow n m e s on a s h e fig h t s O v er T h e r e ;
T o lo a f i s a b u m t h i ng —
you b e t i t mean s so m e t hi n g
k i n fr o m d o i n yo u r
”
T o m e w h e n yo u
’
l
’ ’
r e s la c Share
Said Patri c k Mc C r e er y t o Mi c h a e l ’
O L e a r y,
“
I n ev e r h a v e t h ou g h t of i t t h a t w ay b e fo r e ;
B ut n ow t h at I s e e it I s ur e w i ll a g r ee it
Ai n t m e ’
tha t ’
ll lo a f on the j ob a ny mo r e l
”
Amer i c a n Mac hi nis t .

TH E N AV AL C O N S U LL T I N G B O AR D IN
I TS R E L AT I O N T O T H E N AV Y
D E P AR T ME N T
peech by W L S aunders
S under Am mericann I n . .
, er c a
'
st it t u ef Min in g E n g ineers
o n ee D inn er W as h rs ,
i g t n D C June 2 1 1 9 1 8
n o , . .
, , .
I have been given ten n minutes t speak of o
the Naval C ns ulting B ard ; five i s qu quite

o ie o , S
'
en ugh I speak alas as e of exper

o . experii ence , , on
when I s ay t hat a s in g llee s entence n t hhii s o
s u b j ec t mi g ht sti r up m re tr o uble (f tthe h o or
speaker ) t han a ton o f T N T Ab u t a . . . o
year g when I was nnly

a o, ly a ffreshman
h s erv o ,
ing the Governmen t f r g ll ryy an d a d l lar or o o
a year I le t fall a pr pphesy P rophesy i s

,7 fl
-
, he y o
O s .
dangerous trampin g gr und fo t he ten der o r
f ot I s ai d that American
o . ican i nventive g en i us
woul d s olve the submarine rine menace and t ha t
the Naval C ons ul t in g B ard had al ready o
made substan t ial pro g res es s in that di rectr ectii n o .
F r t hw i t h I fell int o t he hands

o f t he P hhi 1l i o 1
S t ines i m o dern t imes

—
n es calcalled
ed newspaper
repor t ers W hen it was all1 over and I had
. a re
covered cons ciousnes s a R d C ros s nur nurs e e
s eeme d to be h lding a g l as s of J ers ey o
l i g htn in g t my li ps T here ii s a s t ry of an
o . o
En g l i sh T ommy wh was c nvales cing fr m o o o
h i s fi t dos e of trench warfare A vi s itor

rs .
,7
at the hosp ital asked h im t des cri b e the o
w n d erful s ens ati n f bein g i n a battle H e

o o o .
s ai d F i rst y u ear an ell of a n i s e then

,
“
o
’ ’
o ,
y u ear the nu rs e s ay Y u better dri nk a

’ ‘
o , o
l ittle f t h is o .
’
W ell I fear that the G erman s ubmarine

,
,
l ike t he l i ar the thief the mu rderer an d the

, ,
rat t lesnake w i l l be always w ith u s in t hi s

war :
,
bu t t hanks t t he En g l ish and Ameri o
can n avi es ai d ed by civi l ian workers t h is

, ,
d i sh nest prac t i ce
o o lon g er threa t ens star n
vation dis as t er t civil ized nati ns Th

or o o . e
B ri t i sh P rime Min ister i s my au t h ri t y f o or
the s t atemen t t h at the s ubmarine is n lon g o
er men ace b ut i s s t i l l a nuis ance M

a , . r .
Ar t hu r P llen adds that it i s an awful o
nui s an ce I h ul d cal l it a damn able nuis an ce

. S o .
A t t he part taken by t he Naval C ns ult

s o o
i g B ard I qu t e from th e re c ent Annual

n o , o
R ep rt o f t he S ecretary
O f the N avy : O
Th e w rk of the b ard r g anized an d p

“
.
o o , o a
pr ved by C ngress i n 1 9 1 5 has i ncreased

o o ,
very ma t eri all y in imp rtance and v lume o o .
S me t ime b e f re the ac t ive entry o f thi s

o o
c untry in t he war the b ard called a S pecial

o o
mee t in g t whi ch were i nvi t ed s me fi f t y o f

o o
Mo re th an t h i s sh o uli ld no t b e s aaid
i d at t he
pres ent t ime o f t he w o rk o f t h i s b oar d I f .
any one woul d l ike to ask quest questii o ns I shal l

be g lad t o answer them hem a f t e r t he war i s —
ove n
THO S E RI V ET I N G R E C O R D S
I t would real ly s eem m t ha t s me bb ddyy shh ul d so ne o S o
be s ayin g s me t hin g a b u t thes e astt n i shh in g ’ '
o o a s on s
rive t ing rec rds wh i ch are t um

o mbb ll in g ver each in ov e
other in the dai ly pres s \V al l kn w t ha t ss . e o
fo r t he w inn ing f t he w rl d wa r t hhe s upreme

o o
deman d i s for sh ips I n t he b uuii ldi . ldingg f the 1 o
sh ips the m s t responss ible and t he m s t con

o o
tin uo u ly repeated Opera t

s on i s the ri ve t
t iion era t iinng e .
T here fore of cours e speeding d i ng up the rivetin

'
, p , ee t g e
is s peeding up t he bui ldin i g and iincreas m ingg the

n n c r ea s
output o f sh ips .
I t i s a t fi rs t t hou g h t m os t grat
, gratii fying to n t e
, o
th a t a l ively rival ry i s cu rrent throughout the

shipbui lding plants on b t h s i des of the At o S
lan t ic for the makingg o f riveting rivet i ng reco rds ,
t hes e being t aken o f c urse as indexes, i ndexes a

o ann dd,
gu arantees o f shipbui lding ding speed T hey may .
be ; bu t are they ? I t was s aaii d of the Charge

of the Light B rigade that it was very bri ll i ant
but it was no t war S w ithout questi n ing . O, o
at all t he ve raci ty of the current rive t ing rec

ords we are t empted to s ay t ha t th ey may be
,
very bri l l i an t b u t they are no t sh ipbu i lding i f ,
indeed th ey can be called riveting

, .
A sh ipbu i lding pneumati c rive t in g re c rd i s o
no t t he rec rd o f one perative al ne han dl ing

o o o
a s ingle pneuma t i c riveter even wi t h chan g es ,
o r repl acemen t s o f t he t l from t ime t t ime oo o .
Th man us ual ly w i ll be the head

e f a c O o
opera t ing g an g f s ix c mpris ing bes i des

o , o ,
h ims el f a b acke r up t w heaters and two

,
-
, o
pass er b oys T h makin g o f a pace makin g

-
. e —
rive t ing reco rd involves also many more than

t h is rive t in g g ang who alone g t the cre d i t
, e .
A s u g g es t in g t he ma ss f c inci den t w rk i n
s O o o
volved i t i s t o be no t ed t hat the h les must be o
i ns t an t ly an d c ns t an t ly ready f the rive t s

o or ,
so t h e numerous shee t s and t her mem b ers o
mus t be s ucces s ively as sembled and cl amped

in pl ace wi t h al l t he hol es ma t ch in g a b solu t ely
so th at eve ry rive t wil l en t e r w i t h ut hes i t a o
‘
t i n and t make s ure of t h i s a plug mus t be

o , o
tried in each hole and many f the h le s mus t o o
be reamed T hes e prel imina ry Opera t i n s

. o
must all b e ca rri ed n wi t h u t g e tt in g a t al l

o o
in t he way o f t h e ri ve t ers W i t h all t hes e .

.
6 a . in t endin g t o work
in . ork in t hree shi f tt s f
, 11 o
O
t hree h urs each T h e wea t her was fi ne b u t

o .
ho t At . p m however ever offi ci als f the . .

,
r
,
. o
B i lermakers S ociety intervened e d and s t pped

’
o nt e r v en o
t he men af t er 6% hou rs w w rk D urin g thi th i s 5

’
o .
peri d o i n s t eel rrive

, i e t s had been ddriven ix -
. r e
in t frames fo sh ips s i des When stopped

o r
’
.
,
th e men w e re perfectly fresh and very dis

app i n t ed t no t b ein g al l wed t c mplete
o a o o o
t he n i ne h urs rec o rd A iinspectin i ng ffi cer

’
o p . n ns ec o
was pres en t and t he w rkk was carri ed u t t o or o
hi s sa t i s facti n o .
D rivin g rive t s in n ine ne h urs in t a '
o o
S t andard sh ip w as t he fea t acc mpl i she d a t o
t he yards of W rkman C l ark B elfas t En g o , , ,
recen t ly by J hn O m i w h b eat t he h ur o r, o o
rec r d f the U n i t ed K in g d m I h i s work

o or o . .
n
O mi dr ve i n m re t b
r haann a t h us an d rrive
o i ve t s o o
every h ur and tw o ccas ion s pa ss ed t he on o o
mark I n h is b es t m inu t e he d r ove 2 6

.
r ive t s O mi use d a b u tt tw and

. r hal f ou o on e -
t ns
o f metal o .
C n cern in g the item imme

o mmed i a a tt ely
ly preced
precedini ng i e ,
i t w ul d be c nven ient t b e perm

o permittedi tted to em
o o
ploy t he familiar dictum m O O if t he la ladies T O —

“
O
ri di cul us f anything o or .
”
PR O GR ES S OF L I Q UI D O X Y G EN EX
P L OS I VES .
O win g t t he h r t a g e f rdinary xp lo o S o o o e
s i es f min in g purposes in G ermany due to

r or ,
war requi rements c ns i dera b l e extens ion h as , o
b een g iven to the devel pment f oxyli q u i t o o e,
g l ft (explos ive a i r ) S everal fi rms

“ ”
or p s r en u .
in G ermany w rkin g Lin de s an d other pat , o

’
en t s have experimented w ith apparatus an d

,
effec t e d c n s iderabl e impr vements in the

o o
prac t i cal appl i cation of the system f mi ne or
b las t in g L Gé i Ci i l f
. June I st dee n e v or
s cribes s me f t hese devel pments and t he

o o o ,
f l l win g n t es are taken fr m t ha t j urn al

o o o o o .
Th principal fi rm i ntereste d i n t he proces s

e
i s t he S p g l ft G esells chaf t r en wh ich u
has l ately devel ped pl an t s capa b l e f supply o o
i ng 1 0kil s (22 l b ) f re cti fied l iqui d xy g en

o . . o o
per h ur Th ne t c s t pri ce i s s ai d to be
o . e o
s me t hin g un d er 2 % d per ki lo i ncl udin g i n

o . .
,
ter es t n d d epreci a t i n char g es

a o .
F s t rin g t he li qui d xy g en
or o m d ifi o , 3 o ca
ti no f t he D e w ar flask i s u sed an d i s gener

O ,
al l c ns t ruc t e d in b rass
y o very t hin steel or .
In r d er t main t ain t he rarefac t i n f the

o o o o
is re d uced to 2 0 1b t henen a few m i nutes are

minutes .
,
t aken in walkin g an in i n t ermed

ermedia i a t e chamber
1 800 feet in len g t h and 2 0 m minutes
i nutes is spent in
,
an u t er chamber wheree t he p res

o ressu re i s gradd
ua lly re d uced t o normal i m i lar precau t ions
S imilar i ons .
are bserved in enteringg the

o he t unnel .
W H E N C ARB O N MO N O O XX I D E I S F AT AL
C ar b on m o n o xide has an avi d dii t y fo r hem
ogl ob in t he red c o lo rin g ma t te r o f t he blood
, ,
w i t h wh i ch i t f o rms t he s ame comb i na ion as

combination
d es xyg en only 2 5 0times
o o mes as p werful H ow
, o .
, o an nt an d a
ever t hi s c m b ina t ion i s n t ppermanent
e o 11
man brou g ht ut t o the fresh ai r or to whom

o ,
ai r m ixed with xy g en can b e admin ister ed o ,
wi l l g enerally rec ver i f exp os ure is wi t hhino in

t he f l lowin g l imits As a r ugh estima t e ,itt
o . s o ,
may b e s ta t ed t hat usuallyy a man w wi 1ll1 ddii e who

has breathed per centt o f ca rbon monoxi de .
mi xed w ith ai r whi ch i s in o t her respe ts c
normal for four five hours

,
04 per cent
or , or .
for o e hour W ith fr m two to fi ve p er cent

n . o .
of car b on m n xi de death fol low s alm o s t as

o o
quickly as in drown in g J u l of th Am i —
o r na e er
c an Med i c a l As s oc ia ti on .
O TES N
S i D ugl as H aig recen t ly celebrated hi s

r o
fifty s eventh bi rthday An ol der brother John

-
.
, ,
a min in g en g ineer at a tal c mine at Eldorado ,
O ntari enl isted at the g f s ixty obtained

o, a e o ,
a l i eutenancy w i t hout in fluen ce and was pro ,
m ted captain Not unti l he had been in the

o .
tren ches for mon t hs di d h e meet h is b rother ,
wh di d n t know he was at the front

o o .
A pecul i ar accident caus ed t he dea t h o f a

la b o rer in a r o ck quarry at Ro ches t er N Y , . .
Th e man was on top f a chute push ing stone o ,
d wn mt
o a car loaded by hi s c ompan ion s
o .
when he l s t h is f o t ing an d fel l H e retained

o o .
hi s h l d n h is S h vel an d the t ol cau g ht

o o o o
the s ides of t he chu t e and hel d h im whil e ton s ,
of r ck fel l n h im
o o .
A la b or s aving devi ce now being empl oyed

-
a t t he Po rtl and yard o f the Founda t ion Com

pa n y i n O re g on i s des cribed in t he o fficial Th e t empera t ures
atta ined in th e cyl inders
organ of that o r g an iza t i on as fol l ows :Y ou
,
“
of gas engines may vary cons iderably but in
-
are al l fami li ar wi t h the fact that s alt i s s ome ins tances at t he t p of the expl os io n
, o
pl aced be t ween the cei l ing and pl anking o f s tr ke the temperatu re is

o , de g rees F .
,
al l w ooden ships t prese r ve the wood above o wi t h a min imum durin g s uction str ke of 2 5 0
,
-
o ,
t he wa t er l ine H e retofore the pl anking has

. de g rees and an avera g e f 9 5 0 degree s dur
,
o
C O MP R ES S ED AIR MAG AZ I NE .
ing t h e c mple t e cycle o . T he

hesee a re t he t emper
s
a t ures f th gases in o e cyl

t he c i nder n t 0
y inder of tthee , o i
cv li d wal l s
n er -
.
A t unnel a mi le lon g Wwii ll be a novel fea

t ure on t he highway t b e b ui l t be t ween o
C lark s S ummi t d Ne w Mi l f rd P a
'
Th e an o , .
roa d w i l l be bui lt upon ri g h t of way releas e d - -
b y t he D L \V R ai lroad C mpany
.
, . . o .
Mosqui t o reduction which is righ t ly r e c e i v ,
i n g c o n s iderable a tt en t i on bu t d es erves fa r ,
m o re i s primari ly an en 8g i nee ringg ppr ob lem

, .
Th e fi rs t point o f a t tack ck sh ould be the r e Th e C hannel T unnel s aid S i Ar t hur F ell , r
m o val of breeding placess b y dra i na g e O i l ing

draina . a t a meeting f t he L n d n S ci e t y w i ll b e
o o o o ,
i s a mere pall i a t ive al t hou g h Of t en neces sary ,

the earl ie s t n d g rea t es t Of all the w rks f
a o o
un t i l drainage can be eefff ec t ed or wh ere for peace wh i ch wi l l be b e g un immediately th e

any reason i t cann ot bee s ucces s f u lly carr i ed
carried war i s ove r an d when labor and ma t erials
,
ou t S ucces s ful con t rol under t he m o st t ry

. ing
ryin have b ec me avai lable I t wi l l be the fi rs t
o .
con d itions shows t ha t t here isi s no excus e for monument t the new era o f peace an d t
.
o , o an
anger ii n tt hhi 5s co
t h e mosqui t o pes t an d danger coun t ry . enduring fri endsh ip wi t h the imm r t al race o
wh i ch f f ur years h as b een fi g h t in g b y
or o
Acc o rding to th e Elec tr i c a l Exp er i me n te r all ,

o ur s i de f the l i b er t y f the w rld Th i s
or o o .
ins t i tu t ion s d ependin g up o n the Marion (1 n d ) . l ink w i ll un ite t h e t w na t i n s in a permanen t

o o
Elec t ric Light and P ower S ervice were with bon d t hat w i ll enable the t w peoples t o o
ou t cu rren t fo r a minu t e recently and all b e , kn ow each other be tt er and to appreci ate e , on
cause John Coats who t akes hi s regular Sat , anothe r mor e .
u r d a y even ing ba t h a t his home got hol d O f a ,
live wi re in att emp t ing t o shake into li fe a

d e func t el ec t ric light g l o be an d c o uld not let
-
,
g o . S t an ding in the wa t er with a I I O volt -
current cou rsin g th rou g h h is body all Co a t s ,
c ul d do was to yell fo r help A nei g hbo r

o .
quickly d iscovered hi s plight an d t eleph ned , o
the li g ht company who t u rned O ff all cu r ,
ren t C oats was inj ured only in feelings

. .
Th e t o t al
power now being generated on
bo t h s i des f N iagara i s o hp O f t h is . .
am un t o h p i s gene ra t ed in th e U n ited
. .
S t a t e s whi ch al so recei ves l 1 00

, 00 h p ex , . .
por t ed from t he C an a d i an s i d e makin g a t o t al ,
of h p avai l able in t he U ni t e d S t a t es
. . .
Th i s am un t s t 40 pe r cen t more f
o othe . or
U ni t e d S t a t e s t han fo C ana d a al t hou g h t he r .
l a tt er c un t y genera t es l 00000h p m re t han

o r . . . o
.
L AT E S T U S P AT E NT S
the U n i t ed S t a t es There i s in t en t i n on
. .
no o
F u ll s p ec i fi c a t i o n s a n d d r a w i ng f
.
s o a ny pat
t h e part o f ei t her t he C ana d i an G vernmen t or o
ent ma y b e ob ta i n e d b y s en d i ng li v e c e n ts (n o t
th e C ommis s i n t i n t erfe re w ith t he pres ent
o o
s t a mp s ) t o t h e C o mm i s s i o n e r of P a t e n ts
expo r t arran g eme t even t hou g h C anada i s n ,
Wa s h i ng ton D C
,
now sh rt , . .
o hp . .
MAY 14
Co d n emna t i n f wel l wa t ers as t he res ult

o o O
L AD I N G O R M I N I NG AN D L O AD
i ns pe ct i ns and analys e b t he I l l in o i s I NG MAC H I NE a n B Fr k i ll i n g C l v
e e
l n
s
of
.
,
o s y
a d, Oh i o .
8864 C O MP R E S S ED AI R MAG AZ I NE .
AI R MO TO R -
. M e l v i ll e C l ar k , Ch i
1 11
g o,
VI C E N l n
c a
T
.
L U B R I C A I NG DE
'
e so
lin rt L ng b ur g hh
.
T . C e a nd Ro e M b . o P ii tt tt b
, s r ,
Pa
Al b r t D m I
.
O I L B U R NE R -
. e ee , n
d i a na p oli s , I nd
V AC U U M C L E A N I N G M A
.
1 0
C H I NE J a m B K i r b y C l v l n d Oh i
-
-
.
es , e e a , o .
M E T H O D AN D AP P AR AT U S F O R
. .
S E G R E G AT I N G AN D R E C O V E R I N G G AS
ES F r d r i Au g t u E u t i e Mi l t n
e c us s s s o
Ma
. , ,
E L E V ATO R
ss
P N E U M AT I C AN D
.
D I S TR I B U TE R F OR C O T TO N G I N S J o
p h L uth r H rt C h i k Ok l
-
.
se k e a , c as a , a .
4 2 65 7 3 0
(2 65 3 4 4
P N EU M AT IC P ATENT S MAY 14
AP P AR AT U S F O R D E L I V E R I N G AI R OO L I NG S Y S T E M
C G eorg e
k E Al b i n C o rn i s h O k l a
-
.
A M I X T U R E OF G AS E S J a y A H e i d b r i n ,
M i n n e a p o i s M i nn l ,
F re d e r i c F B a h n
,
. .
H U MI D I F I E R
. .
Ar t h u r V W i ns ton Sa lem N C
. .
, .
MI L K I N G MAC H I N E s on
i nma n n On i l
- -
, , . .
. .
H Ra p i
L H nma , a nd e d a, N Y h
H e rma n J
. . .
T
H E A I NG Y T
S S EM AN D HY D E AE R AT I N G W AT E R De
V ry m u t h K i o wa K a n s
. .
D R AU L I O AC U U M G E N E R A TO R B
M E T H O D OF D E O D O R I Z I N G
c e
ly nt tr it
-
, , .
h
.
W Mc c m o , D e o , M i c
W a l t h e r F r i c k H o c h s t oh t h e
. .
O
G AS C M P R E S S I N G AP P AR A U S T G R AI N
w r T i ll i Y rk Ma i n G e r m a n y
- - -
.
,
Y
.
Ed a d W a m s , Ne w o , N . . . , .
T O
P N E U MA I C P W E R B A O T G eo E L AS T I C FL U E D T U R B I N E
hri t h r h u int nn Os c a r J un g g r e n S c h n ec t a d y N Y
-
. . .
W C s op W a e o se Po Co
O V Y V AC U U M C U P R ud olp h Paul
.
, , , , . .
TO
.
S E P AR A R AN D C N E ER
R h e i n l a n d e r S t L o u i s Mo
-
.
FOR P AP E R P U L P M AC H I N E R Y AN D
nt n J u
-
, .
, .
OT H ER O
P UR P SES A o Ha g , P R ESSUR E R E D U C I NG AP P A
hu E ug e ne S c hne id e r
. .
Na s a, N H R AT U S F O R F L U I D S
P a r is F ra nc e
. . . ,
T
AP P AR A U S F OR Y
S U P P L I NG
rry ,
V AC U U M H AN D B R U S H J e s s i e
.
O O
G AS L I N E AN D C MP R E S S E D AI R H a
th r nu l r qu i t B S c u ll y K a n s a s C i t y Mo
-
. .
F S mo e s and E ma e E No s ,
K n ity V AC U U M S W E E P E R J e rr y J
. . .
, , .
a sas C , Mo
Me r i t h e w Ak r o n O h i o
-
. . .
O T
C N D E N S A E AN AI R R E M O V
b rt h il
, , .
I N G AP P AR A U S T Ro e S u c z ek , P M O B I L E S U C T I O N C L E AN E R AP
d e lp h ia P a
a
C ha rles D
.
L a nn i n g B os t o n
-
P AR AT U S
H a rr i s K a m r a s s
, .
AI R C U S H I O N Ma s s
, ,
. .
N ew York
-
.
,
N Y
.
, . .
M AY 2 1 MAY 28
M I L K I N G M AC H I N E Ca rl Osc a r F L Y I N G B O AT L e on a rd o C r i ma u
nd r n ter York N Y
- -
. .
A e so , L a nc as , P a . d o, N ew , . .
88 66 C O MP R E S SED AI R MAG AZ I NE .
F OR AU M E AN SMA I C AL L TO T Y
R E G U L A I N G T H E B L AS TC MP NE N S T O O T
OF O
P R D UCE R S H g N e w e l l, P s u h T w ll itt
b r h
. .
Pa
T V V
u g
X
,
Y
.
AU I L I AR AI R I NL E AL E
tr i ch
-
.
J h
o n H oi t , M
Sc m d , D etr O h i t it
Ad d o M
.
T TOO
.
P N E U MA I C L
b rt win illi n r n
. .
Ro e s a nd Ed G W
\V i l l i a m s on , G r e e n
v iil
.
e, P a
O K i th
.
R C DR ILL \ V i ll i a m A S m
nv r C l
-
, . .
De e o o
V AC U U M R E G U L AT I O N H m r
, .
o e
C lyd Sn k O k P ark Ed win W
.
d
oo a an
K ll y C h i a g
e , , .
e I ll c o,
E d wa r d
.
,
D R Y I NG AP P AR AT U S
I Cutt r N
.
w b d Oh i
e , or o , o .
L I Q U I D F U E L C O MB U S T I O N J h n
.
o
B r k l yn N Y
-
.
G d oo oo
m th d f b u rn i g l i q u i d f u l w h i h
, , . .
3 Th e o o n e s c
n i t i n c n t r ll i n g t h l i q u i d f u l d
. e
o o e e an air
xp l i v m i x t u r
c o s s s
th p r p rt i n f an
’
11 e o o o s o e os e e
I C PATENTS J U N E 4 P N EU M AT
o f h l i q u i d fu l h t i g
suc id p r p rt i n d e P N E U MAT I C E N G I N E S T AR T E R
ea n sa o o o e
a i r d th n fi n l y a t m i z i n g d m ix i n g t h B arn y C h r i t i an n S lat r I w
-
, .
an e e o an e e s se o a
p r p rt i n d l i qu id t h r w i th t b la t
e
f rm
, , .
o o o e P R E S S UR E C O NN E C T I O N
e e AN D o o a s
m ixt u r d d ir
e, t i ng a i d m ixt u r
an g in t G AG E
ec C rl I Ja b n d Al f r d L
s e a a s c o so an e
mbu t i n l at i g b d a t v l ity b
a
F w l r L An g l
. . .
a c o s o oc n C l e a e oc e o e os e es , a
p l f f rma t i n Ar th ur
-
, ,
id b d
.
t w it
e en s dac e o P U M P O R C O MP R E S S O R
o o an sa e
x d th r t f fl m p r p g at i n Ed win M r y
, .
whi h c e c ee s e L ig h S a A ht e o a e o a o c a nes , on oh e se
th r u g h a i d m i x t ur w h r b y t h l u E g l nd
e s - -
,
o s f e, e e e oc s o n a
mbu t i n i tabl i h d d m int in d E L E V AT I N G
.
th e c o s o s AP P AR AT U S F O R
es s e an a a e
r R ch
.
i n
"
o id b d
on sa e I l QUID J m A M K i t a es ac enz e, o es er ,
D E V I C E F O R V E N T I L AT I N G H O
. . .
fi a
T E L S AN D OFF I C E B U I L D I N G S W i l l i m AE R AT I N G D E V I C E
.
J ph P os e
R uth J D nv r C l
a
S lf N wt n N C
-
. .
.
r e e o o
L I Q U I D F O U N T AI N Ad l f P C
R e , e o ,
, .
, , .
V AC U U M V AL V E V i i l f d S h t
. . .
o
M un t V rn n N Y
-
. . .
’
re ur
l ff M l i n I l l U bi J
-
r n, r o e o
.
.
, , . .
e , o e,
E L AS T I C F L U I D T U R B I N E W il
F L U I D AC T U AT E D V I B R ATO R l i am J A L nd n S p r i n g fi l d M
.
-
.
o o e ass
C h ar l W i l n C h i ag E ml n
-
. . .
, , .
P es 1 11 so M O L D I N G MAC H I N E cP o, e
P i t fi ld C m b r i d g
-
.
.
, . .
M
.
C E N T R I F U G AL C O MP R E S S O R e a e, ass
Ly V AC U U M F E E D D E V I C E F O R , .
\ V i ll i m J M B i d
.
M
E V AT I N G L I Q U I D
a c r e, nn, ass
W bb J y C hi g
G u t av P g ] B r l i n
. .
E L
e a c a o.
AI R P U M P ,
. _
s a e e
G r m ny
-
.
, ,
e a
AP P AR AT U S F O R D R Y I N G
Au g u t T g l i S
.
H Y D R AU L I C AI R C O M P R E S S O R H E L I KE F n i
.
E
s e o an ra c s c o,
Chri ti C a rl T u h
-
,
AN D M O TO R
.
H 1 s an c on
H w ii
.
, a
u ) AI R L I F T P U MP B OO S T
.
l l
R i
o u u, a a
e ss e
P N E U M AT I C S T AR T I N G D E V I C E r n k 8 Mi l l r d d I d i an p l i
.
- -
.
ER e e c ea s e n a o s,
by W illi m L g
a
t ru t
, ,
F O R I N T E R N AL C O M B U S T I O N E N G I N E S
. .
I d k mp J an s en r s e e,
J h E M i ll r M l i
n a a
I d i na p l i
-
. .
, , .
,
o n . I ll e , I d
o n e, . n a o s, n .
Y T H I NG P NEU MAT I C
EV E R Y
V ol xxi . ii S EPTEMBER l 9 l 8 . No 9 .
C O MP R E S S E D AI R T0
O WIN TH E WA
AR han d d rillin g wi t h black p w d er
, o fo r t he blast
ing
BY F RAN K R ICH A D R S
W hen t h e g rea t w o rl d war shall have been

w on i t will n o t be easy t o pr o ve t hat it was
w on b y compressed air but i t i s easy en o u g h ,
t o dem o n stra t e up o n t hee sp o t a n d b ef o re we ,
leave t h is prin t e d Shee t t ha t t h e war cann o t

be w o n wi t h o u t i t wh ich sh o ul d g o far t owar d
,
p r vin g
o wh le
th e o .
F w can realize h w d epen

e p d en tt are m d
o e en en ou r o
ern ac t ivi t ies whe t her inn peace, in

i n war u p or ,
on t he i d O i c mpressed ai r perhaps
a o t ,
no so
much d i rec t ly as in direc t ly but j u st as t ruly ,
in ei t her case I t w ul d be a g d t hin g f

. o oo or
all han d s t kn ow a lit t le m re ab u t h w

o o o o
c mpres se d air g ot un d er way h w i t acquire d

o , o
i t s m mentum d t he g ai t i t is w t ravelin g
o , an no .
A li tt le l kin g in t t he hi s t ry f c mpresse d
oo o o o o
air in i t s m d ern u ses d a d apta t i n s W hat i t

o an o ,
has d ne d wha t i t is d in g sh ul d s t i ffen

o an o , o
ou r fai t h in i t s p wer f acc mplishmen t d o o o , an
i t s hi t is
s orv f t h e sh r t es t
on e o o .
Th career o f c mpresse d ai r as we are

e o w no
in d e bt e d t i t b e g in s wi t h t he r ck d rill as i t s
o o
principal d epen d en t al t h u g h t on e ten t h o f . o no —
t he ai r c mpresse d in t hese d ays g oes t t he

o o
d rivin g f r ck d rills b u t t he r ck d rill still

o o , o
su g g es t s t he easies t way f g e tt in g acquain t ed o .
I n all g rea t en g ineerin g un d er t akin g s such ,
as t he b u il d in g O f canals d railr ads d an o , an es
p i lly t he c n s t ruc t i n
ec a f g rea t aque d uc t s
o o o
ei t her f wa t er p we r t ran smissi n

or fo o or or
mun icipal w t er suppl t here is always i

a y ,
n
v lve d t he cu tt in g d rem val f masses f

o an o o o
r ck t h is up t as la t e as t he mid d le f t he
o . o o
n ine t een t h cen t u ry havi g ll t b e d n e b y , n a o o

W hen t he fi rs t l o comomo t ive ’

s wheel
R olls t h r o u g h the H oosac tunnel b o re
Then or d er you r ascen sion on ro b e
'
TH RO C K D I L ARRIVES
E RI L
B u t t hen alon g came e t he aairi r dr driven

i ven r ck -
o
d rill so well thou g ht out

, u t and wo rked up t hat
with little preliminary eexperimen xp m tt iin g o r d er i en i a
j ustin g it was an immedia i a t e succes s I t be g an . n
to walk right into t he rock ck at o nce and w when

he , i
i t got fully un d er way wi tt hh t he t her arran g e ,

’
1 o
ments Oper atin g the tunnel was d riven t

co -
, o
comple t i n The t unnell a t once a d ver t ise d

o .
se
compressed ai r and the rock dr drilli ll all ove r t he

wo rl d Eur pe s n so d evel ped
. o p ed t h e t unnel
oo o
habi t t hat t he t ime reco r d s f t unnel dr drivin

i v i ng r s or
have kept n t he t he r side i de o f t he At lan t ic

o o ic S
ever since .
B es ides t he H oo sac t unnel n l d t he en d lless ne , an e i es s
string f o t her tunnels wh which i ch h d bbeen een

'
o a un
knowingly wai t in g t h e c m mingi ng f t he r ock o o

O
drill the re was n ext t hee entire m

, minin
i n i n g hfi el d e .
Minin g as we kn w is en t irely
, i rely a r ck cu t t in g
o , o
p ropos i t ion and t he r ck d rrill , i ll at nce d o o an
comple t ely fille d t he l n g ffel “

el t wan t o .
”
Th e ai r driven r ck d rill -
w c mple t ely
o no o
d minates t hi s fi eld
o t hat i t i s t he simples t , so
s t a t emen t O f fac t t say t ha t ot nly o sil n o ou r
ve r n d g ol d but als all t he baser me t al s ex

a o —
cep t a pile o f ir n o re tha t t hey d ig wi t h a o
shovel are obtain e d by t he pers istent ti i t

—
ac v v
o f t he rock drill .
C AN T L IVE O FI G H T W IT H O UT I T
’
R
S Ot hen when we can live and when we

.
,
c an carry on war wi t h ut c al an d coppe r d o o an
i r on wi t hou t lead an d zinc

, t men t i nin g —
no o
silve r and g ld an d all t he t hings the r ocks

o —
hol d f us t hen d t un t il t hen can we

or , , an no ,
do wha t we will wi t h u t c mpress e d ai r ; d o o an
t here is t he p r p si t i n wi t h which we se t o t
o o o u
c mple t ely es t a b l ishe d

o .
B u t t hat i s only t he b e g i nnin g o f t he s t ry o ,
an d i t w uld no t b e fai r t
o comp res se d ai r o ,
o r to t h se who u g h t t o kn o w a b u t i t t
o o o , o
leave it t here .
TH AE NT I C DAY S O
PPRE CO M R S S D A
E F P E E IR
Th e history f t he wa t er supply o f N w
o e
York city is in t erestin g ly c nnec t ed in vari us o o
ways wi t h t he his t ry o f t he rock drill nd t he o a
d evelopmen t o f c mpresse d ai r prac t ice o Th . e
fi rs t C ro t n aque d uct completed in 1 8 4 2 h d

o , , a
no help in i t s b uildin g f rom the air driven rock

d ill an d con sequen t ly on i t s enti re line which
r
,
;
ag e o f wa t e r i t t he t unnell am o untin g t t w n o nn e o o
milli n g all ns a d y 0 there was llii tt le cca

o o a , so o
si n t w rry ab u t t ha t
o o o o .
TH CO N C T AG E RE E E
B e f re t he c n s t ruc t ii n
o f t he C a t sk skill
i ll
o o o
aque d uc t t he C ncre t e Ag 0f en g ineerin i neer i n g h d

o e o a
b e g un d t his aque d uc t while

, an wh i le ffully ly in i n de b te d , u
t o c mpresse d ai r f i t s b ein
o e i n g has als or 5 , o c on
cre t e as an essen t ial d c nspicu nsp i cu us elemen t an o o
in i t s c n s t ruc t i n T his aque d uc t W

o wiitt h a t o . S , o
t l len g t h
a f 1 0 miles wi t h ii t s main
d W o ma i sec
2 , an t i
ti ona l area g rea t er t han n t hat f b t h o ff its o o
pre d ecess rs require d un d er ii t s vari

o var i us
. er o c on
t rac t rs 65 lar g e air c m

o mpress
p rs n ever all in in o r essor s,
s
ervice t nce wi t h an a g g re g a t e capaci
a o capac itt y o f
,
cu b ic fee t f free ai r per minu m i nu t e o c c , on e
o f th c mpress r in s t alla
e ll tii o n s bein g at t he
o o a a ns
t ime t he lar g es t in t he w rlld T h c mpres se d or . e o
ai r in t hi s aque d uc t w rkk was empl yed b e or o ,
s i d es f t he d rivin g f r ckk d rills in

or i n Such a o to ,
varie t y f wavs t ha t i t iss t easy t

o m no ea s v o en u er
a t e t hem There was t he pneumat pneumatic

. i c c nvey nveyingi ng e o
an d d ep s i t in g f lar g e masses
o f c ncre t e o o o
an d als t he t hin layin go d b uil

u i l d in
i n g up f 0 an o
c nc re t e ver larg e su r ffaces b t he cemen t

o o r ac es v
g un Th ai r l i f t was u se d f
. e unwaterin
unwater i n g a or
S ha f t d t her purp ses Th pn euma t ic cai s

an o o . e
s on was empl ye d f sha f t sinkin g o d men or , an
w rke d in air pressu re in d rivin g the tun

o
ne l un d er a swamp T hen pneuma t ic d rillin g .

,
rive t in g d calkin g t l s were calle d fo

an oo r
w here s t eel t u b e c n s t ruc t i n ccu rred o o o .
B ARG E C AN AL
In the b uil d in g o f t he N e w Y o rk S t a t e
Ba g r e C anal i t mi g h t have b een expec t e d as ,
i
t wa s en t i rely an o u t o f d o o rs j ob t ha t s t eam ,
w ul d o have b een empl oye d thr o u g h ou t an d ,
t h a t c mpresse d ai r w ul d have h d
o o chance o a n
a t ll a B t ai r d i d have a chance here also

. u
an d sh we d an t her phase o f i t s adap t ability

o o .
Ad van t a g e was t aken f availa b le elec t ric cur o
ren t g enera t e d b wa t er p wer d t ran s

. y o an
m i t t d c nsi d era b le di s t ance t d rive ai r c 0m

e o , o
press rs l ca t e d n ear t he w rk Th
o o m o . e c o
pres e d air t hus pr d uce d t k t he place f

s
o oo o
S t eam en t i rel a t man p in t s d d i d all the

y y o an
w rk f s t eam pera t in g r ck d rills r ck

o o , o o , o
crushers h i s t s c nve rs pumps . o d d in g . o yo .

, an o
t h w rk m re cheapl
e o i t w ul d t have
o y . or o no
b e en empl e d oy .
S m e special w rk which
o nly c mpresse d o o o
i
a r c ul d have d ne came al n g inci d en t ally
o o o .
F in s t ance in
or case i t was f un d t ha t
. on e o
t here w a s e i us leak d t a s t ra t um f
as r
o . ue o o
887 1
superincum b en t ear t h wi t hin as t he caiss n o
descen d s .
T hen the d rivin g o f t he several t unnels un
d e t he N rth
r n d the East R ivers was
o a en
ti re ly a c mpressed ai r j b t he sand hogs here

o o ,
havin g prac t ically c o ntinu us empl ymen t fo r o o
many years past d f co untles s years t an or o
c me I n t his w rk t w s t yles f ai r om
o . o o o c
press rs are required t he one supplyin g ai r a t

o ,
c mpara t ively low pres su re t opp s e the p res

o o o
sure o f the wate r t his ai r bein g t he atmo ,
sphere in which t he sand ho g s w o rk n d t he , a
o t her d eliverin g hi g h pres su re ai r fo r drivin g

the rock d rills an d other pneumatic t ols as o
required .
C omp ressed ai r a g ain hass rendered

n e im
, m ,
p rtant s ervice in N w Y rk harb r improve

o i mprovee o o
ment especially f subaque

, b q uss excavation
u excavat i on at
or a u eo
H ell G ate n d elsewhere w o rk which

a wh i ch promises
prom i ses ,
t o b e g rea t ly increase d in n the near futu re I . n
our enumera t i n we mustt t fo r g e t t he com

o no
pr esse d ai r wo rk i n preparin par i n g t he f un d a t i ns o o
for t he piers o f t he g reat

at East R iver i ver brid g es e ,
inclu d in g H ell Gate brid g e B es esii d es all t hhii s are e .
to b rememb red al s the g reat num b ers f

e e o o
smaller pneuma t ic t ols hammers d rillsls riv oriv , , ri ,
t
e er s employed in t he erecti n f all t he s t rue o o
ture d s t eel w rk occu rrin g in all the

o d t k un er a
in g s above spoken o f .
F IG . I
I t is t necessary to
no ff er he re any fi g u res o
in co rr b ra t ion I n time in la b r in m ney

o o .
, o , o ,
TH E C O MP R E S S E D AI R E Q U I P ME N T
in resp nsibility and e ff ectiveness compres se d
o
AT H OG I S L AN D
,
ai r has massed i t s greatest achi evements in BY B K IC

PR E
an d imme d iately ar un d N w York wi t h a
. .
o e ,
perpe t ual contract ahead I n men t i nin g the . o
vari us se rvices f c o mp ressed ai r in the p

o o u
buildin g o f the g reat ci t y we cann t f o r g e t o
t hat t he t hree aqueduc t s are part an d parcel

,
o f it .
C mpressed air at t he same time knows

o
nei t her t ime n place ; f wherever thin g s

or or
are bein g d n e it is sure f i t s share in the

o o
w rk Th dis t ribu t i n f t he ai r c o mp res

o . e o o
s r s sent u t b y t he vari ous builders is a su f

o
’
o
fi i t v ucher fo
c en o t his not on e per cent f r , o
t he machines in use bein g l cate d wi t hin si g h t o
o f New Y rk o .
B t en u g h
u f t hi s
o I t is m o re t han
o ffi . su
cien t t S h w t hat w herever n ear t h b ig

o o o
t hin g s are bein g d on e c mpresse d ai r has a o
han d in t h em and we may be sure en u g h tha t

, o
in t he bi g g es t t hin g in all ear t h s his t o ry t he ’
g rea t w rld war o c ompres se d ai r mus t be ,
t here in fo rce as we shall , t fail t see no o .
To b e c on c lu d e d .
88 7 2 CO MP R ES S ED AI R MAG AZ I N E .
1 0ways while t he t w rema

, remain i n in
i n g uni t s aare
o
al n g t he marg inal whar if each serving

o mg hal f f
r , s erv o
t he t t al num b er o f ei g h
o h tt w e t bb asin i n s T hese a .
vari us c mp ress r h uses also serve as hhii g h

o o o o
v l t a g e su b s t a t i n s
o o .
L ea d in g fr m eachh f tt he compre
o compresssor
o i e
h uses al n g t he shipways
o o ways ii s a 1 2 inch ppipe i pe s 1 —
-
t hr u g h which t he air is
o i s f d in t a o 0 inch
i nch e o I1 -
main ex t en d in g parallell t an d 98 fee t fr m

, e o o
t he hea d s o f t he slips fo m more than h a mile r .
T his main distri b u t es the ai r int 6 inch p ipe s o —

,
one f which runs

o each i d e o f the keel
on S
bl cks in each slip A t ee d mani f ld w i t h

o . an o
six u t let valves is inserted in these pipes a t

o
2 0 fo t intervals al ng t he len g t h
o o f t he keel o .
An t her main 6 inches in d iame t e r n d con

o , a
n ect d t
e t he lar g er
o ex t en d s al on g t he
on e,
mar g inal wharf a d is t ance f ove r hal f a

, o
mile d 3 inch b ranches are t aken d wn n

, an o o
each si d e f t he we t basin piers O u t let s simi

o .
lar t o th se on t he b uil d in g slips are inserte d

o
in t hese branche s P r vi si n f expan si n

. o o or o
a d in spec t i o n i s ma d e b y t he intr duc t i n

n f o o o YING H E A
DR T IR
U ben d s and t he u se f b x t renches al n go o o S me f t he d i fficul t ies not in frequen t ly aris

o o
t he main lines . i g in t he pera t ion o f air to ls are due to the

n o o
C mpresse d ai r is als
o u se d ex t en sively b
o v m is t ure in t he ai r This m isture
o . o on bein g
FIG .
inch d ischarg e line lea d in g f rom each com ;

p ress r plant be t ween t he receiver d t he
o , an
I O inch air m ai n
-
Th tw plan t s which feed int the 6 inch

e o o -
main at t he hea d f the we t basins are simila r o
t o t he t hers exce p t they c ntain nly t w

o f o o o o
the smaller c mpress o rs makin g the t otal o , ca
p aci t y f each plant.

o cu b ic feet o f ai r per
minu t e T his makes the en t i re c mp resso r
.
o ca
p c i ty f t he yar d
a o cubic feet per minute .
Main t enance f t he c mpres s rs is facili t a t e d o o o
by a I o t han d pera t e d tr avelin g crane

-
on , —
o .
F or s t rag e d pera t in g main t enance f the

o an o o
air t ls use d oo t he ways an ai r t o l h use on , o o
has b een b uil t at t he hea d f each g roup f five o o

O RTA
P M O U NTI N G
BL E O L ITTLE DAVI D F R
buil d in g lips T hese b uilldd in g s are equippe d
S .
' '
use in s t ea d f t he u sual drill t hrottl e A sec

o
wi t h g rindin g d lu b ricatin
c ti g machinery
mach i nery d an ri a n an
ond h se i s p r vi d ed t feed water fo r c lin g
.
s t ra g e racks
o o o oo
o
th M H i fi ld the s p i n
.
e ~
0 c t i k
un er s n r e e u
TOO S U S D
er
GREAT N U M
,
. .
t en d en t is au t h ri t y f t he s t a t ement t ha t
O B ER F L E
o or
A idea o f t he volume mpres s ed ai r
ume o f c ompressed
'
t his i g will d f r m 7 5 t 1 00 percent m re

n
r o o o o
requi red in buil d in g t hee sh ips m ma y be b t aine d a
‘
o
w rk than t he s t a t i nary wall c o t i k s
o o
.
un ers n
from t he f ll win g l istt Of pn euma t ic t ool s in
o o o
A u t fi t f t his kin d can b e easily n
er .
use :67 5 rive t ers f

n o o co
1 s ize
ze an d 1 00 f o on e
'
o an
s t ruc t e d in any sh p n d rep resents but a o a
t her ; 3 2 5 hol d ers ; 2 00 j am r rive
i ve t ers oo ff
o 1 oh
m d era t e inves t men t A su g g este d mod i fi
—
o ca
size d 4 80 f an t her ; 4 5 0 n nnreverss m in g
.
t i n i s t ha t t he b x be parti t i ned th r u g h th e
one an o o no r ev e r
o o o o
pneuma t ic d rills ; 2 00 c rner drills ; 1I 5 0 O breas t o ,
cen t er d t ha t c un t erwei g hts b e carrie d in
an o
d rills ; 1 00 chippin g d caulkin g hammers f an o
the c mpar t ment farthest f r m the drill ; and
o o
on e size and 2 5 0 and 5 00 o f ther sizes 1 o re
t he t her hal f f t he box be used as a t ank t
o o o
p e ti ly ; and 5 0 g rinders Ei g ht hundred
s c ve .
carry wa t er fo r c o olin g the c untersink T his o

rivet hea t in g f rg es are t operate f rom m o o co
w ul d ob via t e t he necessi t y o f d ouble h s e
o
.
o
p ressed air lines Equipment n ecessary to t he .
c nnec t i ns
o o
Opera t i n f the pneumatic tools includes
.
o o ,
a b ut o feet f rubber hose 65 00 se t s f o , o
pn eumatic h se c upl in g s 1 5 0 bot t om riveter

o o ,
frames chisel blanks an d

, rivet
se t M i R i w
s —
ar n e ev e .
P O RT AB L E MO U N T I N G F O R P NE U
MAT I C D R I L L
ICK S BY H . H . H
Th acc mpanyin g illustrati ns sh w h w
e o o o o
a Li tt le D avid d rill N I B has b een

“ ”
, O .
-
ri g g e d up b y the H anl n D ry d ock and S hip o
b u il d in g C mpany O aklan d C al i f rnia f

o , ,
o , or
service as a p o r t able c un t ersinking machin e o .
T h d rill has been fastened to t wo me t al sup

e
p o r t s b l t ed t t he S i d es o f an ir n b x 6
o o o o 1
inches w ide 2 4 inches l n g and 6 inches ,

o 1
hi g h p rovi d e d wi t h a sui t able st p f t he feed

,
o or
screw T h i g is fi t ted wi t h a 6 foot handle

. e r
-
an d m unted on t w wheels S u fficient wei g ht

o o .
is place d t he b x to g ive t he utfit pr per

on o o o
stability when in pera t ion An ai r h se is o . o
c nnec t ed d a valve placed in the line f

o an or
,7
C O MP R ES S ED AI R MAG AZ I N E .
t o t he G ] y kn wn as Yell w
ermans i t i s Off cially i
‘
13 o o
C r ss g o as t he shells are alll ma rke d w

as, wn i t hh 5 a
yell w c r sses a d b an d s Th A
o o Allie d chem
n hem s . e C
i t have kn wn t he c 0mp
s s 1 si t i 0n
o f thhisi s g 7 5 1 1o11
o 111 1 o o as
s
f or s me t ime b u t nly
o ly recen ce t t llyy have t hey
, o i re l
b een a b le t per fec t a p r cess tf m o ma f t r oc e s s or an

iu ac ur
i g it
n a la r g e scale F r t una t ely f
on . o or ou r
armies t his me t h d is fa r superi r t me t h

. o o o
o d kn wn hi t her t
s o o .
Al t h u g h t h eff ec t s ffr 0m t his g

o e a re t ro 1 as no
o f t en d ea d ly s t ill i t is a very effif ec tt ive a g en tt

. v er v e ec iv e a e i
on acc un t f i t sl w n d insi d i us me t h d f
o o s o a 11 o o o
p is n in g Th d r f mu s t ard in d icica t es
o o . e o o o
d an g er b t i n t in i t sell ft unc m f r t a b le un t il
. u s o e o o
i t causes t he n se d t hr a t t bec me i rri o an o o o
t t d
a e I f pr perly pr t ec
. t e d t here will
ct o vill b e o e e .
no
fur t her b d eff ec t s I n ex t reme cases t he eyes

a .
yes e
an d li d s b ec me inflame d d bliste re d
o d ie an an
severe in flamma t i n in t he lungs resul t s in o
b r nchi t i s
o d even pneumon mo iia Th e a ft
an fter ff u n a .
-
e
f t ec f t he p ison ing lays

s o ays one up for several
o
weeks b u t sel d om resul t s in

,
i n dea t h .
Th m s t d i sa g reeable
e o e t hhin
i n g ab u t t he g o as
is i t s persi s t ence whichh necess ii tt a tt es kkeepin , pi g i ec es s a es ee i
on g masks f h u rss a t a t ime I t lin g ers

as or o .
in d u g u t s f d ays n d has t be ff 0rced

o or od t
, a o o e ou
b y means f fi res d fan s o I t hi s connec an . n
t i n t h cap t ure d G erman documen t s s t a t e

o , e .
"
g p
as i s nin g sot ill ccu
o rre d amon g t h se w ho o o
t k ff t heir masks a f t er wearin g t hem f

oo o or
1 2 h u rs
"
o .
Y I N G E X P E R I E N C ES
HIGH FL
B Y C APT AI N C H UC K S .
T h m s t marke d d eve l pmen t in t h e mo d

e o o
ern machine is i t s ex t ra r d inary capaci t y f o or
clim b in g t a g rea t hei g h t in a sh r t t ime

o o .
At t he b e g innin g f t he war t he avera g e o
h ei g h t fl wn ac t ive service was

o on
fee t simply b ecause few f t he machines then

,
o
in u se wi t h t h impe d imen t s ca rrie d coul d g t e e
much hi g h er T d ay a hei g h t f . fee t o o
i s I believe
,
cer t ain ccasi n s reach e d d
. on o o , an
i t is fai rly cer t ain t ha t i f pr g ress c n t inue

‘
o o s
a t i t s presen t ra t e hei g h t s a g rea t d eal b ey n d , o
t his fi g u re will b e reache d as a u sual t hin g .
T he e g rea t al t i t u d es b rin g f r w ar d many d i f

'
s o
fi lt i
cu which will have t be se ri u sly c on
es o o
s id d
ere Th fi rs t t r u b le in t he win t er will
. e o
b e t h ex t reme c l d t w hich t he ccupan t s

e o o o
will b e su b j ec t e d unle s t h are pr t ec t e d b s ev o v
special c wlin g Thi s to a ce r t ain ex t en t i s

o .
. ,
th e na t ur l advan t a g e bt aine d in th t rac t r

a o e o .
T h ques t ion
e f t he d iff erence in t he c m f r t
o o o
88 7 6 C O MP R E S S ED AIR MAGAZ I NE .
FI G .
ME C H AH I Q AL E Q U I P ME N T AN D TH E
N ATI O N OF MI NE R S
Evy R . L H ER RI C K ,
. E M . .
Mi n e -
l ab o r
iss i n these days the
s h e r t ag e
b g ab
u oof t he an t hracite district
o R ecent .
m to t he my have ag g ravated an already a
ha d l ab o r c ond it i n B e fo re the dra ft many o .
min es were ru nn in g with mi ne crews d epleted

f om 1 5 t 4 0 per cent fr m th se o f n rmal
r o . o o o
p wa t i m es and n w t he pro duction o f a n

r e- r , o
t h ac itr t hreaten s t o e b b t o a new l w mark

e o .
T he mining s i tuation presents a curi us dis o
c re p y h we v er that may well be noted I t

a nc , o ,
t his :
.
i s W hile the loss f many men has a d o
ly aff ected the pro ducti n

v er se f some o f the o o
l ar g est and o ldest mines o f the dis t rict thers , o
w i t h s imilarly reduced mining crews have act

u lly increas ed t hei r t nnage I nvesti g ation int o
a o .
t he causes o f thi s discrepancy has led to the

c nclus i n that the gain o r loss o f t nnage is
o o o
l ar g ely a question o f mechan ical equipment .
T hos e min es which have held thei r tonnage

'
«
ou t put to ab ut n rmal o i f anythin g have
o o —
r
increased i t have installed modern machinery

—
equipment which has conserved the man power -
o f t he rg anizati on I nstances are c mm o n

o . o
w he re the ins t alla t ion o f certain machines has

ma d e wha t was formerly heavy labo r now easy
o n t he men an d at the same t ime allowed on e
,
o r t wo o f t hem t do the work fo rmerly e o r
qui rin g t he united e ffo rts o f from six to ei g ht .
I t is f c urse understood that the men thus

, o o ,
releas ed fr m r u t in e wo rk have been imme

o o
d i t ly trans ferred t o the vitally im p o rtant

a e
w o rk o f g ettin g u t c al o o .
I n what f llows i t is proposed to g ive typical

o
examples f such man powe r saving as were

o -
observed in t he c urse o f a 4 5 0 mile au tom o o
bile trip ab ut t he mines i variou s parts f

o n o
the anthracite district An engineer inti .
ma t ely acquain t ed wi t h t he district t h r u g h o
l n g resi d ence M W illiam W ilhelm S cran

o , r .
,
FIG . 2
8 8 78 C O MP R E S S E D AI R MAG AZ I N E .
Such be d s as this w ere re practically i mp 0o i 1 5s 5s 1
b le cer t ainly unpr o fi t ablee to m min i n e wi t h t he ld , o
han d au g er d rillin g me t h o d b u t have been

-
ma d e pr fi t a b le wi t h machine
o h m dr i ll me t h d s
drill ac e -
o
which pr d uce a g d t nna g e per day

o oo o nn a e .
3 sh ws t he d rillin f a h h rizon o t all

'
F ig . 11 g o 11 o or z n a
(
h le in t he D unm re vein
o ein W which
t as pl plainly
o . ,
sh wn c n sis t s f alterna tt in g bb an d s f cc al
o , o o na i i a i s o oa ,
b one d sla t e makin g up a t t al t h

an , hickness
i ckness o f o
a b ut 6 f t S uch a b d i s hhard
o . ard t d rill by e o
han d , d hence t he fav r sh wn t

an machine r
or o o
d rills .
A example will su fficee t o s t ill ffur

n ur t her clari
fv t he si t ua t i n :A c all b d 3 0 in t hick is
o oa e .
min ed in th S cran t n disi tt ric i tt b

e b y r oms 3 0 ft o s r c v o .
wi d e T h c al face i s a tt acke d b y say fr o m

. e o
1 1 t o1 4 h les drille d a b out 6 ff tt d eep which

o , .
,
should b last d wn 4 5 0 ft o f ma t erial ne t o c u . .

,
t in g say 1 6 ton s o f coal .
T h e han d au g er d rilling g f t hese h les will

-
wil i o o
requi re an avera g e f sayy 3 0 m min m t t he hol hole

o . o ,
t hu s requirin g 6 7 h u rs f la b r
f Th e ma
or o o o .
chine d rillin g f t hese h les W willll t ake only

i
o o l
f r m 5 5 t 7 0 min t o comple
o o mp lett e allt h u g h these . e, a o
a re by mean s t he quickesno kes t fi g ures 0 rec rdd on

1 o .
F i g s I t 3 all sh w the
. o b use f ttwi ww s tt eedd cru o e o
ei f rm steel in c nnecti o n w ith t he Ja k h m

o o c a
ers These machines d i ffer in

. way f rom no
t he s t an d ar d d rill s t rikin g a hammer bl w but o ,
t he u se f t wis t e d s t eel all w s t he s t andard

o o
d rill r t a t i n t pr duce an au g er like e ffect in

o o o o -
t he h les t hus rapi d ly clearing t hem o f pulver

o .
i d c al (clearly sh wn in F i g s I
z e o d 2 b o . an e
n ea t h t he s t eel ) .
Th use e f t his cruci f rm s t eel has rapi d ly

o o
g r wn in fav r especially d u rin g t he past year

o o ,
in t he S cran t n dis t ric t I t was ri g inally o . o
fu rni she d b y t he manu fac t urer in sizes t o ac
c mm d a t e t he u sual d iame t er f b lack p w

o o o o
d er car t rid g es B t in resp ns e t t h d eman d

. u o o e
for han d d rill u t fi t s in t her d is t ric t s where

-
o o ,
M on o b l p w d er is in u se an t her size
e o f . o o
t wi s t e d s t eel i s b ein g manu fac t u re d and will

s n b e availa b le
oo .
F or t he minin g f t hin c al be d s t he d rill o o
m un t in g sh wn in F i g 2 has pr ve d a b n
o o . o oo
to t he miner I fac t i t s li g h t ness ena b les

. n
qu ick m vemen t fr m place t place while its

o o o ,
o pera t in g fea t ures re d uce t h miner s d rillin g e

’
j b t a sinecure H has nl t push t he

o o . e o y o
d rill s t rai g h t ahea d d i t prac t icall runs, an y
i t sel f .
Asi d e fr m b ein g easier t han han d h ldin g

o -
o
up n t h d rill pera t r t he m un t in g per f rms

o e o o . o o
C O M P R ES S E D AI R MAG AZ I N E . 8 8 79
FIG .
4
havin g one b u d d y nly ? U pon t he an swer t o

o
t hese ques t i o n s may han g t he fa t e o f nation s "

S u ffice i t t say t ha t i t is believe d t hat u
o n
der chan g e d c n d i t ions a machine drill miner

o -
can easily replace f u r han d au g er men in t hick

o -
b e d s a d t here b y all w t he savin g

n o f three o
miners t hus made available fo r either i n

,
c reasin g t he c al u t put o r filling the g aps in

o o
t he ranks o f t he buddies d ra f t ed in t o t he army .
F i f t y han d machine drills ins t alled in a min e

-
sh ul d
o r es u lt in a man p wer c n servati o n -
o o
equivalen t t 5 0 miners per d ay

o 1 .
Many o f t he coal mining compan ies o f t he

-
'
I IG .
C O MP R E S S ED AI R MAG AZ I NE
‘
88 8 0 .
Th e pera t r o f this m chine di d all the

o o a
s t eel sharpenin g o f the ei g h t men d an
t u rne d t a lar g e amoun t f rou t in e

ou o
b lacksmi t h wo rk in a d diti n The sev o .
en men thu s ma d e availa b le were badly nee d e d

a t o t her w rk about the min e an d w ere o so
u t ilized .
Asi d e fr o m t his lab o r savin mg fea t ure f t he -

sav o
machin e sharpener the bits t t hemselves are far

'
superi r t t he han d made o de ones O win g to t he

o -
.
per fec t ion o f bi t s ma d e in eevitable

v itable by the ma ,
chin e s g a g in g it was pp ssii b l e t reduce t he

’
, os o
g a g e in t erval be t ween steel el s t I1 6 in in i n s t ead o -

1 .
e f t he in as f rmerly T hi s resul t s in g rea t

. o .
e r d rillin g speed i t he min e n .
6
T his machine sharpener ner i s equipped f FI G .
or
makin g the shanks /g in

I 7 ir twisted cruci on -
1 .
f rm steel B esi d es i tt s c mm n w rk f
o . s o o o o
shankin g d sharpen in g steels i t is adm an admii rably , IS
a d apted t blacksmi t h w w rkk f many kkin

o md ds o o s.
such as makin g b l t headss d even d wh d o , an ra ea s
f or c uplin g min e cars S me f t he mines

o . o o
have fit ted up these harpen p erss w wi tt hh ddies ff o S r en e r 1 l r
making mine car c uplin g ss wh which i ch wo rk is b

-
o , e
i g d n e wi t h g reat rapi d ity

n o ty 1 .
I n many s ections o f the he anth rac raci t e d is t rrici c t ,
particularly where the coal beds are o f s t eep

pitch the m vement o f min e timbers int t he
, o o
uppe r workings presents a real p roblem I n .
s uch places the Little T u g g er hoi st s erves a
d uble pu rp o se t hat o f supplyin g t he n eeded

o -
trac tive p wer n d fu rnishin g air fo ven t ila

o a r
tion .
In ecti on o f the Ca t herine colliery

on e s
o f th e T rev r t n C oal C the Lykens o o o .

,
No 2 vein pitches 1 5 % d g a n d the steady

. e .
m o vement f timbers up such a steep sl o pe o
ta xed th e en du rance o f t he men f rmerly em o
p loyed n the j b A sl ope 2 5 0 ft lon g con

o o . .
n ec t d tw elevels U p thi s t he timber was

o .
m ved and d wn i t was dischar g ed the coal

o , o
e x t rac t ed in the development o f t he upper

level .
T h e d evel pment f f u r r o ms an d t w o o o o o
g angway s required six mine car loads o f tim

-
bers per d y an d f carryin g up the timb ers a , or
by han d six men were f rmerly employed con o
s t a nt ly .
Lit t le T u g ger hoist was recently i n

A
stalled i n cl s e quarters at th e head o f the o
sheet i r n l in e d tim b er chute I ts 5 I 6 i n wire

-
o -
.
- -
r pe i s pulled d wn in t o th e l wer level

o o o ,
where on e man a tt ches it t o the t imbers on a
t he cars O n si g nal t he hoist then pulls up

.
,
fr m t hree to f u r timbers I 4 ft lon g an d

o o . av
8882 C O MP R ES S E D AI R MAG AZ I N E .
dischar g e cavi t y f t he cyl cylin

i n d er sh wed si g nso o
of d ark d ep si t s while t he faces o f t he valve

o ,
sea t s were c vere d wi t h a b lack har d coao t iin g

o t , c a no
'
T his har d f rma t i n o si d e o f t he valve o o n on e
sea t cause d t he valves t leak hence t he i o , n
crease d t empera t u re f t hhe d ischarg e aaii r Th o e . e
s t icky c a t in g t he wall
o 11 f t he c cylinder
l i nder was
on o
resp n si b le f t he increase
o ease d fricti nor o .
T h represen t a t ive s a tt en t i n was called t

’
e o o
t his c n d i t i n whereup n he su g g es t e d t hat a

o o , on
li tt le li g h t er i l b e use d Thh iss tit ime

o me he m .
'
r ec o
men d e d wi t h B eaum
eaumee g ravity a flash
on e ,
p in t 4 5 0 d g F a b urnin
o nin g p in t f 5 00 d g
e . .
, o o e .
F . d a vi sc s i t y
, an f ab u t 1 2 5 S at 2 1 2 d g
o o o e .
F W aske d him i f he did t think t his was

. e no
a li tt le t o heavy a g rade ode f aaii r cylinder

yl d llub
u b or -
c
'
n er
i ti o
r ca H assu re d us ii tt was no t and s t at
n . e ated ed ,
t ha t in o rder t wi t hs t an d the hi g h tempera

, o
t ure f t he c mpressed air it was necessary t

o o , o
h ave a ra t her l w g ravity ity and hh igh g h viscosity

'
-
o il wi t h a flash p in t a b ve the temperatu re
, o o
o f the air .
Af t er we had use d t his g rade o f i l fo r some 5 o
weeks a fu r t her examina

,
na t i n was made ; and o ,
while t he cylin der wall appeared con ssiderably i de ably

be t ter t he valve passa g ess an d ddischarge
, h cav '
i t ies f t he cylinder were badly coated w i t h a

o
har d d ep s it W hen t his mat t er was a g ain

o .
b r u g ht t the a tt en t ion o f t he exper t he g

o o , su
g es t ed t hat we re d u ce the amount fed int o t h e

cyl inder T his was d ne with g reat care u
. o n
t il we were nly usin g t hree dr ps a minute in

o o
a l 4 x 1 4 i cyl inder runnin g at 5 0 p m B t

-
n . 1 r . u
even un d er t hese condi t ions the deposi t s in

t he valve passages and the dischar g e cavi t ies
o f t he cylin der c n t inued to f o rm as l n g as o o
t his il was empl yed

o o .
Th exper t happened to come ou r way sev

e
e ral m n t hs a f t erward and I calle d his atten

o ,
t i n t t he condi t ion experienced wi t h his i l

o o o .
I n re g ar d t o the amount we were feedin g in t o
t hi s cylin d er he said this was reduced t o a ,
p in t t hat he th u g h t was the minimum

o o Hi . s
reas n g iven fo r t he f rmation in the passa g es

o o
was t ha t t he res i d uum f all ils i s carb n o o o ,
an d t ha t i t t here f re was no doubt due t car o o
b on d ep si t s At t he same t ime he assu re d us

o .
t ha t the i l he had rec mmended was the b es t

o o
p r curable f
o t he purpose an d that we sh ul d
or , o
g o ahea d d u se it wit h o ut any fear

an .
D O S IT U I T U A I D Y
EP B L P R P L
T his was d one b u t t he forma t i n in the dis , o
char g e passa g es seeme d t b e b uil d in g up rap o

C O M P R ES S E D AI R MAG AZ I NE .
888 3
F RI RN D (C AL S OL D E \ L
O ne d y an ld f riendd oo ff mine a m i ne calle d who

o wl o ,
als hap p ene d t o b e an exper

o xp tt represen t in i n g on er e
o f t he lea d in g il c mpanies mes I rela t e d to hhim o oim .
Il l } expe rience wi t h air lli d lu b rrica

i ati n r c v
-
in e ir c o
an d s mewha t t o my su
, o u rprise
p he t aassure sure d r rise . oo s
me t ha t we were us in g t he wr ng i l d sa saii d o o an ,
“
Y know
ou g t t less t ha hani 4 00 d g C
v ou e no e . .
F in y ur ai r cylin d er when w rk
. o rkini n g a g aain in st o
[ 00 1b s in g le s t a g e \Vi
.
, V i t h t h is i s I a g ree d I .
"
t hen aske d him h w he knew we we w wereere w o wrr n g o ,
a nd what means he empl pl e d tf ascer t ain in i ng ov

ye or
t he proper gra d e f o i l f air a i r cylin

cyl i n d er l b i
o or -
u ri
ca t ion H t hen pr cee d e d t expla

. e explain i n t he o ee e o
me t ho d his company s en g inee i n rs use in d '

e
t e mi i g t he proper
r n n il f d ii ff eren t kin ds o f o or
se rvice .
H explaine d t hi s in par t :
e
'
You have a g ree d t haa t t he t empera t u re f

“
o
t he ai r i s 4 00 d g O u r t es t wou wouldd b e on e ur c
d uc t ed as follow s :T ake
.
e a bl ck o f cas t i ron a o
6 o r 8 in square d 2 in i n t hick
. h i ck place t his his
an .
,
b lock on a laye r o f sand in a shallow ii ron pan

and pack t he sand closelyy around t he cas t ii ron -
b l ck t hen pu t a g
o , bu rne
n e r unde r t he pan and as r r
t u rn o t he hea t sl o wly T he t op ssuu r face o f

n
d i s provided w
.
t his bloc k is polished i th a an
d rilled h le in t o wh ich a t herm o mete r is i n

o
se r e t d H eavy s t eam cylinder oil is poured

.
-
in t o the hole ar un d t he thermome t er bulb o so
as t make a close hea t contact \Nhen t he

o .
t he rmome t er rises t 4 00 d g l we r you r gas o e , o
b urner un t il t he t he rmome t er remains steady

a t t hi s t empera t u re Then t ake y u r di fferen t . o
samples d ip t he p in t o f a lead pencil into the

, o
o i l h l d t he pencil 2 in fr m t he su r face
, o f . o o
t hi s iron block d allow a d r p to fall on the an o
h t p li she d sur face

o o .
\Nhen such a t es t is made wi t h t he gra d e f o
o i l fr m which you say y

o a re g ettin g suc ou
c es s f l resul t s we find t he d rop spreads out t

u , o
ab u t % in in d iame t er sm kes a li tt le d ries

o 1 .
, o ,
up d i s evap ra t e d in t en sec nds t ime leav

, an o o .
i g t he su r face per fec t ly d y

n W i t h a hi g her r .
g ra d e f i l havin g a flash p in t
o o f 450 d g o o e .
F . d heavy visc si t y when t h d r p fall s n

an o , e o o
t he sur face f t his p lishe d b l ck i t sprea d s o o o
ou t t ab t o in in d iame t e r sm kes a li t
ou .
, o
t le b u t a f t er five minu t es t he su r face i s s t ill

,
o ily T hus we have pr f t ha t t hi s is t he pr p

. oo o
e r o il t wi t hs t an d such se rvice as
o g t in you e
y ur ai r c mpress r cylin d er
o -
o o .
T hen I aske d him wha t he t hou g h t t he t em

p t
e ra u r e f t he sur face f t he
o li d wall o cv n er
he res to the passages o f t he cyl cylini n der Also

m
.
,
when t he inlet is not p r per perlyy p rotected f ro rom o
fo rei g n ma tt er all such mater

material i al as coal dust
, ,
fine ashes shavin g s wass t e etc ii s drawn into

, , i nto , .
,
t h e cylinder and depos i t ed on the st sticky

i cky su r
faces c a t ed with this heavy
o a y 0 oil1 T hhisi s f re reii g n e v 1 . o
matter with addi t i nal oil1 g ra d ually bu

, builds
i lds up
o ,
until the passag es bec m mee choke d Th e ai r o .
valves n ow be g in t o leak fo r s me reas n thus o o ,
i ncreasin g t he temperature ure unt untili l finally this ,
some t imes reaches a po intt as hhigh i gh as 5 00 deg n .
F when compressing t
. 1 00 lb sini n g lee stag e o . S .
I f there are ma ny shavin ng s much

uch c al1 dus t s or co
d ep s i t ed in the passa g es th
o thisi s isi s ap t to har 5 , C
an d bec me incan d escen tt W hen t hhiss t akes

o n .
p lace the temperatu re o f the a ai r rrisesi ses rapidly ,
a n d as a c o nsequence the pressure increases i ncreases

q uickly t o a p int beyon d the stren g th f the
nd o o
receiver a d resul t s in what is g enerally called

, n
an explosi n o .
I t is my opin ion thatt no violent i olent ex explosion

p losion V
ever takes place in the o rdinary aairi r comp re s

so unles s ker sene g as lline
r, ne o r s me such
o , a so o
mater i al i s in t r duce d into

nto the cCo oomp
mp ress ion .
I n my pe rs o nal experience n c e s me years g o ri e o a
wi t h a two s t a g e c o mpres
es s r where the intake
-
n ta ke o
had been n e g lecte d an d also the wr n g grade o
an d quan t ity o f oil had been used the hi g h ,
p ressu re dischar g e valves became leaky thu s ,
all wing the air to chu rn in an d out o f the cyl

o
in d er at each stroke an d heatin g i t until it b , e
ca me so h t t hat the heavy deposits in the pas

o
s ages actually to k fi re ; t he wh o le sys t em o
bu rned out like a chimney from an ld time

, o -
w d s t ve F o rtunately howeve r there was

oo o .
, ,
no explosion because the sa fety valve the on
receiver relieved the sudden p ressu re caused

b y t he burn in g material in the dischar g e pas
s ages and the c mpressor was p r mp t ly shut o o
d wno .
F rom t he fo re g in g it will b e un derstood o
tha t in the selec t ion o f an oil f ai r cylinde r or -
lubrica t i n n othing sh uld be u sed but a pure

o , o
mineral product havin g a g ravity o f from 3 1

3 3 B eaum e a flash point o f 3 7 5 to 3 9 0 d g
‘
to , e .
F and a visc o s ity f 1 4 0 t 1 5 0 S at 1 00 d g

.
, o o e .
F . U n d er no circums t ances sh uld a heavy o
g rade be used d espite whatever claims may be

,
made by t h e il salesmen as t o t he vir t ues f

o o
heavy visc o s i t ies o r hi g h flash points I t .
sh ul d also b e b rne in min d t ha t when the

o o
su r face f t he cylin der wall is nce g lazed

o o
o ver li tt le i l is require d to pr perly an d

, o o
a d equa t ely lubrica t e the w rkin g su r faces o .

88 8 6 C O MP R E S S ED AI R MAG AZ I N E .
mi tt in g t he perat r t o continue work until

o o w a t er d epar t men t employee Maintenance and
.
t he san d in the t ank has become exhaus t ed .

renewal s l imi t ed lar g ely t new valve seats
, o ,
Th machine is madee in
e variou
i n var i ou s Ss izes
i zes n d a are es t imated t c st not t exceed $ 1 0 per
o o o
g enerally m unted on fou o antial le g s as

ou r su b s t antia year per ram As wear i s exceedin g ly l ight
.
,
sh own I t may also bee m un

. unted
ed on a t ruck o t he rams main t ain t hei r ful l e ffici ency for
when i t is desi rable t use the machine at ddii f o l n g pe rio d E g i
o s —
n i g N w R
n e er n d e s -
ec or .
f t p ints
e r en A hose n d nozzle f t he bes t
o . a o
ma t erial is fu rnished also san d b las t helme t ,
a n d pair o f g loves as shown

h ow T here is a e
Th n . r
movabl e wi re screen fo r t he san d be f o re

char g ing t he tank A featuea t u re wh
whichi ch should n t
. re o
be verl ked is the filter

o oo ter throu g h which the
ai r passes be fo re en t ering
ng the tank t he mois ,
tu re being separated by centri fugal acti o n Th e .
pipe c nnectin g wi t h the

o he ccompressed
ompressed aairi r sup
ply p r j ec t s vertically f rom the top
o .
H Y D R AU L I C R AM S H O WS H I G H EF FI
CI ENO
CY
Maple Leaf pump

Th e mp ing station o f the
C ity of S ea t tl e represents
nts a new depar t ure in
the common practi ce for construction
or the construct i on of
water power pumpin g stations T hi s pl ant
-
.
shoul d be of interes t to0 engineers s ince i t isi s ,
b el i eved that it develops pe rhap s the hi g hes t

kn own combined p we r an d pumping e ffi cie ncy o
o f any exi s t in g pl ant o f l ike s ize or l ar g er ,
and in addition sh ws unus ual economy i n o
instal lation an d Operatin g co s t s I t c ns ists . o
of tw l Z inch H il l hydraul i c rams perati n g

o -
o
under a 5 0f t p wer head and a g ains t a

—
oo o
pumping l i f t f 1 4 0 feet from a p int above

o
l
o
the rams t o t he ful l tank level P erf rmance . o
tests sh wed a ran g e f capaci t y f wa t er

o o o
pumpe d fr m oto gal l ns per o
day wi t h corresp n ding effi cien ci es f fr m o o o
per cent to ab o u t 8 5 per cent Th e no r

. .
mal dai ly peratin g capaci t y i s some t hing over

o
g all ns f w a t er pumped
o o .
Eventually t he plant capaci t y w i ll take care

o f s ome p pul ati n and furn ish ample
o o
fi re pr tec t i n f t he 790acres inv lved T h

o o or o . e
rams are s imple in pera t i n T hey are started o o .
wi t h an auxi l i ary s t artin g valve and adj us t ,
men t fo capaci t y i s made by t urnin g an d

r a
j us t in g s crew up d wn All mech an i cal or o .
m vemen t i s l imi t e d t s imple valve h i f t s f

o o S o
smal l m t i n d as al l movin g par t s are i

o o , an n
s i d e t he machines i n wa t er i l i s us e d , , no o or
requi red Th e rams perate c n t inu usly in

. o o o
t he l o cked g a t e h us e and inspec t i n i s madeo o
o nly nce o t wi ce a week b y t he re g ular

or
C O MP R ES S E D AI R MAG AZ I N E . 8887
chalke d d i l s a t is t i cs shh win

a w g exac
v . x tt ll what
t s o ni e ac y
v
th vari us g an g s are d 0in

e o mg hisi s b ar d hhas
Th o . o as
c lumn s f t he num b er 0o 1f g an g s w rk
o or rkin
ing o ,
rive t s d riven avera g e pe r g an g ave ra g e t ha t

. ai ,
sh ul d have b een ma d e g an g s ou t d rive t s

o . . an
l s t b y g an g s t All sizes f rive t s d all

o ou . o an
kin d s o f w rk a re t aken in t c n sidera t i n by

o o o o
J H L fl an d ass is t an t superinn t en d en t 0f hull

. . o . o
c o ns t ruc t ion in pl cin g 4 00 rive

, 1 t s as a fi st a en 1 r
clas s gang avera g e f0 n ine hh urs F r Jun e or i n o . or
1 3 t he b lack b ar d s tt d ass foll10ws

6‘
o oo o
It W il l Ta kek Ab o uu t 75 0 R i v e t s Ev e ry W or k i n g Da y t o Gi v e to “
U nc le
Sam "
t he S hip s W e Ar e E pe x c ted t o B ui d l T h i Yea
s r .
S ee b e low w hat Y OU are d i o ng .
w
on
C : :
t
I a
8
w 0 3
{ g
: : g
.
d
a
D
o g1
a
J un e 3 rd 156
June 4 th 15 4
J un e st h 1 67 62 3 8 1
Jun e 6t h 1 68 5 5 477
J un e 7th 1 69
J un e 8 th 146
S a t u r d ay J un e . 8th , wa s
al f h ol i d ay
h -
.
J un e 4 t h No . . 1 693 0 P ow e ll
, d rov e 1 21 7 on H u l l No . 225 .
J un e 5 t h No .
1 69 5 8 C raw fo r d [I
1 4 00
‘ 0
2 24
H
.
, , .
J un e 6t h No . . 1 68 9 3 J ohn s on
,
0‘
15 41 225 .
J un e 6t h No . . 1 69 0 6 P oarch
, 1 64 8
H I( H
225 .
J un e 1 0t h No . . 1 68 7 3 P ri c e
, 2 1 00 ‘ 1
224 .
xperimen t s carri e d u t in G ermany show

E o
th a t t he inne r t u b e f pneuma t i c t i res keeps o
i t s elas t ici ty for a lon g t ime when lying i n a

sol u t ion of 1 0 per cen t g lycerine and l pe r .
cen t so d a in w a t e r
. .
L O C AT I N G Y G U N S I N F R AN C E
ENEM *
No w n d er t he F rench calle d t hei r en g ineers

o
G eni e t h inkin g of t he A ab i an N i g h t s
" " “ "
, d r an
th g en i e t h a t came
e t f t he vas e a d a c ou o n
compl i shed all th s e w n d e rs They are t he o o .
rom an ad d ress b y M j G C harles M

‘
F a . en . .
C l emen t U S A b ef re t he P hi la d el ph i a
, . . .
, o
As s ci a t ion of Mem b ers f t h Ame ri can S

o o e o
c i t y of Mechan i cal En g ineers

e .
888 8 C O MP R ES S ED AI R MAG AZ I N E .
when i t c mes t it i s handed ver to the

o ou o expands an d c ontr a c t s t hey make the map of,
o ffi cer, d he g es to a carefully calcula t ed

an o zin c and t hey cut t he paper in two in ch -
t a b le a d pr cee d s t o l cate that g u by the

n o o n s quares t hat noth in g in accuracy shal l be
, so
vibra t i n s t aken mi les away from where the

o lost by the expans i n c ntracti n o f the
o or o o
recordin g ins t rument was transmitted un der , paper under heat and dampnes s They h ave a .
g r und b y w i res b uried s ix feet and brought

o parabol a ar und i t w ith everyth ing calcul ated
o ,
b ack t o thi s l it t le encas ement of h is and p rin t an d s t retch s ix strings ar und that and when o ,
e d ; an d thos e l i tt l e s t rips of paper come back the s i x strin g s g t over t he s ame sp t there
e o
an d l cate t he g un th a t fi ed that sh ot Then

o
'
r . i s the g un and when t he ther s i x s t rings get

, o
he pr ves it by spot flashing and as the sound

o , over there t hey are sure i t i s there an d then ,
travels fr m n e pl ace to anothe r a n umber o f

o o they get the a i rman to fly over it and he ,
p eople push a button and knowing that sound

, , can s ee i f they are ri g ht and i t i s nine out of ,
tr a vels many meters a minute they prepare

so , ten i f they drop a shot ver there that th at o
a map on whi ch to locate it B ecaus e paper .

g un g o es out of bus iness .
No Mid d le G r o u n d fo r L o ya lt y .
By H . E NEG L EY , I nd i a n a p o i s , I nd
. l .
W h e n Na t i on s s t a n d a t g r i p s of d ea t h a mi d s t th eB a t t l e s p a l l ;
,
’
W h e n V a l i a n t S ol d i er s p r a y for a i d a n d S u ffe r i ng P e op l es c a l l ;
,
W h e n H a t e a nd C r i me u s u r p t h e p l a c e of H u ma n Vi r t ues g r a n d .
;
T h e r e i s n t a ny Mi d d le G r ou nd w h er e L oya l t y ma y s t a
’
nd .
W h e n F e a r a nd F a mi ne s t a l k a b r oa d l i k e Mons t e r s of t h e n i g h t ;
,
W h e n Mo t h e r s h o r r or s t r i c k e n we ep a t W a r s a p p a l l i n g s i g h t ;
,
-
,
’
W h e n I n noc e n c e i s c ommo n p r ey a n d Mur d er fo u l l y p l a nn ed ;

,
T h e r e i s n t a ny Mi d d l e G r o u n d w h e r e L oya l t y ma y s t a nd
’
.
W h en V i r t u e fa l l s l i k e b r o k e n r eed a nd F a i n i s h ed C h i l d r e n moa n
,
W h e n Me r c y l e a v es t h e h u ma n b r ea s t a nd Ma l i c e r e i g ns a lo ne ;
,
W h en b r ea k i ng h ea r t s b ea t u ni s on i n e v er y ma r t yr e d l a nd ;
T h er e i s n t a ny Mi d d l e G r ou nd w h e r e Loya l ty ma y s ta n d
’
.
W h en R ea s on on h e r b r ok e n t h r one , v
L us t a n d G r e e d
g i es w a y t o ;
W h e n Av a r i c e wi t h P owe r ma d ma k es h el p l e s s n a t io n s b l e ed ;
, ,
W h en P a s s i on w i t h i t s i r on r u l e i s r i d i ng i n c o mm a nd ;
, ,
T h er e i s n t a ny Mi d d l e G r ou n d w h er e Lo ya l t y ma y s ta n d
’
.
W h e n Na t i on s Ma nh oo d ma r c h es fo r t h t o c op e w i t h C r a v e n
’
F oe ;
W h e n W o ma n h ood g i v es u p i t s a ll a nd fr e e l y b i d s t h em g o ;
,
W h en S a c r i fic e e xa c t s i t s t o l l fr o m u s on e v e r y h a n d ;
,
T h e r e i s n t a ny Mi d d l e G r o und w h e r e Lo ya l t y ma y s t a n d
’
.
W h e n H onor b i d s t h e n a t i o ns a r m a nd s a v e t h e H u ma n R a c e ;
-
W h en T r ea s o n from h er s l i my l a i r b eg i n s t o s h o w h er f a c e ;
W h en P a t r i o t i s m on l y s t a nd s a g a i n s t h er B r i g a n d B a nd ;
T h e r e i s n t a ny Mi d d l e G r o u n d w h e r e Loya l t y ma y s t a nd
’
.
Ma nufa c tu r er s R ec or d ’
.
m t erial N t l was t he ac t ual b uil d in g o f

a . o on v
th e ships t b e pr vi d e d fo b u t t here was als o

o o r
th e ca t erin g t all t he mo d ern wants o f t heo
ar mv f w rkmen Th t o t al c st o f the yard

o o ard
. e o
will am un t t $ 5 o ooo oooo an d t here are already

o o , .
place d wi t h i t c n t rac t s f t he bbu illd in g f o or

' '
ships t t he amount ff o 000 F ive o .
m n t hs less on d y a f t er t he awardin g f
o . e a ,
o
o nildin g was b e g un the

t he c n t rac t actual shipbuildin ,
laui i chi g are al rea d y frequent

n s q n t an d when the re ue ,
plan t i s in full swin g a ship w will11 b e t akin g t he

wa t er a b u t every t her d y o o a .
Th c mple t e d shipyar d will c m

e o mprise
p 50 ar co r
'
shipways an d 7 u t fi tt in g piers each o f t he o 1 ,
la tt er han d lin g f ur ships p a t nce T h per o s o . e o
a ti on s inv lve d in t h e b uil i ld iin g 0f t hese sh

o shipsi ps u n o
are n w en t irely acc mplishe

o p li h d by mechan mechanical i cal o s e
mean s a d very li tt le ldd ffashi

n ashi ne d han d w o rk o o
fin d s place T h entire mechan ical . i cal equipmen

equ i pmen t
e
would make a l n g li s t elec l tt riciitt y f c urse

o , e ec r C o o
b ein g t he resp nsi b le p ower d is i s t rribu

o bu t r I n o .
t he ac t ual d e t ails f t hee wo rkin g compressed o
ai r fi g u res mos t lar g ely a br briei e f enumeration

um , en er
o f t his in s t alla t i n b ein g g iven elsewhere in o in

our presen t issue Theree a re 1 7 larg e aaii r c 0m .
press rs w i t h an a g g re g a t e free aairi r capac

o capaciitt y o f
a b ou t cu f t per min T here are many . . .
miles o f air d istribu t in g pipes an d feet

o f rubber h se T his ai r i s use d to ac t uate
o .
ab u t
o pn eumatic rive t ers f di fferent o
sizes 800 pn euma t ic drills d

, pneuma t ic an
hammers wi t h all t hei r vari u s appurtenances

, o .
I t i s scarcely p ssi b le t av i d speakin g o f o o o
t he on eH g I slan d rec rd wh ich seems to be

o o
un ique T h en t i re air c mpressin g an d ai r

. e o
ac t ua t e d equ ipmen t is suppli e d by a s in g le

manu fac t u rin g f rm i .
AE R O N AU T I C AL V E N TI O NS AN D IN
S U G G E S T I O NS
[T h f ll win g c mpiled b y Th E ng i n
‘
e o o o e c er ,
L n d n f t he benefi t o f En g li sh su g g esters
o o , or
an d woul d b inven t rs sh uld be o f equal

-
e o , o
value t o a class n ot less numer us less o or
pr lific in t he U n ited S t ate ]

o s
\V are in f rme d b y t he Ai Ministry that

e o r
th e Ai I nven t i o n s C mmi tt ee
r wh ich was o ,
forme d about n ine mon t hs a g o h s now

’
, a re
cei d and examined upwards

v e f 5 000 i o n v en
ti n s
o d su g g es t ion s relatin g t t he Ai S
an o r er
vice I t i s re g re tt e d t ha t win g t o war con

.
, o
d it i a de t aile d acc unt o f t he C mmi tt ee s

on s , o o
’
inves t i g a t ion s cannot b e pu b lishe d but t he ,

o us class among t he ideas deas submsubmii t ted Th e .
chie f means sugges t ed is t he parachute eei t he r ,

1
applied b y a harness to the ppili l t o r ddii rec t ly o
a tt ached t t he machin e T hose who have

o .
s een a passenge r dr ppe d b y pa rachu t e from o e
an aer plane fo r exhi b i tit ion

o on ppurposes
poses oo fften en u
fail t realize t he c n d itions

o t o under wh which i ch a
o i i ns
parachu t e may have t b e uused ed as a sa ffety ety a p

o
p li na Th e machine may
ce . nay b e u t f c ntr l o o o o ,
.
d r ppin g a t a vel ci t y o ff 1 5 0 t 2 00 m
o o miles
i les per o
h ur
o spinn in g d ownwar
, or ar d s inn flames Man anyy I .
o t he r sa fe t y devices such ch as au t oma t ic s t a

b ili s win d brakes
z er , e t c have been prop sed , .
, o
at va ri us t imes Th a d d i tit i o nal we

o . weii g ht i n e
cu rred by the use f any o f t he sug o s ed sa fe

u g g ested s e
ty appliances mus t remain i a very seri us fac n o
t o r so l n g as war c n d ii tt ions o n s prevail

'
o o .
E NG I N E R Q U I EM NT TS E R E
The en g in e is t he hear t o f t he aeroplane and ,
o n i ts relia b ili t y dependsd t he sa fe t y o f the

pilo t P eople acquainted1 only W
. wii t h moto r ca r (
en g ine p rac t ice some t imes es do n t real i ze the

realize o
exactin g c ndi t i n s un d e r w
o which
h o an aeroplane ic
en g ine mus t w rk Th eng engine

i ne has t be capa
o . e o
b le o f runn in g fo r t he whole o f the t ime o f

fl i g h t a t i t s maximum powe r Th e lubrica t i n . o
a n d i g ni t ion must b e pe r fec t an d the en g ine ,
must not become overhea t ed Th e ra t in g a p .
plie d t o aeroplan e engin es i s i t s weight per

h rse p wer and engines are now being p o
o -
o ,
r
d uc ed which show surpri sing resul t s in t hi s

respec t I nventions which di ffe r radically f rom
.
presen t day prac t ice such as the i nternal —
com b u s t ion turbine have small pos sibili t ies —
o f b ein g a d op t ed fo r success ive desi g n an d

,
re
c o n s t ruc t i n en t ailin g probably several years

o
’
wo rk are necessary be fo re sa t is fac t o ry results

can be expec t ed I n view o f the sho r t a g es o f
.
material a d lab r a t t he presen t time no n ew

n o ,
type can be em b arked on unless i t i s d em n o
s tra b ly superio r t exi s t in g t ypes and p s o , o
ses se d f d efin i t e d immedia t e a d van t a g es

o an
o ver t hem .
N OI S OF T H E MAC H I N E E
A subj ec t in t ima t ely c nnec t ed wi t h t he p ow o
e r plant i s i t s n i se This np i cons t i t u t es

o . se on e
o f t he di sa d van t a g es o f a aeroplane Fo n . r
n ight flyin g a me t hod b y which i t w ul d be o
possible t o hear from one aer p lane t he p o a
pr ach f ano t her w ul d b e f g rea t d

o o o o a v an
88 9 2 C O MP R ES S ED AI R MAG AZ I N E .
gen eral t en r f t he a b o ve sugg esti n s i n en

o o o , v O u r main galleries were about 5 % ft by 2 % t o .
t rs will g rea t l assi st t he Committee in the

o y 3 ft in cros s s ec t ion ; branch g alleries about
.
execu t i n f i t s resp on sible duties

o o .
4 % ft by % ft an d with lis t ening galleries
. 2 .
o r rabbit h les were usually in the form o f

“
o
”
,
MI N E S AN D C O U NT E R MI N E S I N TH E
a Y f r m the en d f branch galleries an d thes e
o o
TR ENC H ES
were u sed principally fo r l istenin g purp ses o .
EN M Y EAS I Y D TECTED I N C H AL 0 F I NT
BY O U N CEC APT H . . D TR.
* E L E K R L
O u r w rk in the F landers
ndo trenches was a l er s
m s t en t irely c nfined t0 mining

o m i n i ng AsS soon as
o o .
t he G erman s h d been hal t ed in thei the r drive in

a in
Au g us t 1 9 1 4 they entrenched
, enc h e d themselves
. and ,
wherever the t renches o f the Allies were W within

i th i n
1 00 ards o f t heir own they proceeded to start
y
min in g across No Man s Land Early in

“ ’
.
”’
1 9 5 t hey explode d a large

1 arge number o f mines
un d ern ea t h t he Allied trenches T he F rench .
an d B ritish immediately rganized

y o rgan i zed tunnel ing ng
o r mining c mpan ies ann dd proceeded to coun

o
t ermine D u rin g 1 9 1 5 t hey were mostly eenn

.
g a g ed on t he d e fensive in thes e operat

operation
i on s bbee
l w g round bu t t o ward1 t he end o f 1 9 5 and
o , ( 1
in 1 9 1 6 a d 1 9 1 7 t he Allies succeede d in ree

n r
vers ing t he state f a fffaii rss an d were active o a r
wi t h ffens ive min in g

o .
W hen I reache d t he trenches early in t he

fi rst week f January 1 9 1 6 the B ri t ish c m
o , , o
pany I was wi t h had succeeded in sinking a

number o f sha f t s ( t h wever with o ut hav no , o ,
ing seve ral f t hem destr o yed by the enemy

o
durin g t heir c n s t ruct i n ) a n d had driven ao o
number f g alleries well ver t oward the H u n

o o
l ines O u r trenches here o pposite F romelles

.
'
avera g e d from 80 t 1 5 0 yar d s apart O a c o . n
coun t o f shallow wa t er level we avera g ed a ,
d epth f about 2 5 ft below t he su r face and

o .
,
o nly b y con stant pumpin g wi t h han d pumps

were we able to keep up the p r g res s i n u o o r
g alleries Th e soil was g enerally a blu e plas

.
tic clay At intervals we w uld strike runn ing

. o
sand an d when t his happened w e usually

,
f un d i t wise t o a b an d n t he drive a n d start

o o
H n
n w w rkings
e o At the utset many o f ou r. o
t unnels also were d estr ye d by enemy blows o

“
,
”
b ut we s uccee d e d in put t in g in quite an elab

o rate sys t em in the cou rse o f time T he sec .
tor we were pera t in g n had a fronta g e o f

o o
appr xima t ely hal f a mile and on th is fr nt

o , o
we h d a b ut 1 6 sha f t s F rom t he sha fts we

a o .
d r ve a c mple t e sys t em o f d e fen sive galleries

o o .
r m Th C tl pu b lishe d a t C amp A
*
F o e as e . A .
H umphreys V ir g inia , .
Y T H E H U NS
G AS E S U S E D B Y
Maj r S J M Aul d in the Journal f t he

o . . . o
W ashin g t n Aca d emy o f S ciences g ives t he

o ,
f llowin g lis t f g ases used by t he G ermans :

o o .
1 Allyl is t hi cyana t e (allyl mus t ar d 0il1)

. o o o1
Q H N C S (shell )
s .
2 B enzyl b r mi d e C H C H B (shell )
. o , s s g r .
3 B r mace t n C H B C O C H (han d g ren

. o o , g r . .
3
a d es ) .
4 B r o ma t ed me t hyl ethyl ke t o ne (b
. br mke k o
tone ) C H B CO C H o r C H C O C H B CH
, g r . .
2 5 3 . r .
s
(shell ) D i b mk t . C H C O CH B CH B ro e on e, 3 . . r .
2 r
(shell ) .
5 B r mine B
.
(han d g rena d es )
o , r2 .
6 C hl . t n C H C 1 CO C H (han d g ren
or ac e o e, 2 . .
3
ades ) .
7 C hl rine C l ( l u d )
. o , 2 C o
8 C h l m t h yl chl r f
. f o rmate
or m t (pal i t e ) C l
e o o r a e ,
CO O C H C l (shell ) g .
9 Nit . t i hl m th e ro r c (chl r picrin or or e an o o
n i t r chl r f rm ) C C l NO (shell )
o o o o , 3 2 .
1 0 C hl r sulphonic
. acidd S O H C l (han d
o o , g
grena d es d s m ke an
“
o
1 1 D i hl d i t hyl u lp hid c (mus t ar d gas )

or e s e ,
O T ES
.
N
(C H C lC H ) S (shell )z 2 2
alternating current crane has on i n
.
Th
D ime t hyl sulpha t e (C H ) S D (hand
e e
12 , 3 Z ,
herent sa fety featu re not foun d in the crane
.
grena d es )
wi t h d irect current m tors in that the mo t o r is
.
i n (C H ) A C I (shell )
o
13 D i p n yl h l en c or a r s e, S
,
6 5 2
built wi t h a predetermined fi xed t o q nd a
. .
4 D i h l m t h yl e t her (C H C l ) (shell )
r ue, a ~
1 c or e , z 2
heavi er load than this maximum to rque will
.
.
15 M t hyl hl o u lp h e t e C H C l S O (han d
c or s ona , , a
handle cannot be li fted whereas wi t h t he ser
.
grena d es ) , ,
ies woun d di rect cu rrent motor there is no

.
1 6 Ph yl b yl mi chlo ride
en c ar a ne
,
,
limit to the l ad it will attempt to l i ft and i f
.
(shell )
o ,
excessively overloaded t he moto r will burn out

.
7 P h s g ene
1 (carb nyl chl ride )
o C O CI o o , ,
provided some part o f the ho isting mechan ism
.
(cl u d o d shell ) an
does not fail
.
18 S ulphu r tri xide S O (han d g renade s

.
. o , 3
an d shell ) .
19 . T r i c h lo r m e t hylc h lo r o fo r ma t e (d i p h os
g ene ) C lC O CC l3 (shell )
, s u p e r p a li t e , .
2 0 X ylyl bromi d e (tolyl br o mi de )

. C H 3 C6H 4 ,
C H B r (shell )
g .
J AC K H AME R S IN S OU T H AF R I C AN
MI N E S
In t he
annual report o f t he Robinson D eep
mine T ran svaal S uth Af rica the manag er
, , o , ,
J J \N l s t a t e d t ha t d u rin g the year an

. . es s e s , S eemingly empty g asoline can s o tanks are r
impr ve d meth d f st pin g was evolved by

o o o o p robably mo re dan g erous than those filled with
the ad pti n f t he j kh m machine I t
o o o ac a er . s g as line
o U sually the can i s n t enti rely emp
. o
u se has resul t e d in a savin g f native lab r o o ,

t ied t he remainin g g as line will vaporize the
, o ,
an d it is m o re ec n o mical in expl sives t han o o vapo r will mix with t he ai r i n t he can and the ,
t he recipr ca t in g machine T h resul t s fo o . e r mix t u re may easily be expl s ive W hen t heo .
the s ix mon t hs en d e d D 3 9 7 when an ec . 1 , 1 1 , can is b ein g filled t his mixture is fo rced out
,
by t he gasoline a n d may explode i f ign

ignii t e d 1 by
v
a flame o r spark near thee open in g 11 .
An inter ferometer i s an instrumen

i nstrumen t thah t
makes use o f the optical propert
propertii es o f gases ,
and i s suitable fo analyzz ing a binary gas

g a mix r
t re
u .
Remain ing on t he wing inuousl y f 3 0

n g c n t inuously o or
h u rs and 3 0 minu t es is the latest fea t e

o r
c r d e d in t h w rld o f aviati n T hhi s reco r d o
epart m
o e o . i
as rep r t e d b t he Navy D epartmen

o en t a t V\
\Nash y
i g t o n on August 2 was
n ,
as made bbyy En si g n P , .
J B arnes who i s a t tache

. h d t o t he American
,
Naval Ai F o rces in Eu r o pean wa t ers

r .
Acco rding to t he U S G eological S u rvey . .

,
more sulphu ric acid was produce od u e d inn the be r c
U n i t ed S tates in 1 9 1 7 than in any n p rrevious

vi c us a y
vea r A mo d era t e estimate

. mate shows tha t the
increase in t he production ion o f acid f all o
s t rengt h s in 1 9 1 7 over that in 1 9 1 6 sta t ed in ,
t erms o f 6o d g B acid am un t e d t a t leas t-

e . .
, o o
t on s .
\Nha t i s sai d t o be t he largest hyd raulic t u r

b in e so fa r buil t o r under con struction is to , .
be in s t alled by t he H ydraulic P ower C Ni o .

,
a g a ra F alls Th e no rmal operatin g con d i t ion s

.
for which the t u rbine has b een desi g ned are

as follows :H eads from 2 1 3 to 2 1 4 ft ; speed .
150 p m ; d i scharge 1 5 00 c
r ft per secon d ; , u . .
L AT E S T U . S . P AT E N T S
capaci t y hp I t will be in s t alled in the
, .
F u ll s p e c ifi c a t i o ns a nd d r a w in g s o f a ny pat
ex t ension o f t he a b ove named c mpan s S t -
o y
'
a ent ma y b e ob ta i n e d b y s en d i ng fit '
r r e n ts (n ot
ti n N 3
o o . .
s ta mp s ) t o t h e C o m m is s i o n r r of P a t e n ts ,
I/V a s h fng t o n D C
. . .
yes d evel pe d a t t he chemical l b o t

D o a ra o rv
l I NE l ]
'
o f t he R en sselaer P ly t echnic I n s t i t u t e Tro

.
o . y,
N Y a re now bein g u se d b y some o f t he big

. .
,
cl t hin g c ncern s f t he coun t ry S ince the

o o o .
G erman suppl ies o f d y t u fl were cu t o ff the es s
chemis t s a t the R P I lab ra t o ry have been . . . o
experimen t in g wi t h d i fferen t c l rs a n d i t is o o , ,
sai d have t u rn ed ou t many dyes which upon

, , ,
bei g t es t e d have pr ven t he equal i f n t t he

n , o , o
superio r o f any dyes t u ffs impo r t e d f r m Ge

, o r
many b e f re t he war o .
A un ique me t hod of l o ading hay into rai l

way cars has b een d evel ped a t H erm i s t on o ,
Ad o lp h \V . Sc h ra m m .
O re The l a d i s b acked up a g ains t a d eck or

. o
fl a t b s ide t he car and t h crane l i f t s t he a l

o e . e
f a lfa from t h wa g n t o t hi s d eck A man e o .

(3
/2 6 9 {3 68 4 7 8
P N EU MAT IC P A TENT S J U NE 1 1
sa i d p r e s s ur e s u p p l y p o r t s f o r t h e p a s s a g e f or th va l v m h n i m c m p r i i n g m n
e e ec a s o s ea s
of t h e fl u i d va l v e s c o n t r o l l i n g s a i d p o r t s o p ,
r p n iv t th p d f th ng in
es o s e o d e s ee o e e e, an
c r a t i n g m e a n s fo r s a i d fi r s t a n d s e c on d n a m e d
, ,
m n r p iv t th p r ur f th l w es on s e o e es s e o e o
v a l v e s a n d m e a n s o p e r a t i n g a u t o m a t i c a ll y t o ur l t i fl u i d m nu ll y p r
ea s
p r es s e d
e as c an a a a o e a
c ente r s a id o p e ra t i n g mea ns a n d t o c a us e d v ic m v i n g t h v l v m h an i m
, , .
bl e f
e e or o e a e ec s
t h e s a i d l a s t n a m e d v a l v e s t o c l o s e o ff t h e i r ind p nd nt ly f a i d r g u l t i n g m an e e s.
p o rt s s i m u l t a n e ou s l y
e e e o s a
w h r b y t h ff t i v a t i n f t h r g u l a t i n g
-
e ec e c o o e e
v a l v m c h an i m m y b
e e e
n
.
T U R B I N E MO TO R F OR U SE m ea s th on e e e s a e
G us taf E n g el v ri d
-
W I T H C O M P R E S S E D AI R
_
a e
b r e k t S u p e r i o r \V i s E L AS T I C F L U I D T U R B I N E F r d
. .
e
V AC U U M C L E AN E R F r a nc i s C rik Lj g t m S t kh lm Sw d n
-
, , . .
un s ro oc o e e
Ma s o n G r a n d R a p i d s M i c h u )
-
, , .
(R i S P E E D C O N TR OL L I NG
. .
e ss e
M I L K I N G M AC H I N E E m i l S t a r c h AP P AR AT U S F O R R AI L W AY V E H I C L E S
-
, , . .
— —
B e n j a m i n S t ar c h L a C r os s e L l yd V L w i Edg w d b r ug h P
.
.
and W is o s, e oo o o a
C ntr ll ing v hi l
e
P E R C U S S I VE p p r tu
, , . . , .
R OC K D R I L L I N G 1 o o f m a a a s or e c es c o
R i c h a r d H e n ry Ad a m s p r i ing n t r i fu g l d v i p r t iv l y
-
AP P AR AT U S
.
Co e c e o e a e c on
b a l t O n ta r i o C a na d a
c e a
xl f v hi l fluid p r
s a
t d with
.
, .
an a e o a e c e, es
v h i l ct ing in p p it i n t
n ec
V AC U U M P U MP L i o n e l B u ll L i b
e
ur
, , .
th e c e a o os o o
n t r i fu g l d v i m n
-
.
, s e oh e .
e r t y v i lle 1 11 th th h l c e, ea s on e v e Ic e
g ra d ua l r d u t i n f fl u id
e c e a e
p rm it t i ng
. .
P N E U M AT I C S E L F P L AY I N G MU f a e c o o
ur i ac r d n w i t h l a p
or e
S I G AL I N S T R U M E N T L ew is B D om a n p r
-
es s e n f t im
c o a c e se o e,
E a s t S yr a c u s e N Y
,
n c n t r ll d b y t h c n t r i f u g l d
. .
a n d m s o o e e e a e
v i wh n t h l att r v r m th id flu id
, . . ea
F L U I D P R E S S U R E B R AK E R i c h e c o es e sa
M c G e a r y Al l e g h e ny P a
e e o
ur f c n t r l l i n g t h v h i l
c e e
p r
-
.
a rd H .
, , es s e or o o e e c e .
F L U I D P R E S S U R E B R AK E S Y S
.
F ra nk L M ar s t o n P o r t l an d Me
-
TE M . .
, , . JU NE 1 8
E L AS T I C F L U I D E N G I N E R eg
i n a ld F H a l l i w e l l R u g b y E n g l a n d V AC U U M M AI N
-
AU T O MAT I C
.
T h e c om b i n a t i o n w i t h a n e n g i n e a d a p t e d T AI N I N G AP P AR AT U S C l a u d e A F l i nn
-
.
, , .
1
t o b e op e r a t e d b y l ow p r e s s u r e e l a s t i c fl u i d B a t t le C ree k Mic h
. . . ,
o f a v a l v e m e c h a n i s m f o r c o n t r o ll i n g O R E S E P AR AT I N G D E V I C E R o d
, , .
t h e flo w
e las t i c fl u i d a n d r e g u l a t i n g me an s er ick W H a d d oc k I n d e p e n d e n c e O r e g
- .
of s u c h , . , , .
P N EU MAT IC PA TEN T S JUN E 18

88 98 C O MP R E S S E D AI R MAG AZ I NE .
O K R C W il
D R I L L S H AR P E N E R
l iam nv r l
-
ith
.
A Sm De er, C o o
J h n ra t t o n
. .
T T O
.
S REE R LLER o G
Sa n Fr i c
-
.
,
a n c s o, C a l .
JUL Y 2
W I N D M O TO R W i ll i a m F F 0 o1l
m e r R oc h e s t e r N Y
. .
OL C h a r l e s H F r a n k
, , . .
R O T AR Y TO O
li n S c he nec t ad y N Y
. .
T I R E P R E S S U R E V A LV E AN D
, , . .
G u e r d o n 0 J o n e s B o u t o n I o wa
-
S I G N AL .
, , .
F L U I D C O N TR OL L E D S W I TC H
.
J oh n B el l
-
O P E R AT I N G M E C H AN I S M
S t roud P a s s C h r is t ia n Mis s
.
B R E AT H I N G AN D F AC E P R O
. .
F O R R OC K
-
T E C T I NG AP P AR AT U S
D R ILL S Ai m e B l a n c As p e n C 01 0
T R I C K TOY H e nry M i ll h o u s e
.
, , .
C h i ca g o as s i g no r of on e h a l f t o G eorg e ,
.
V i c t or L i l l i g C h i c a g o I ll
-
,
, , .
7/
42 7 4 2 5 2 42 7 4 3 4 2 .
I C P ATENTS J U Y 2 P N EU M AT L
1 A t y mp r i i g a w i n d m t r a b l w v l fl t c nn t d t t h t h r d f es s e a oa o ec e o e o e en o
ing i l ing id fl t
o c o s n o o o
h rg m t r g uid r p
.
, ,
p ip iti d t d i th th e e o e, a c as nc os sa oa
id r p t h ld t h
os on e on o o a
p
up n t h
o sc a e
b l wp ip l i d b l y m un t d
e e
m u thp i
,
f th d g m an u e o e o o e sa e o e
l m an f i n t r d u i n g i u n d r p r
o or o o e
v
ec e e e s a
to c o m int d t f r g i t ry t h r w i t h esse e s or o c a r e es
ur f r l i n g i d
e o ou o a
ing g u id r p
a n e s e e
p wd r r l h av i n g utl t d , ,
p t d s e or e ea s sa c as e o e an
fl at i th v nt f th ink ing f th
o e ec e a c e an o e a n a n
a i r i n l t a p r t ur c v r p lat f th
,
d o n e e e o e s o e v es
fl a t m y r i t t h ur f
e, a n o
l wh r by th
e e a e e or e
i n l t a p r t ur c rr i d b y t h m u t h p i id o se e e e o a se o e s ac e
w t r n d p t d t tr v r
e a e e ec e, s a
p l t
e e
c v r i n g t h ap r t u r w h n t h m t h f th d m o a e an ea s a a e o a e se
l wh r
o ou e
aid g uid r p ng g t h v
a e e e e e e e
p i c r g i t r w ith th b l w p ip
,
d id d s e o e an e a e e es s e e e
by th l tt r m y b r i d
—
e e e s e s e o e, an sa
m u th p i r g i t ring w i th th p r t ur
-
e se
R E V E R S I N G G E AR F O R F L U I D
o ec e e s e e a e e e a a e a
w h n l i d t f r g i t ry w i t h t h b l w p i p
.
M i n r L R b i n n V i ll G r v
e s ou o e s e o e
-
F L U I D P U MP T U R B I N E AN D M O TO R S
.
o o so a o e,
R i h rd C l r P ar n L
-
, ,
. .
,
T H E L I KE 1 11 c a e e so s, on
E n g l an d E L AS T I C F L U I D T U R B I N E
. .
d on, O s
C rl An t n W i b r g F i Sw d n
-
.
S P R AY I N G AP P AR AT U S
.
k p g e ns on e e
AP P AR AT U S F O R M E AS U R I N G
a a r o
W l l r Z ur i h S w i t z r l n d
. , , .
'
T H E Q U AN T I TY O F E X P I R E D AI R H y d
e e c e a
A p ray i n g a p p ra t u uc h an d
. , .
1 a n
B r wn C h i l h ur t E n g l an d
s a s s as a s
b l t m h in wh it w h ing int ing
.
.
.
o s e s
u ) FL U I D P U MP G r g W
as ac p e, e as or a
p ray r lik mp r i i ng p r y ing
-
, .
(R i
.
d th e eo e
K ll g g
an e ss
R ch t r N Y
s e e e, c o s a s a
m at ri l t k
-
mp r
. . .
d i f d p ip o o es e
a p u m p t h c m b i na t i n w i t h b a
e a a n a c o es s e a r ee e, a e
m ix ing p ip nn t d t
-
, , , . .
id f d p ip 1 I e o o a se
h mb r l at d th r i
n
h v ing
e c o ec e o sa ee e,
n p r vid d w ith p p r y
- -
. ,
m f th il f an oc e e e n. o a
y l i n d r rr n g d
o c a e
ba a pi t n
ea s o g e a assa e or e s a a
i g m t ri l d a d j u t b l y arran g d b th e on e s e, s o re
yl i nd r baffl l
a
in th
n a e a an s a e e c e a
tw n th m t ri l t nk d th m ix ing p ip ip ti g d n e c e an a e o
yl ind r t p r v nt
ee e a a n e. c r oc a
m mb r r m vably
e a a e
ur d t t h p r y i g
,
t d t th b t t om f th o e c e o e e
p l
e o
h fr m th h mb r t th
a e e e o s ec e o e s a n c a e a
a p p r tu a d a l n ing p ip s an a ilc il
wa ll b u t d a p t d t r i v i l
ea yli e o s as o e o c a e o e c n
P N E U M AT I C AC T I O N Fr nk G
-
.
d t a e o ec e e o on l S
u p p r ur f w h r b y ffi i n t l u b r i t i n a er s
L yn d N w ar k N J
. .
. .
a c e, e e e c e c a o
xc i v l u b r i t n p
s
p r v id d
e, e e
P N E U M AT I C AC T I O N F O R P L AY
, . .
.
i d s o e an e es s e c a io re
E R P I AN O S -
H arry M y r W l l t n M . v nt d e e , e s o , o . e e .
EV E R Y T H I NG P NE U MAT I L
V ol xx
. iii OCTOBER | 9 l 8 . No . lo
O NE OF TH E FIVE C O N F R ES O S R lX ST .
H OG I S L AN D C O MP R ES S E D AI R IN
S T AL L ATI O N
Fo r f l l win g in f rma t i n w i t h t he
the o o o o ,
admi ra b le ph t s acc mpanyin g we

o o o i , a re n
d e bt e d t M T H l b r k P resi d en t f t he
o r . . o oo , o
Ameri can I n t erna t i nal S h ip b ui l d in g C rp ra

o o o
t i n A p r t i n f t he ma tt er i s a repe t i t i n
o . o o o o
of u precedin g i s s ue b u t i t i s c ns i d ere d
o r , o
b e tt er t presen t i t he re en t i re t g i ve a g d
o o oo
unders t andin g f t he i ll u s t ra t i ns Th num

o o . e
b ers f t hes e pic t ures i n exi s t ence i s l d

o a r ea v
lbs in i t i al pres sure f al l neces s ary uses

. or on
t he s hips wh ile n thee ways an d at u t

o o
fi tting p iers t o the shopsp s and to t he T rain

, am
ing S cho l o .
I n general t he system cons ists

, f a 1 0 in o .
s tan dard steel pipe main exten ding along t he

,
head of the shipways paral lel to F ront S tree t

, ,
an d 9 8 ft distance therefrom T h is main i s

. .
s ubdivi ded by s ectionalizing valves ; and pro

vi s ion for expans ion and inspecti n i s ma d e o
by the in t r d uc t i n f g ener o us U B en d s
o o o
“ ”
O N E OF TEN L ARGE AI R C O MPRES S O RS

and t he us e o f a B ox T rench the c ve r o f , o
wh i ch is eas i ly removable F rom th i s 1 0 in. .
h ea d er t wo s ix inch l ine s are taken down each

,
shipway running paral lel t t he keel bl cks

, o o ,
a n d on each s ide o f t hem A t ee and man i f l d

. o
w i t h ou t let c cks i s ins er t ed at each rand m

o o
leng t h .
Another main s ix inches in di ameter ex

tends along t he Mar g inal W harf oi the O u t
fi tting P i ers un der W est S econd S treet and
, ,
3 i n branches are taken down each s ide o f

.
e a ch of t he piers O utlets s imi lar t thos e

. o
o n t he shipways are ins erted in t h e se branch

I
REAM N G H O LE S IN DEC K P L ATES
pac i ty . equippe d w i t h self meas urin g pumps

—
are ins t alle d f t he pr per s t ra g e and

or o o
handl in g f neces sary lubri ca t in g i l

o o .
I n a d d i t i n t t he five f re g in g c mpress r
o o o o o o
pl an t s t here are t w smaller plan t s which

, o
feed in t t he 6 in ai r main a t t he hea d f t he

o . o
O u t fi tt in g P i ers a t p in t s b est cal cul a t e d t

, o o
s erve i t pr perly T he se t wo plants are l ike

o .
the o t hers excep t in g t ha t t hey c ntain o nly

, o
C O MP R ES S ED AI R MAG AZ I N E . 89 63
I
DRI LL N G H OLES IN B U L K H EAD
en abl e t he re ady enl ar g emen t f o any pl ant , purchas ed in acco rdance wi t h t he f ll wing
o o
e i th er mech an ically or elect rically . schedule :

Th e compres sor capaci t y ins t al led is ex 1 67 5.N 60 R ive t ers
o . .
p ec t ed to s upply s u fii c i n t ai r
e o n t he shi ps t o 1 00 N
.
90 R ive t ers
o . .
opera t e pneuma t ic t o ls which have b een

o 132 5 .N o5 H l d ers
. o -
oh .
C O MP R ES S E D AI R MAG AZ I NE
. .
O C I
U N T ER S N K N G I H O L ES FOR F LU S H R IV T
E S
2 00 . NO . I J am R iveters .
4 80 . 2 N on reve rs in g
-
P neuma t i c
D ri lls .
4 00 .
3 S Non
—
reve rs in g P neuma t i c
D ri lls .
50 . I B No n -
revers in g P neuma t ic
D ril ls .
2 00 .
9 Co rner D ri ll s .
I 50 .
5 B reast D ri lls .
I OO . I S C h ippin g a n d C aulkin g H am
m ers .
12 30 . NO . 2 SS C h ippin g an d C aulkin g H am
mers .
5 00 NO . .
3S C hippin g and C aulkin g H am
mers .
5 0 No. .
7 G rin d ers .
IIV T
R VE HI EATF
-
T ER A
AV
ND S P EC I AL RIV T
E ER
of i t s h armful e ffec t t he eyes n os e an d on ,
t h r at b r mi ne i s n w used i n lar g e quan t i t y

o , o o
for g rim purp ses f warfare o o .
AU T O MAT I C L I G H T H O U S E S
D urin g the las t few years a number o f n ew
l i g h t h uses have b een b uilt al n g t h e o t o f
o o c as l
Q ueen slan d Aus t ralia in side t he G r eat B

, , ,
ar
ri e r R ee f d as l i fe in t he t r pics is disa g ree

, an o
a b l e even un d er fav ra b le c n d i t i n s i t w o o o ,
as
t h u g h t advisa b le t elimina t e t he human s i d e

o o
i f p ss ible
o d acc r d in g ly t he Ag
, an ys t em
o a s
o f unatten d e d li g h t s was a d o p t e d Ace t ylene .
d iss lved in ace t ne a t 1 0 atm spheres pres

o o o
su re i s used and t here are ten cyl inder s each

, ,
c n t ain ing 1 7 cu b ic fee t all coupled to g e t her

o 1 ,
.
T hey are chan g ed nce a year Th e li g ht i s

o .
t u rne d o a d o ff by a S valve which is

n n un -
,
so
d elicate t hat t h e l i g ht has been seen to come

in t pera t ion d u rin g a rain storm A pil t
o o . o
flame is alway burnin g T h li g h t s are o f

s . e
candle p wer wi t h a visi b ili t y o f 1 3

o ,
miles S far i . o since 1 9 3 n o t r u b le

—
. e .
,
1 —
o
has been experienced wi t h any o f t hos e una t

ten ded li g hts T h e fi rst cost compares favo r
.
ably wi t h that i a manne d li g h t and t he ru

o ,
n
n in g cost i s nly a b ut n t wen t ie t h

o o o e— .
to be ra i se d b y some 1 2 f t o r 1 5 i t b u t t he .
,
bui lde rs f t he yard were con fi dent tha t th

o e
task could be accompl i shed and accompl i shed ,
t oo to a prepared s chedule of time Events

. .
have j us t i fied them in thei r optimis m W hen .
ever d a t e was se t f t he accompl i shmen t

a or
O f a t ask t hat date has b een s tri c t ly adhered

,
to .
The work was b egun i n March ; the middle

O f J uly fi nds f ur o f the e ight berths al ready
o
in us e and the concre t e bed of a fi f t h wel l a d

,
v a nc ed F rom the ou t s et t he on
. O b j ect f , e O
everybody has been t s ave time Those i n o .
au t hority solved th at problem by neve r leav

i ng t he w rk for weeks toge t her ; they worked
o
in rai lway carriages ; they took t hei r meals in

ra i lway carriages ; t ey s lept in rai lway car
h
i g e ; and t hey we re always at hand to face

r a s
any eme r g ency The proble m o f feeding the

.
workers had t be tackled I n eleven o .
d ays a can t een was bui lt and t hough on the ,
eleventh day t here were n windows and n o o
r f ; a t h ree c urs e dinner was s erved t t he

oo -
o o
w rkmen
o .
O
W M EN I I
D GG N G A I
S H P B AS N I
WO MEN ON TH E J OB
Wheneve r a di ffi culty ar o s e i t was dealt
wi t h immedi ately A l ar g e b o dy O f t he men
.
was s uddenly absent fr m t hei r w rk ; t he nex t o o
d y t hei r places were taken b y w men w h

a o , o
h ave worked splendi dly ever s ince Then t he .
mana g emen t f und that there were far to oo
many cases o f sprained ankles am n g t he o
w men who used to arrive a t t he i r wo rk i n

o ,
hi g h heeled b ts and shoes A s t andard b t

—
oo . oo
was des igned and sprai ne d ankles a re no

,
m re Thes e are t ri flin g ma tt ers pe rhaps b u t

o .
, ,
t hey he lp t explai n why t he bu i l d in g f t he

o o
yar d i s w pr ceedin g wi t h cl ck wo rk g
no o o -
re
u la r i t y .
T he new yard i s s i t ua t e d on t he bend o f a

river and the eight s l ipways can take vessels
.
up t 65 0 ft l ng wh i ch wil l b e l aunched
o . o ,
d wn s t ream t he pres ent only f b i t “

o -
F . or a r ca
sh ips of s t andard pa tt ern are t b e b uil t

.
”
e d o ,
t he par t s b ein g made a s a g ene ral rule a t t h , , e
s t eel wo rks wh ich ab und i n t he imme d i ate o
nei g hb rh d The s t eel as i t arrives i s

o oo .
d umped d wn a s p t on wh ich a few weeks

o on o
wo mEx H I
AN DL NG SH P I M ATER AL I a g t here was a m un t ain f s la g T h
o on o . e co
t e nt s t he
la t te r i s beinng us ed to ra
of raii s e the
g r und t o the necessary
o y level a work wh which i ch ,
pr cee d s at a remarkabl e pace A each sect

o section i on . S
s
i s c mple t ed it i s handed
o ed Over to the bu ild i d
ers t o b egin the erectionn of t he berths .
S tan d ing on the hi g h ground by the rriver i ver

o e can wa t ch the wh l
n le work in progress o e
O .
At one end the gras s i s st stii l l gr ow ing for t he ,
g round has s carcely b een touched A l ittle .
far t her on the lan d i s b eein i n g fi lled in b y w o

men w rkers and els ewhere
o here other women are
,
at w rk on th e s i t e O f a wet bas i n whi ch when

o ,
fin ished wi l l be abl e to0 take s everal ves s els

,
s imul t aneously fo r t he fitting O f the eng engines nes '
and b ilers O n a s l ipway

o .way where the bed for ,
the keel blocks i s rapi dly y near

nearin i n g c mpl et eti nn o o ,
g i rls are help ing at the lar ar g e concrete mixers ;

at an o t her ber t h the keel eel h as al ready been
l ai d an d t he rive t ers aree hard aat w rk wh il e
, o ,
at the t wo far t hes t s lipwaysw the centre kkeel1

s ns are i n pos i t ion and
o n d electri cally d ,driven en
'
r v
cranes are bringing up t he fabri cated parts .
I n t he back g round are the he am b uulan statii n

an ce stat o ,
the g en eral fiICC cons is t ing ng o f t

O two
w rows o f
S,
rai lway carri a g es and the canteen wh , whii le the ,
f o undations f a number er of model cottages

o
for the u se of marri ed workers an d O f a

hotel which will accommodate men are
als vis ibl e
o .
A to t he capacity o f the yard the idea i s

s ,
t hat a sh ip a fortn ight shall be bui lt and when ,
t he yard i s in ful l Operati n the mana g ement o
i s convinced that th i s ou t put i s pos s ible I f al l .
g o es wel l the fi rs t fabri cated ship w ill be

launche d in N vember and thereafte r it i s o ,
hoped t hat a new hul l w i ll be put into the

water ever two week s The E g i n eer L on —
n ,
d on .
TRI C K S AN D AC R O B ATI C S IN AI R ’9
F I G H TI N G
W ere s peed the only criterion by whi ch to
j udge the most likely winner O f an aerial c 0m (I U
bat then the avi at r mounting the fastest

, o
machine w ul d always be th e vi ctor And

o .
t hat i s as much a s to s ay that the Al l ied

aviators woul d always w in becaus e of late ,
thei r mach ines are almost always faster than

the G erman nes B ut speed an d cl imbin g o .
abi lity a e only two fact rs in aeri al c ombat ;

r o
bes ides there are ma kma n hi p and maneuver r s

H
,
ing s kill I t i s s afe to s ay that the last men

.
-
t i on e d fac t or maneuverin g ski ll i s by far t he

, ,
most important i n aerial combat B oth when .
o n t h e Offen sive and on the defens ive th e

l ss f hei g h t and i n the case f a ski l led

o o , o
pi lo t wi t h o u t reducin g speed Th ppii l t as

, . e o
c e d n t ab ve 8 00 meters
s o ers an d after flyin
o fly i n g on U U
a level keel f a few m mii nutes he p ints the

or o
H
,
machi ne s l igh t ly d wn s a s t o b rin g t he o o
speed up to maximum T hen he brings the .
c ntrol s t ick b ack a b out hal f way an d reduces

o
t he m t r speed in rder er no t t o per fo rm the ’
o o o
“
stunt too rapi dly Then when the ma
”
.
,
chi ne appe ars t o l o s e some O me of its ts speed the

rudder i s turned sharplyy to n e Ss i de aand i d the o
m hi n e i mmed i a t ly falls
ac ‘
11 to that s i de When
e 3 .
in the ver t ical p s iti n the aaii rman bbrings o g theh o
rudder t o t he center p s iititi nn pens the he n os o , o e
g ine wi de and return s the machine to a level

,
keel I t wi ll be noted that i nn the renvers e

.
'
“‘
ment the ai ler ns are no t employed as con

”
o ,
t a s t d wi t h the vri lle “ ”

r e .
W hen bein g purs ued a pi l t s me t imes e a o o r
s orts t t he t r i ck kn wnn as the

o he changchangement ment o
“
de di recti o n in F renchh avi ation ci rcles A

”
.
‘
i n t he instance o f t he renvers ement th thii s “

,
”
t urn ing maneuver can bee executed w ithout thout loss

o f S peed or height I n des cribin
crib i n g thi
th i s stunt “‘ ”’
.
i n a recent i ss ue f F lyi g Li eut G ranvi an lle

Ie
o n , . r V I
A P l lack U S A l ate f the Lafayette

o o
H
.
, . . .
,
C rps s tates that i t i s a valuabl e but rathe r

o ,
rare maneuver .
F lying l evel at ful l speed the necess ity to ,
return s uddenly i s met by th rowin g the con M
trol sti ck very qui ckly to one s i de as far as ,
i t w i ll g o and t hen immedi a t ely pul ling hard

,
b ack toward the pi l t accompan ied by a very o ,
s li g ht pres sure of the Oppos ite f t and only oo
j us t s u ffici ent to h l d the tai l level or i t w i l l o ,
be in cl ined t fly f rward T he result is very

o o .
s t artling for the fi rst t ime for the pi lot feels ,
as t h ou g h he were be in g f rced through t he o «
s ea t , s tr ong i s centri fu g al f rce acting ye t

so o ,
in real ity he makes a mp a t i ly w i de ben d co ar v ,
t unl ike a hai rpin T h is stunt is als d ne

“ ”
no . o o
three or f ur times and ei t her t the ri g h t

o o
or t o the le f t a t the acr batic school fo r ai r

, o
men .
A w in g s l ide f l l ws wh i ch i s don e by o o ,
t hr w in g the c ntr o l al l t he way t on e s ide

o o o ,
an d accompanyin g i t by pu shin g the pp s ite o o
f t sharply ahead s u fficient t hol d the no se

oo , o
o f t he machine up and at the s ame time ,
s l i g h t ly push in g f rward th e c ntr l s tick o o o ,
whi ch g ives the e ffect of travel in g on the

“
Ou t s i de O f t he ci rcle and the mach ine de
”
,
H
s cends s i dewis e at a t errifi c speed much fas ,
t er t han it g e a h ea d b ut with the pi l t o s , o

C O MP R ES S E D AI R MAG AZ l NE .
whi ch is b lazing awa a t t he t aaii l o f t he fi rs rsty ,
t he u sual maneuver f r t he fi rs t ppilo i lo t is

is t or o
pul l th e c n t rol s t ick b ackwards headin g h isis

'
o c kwa d h e d r s. a ii
machine strai g h t up un t ii ll i t a t tai

tainss a ve r tt ical
al i \ er
'
pos i t ion H ere i t hangss b y its propel ler fo r

.
“ ”
i k i g l) sho
j us t an ins t an t a s i s s t rikingly , w n in o u
shown r ii r
c ve r ske t ch when i t s l i d eess b ack and i s final ly

o ,
brou g h t into t he level pos ition again Now .
i t i s beh ind the Opp onent ent aand i d p s s es s es t he o
advantag e S c i en tific Am i
—
er c a ;n .
C O MP R ES S ED AI R TO WI N TH E W AR
BY FRAN K R I C H ARDS
C onc lu d ed fr o m p ag .
e 88 7 1
An d yet compresse d a ii r w ill not do every
t hing ; and thi s b e g i n s a s t ry very di fferent o
from t ha t we have b eenn rehea rehearss in g I t w was

a .
demons t ra t ed a s c re ff years g to t hee o O a o,
s a t i s fac t ion o the dis s a t isi s fac t i n f every

—
r o —
o
O
b dy in t erested that compres

o mp es ssed
, ed a aii r can neve r r
be a succes s fo r driving stree t ca rs W mus t . e
n t for g e t
o however tha
. ha t there are lots o f,
c mpre ss ed ai r mine locomotives

o c omo t giving
g i mg g o d i v es v o
s a t is fac t i n O ne f t h e l ater and ddeci ss ive

o . o eC I n e
d em n s t ra t i n
o failures o f comp resse d aairi r
o
s t ree t cars whi ch t o k place in New York

, o ,
was real ly a prelude t o a great succes s in a h
o the r di rec t i n and as may appear a lon g

o , . ,
d i s t ance shot a t the Kai s er and hi s crew .
L I Q U I D AI R
The fai lure of t he compres sed ai r s t ree t cars

in New York t h rew a three stage hi g h pres -
.
s ure ai r compres s r out O f bus ines s and per o ,
mi s s i n t us e t he compres sor gave Cha s E

o o . .
T ri ple r hi s Oppor t un i t y to be the fi rs t t o show

t he w rl d t ha t liqui d ai r can b e pro d uced on
o
a prac t ical c mm i a l s cale o e rc .
I t has neve r b een clear t th e wo rl d how o
T riple r g t h ld f t he t ri ck for he had none

o o o ,
o f th quali fica t i ns whi ch mi g h t have been

e o
pre sumed t b e in d i spens a b le and hi s i n

o ,
abil i ty t o f llow up t he ma t ter was piti fully

o
exh i b i t e d ; b ut he di d make l iquid ai r acces

sible t o experi men t ers in variou s c lle g es nd o a
els ewh ere an d i t s pecul i ar pr per t i e s came

, o
a t nce t o b e generally fami l i ar ; bu t for a

o
t ime i t wa s a cu ri s i t y on l y and no one could

o .
s u g g es t t t he w rld wha t to d w i t h it so
o o o ,
T ripler d i d n t real ize a for t une o .
Liqu i d ai r howeve r a t t he t ime f t he

, , o
T ripler performances was real ly i n t he han d s

O f m st o capable scien t ific investi g a t o rs and
ex p e rimen t ers a d un d hei d i rec t i n d
. n er t r
o an
no w c mmon merchandis
o nd i e e and procurable
_ s
everywhere .
Th deman d f oxy g eenn thus ppr dduced

e or u ed ii s ro
al ready enormous B e f ree t hhisi s war began on e

. or
pr o d ucin g company in G reat B ritai tai n w i t h r
ei g h t plants i n the lar g er citi es had an g g e a r
g ate u t put O i ab out halIff a mi ll ion cubi

o cub i c feet
f
of Oxy g en per day and in t he U n ited i ted S tates
,
t he b us ines s exceeds t hi s s everal ttimes m s ove r e
b t h in the num b er f pl ants and in

o i n the da daii ly
O
u t pu t
o .
REP AI RI N G T H GE M MAN S H I P S E R
O ne f t he m st wonderful
o nd fu l resul t s of thi
o th i s er ,
ready and plen t i ful s upply ply o f xygen has been o
t he devel pment and wi d ee employment f the

o o
O xy Ace t ylene proces s and o f othe r process es

—
,
c l s ely al li ed
o f the cutting
utt i ng and welding O f
, or
m e t als By thi s meanss an intens e heat is

.
is
q ui ckly produce d whi ch
«
h can be local o c a lllyy con
c en t a t e d and di re cted w
. r with
i th m inute
i nu e preci s ion ,
c u tt ing accurate ly to l me ine when that i 3s ree 1 r
qui red an d with equal fac facii l ity un iting

i t i ng meta ls
‘.
b y weldin g w ith practically ally no l imits as to the

ma g n i t udes involved .
I n th i s lin c o i work k the electri c arc is

equal ly ready and e ffective c ti and thes e two v e,
ready a g encies provided a grand s urpri s e fo r
t he cunn in g G erman tri cks t e rs and a mo st

welc me bit of help for American s chemes
o .
Th e final rec g n i t i n f wa r c nditions by the

o o o o
U n ited S ta t es f o un d interned i n Ameri can

h arb rs a great numbe r of the bigges t Ge
o r
man l iners wh ich had been employed i h the

At lanti c carryin g trade When war was s een .
t o be inevi t abl e t he crews O f t hes e ves sels had

t ime and le pp rtunity t so muti late the
c ar o o o
machine ry a n d di s able the sh i ps f s ervi ce

so or
t hat an incalculable time would be requi red

f or thei r res t ration T hey s eem t have g one
o . o
t o t he l imi t s O f t hei r in g enui t y but the i r f re , o
s i g ht was defective .
T hei r mu t i latin g Operati ns were na t urally o
chi efly up n the en g ines Th e favo rite t ri ck

o .
seems t have been t break a pi ece ou t f the

o o o
main cyl inder or other most p nder us and o o
resp n s ible cas t in g t he as s umpti n bein g t hat

o , o
t he entire member would have t o be removed

and replaced the latter perhaps an i mp os s i
,
b i li ty except where the en g ines were b ui lt .
T hes e breakages and o t her dis arrangements

m e rely provi ded s uch j b s as the electri c arc o
an d the Oxy acetylene j et are c o nstantly ach

-
ing to g t h ld o f U nder experi enced di rce

e o .
i n al l the breaka g e we re qui ckly

t o ai re d
s re p
C O MP R E S S ED AI R MAGAZ I N E
'
89 1 4 .
Th e rec rds show m re and more t hat t he

o ore
s i t ua t ion i s by no means s o hopeless an d it is ,
b ec min g a case f diamon

o on d cut diamon d w ith O ,
a heavy prepon d erance o f diamonds f the or
Allies I f the U boat can destroy b y means

.
o f the t rpe d it can be an d is bbeing ddestroyed '
o o , ,
b y the t rpe d compressed

o ssed ai r on both S ides
o— .
W have been late in gett tt in g t here bbutt we are

e i i ,
o nt t he j o b N t t mention ou r submarines
o . o o ,
wh se numbers are not advertised with ou r

o ,
t rpe d o equipped destroyers an d C hasers out

o -
num b erin g the U b ats twenty t o e the o o n ,
g ame cannot but be a l sin g on o e .
A d then we have a n ew compressed air de

n
vice t ha t is be g inn in g t how what it can d o S o

-
b y doin g it T hi s i s the comp ressed ai r
.
m rtar fO t hr o win g the depth bombs I t o f

o r .
cou rse does not Operate at lon g range but ,
when it gets i t s chance an d it is in stantly —
rea d y i t places t he b omb in p reci sely t he

—
ri g ht spot d g ives it thee essen t ial

an i al dr p ,nearly o ,
v e t ic al
r whi h cann t be accomplished
,
‘
p li h
c by a o s e
g un .
Th erec r d s o f t he d estruct
estructii n f b m
o o o su a
rines are in most ins t ancess di fficult to veri fy fo r e ,
when n d isappears i t may it may n ot be the

o e or
las t o f i t W e know that t he buildin g O f sub

.
marines has b een pushed as the supreme ul t i

ma t e hope o f t he Kaiser an d yet their num ,
b ers d o n t increase d t hei r t ellin g s t r kes

o an o
b ec me less frequen t
o .
W were spe kin g ab ve f the onesided

e a o o
n ess f the U b at activities I t i s a onesi ded

o o .
n ess o f malignity wi t h o ut the su g gestion o f

any mi t i g ating circumstances Th e function O f .
compres sed air asi d e from the U boa t to rpe d o , ,
woul d seem al s o t o be on esided but its one ,
s idedness i all b n fic i t I t helps in alls e e en .
d i recti ns but what is the re t help i t ?

o , o
It o t only is the m o st indispensable a g ent

n
in t he providing o f all the raw ma t erials which

c me fr om t he r cks but it is equally help
o o ,
ful in the subsequent processes O f ma u f n ac

FI G I
t ure At the blast furnaces fo r instances
.
.
, ,
which convert t he o re t iron or steel c m o , o
press rs n ot blowers are employed O f 5 0

o — —
,
000 cu b ic f eet per minute capaci t y m re or o ,
while t he c o mpresso r units at the min es aver

a g nly
e o or cubic feet per unit .
A c o nsidera b le number o f compres so rs are

no w used at t he il wells simply to deliver o
larg e v lumes o f hi g h pressure air deep down

o
in t o t he wells d largely increase the flow an
Vi il o I t he na t u ral g a industry the services

. n s
LO MP R ES f E D AI R MAG AZ I NE
}
I . 89 1 5
M3 : : f
9I n o
1 f f PIp e
r IS e0
‘
FI G. 2
e rs t he in t e res t in t he present case be ing in

,
t he p r t a b ili t y
o and constan
ta tt readiness
read i ness and
ns n
a d ap t a b i l i t y o f t he arrangemen
ng m e ntt e .
Fig 1. sh ow s t he ac t ual Opera t ion f u n o h
loadin g from t he very b eginnin g Th e g rain .
enters b y t he n ozzle A F i g 2 ii n tthee hold of

, .
, ii i
t he ship Att ache d t o t he n zzle b y rea d ily

. o ,
d e t achable coupl ings are , re lengths of flex flexible

i ble
hos e B t o allow o f easy
, , asy movement f the o
n zzl e ab u t t he hold At the top of t he

o o .
PI C
FI G .
whenever a blo ck o ccurs i n the p ipe thus a d , drive whi ch s l ips in cas e too much res istance
,
m itting a i r freely above the g rai n an d get i s met w i th .
ting ri d O f the obstacle . Th e ai r leaves the receive r by th e l ar g e

T h e grain drawn from t he hol d enter s horizontal pip e shown to the right O f the end
th rough the roof o f a l arge receiv ing ch amber view but not s een i n the photograph an d
, ,
on th e fi lter truck shown i n Fi g 4 an d by the

,
.
, pas s es to the three fi lters Thes e fi lter s con
.
reproduction of a photograph i n Fi g 5 The . . s is t of a nest o f clos ely woven canvas tubes ,
ai r moves throu g h thi s chambe r at s uch a through whi ch the a i r must p as s on i ts p a s

speed tha t it w i l l no longer carry the grain , s a g e to the blower Th e du st i s depos ited on
.
wh i ch accordingly falls to t he bottom where , t he ins i de o f the tubes whi ch have to be

,
it enters an apparatus cal led a dis charger , cleaned perio di cally by a shaking mecha n ism .
con s i s t in g of a bucket wheel rotating ins i de a

-
V alves are fi tted in th e inlet and outlet pi pe
clos ely fitting cas ing I ts purpos e i s to dis
. of each fi lter enabl ing any one to b e cut O ff
,
ch arge the grai n whi le p reventi ng an i n from the res t O f the s ystem when it is n ec es
rush O f ai r i nto the receiver Thence the . s ary to shake an d clean the tubes I t has .
g rain pas s es d wn a shoot to a short ban d

o been foun d neces s a ry thus to i sol ate the filte r
conveyor wh i ch del ivers it i nto t he boot o f from the current o f a i r when being cleaned .
the elevat r sh wn at the en d o f t he truck

o o for otherwi s e the dus t i s not removed from
T hi s eleva t r is arranged to del iver into th e the pores o f the cloth By th e us e o f two
’
o .
,
exis t ing wei g her trucks at the various docks , or , as here shown t hree fi lters each fitted
, ,
when i t i s a u t oma t i cal ly weighed and s acked w i t h its own valves i t i s pos s i b le to e ffect th e
,
up f del ivery The elevator can be readi ly

or . cleaning w ithout s topping the working o f the
di sm unted f t ransp rtation i n o rdinary
o or o plant The dust removed fal ls into a chamb e r
.
rai lway wa g ons A the bucket wheel is rathe r

. s b elow the fi lters an d i s pas s ed out th enc e b y
l i a b l e t bec o me blocked b y forei g n bodi es
o means o f s mal l bucket wheel s and fall ing i nto
,
s u ch as b lts pieces o f w ood etc b ecoming

o , , .
, a worm i s carried underneath th e truck a nd
“
j ammed between e f the vanes and theon o pass ed to a smal l a u xi l iary elevator whi ch r e
casin g a f riction clutch is introduced in the
, turns it to the grai n I t s eems an abs ur d p o
. r
c ed ure leans e t he g rain and t hen f ul i t

to C o
a g ain yet me rchants requi re that the dus t

,
separa t ed shall b e re t urned i n order t check o
t hei r shippin g weights .
Th ai r freed from dust pas ses fr m t he

e , , o
fi rst truck to the s econ d by the pipe s een i n

Fi g .
5 This pipe has a flexible c nnec t i n
. o o
in rder t acc mm date varying len g ths b

o o o o e «
tween the tw trucks and also to av i d dam

o , o
ag e fr m sh ck s ay during shunting and to

o o , ,
al l ow the trucks to s tan d on a curve .
T h s ec n d truck i s also shown in Fi g 6

e o . .
Th e r o tary bl wer whi ch exhausts the ai r i s

o
driven by an 8 5 hors e power Aste r een g m ine e -

n e,
t hrough spu r gears en cl o sed in a g ear cas e , a
with an i l bath C ouuntershaf

o nt e h ftt s driven by . rs a s,
g ears w ith a chain connection

, nn c t i on between t he e
t wo trucks p rovide the m motive e powe r for d i

'
ot v r v
ni g the g rain dis char g er the three dust bucket r,
wheels the d us t worm the ban d c nvey r and

, , o o
t he two el eva t o rs .
Th e O ffici al t ri al was conducted at I psw i ch ,
when b y c urtesy f C nfield Limited a

, o o a , , a
carg o f wheat was di schar

o b ar g ed from the h l d o
o f an ei g h t y t n bar g e int o a—
a receivin
e e
o g eeleva
eva r c 1v 1n
t
or o f thei r mi ll .
Th barge lay al n g s i d e t he pier a t a di s

e o
tance f I OO ft fr m t he elevat r the p r t abl e

o o o o
TI C IVET
.
,
P N EU M A
horiz ntal transp rt l ine bein g carri ed al n g
o o o
PU NC H AN D R ER
t he c lumn s on the pi er s i de about 2 0 f t a b ove

o , .
.
the g rain i n the h o ld Th e plant was started .
up for a short prel iminary run t o e ffect d a
j us t ments n eces s itated by the cl as s o f grain

to b e handle d ; the capacity averaging 2 3 t ns o
per hour and ran up to 3 2 t ons per hour at ,
whi ch p int the pl ant was stopped After an

o .
in t erval t he t ri al prope r was run the average ,
and maximum capaci t ies at t aine d being 2 7 and

3 3 t n s per h ur respec t ively t he g uaranteed
o o —
capaci t y a t the maximum di stance O f 1 00 ft

, .
,
b ein g 2 5 t ns per h ur T h area of t he h o l d

o o . e
b ein g g reat i n pr p r t ion t o the depth made o o ,
i t unfav o ra b l e fo b t ai nin g a higher average r o .
An exces s ive am unt f dust al so was p resent o o .
S HIP Y AR D R I V ET I NG AN D P U NC H I NG
MAC H I N E
Thei llus t ra t i n t his pa g e sh ws a rivet
o on o
i g
n nd a punch in g machine f speci al t ype o
whi ch has b een des i g ned for shipyard us e by

t he H anna En g in eerin g W rks 1 7 65 E lston o ,
Avenue C h ica g , I t m y b e remarked that o . a

steel n s e l ower stake

o k e wh i ch can be readi ly
or
rem oved by lo s ening the s et screw hold holdinng

o
i t in place i s provi dedd T hhii s nn s e i s rel i ed . o
up n to enabl e the perat

o e at r t w rk i n very o r or o o
cl se sec t i n s such as bulb angles an d bent

o o
s hip channel s Th mach machinei ne b eeing

. i ng normally e
us ed in s uspens ion t he ppivots

i vo s of the s 1l inng are 5
so located that t he mach ach ine i s bal anced and

can b e incl ined t anyy an angll e t he w rk may o o
‘
requi re .
NI T R O G E N F R O M T H E AT MO S P H E R E
T h e large s t experimental
n ta l plan
plant in
i n the U nnite i te d
c t u r e o f fixed n
S ta t es fo r the manu facture n i tt rr og eenn '
f rom t he ai r wi t h t he excep t ion

, o o f the ones n
n ow b eing con s t ructe d f t he W D epart or ar
men t is in Opera t i n at the he U n i et d S tta t es D epar t

o i a
men t f Agriculture Exper

o i men t F arm A
xperimen , r
li ng t n V a
o , At this plan t t h e ni t r g en fr m
. o o
the ai r is combined W w iitt h hhy d ro g en to fo rm

ammon ia which can bee used in i n t h e m nu f a ac
t u re o f explosives an dd fer fertilizer

l Ex p i i i z er . er i
men t s are now bein g c 0n ducted at t hhisi s plant by by

o1
the B u reau o f S oils W wii t h a view i ew t increase

i ncrease V o
t he effi ciency o f t he pr c ss T h hee W D e o e . ar
par t me t is n peratin g in tt hhi s wo rk W hat

co o -
no 3 .
i s known as t he H aber proces s o f n itro g en fix

a t i n i s bein g u sed T his p r cess involves the
o . o
pr d uc t i n o f amm nia fr m hydrogen an d

o o o o
n i t r g en Th t w g ases are mixed in t he

o . e o
pr per prop r t ion s put un d er hi g h pressu re

o o , ,
su b j ec t e d t o in t en se heat an d passed over

s p n g y ir o n whereupon a p o rti n
o , f the mix o o
ture c o mbines t f rm ammon ia o o .
G R MAN Y S DES PE ATE ACT IVIT Y

’
E R
Th e utput o f amm n ia by t he fixa t i n f

o o o o
n i t r g en fro m the ai r has g r own to very larg e

o
prop r t i o n s in G ermany since the war s t ar t e d

o .
Accordin g to t he L n d n I nd C o l T d s o r on a oa ra e
R i w t he pr ducti o n o f amm o nia in G

ev e , o er
man b y t he H aber synthetic p rocess acco rd

y ,
i g t
n a G erman d aily pape r rose f r om 3 0
o , ,
000 t ns in 1 9 1 3 t o
o ton s in 1 9 1 4 to
, ,
t n s in 1 9 5 an d
o t ns (esti
1 , o
ma t e d ) i n 1 9 1 6 An utpu t o f . ton s o
o f ammonia was anticipated in 1 9 1 7 c ntainin g , o
tons of n i t ro g en ; at the same time

ton s o f sulpha t e o f amm nia o
t on -
f n itro g en ) an d
s o ton s o f calcium
,
n i t rate ton s f nitr ogen ) was ex o
p ec t ed to be pr o duced t he total contain ing ,
ton s o f ni t r g en which exceeds by o ,
t on s t he e ntire consumption o f n i t ro {K H
gen i n G ermany in 1 9 3 I .
larg e t hat t he in t estiness o f cattle go

int o the material fo r on e zeppel
zep p elin
i n Each o f .
t he I 8 balloon s is fi tted with a valve an d sep ,
t d fr m t hos e on each side o f it by a

a ra e o
funnel t o carry o ff t he explosive m mixture

xt u e o f
'
the hydr gen o f the balloons

o lloon the oxygen o f s,
t he ai r an d the gases given o fff by the en

,
g ines W hen all five motors

. ot o s are workin g t r o
g ether n contained in the £forward

, o e 0 ward car one ,
in each o f the two si de cars and two wo in the ,
rear car the speed attain ed is 68 miles p er

I
O I
hour but as a rule all the engines are not

, , ,
used at on e time an d the normal rate o f fli g ht

,
i s f rom 5 0 to 5 6 miles per hou r T h o . e r
d i n y crew consists o f 2 2 men

ar .
L I Q UI D O XY GEN EXP L O S I V ES I N G ER
MAN Y
describes some recent G erman
L a G en i e C i v i l
developments i n the us e o f l iqu i d ai r fo r
bl astin g The S p eng lu ft G es ell s ch aft
. r
manufacturers plants capabl e of s upplying 2 2

lb f recti fi ed l iqui d oxygen
. o
TH E MAN B EH I ND T H E MAN B EH I ND T H E GU N
BY MARI E R AN DAL L
my ha i r i s g et t in g
’ ’ ’
I c an t fig ht i n t he tr en c h es c au s e r a y,
And t hey say my d ays d on e ; of wo r k a r e n ear ly
B ut the r e s on e t h i ng t hat I m p r ou d o f, a nd I s a y i t
’ ’
e v e r y d ay ,
I m t he ma n b ehi nd t he ma n b eh i n d t he g u n
’
.
S o met i mes I m fe e li n mou r n fu l— li k e b ec a u s e I m g ett i n

’ ’ ’ ’
o ld
An d young er la d s a r e hav in a ll the fun ;

’
B ut I k eep a -
wor k i n g s t ea d y for I wa n t t o hav e i t t old
I m t he ma n b ehi n d t he ma n b ehi n d t h e g
’
un .
W hen t r oub le s ta r t s a c om ing i n the fr ont li ne o v er the r e ;

-
When our la d s a r e g ett in hu stled b y t he H un ; ’
W e w ant em t o b e mi g hty s u r e the g a me i s on t he s qu a r e

’
W i th the ma n b eh in d t he ma n b eh in d t he g un .
T he b oys w i ll w in t he v i c t or y an d ma k e us mi g hty g la d
S ur e , a n d on e o f t hem may b e my only s on .
I wa nt hi m t o co me b a c k a n d s ay
“
Y ou help ed us d o i t, d ad ;
You man b ehi nd t he man b ehi n d t he g u n
’ ”
re t he .
—A mer i c an Ma c hi ni s t .
8 92 2 C O MP R ES S ED AIR MAGAZ I NE
'
have mentioned als t he a d diti nal fact o f i m an un fortuna t e err r ccurred i n the reprint
o o o o
po rtance that t he han dlin g o f the pn eumati c ing f a respon s ibl e f o rmul a wh i ch occurred o
riveter d oes not d ema n d the practice d skill o r in the formula W e reprint the f rmul a b e . o
the slowly acqui red manual facil ity o f the low callin g a t tention to the last number o f it , ,
hand ri veter I t takes years t devel p a hi g h with below i t the same numbe r pr perly co r
. o o o
class riveter while h u rs o r days y aat tthe

h most
o e t ed
, , r c .
are sufficient fo r an average erage man t o learn all d d 1

5
z
“
the man ipulati o n o f the aaii r driven tool T he (H h) (12 H) ; and d

T
. l 2 1
pneuma t ic rive t er mo re o ve r does per fect wo

, work
rk ,
at once an d does n ot requi eq u re

e t be empl yed ir o o
upon low class w rk until it g ets its hand o
br oken in T here i s apparently

.
p a en tly no supe rio r
riitt y r
f any kin d t o be claimed

o med fo r hand riveting ,
unless it might be a certain tain picturesquen ess e r
s u lt i n g in the lack f abs o lu t e uni fo rmity in o
the individual rivets .
I t d es not appear h ow much the p re i n

o
d ices an d habits o f th e B ritish workman may .
operate to retard the usee o f th e pneumatic riv

eter but p robably this has no weight in t he
,
matte r I t i s rather a caa see o f nat

. natii nal inert ia
inertia o ,
and we have a curious c o ob ati e instance o f rr v
th is in another article als to be foun d in ou r o
present i ssue I this is reproduce d a pho t

. n o
o f a lot o f women who have t aken the places
o f men with pick an d shovel an d wheelbarrow

fo an exte nsive j ob o f earth excavation W h y
r .
,
wi t h u s in thes e days it would be impossi b le t o

find even men employed on such a p iece o f
work as this because we always do it with a
,
steam shovel .
T h e un iversal ad ption f the pneumatic rivo o
ete r in shipbuildin g b iler making and o t her , o
wo rk to which it i s adapted s eems to be indis

p uta b ly an indus t rial advantage f us but we or ,
are not fo rgetting that there are other a d an v
ta g es which still p revail on the o t her side o f

t he At lantic as i s suff ciently evidenced by
, i
cheap an d pr lific production in many lines

o ,
and not least am n g the results o f un iversal o
g oo d which shall c me out o f the great shak o
ing up o f t he nation s must be not nly mutual o
respect and appreciati on but a g reater famil

i a i ty w i t h each other s mean s and me t hods a
’
r ,
g en eral aban d nment o f the slow an d worth

o
less ways and a reciprocal ad option o f what

,
is b est f t he a d vantag e o f all

, or .
Th fi rst steel ship bu i lt wi t hout rivets so e ,
A C O R R E C TI O N far as known ha s j ust been launched n the , o
In o Au g ust is s ue page 8 84 8 9 we e
ur south cos t of Engl and The plates were fus ed
,
-
,
r .
printed from C o l Ag e a carefully prepared togethe r by electri c welding i n on e p rocess

a .
statement f t he condi tion s neces s ary t be G eneral ad ption of thi s proces s it i s hel d
o o o , ,
observed f the s ucces s ful installati n and woul d e ff ec t a s avin g of from 2 0 t o 2 5 pe r

or o
operati n of mine s iphons W e re g ret tha t cent in b th time and mate rial
o . . o .
C O MP R ES S ED AI R MAG AZ I 89 2 3
NEG L EC T OF P N E U MAT I C R I V ETI NG A t hi r d a d van t a g e claimed fo r t he pneuma t ic

IN Y AR D S
B RI TI S H S H IPY t o o l is t ha t i t g i ves b o t h t he o t he r a d van t a g es
Th f llowin g which “
e o wee reprin t fr m a o re
wi t h less exer t i o n a n d c o n sequently less i a
cen t i ssue f The E g i L n d mn d eserves
o es n nc
eeer , o i o , ese r
t i g ue o n t he pa r t o f t h e men .
ca re ful rea d in g al t h u g h t h rea d e rs m m st t

. o 1 e r ea ei s o o
b e b enefi t e d are t in t he U ni t e d S tates no .
I t is c mm n kn wle d g e t he wri t er sa
o o sayss o e, '
,
t ha t t h ra t e f t pu t f merchan
e n h o shippin
tt sh i ppin g
ou o i ei c an
fall s far sh r t f wha t is nece necessarysar

o d p o ssi
o 5 s y an
b le Even i f t he t w m s t bb vi u us causes o f ’
. o io o v o s
t his viz sh r t a g e f skille

. . k i l d la b u
, our n d b d o e o a a
t ime k p i ng lo s o f t imee b tt lhee w rkman were

-
ee , s y
v o ,
rem ve d t he ou t pu t w ulldd s t ill

o , i ll remain far b e o i
l w wha t is easil possi b lle O ne o f

o i tt lhe p
p rinci
m y e . i r c1
pal reas ns f t hi s is simply o mp ly t ha t B rriitt ish sh

or ship
ip
y ar d s make very li tt le u se f pneuma tit icc tt ls o oo
o .
T wha t ex t ent t he capacii tt y

o y o f shi p yar d s may ac
be a ff ec t ed b y t he u se f pneumatic ri ve t in g o
ins t ea d f hand rive t in g t he foll win g fi g ures

o , o
will sh w o .
H AN D RIVET I N G AN D P N EU M ATI C C O M P ARED IV
Acc r d in g t in f rma t i o n recently received

o o o
fr mo f t he lea d in g Eas t C oas t shipyar d s

one o ,
t he b es t d ay s wo rk a shell wi t h pn eumatic
'
on
rive t in g is 7 00 rive t s ff seven ei g hhths th f an o -

e s o
inch d iame t e r d f han d wo rk un d er t he , an or ,
same c n d i t i n s 4 3 0 rive t s An av era g e d ay s

o o , .
’
w rk h wever i s c n si d erably less than t hi s

o , o , o ,
a n d may b e t aken as b ein g 5 1 0 rive t s with

pneuma t ic riv et ers a g ain st 2 64 wi t h a han d
squa d t he fi g u res b ein g t aken for w rk on all
, o
par t s o f ship T h number f rivets driven

on e . e o
per d b y a rive t in g squad varies f c u rse

ay , o o ,
accor d in g t o t he part f t he ship w o rked upon o
a n d t he size f rive t use d T h f ll win g may

o . e o o
be t aken as in d ica t in g t he d i fference in on e
d ay s w rk f a han d o n d pneuma t ic rivetin g

o a
squa d O t he shell wi t h —
n i rive t s han d ,
-
h .
,
rive t in g 2 60 t o 3 60 rivets wi t h pneumatic riv

, ,
e t i ng 5 00 t o 5 5 0 ; t he deck wi t h i n ri v on -
, , .
e t s hand rive t in g 4 5 0 pneuma t ic 7 00 ;

. the , , on
d eck wi t h ,
in d i rive t s han d rive t
—
. an -
h .
,
i g 3 5 0 pneuma t ic 5 5 0
n , .
P N U MAT I C R I V ET I N G TAK ES F EW ER M N
E E
Th g rea t ly i ncreased
e u t pu t f w rk se
.
o o o
cu re d b y t he pneuma t ic t o l is in i t sel f s u ffi o
cien t t o es t blish i t s very c nsi d e ra b le superio r

a o
i t y over t he hand meth d B u t i t has an t he r o . o
ve ry imp r t an t advan t a g e A han d rive t in g

o .
-
squad con sis t s o f t hree men n d o tw a ne or o
b ys F rom two o f t hese squa d s t hree pn eu

o . ,
ma t ic rivetin g squa d s can be f rme d t hus i o , c
f t i ng
ec sa vi ng f 5 0 per cen t in l a bo u alon
a o .
r e .
8 92 2 C O MP R ES S ED AI R MAG AZ I NE
‘
have mentioned als t he a d diti nal fact o f i m

o o an unf rtunate err r ccurred i n the reprint
o o o
por t ance tha t t he handlin g f t he pneumatic o ing f a respons ible formul a whi ch occurred
o
riveter d oes not dema n d the practice d skill o r in the f o rmula We reprint the formul a b
. e
th e slowly acqui red manual facility o f the low callin g attention t the las t number o f it
, o ,
han d riveter I t t akes years to d evelop a hi g h

. with below it the same numbe r properly co r
class ri vete r while hou rs o r days y aat tthe
h m o st , , r ec t e d .
are suffi cient for an averageerage man t o learn all “

d. I
d;
the man ipulati o n o f the aairi r driven tool Th e . (H hi ) (h2 H) an d dl
l
pneumatic rive t er mo re ve r does per fect wo rrkk
, o ,
at once and does not requi eq u ree t o be empl yed ir o
upon l w class w rk until it gets its han d

o o
V h1 ) 12
br ken in T here is apparently
o .
p e nt ly no superi rrii t y ar o
o f any kin d t o be claimed

med fo hand riveting r ,
unless it might be a certain tain picturesqueness e r
s u lt i g
n in the lack o f absolu t e un i fo rmity in
the individual rivets .
I t d es not appear h ow much the p ej u

o r
d ices an d habits f the B ritish workman may

o
operate t o retard the usee o f the pneumatic riv

eter but p robably this has no weight in t he
,
matter I t i s rather a case

. a se o f nati nal in ert ia
ertia o ,
and we have a curious c o ob ati e instance o f rr v
this in another article al so to be foun d in ou r

present i ssue I n this i s rep roduced a pho t o
.
o f a l t o f women who have t aken the places

o
o f men w ith pick an d shovel and wheelbarrow

fo an exten sive j ob o f earth excavation W hy
r .
,
with u s in these days it would be impossible t o
find even men employed on such a piece o f

work as thi s becau se we always do it with a
,
steam shovel .
T h un iversal adop t ion o f the pneumatic riv

e
eter in shipbuilding b iler making an d other , o
wo rk to which it i s adapted seems t o be indis

p ut b ly an industrial advanta g e fo r u s but we
a ,
are not fo rgettin g that the re are other a d an v
ta g es which still p revail n the other s ide o f o
t he Atlan t ic a s is suffi ciently evidenced by

,
cheap and prolific p roducti o n in many lines ,
a n d n t least among the results

o f un iversal o
good which shall come o ut o f the great shak

i n g up o f the nation s must be not only mutual
respect and a p precia t i n b ut a greater famil o
i a i ty w i t h each ther s mean s an d methods a

’
r o ,
g eneral aband nment f the slow an d wo rth

o o
less ways an d a recipr o cal adoption o f what

,
is b es t f t he advan t a g e f all
, or o .
Th e fi rst s teel ship bui lt w i t h ut rivets o , so
A C O R R E C TI O N far as known has j ust been launched n the

, o
In ust i s s ue page 884 8 9 we e

ou r Au g ,
-
, r south cost of En g l and The plates were fus ed .
printed from C l Ag e a carefully prepared

oa t ogethe r by el ectri c welding in one proces s .
statement f t he c o ndi tions neces s ary t o be

o G eneral adoption f this proces s it i s hel d
o , ,
observed f t he s ucces s ful install ation and

or woul d e ffect a s avin g f fr m 2 0 to 2 5 per o o
operati o n of m ine s iph ns W re g ret that o . e cent in bo t h time and ma t e ri al

. .
AB O U T G AS O L
L I NE O
By AU GU STU sS H G I LL.
Th e term gasoline was as fo rmerly applie d to

t h e higher p ortion obtainedned by dis t illing crude
petr o leum more particularly
c u la ly that
, above 80 r
deg B u mé (pronounced
. a ed bom bomay ay ) Th e name .
means like gas an d is8 der

“
derived
i ved Ssimilarly
i milarly to
”
“
butterin e an d other wo rds o f like end
”
ending i ng .
O wing to the p resent great deman d fo r gas

oline anything l ighter than
, han keros en e (4 5 deg .
B a mé ) an d even somee o f t hat finds its

u , i ts way ,
in t o the commercial article t c le wh which i ch then b e r i ,
comes really naptha ann intermed intermedia i a t e product , .
T hi s desi g nati n deg B au mé re fers to de “ ”

o .
grees on the hydrometer ter devis ed by B au mé

fo r measuring the densS itiesi t i es o f lliquids
i qu i ds llii g hter
t han water I t is a weighted glass sp
. spindlei ndle
which sinks to a grea t er o r les es s depth in in a
liqui d acco rdin g as it is llight
, i ght o r heavy T hus 5 .
in water i t s inks bu t I 0O d g in
i n eng
engin i n e Oi l t o e ,
2 5 d eg in ker sen e to 4 5 d g in moto r gaso

, o e .
,
l i um nating gasol
line to 60 deg an d in illuminating . gasolin i n e to
86 d g e . ken o f as 86 deg ggas
T hese are spoken a
“‘
-
.
o line etc B u t this desis g nat

”
, . nationon re fers Ssim m i
ply t o t he wei g ht o f theh lliquid iquid o r g ravity “ ”

e ,
as the il man says an d it has nothing to do

o ,
wi t h boiling point freezing point o r percent ,
age compo sition ; i t i s simply a commercial

way o f namin g th e di fferent grades To a .
cer t ain extent howeve r i t is a measure o f the

, ,
v ola t ility o ease w ith which it i s converted

, r
in t o vapo r fo the higher t he number o r test

, r
“ ”
t he more readily i s t he gasoline changed in t o

vapo r W hil e this gravity o r hydrometer
.
“ ”
test i s t he one commonly employed it is a ,
very unsatis fac t ry an d un reliable test as o ,
mixtu res can be made which will have the

same gravity an d yet on e w ill be v ery un sati s
facto ry ; for example a mixtu re o f equal ,
parts o f 5 6 an d 86 deg an d on e o f 2 5 per cent . .
each o f 5 6 66 7 6 an d 86 deg w ill have the

, , .
same gravi t y (7 1 d eg ) an d yet the latter ,
will w rk much better than the fo rmer which

o ,
will vapo riz e i rre g ularly an d ten d to make an

en g ine run unevenly T his extremity o f mix .
t u re would be revealed i n a distillation test

t ha t c nsists in bo iling the g asolin e condens
o ,
i g the vapo r to a liqui d an d noting t he quant

n
ities that c o me over at the diff erent b iling o
t empera t ures I n the gasolin e made up equally

.
o f an 8 6 and 5 6 d eg mixtu re the quantity o f -

.
l w b oilin g an d o f high boilin g disti llate would

o - —
run n early even in volume .

ha s b een
known t o runn in a stratum an d b e
come ign i t ed from a bo iler l fi re 60 ft 3away °
. .
Ga soline d oes not explode ode except in a confined

space ; t he explo sive range ange that is the per , ,
c en tage necessary t o make ai r explos ive is ,
between a d 6 I n o t her wo rds an ai r

n . 11 ,
mixtu re con t ain in g onee an d one hal f to six -
volumes o f t he vap r in one hhundre u d d is e xp lo o n re
s ive P u tt in g i t ano t her wayy two quar

. quarts o f ,
g a soline i f d iff used t h hrough

, o u g h a r o om 1 0x 1 0x r
I O ft w uld make a fi t rate eexplo

.
, o xp l S sion
i on T his rs -
.
i s equal t a b ou t 5 t ablespoon
b les p oo f
o fuls
u ls in a 5 gal n -
.
can T h f llowin g table

. ele shows t he number o f
o
cu b ic fee t f vapo r pro d uced by di fferen to
quan t i t ies o f g asol in e :

G asol
asoline
i ne V ap o r .
Liquid Gasoline Cu F t . . .
1 2 8 liqu id 0 (1 gal ) 32
2 . .
64 liquid 0 (2 q t ) 16
2 . .
3 2 liqu i d 0 (1 q t ) 2 8 . .
8 liqui d 0 pt ) 2 2 . .
4 l iquid 0 (1 gill ) 2 I1.
liqui d 0 %5 (Ap p I ggall )

2 . a
O ne v lume o f the liqu i q u iid

o d becomes 2 4 0 vol
ume s in th vapo rou s con on d dition
i t i on
e .
Th e hea t ing value o f gasolin e varies from

abou t B t u (for 62 deg B a mé ) t o . . . . u
a b out Bt (fo r 7 6 deg B mé ) per . . u . . au
p un d o r
o an d
, B t u per gallon . . .
respec t ively ; tha t is the heavier gasol ine has ,
th gre t er hea t ing value per gallon an d less

e a
pe r poun d P ow —
er .
T R AN S V AAL P O W E R P L ANT D AT A
Th V i c t ori a F al ls and T ransvaal P ower
e
C mpany i s the lar g es t power un dertaking

o
i n th B i i t h Empire
e r Approxima t ely 8 3 7
s .
,
un i t s (ki low a t t h urs ) or o ,
h p h urs were sen t

. . o t of the g eneratin g ou
s t a t ions in the year 1 9 7 T h is involved burn 1 .
ing ove r t on s o f coal a l arge pro ,
por t ion o f wh i ch con i sts o f duff and is a bye s ,
produc t from th col li eries T h year s pera e . e

’
o
t i ns involved t he hea t ing and evapora t ing

o
in t o s t eam f abou t o t ons o f wa t er

a nd t h i s quan t i t y was pas sed th r ugh t h o e
t u r b ines and condense d i n t he s urface con i
d n e wh i ch requi red t he ci rcul a t i n o f

ser s, o
appr xima t ely o gallons o f wa t e r .
Th t t al num b e r of uni t s sold f

e o l i g hting or ,
p owe r and tramway b y th P u b l i c U t i l ity s e
C mpan ies n d Mun icipal i t ies o f G rea t er Lon

o a
rec very featu re is f n par t icular value andd

o o o .
v a u e, a i
w ul d necessi t a t e nume rou

o ou s safe t y precau t ion
i on s
t en sure abs lu t e sa fe t y in pickin g up B u ll t i
o o . e nn
No . 2 ,
N a v a l C on s u lt i ng B oa r d .
P AR I S G R E E N— O
P O T AT O E S — O A
AI R
P L AN E S
Th emeans b y whi ch the N ati n s s upply P f o

’
o
P ari s g reen es caped s eri u us curta

curtaii lment is a n o s
n oun d b y t he F
ce d Addmini
mi m s tt rati n
ti n oo s ra o .
T h s upplye f ace t i c ac
acii d here t f re con
o ,
o o
s id d in di spen s able i n t he manufac t ure of

er e n
P aris g reen w as taken ver s me m nths

,
h go o o o a
t he manufac t ure of aaii rpl ane d pe the “ ”’

f or o ,
ma t eri al us ed fo r makin g t he cloth on a i rpl p ane ai r
w in g s wea t herpr f oo .
In pera t i n w ith the W I ndustrie s

co o -
o ar
B o ard t he chemi cal experts

,
perts f t he F d Ad o oo
mini stra t i n cal le d a t rade c o nference at

o
whi ch t he s i t ua t ion w as o u t l ined an d pl an s (t n
sol i ci t e d t s lve t he acetic aci d sh rta g e B y

o o o .
arran g ement w i t h l arge yeas t manu facturers ,
v ine g ar wh i ch c ntains a b u t 1 0 per cent

,
o o .
ace t i c aci d i s n w b ein g s uppl ied m u f c

,
o an a
tu r er s o f P ari s g reen f wh ich an adequa t e , o
s upply t l east n rmal i s n w as s ured D

—
a , o —
o . e
p tm
ar t f Ag ri culture exper t s advis e als
en o o
t ha t l ead ars en ate an d cal cium ars en ate wh i ch ,
are che aper (especi al ly the l atter ) can be us ed ,
as an equ ival ent s ubstitu t e f P aris g reen in or
many cas es .
I t i s strikin g tha t the ace t i c aci d whi ch

f rmerly wen t i n t P aris g reen w ith whi ch
o o
farmers f u g ht the rava g es f i ns ects is n w

o o o
contri b utin g t the e fficiency f ai rpl anes with

o o
wh ich Ameri can b ys are ra i n i ng destructi n o o
o n t he N ati n s g rea t es t enemy the H u n

o
’
Al ,
.
th u g h techn i cal exper t s h ave pr ot ected agri

o
cul t ure a g ainst a sh r t a g e f P aris g reen th is o o ,
cas e i s t ypi cal o f commercial readj ustments

whi ch may fr m time t time be n ecess ary o o .
T unnel c nnec t ion f Denmark and S weden

o o
O T ES N
has recently been p ropose d wi t h a view to car
,
Th R yal Ai
e F rce has i s s ued a sta t e
o r o r yi n g electric railway tra ffi c across the strait .
ment sh w in g t he enemy los s es i n ai rcraft as

o Acc rdin g t o a note in the S hw i i s he B au
o c e z er c
c mpared w i t h All ied machines mis s in g fr m

o o z ei tu ng the l o cation s elected extends f rom the
,
J uly I 9 7 t J une 3 0 1 9 8 on the W estern

, 1 1 , o ,
1 ,
islan d Amager n ear Copenha g en D enmark to
, , ,
fr nt an d durin g sh rter peri d s n othe r

o o o o t he island S a lth lm an d thence t o Lu nha mn
o ,
fronts Th t t al number f enemy machines

. e o o n ear Malm o S weden T he line is 2 2 miles
, .
destroyed i s f enemy machines driven o lon g including tunnel an d su r face portions

, .
d wno of Al l i ed machines mi ss in g
, , I t cost has been es t imated at
s
L AT E S T U S . . P AT E NTS
J U L YY 9
VAC U U M MI L K I N G MAC H I N E
l ud H ud n D vi W a n g a nu i N e w Z e a
-
.
C a e so a s,
l nd a
,
M n D v ii
.
G R AI N C L E AN E R o r oe a s,
E nid O kl
-
.
a
AI R P U MP C H E C K R b r t A G l
.
.
o e a
l y C i n i nn t i Oh i
-
. .
c a o
UT I L I Z I N G AN E X P AN S I V E FO R C E
, , .
H r b r t Al f r d H um p h r y L n d n
.
e e d W il
e e o o an
l i m J p h R d ll D u d l y E n g l n d
a os e us e e
,
a
,
m th d f p d n t r l f fl u i d m , , .
1 Th e e o o s ee co o o a o
p r t i ng un d r v ry i n g fl u i d v l i t i
.
tor o e a e a e oc es ,
w h i h n i t i n p r d uc i n g
c co f r
s s wh i h i
s o on e o ce c s
a f un ti n f th
c p d
o f u h m t r n th r
o e s ee o s c o o a o e
f r wh i h i f un t i n t r q u th r f
,
o ce f th
c s a c o o e o e e eo
b l n i ng id f r g ain t h th r
,
an d i n a a c sa o c es a s ea c o e
an d r g u l a t ing th e l d th fl u id m t r i n e oa on e o o
a c r d n w i th t h p i n t f b l n
c o a ce th t t h e o o a a c e, s o a e
m t r i m i n t i n d t p r d t rm i n d p d
o o s a a e a a e e e e s ee
f or ac h fl u i d v l i t y
e e oc .
42 7 2 , 2 69
P N EU M AT I C PATENTS J U LY 9
O MP R E S S O R L a i d s la v F
C s . Kri
C h i c a g o 1 11
.
t u fe k
VAR I AB L E P O W E R R E G U L AT I O N
, , .
J o h n A S n e e J r W e s t E l i z a b e th P a
-
.
1 An e l a s t i c fl u i d p um p o p e r a ti n g w i th o u t a
.
, .
, , .
fl y w h e e l w hi c h c om p r i s e s a p ow e r c h a m b e r
.
h a v i n g i n l e t a nd d i s c h a rg e va l v es a p l a y p i p e
,
i n op e ra t i v e r e l a ti on s h i p th e r e w i th c o n t a i n i n g
,
s p a c e f o r a r e c i p r o c a t i n g p i s t o n m e a n s f o r mi n g a
i n a d va n c e o f t h e p i s t on f or an e l a s ti c
,
sp ac e
fl u i d w i th i n l e t a n d d i s c h a r g e va l v e s a p i s t on
a d a p t e d t o b e ac t u a t e d i n on e d i re c t i on b y t h e
,
e n e r g y o f a p r i mary a c t u a t i n g m e d i u m t o c om
,
p re s s a n d d e l i ve r e l a s t i c fl u i d a n d i n t h e op p o
S it e d i r e c t i on t h e r e t urn s t r o k e b y e l a s t i c fl u i d
,
p r e s s ur e a n d m e a n s c om p r i s i n g p i s t o n c y l i n d e r
, ,
a n d d i s c h a r g e p o r t s u it a b l y l o c a t e d w i th r e s p e c t
, , ,
t o t h e c o mp r e s s i o n s p a c e b e y o n d w h e r eb y th e
t o t a l e n e rg y s t o r e d i n t h e e l a s t i c fl u i d u ti l i z e d
.
f o r c a u s i n g th e r e t urn s t r o k e i s m a i n t a i n e d a p
p r o x i m a t e l y c on s ta n t
VAC U U M F E E D C AR B U R E T E R
.
Th om a s W i ll i a m B urr S t o n e h a m Ma s s
-
.
P N E U MAT I C VAL VE
, , .
E d wa r d E
H o l tz
.
C h i c a g o I ll
.
, , .
C O MP R E S S E D AI R MAG AZ I N E . 89 2 9
AI R AN D L I U I D S U P P L Y I N G D E Q G AS AN D AI R M I E R F O R G L AS S X
V nk ll n il
.
I CE Fra W C o i s Ma i n s t e e M i c h
. .
, . . F U R N AC E S E m e Ma j o t Ma u n m e e . o . . Ohi .
AP P AR AT U S F OR T H R OW I N G P N E U MA I C S R AW S AC K E R T T T
l r c ll a in
-
.
R OJ ECTI L ES An g e o G l i s s e n t i B e s i a W a ac e F
Ma c G r e g o r R c e , W i s
{t Iy .
O Fr nk
. .
TO
. .
a AI R R P ED a B W u eb
D na l d T H a t i n g ay t n Oh i
-
. . .
AI R W AS H E R o s s b en D o o
D tr V V
-
. . , . . .
e oi t Mi c h P R E S S U R E R EG UL A I NG AL E T
St p h n J H i nr i h h ar l tr i t
-
. .
Y t i h
.
AI R B R U S H e e e c C es E a es De o Mc
N e wt on H i g h l a n d s Ma s s V
-
. . . . . . .
P U MP F O R AC U U M C L E AN E R S
h rl n r
-
. . .
ME T H O D OF B U I L D I N G F O U N D A C a es E d o f J r C c a g o , 1 11 hi
T I O N S F O R S U B AQ U E O U S T U N N E L S D u n
. . , .
O C MP R E S S
O R F O R R E F R I G E R AT
Mc B e a n N e w Y o r k N Y F r e d J H e i d e m an D e
.
c an D .
D U S T C O L L E C TO R F ran k A Ma
. . . .
I NG T AP P AR A U S .
,
Mic h
.
hi ll i p s b ur g N J
-
.
t r oi t
i
.
. .
ra s o o P
AI R P U MP W i ll i s A wan Vi l T I R E P U MP F O R AU TO MO B I L E S
. . . .
S
Th om a s A H a l le r a n F l u s h i n g N Y
-
a nd \
li m A H i g g s D e t ro i t Mi c h
.
-
. .
a
ha r les L
. . . . .
. . .
AI R C O MP R E S S O R AP P AR AT U S F O R C H AR G I N G C O M
.
C
Br l y C i n c i nn a t i Oh i o P R E S S E D AI R W I T H ATO M I Z E D L I Q U I D S
-
. .
a e
L ew i s L W a l t e r E d w a r d K i m b e r H a r l e s d e n L o n d on
, . .
AI R C O MP R E S S O R
.
F os
ng l n d
-
. . . ,
Md
.
ter . G ov a n s . . E a .
4 2 22 4 8 9
I C PATEN S J U LY 6 P N EU M AT T 1
D R I ER C h ar l H Kl i n C ha ka S AF E T Y C O N T R O L L I N G M E C H AN
es e s
i nn
,
C O MP R E S S I N G MAC H I N E S
. . .
ISM F OR
AI R B R U S H O l au C \V l d C h i rg P C rr ll H r t f r d C nn
-
.
.
G s o ca a o a o o
G OVE R N OR
-
eo e , .
AI R M OTO R S
. . . . ,
g o. I FOR
M l v i ll C l ar k C hi ca g
-
C h r i t i an
.
.
G R AI N S E P AR ATO R 1 11 s e o.
F n t N i a g r F ll N Y rg
-
e
AI R C O M P R E S S O R P U M P
. .
.
ra a a a s G eo e
Al x n d r G i d C h ar l H az l w
z
AS H C O N V E YO R B ur d B ur d
- ~
. .
. . .
d P e a e r a n es e oo a
t ann r N w Y r k N Y P N E U MAT I C P AI N T B R U S H J n
- .
. . .
e e o e s
C h ar l W l t r L un d
-
.
, . . .
WH I S TL E A P h C hi g I ll es a e aa sc e. c a o,
W i ll w C l i f rn i
. . . .
o a o a
A wh i t l u u l y i n r J UL Y 3 0
.
.
1 p m p f s pp e. a
g m d or s c o es s e
fl u i d f p r t i ng t h m d m an
p
.
or o e a f im P N E U MAT I C
e sa S P R I NGe. a nS YS T EM e s or s
h n g i n g t h i z f t h fl id h m R a u l B rn t B r d aux r n
.
u lta n eo u sly c
i d w h i t l w i th t h m v m n t f t h
a e s F e o e u c a a c e
F ran k W
o e
V o e a
AC U U M S Y S T E M
. . .
ber o f sa s e e o e e o e
p i t n i d p u mp M i ll r C h i g
. .
s o f o sa
I ll e ca o,
J ph A va u m y t m mp ri ing
.
R O C K I N G C H AI R F AN
.
.
mg os e
S h m l i S u th B th l h m P
-
1 s s e co s a c as a
p ir l
u
ll
c
nv y r d v rti y r
.
.
di p th
.
c a z o e e e a
W lt r
,
t bl a c o e o s os e e c a e e
ll p ta l
ro a e s
d im nt n r nn
.
S AF E TY C AR C O N T R O L
.
V T n r W i lk i n b r g P i t i g t d a e
co ec ec e c e c o ec e
i nl t p ip
n, e
w i th t h b tt m f i d ing
a se
.
ur e s u i a cas an a r e e
,
e o o o sa
n
.
. .
.
t d t d f id i g di co n ec o o ne en o sa cas n a s
h rg p i p n t d t th p p it d f id
e
J UL Y 2 3 e co n ec o e o os e en
.
o sa
d l i v r i ng w t r
a e
ing th r
c e
AI R G AG E D E VI C E G rg H d m f eo an ea n s or e e a e or o e
p li d D v i d 8 Mi l n l i q u i d i r g u l t d q u n ti t i t p p ly
e ca s
Er i h M i n F ir
-
id i
. . .
c nea o s. an a e. a n e a e a es o sa a r su
m t M i nn
. .
on . .
p ip e .
P N EU M AT IC P ATE NT S JU Y 2 3 L
1 27 05 P R ES SUR E R EG ULA TO R F OR admi i n d

ss o xh u t an e a s of p r ess u r e med i m u to
My e r yl i nd r
-
. .
P N E U IVI AT I C IRES \ V i ll i a m M T s, St th e c e
J oh n AC T I O N A f r e d l
. .
J os e p h Mo P N E U MAT I C
. .
J oh n F O c onn o r Ar th ur C S w n l U tt e r s on a n d A f r e d H
.
H AN D B R AK E
.
s on a
a s s i g no r t o W i ll i a m H Mi ne r b rg C h i g I ll
-
. , , .
C h ic a g o
. .
e ca o
C h a zy N
, . , , ,
Y AI R C L E AN E R AN D P R O C E S S OF
.
3 I n a b r a k e r i g g i n g h a v i n g p o w e r c o n t r o ll e d O s w a l d K u t s c h e P i tt s b u r g
-
, . .
C L E AN I N G AI R
b r a k e s t h e c o m b i n a t i o n th e r e w i th o f a ux i l i a ry
. .
, ,
Pa
m a n u a ll y c o n t r o ll e d a d j u s t a b l e m e a n s f o r a p T h e m e th o d o f t r e a ti n g a i r w h i c h C O II S i St s
, , .
7
p l y i n g va r i a b l e p r e d e t e rm i n e d b ra k i n g fo rc e s in c a us ing flo w a t h i g h v e l o c it y
, .
,
th e a ir to
th r o u g h a s p i r a l t u b e l o c a t e d i n a s t r on g m a g
.
M E T H O D OF T R E AT I N G G AS E S
Ab r a h a m C r e s y M o rr i s on E s s e x F e ll s N J fiel d r a t e l y r e m o v i n g g a s e s f r om
.
s n e ti c a nd s ep a
J o h n F S m ith S e t h e o u t e r a n d i nn e r p o r t i o n s o f t h e t u b e
, , . .
,
OIL B UR NER
a tt l e D a vid
-
. , .
W ash
.
AI R B R AK E M E C H AN I S M
J F r a n kl i n C o l u m b i a S C
-
AI R O P E R AT E D C L AM P I N G D E
. . .
V I C E Me r b i t t R H a n s e n a n d Al f r e d C
-
, . .
FL U I D P R E S S U R E R E C OR D E R
. .
H o u s e r C o l u m b u s Oh i o Th e od o r e W N e w b urn E d g e w o od P a
. . . .
I n m ol d i n g a p p a ra t u s t h e c om b i na t i o n o f G e or g e J
, , . .
AI R B R AK E S Y S T E M
. . .
1
t ur n ov e r s u p p o r t f o r a c o r e b ox or fl a s k a P i lg e r S c ra n t on P a
-
.
, . .
a
cy l i n d e r m o va b l e w i th s a i d s u p p o r t a n d h a v i n g R E P E AT I N G AC C E L E R ATO R F O R
,
, , .
a p i s t on a c la mp a c tua ted b y t h e p i s t o n f or C O M P R E S S E D AI R B R AK E S J os e p h d e
c la mp in g p l a t e o r b o ar d t o t h e b ox o r fl a s k L i p k o w s k i P a r i s F ran c e
-
.
.
a
c o nn e c t i o n s w i th t h e cy l i n d e r a t b o th ,
H om e r S
,
p ip e P N E U MAT I C
. .
P U MP
s i d e s o f t h e p i s t o n a n d a va l v e f or r e g u l a t i n g t h e R o g e r s M i l wau k e e W i s
. .
, , .
22 7 % 03 6
22
{2 7 2 2 9 0
P N EU M AT IC P ATENT S J U LY 30
.
ma t erial f all descrip t i ns and a t t he Ssame

O ame ons ,
time she sank f urteen feett int the mud Th e o ce o .
S lip also was narr w be t ween t he ppiers so ers tha t o

'
this was an ad d i t i nal an d mos t seri us co comn o o
plicati n o .
A DO U B E PRO M L BLE .
Th e wreck presente d a a tw f ld pro problem

1 t o o o
the engineers ; fi rs t t r ll her uupri ht an d

p ig h , o o r ,
s ec nd t o pump her ou t B t fifi rst

o ,
st i t was . u
n ecessary t clear awayy the dama g ed masts

o
and sm kes t acks removee t op weigh

o weights am o unt
,
ing t hundreds o f tons h i st ff her guns and

o , o O
g t rid
e f the li tt er thatt lay submer g ed beside
o
the ship j ust where t he divers would have to

operate .
W hen th e ship sank h carriedd d wn wi t h

'
S e c arr e o
her a number f rapid fi re rifles intend intendedd t o

O
repel a t tacking U b a t s W eapons apon o f tha t so rt

-
o .
were t much in d eman

oo an d t o let them remain
i d le un t il the S t P aul c o ul d be made eady . r
a g ain f s ea T here f ree one o f the fi rst t h in g s

or . o
called f in li g h t enin g he r was t he removal

or
O f t he g uns .
T h o se the starb ard o upper s ide o f

on o r
the wreck were ab ve the he sur face o f t he water o
and orld be rem ved eas

c i easily
i ly but the lowe owe o , r
guns n the po rt side presented a very di ffer

o
ent task T hey we re buried deep in the mud

.
,
t en o r m re fee t and were quite bey o n d the

o ,
reach o f t he underwater w rkers o .
C O M PRES S ED AI R G TS TO W O RK E .
I n rder t hat the men mi g ht reach t he g un s

o
the s ilt verlyin g the rifles had t be excava t ed

o o
F o this pu rp se c mpressed air led throu g h

r o o
h o se was empl yed t blow away the mud o o .
W hen t he pieces we r e t hus uncovered s l ings

were a t tached to them that t he weapons so
c uld be hoiste d to the su r face at t he ri g ht

o
m ment but wi t h this d ne the mo st tickli sh

o , o
part f t he salva g e f the rapid fi

o ye t o r er s re
main unacc mpli she d o .
B e f re t he g un s c uld b e raised it was

o o
n ecessary t o cast them l s e f rom the deck t o oo ,
which t hey were secured by massive bol t s an d

nut s Th e divers achieved this despi t e the
.
dim v isi n p ss ible in the muddy wate r d

o o an
t he unce rtain footing .
Ag ain the crumpled mas t s an d sm kes t acks

, o
h d to be g t
a t f t he way o Not o nly we re
ou O .
these c onsi d erable wei g h t s wi t h tan g le d stays ,
an d ri g g in g but in the cas e o f the funnel s t he

,
masses f s t eel were f great bulk an d awk

o o
war d t o deal wi t h B y mean s o f skil fully .
place d s t icks f d ynami t e t he masts were o

C O MP R ES S ED AIR MAGAZ I NE
. 893 3
when su b sequ en t ly inspec tt eedd was found O u n d to 0 be

'
ec
abs lu t ely water t igh t

o .
No t only were t he dive ve rs requ i red t o close

all Open in g s t ha t were likely
ik e ly t 0 o iini tt er ffere
e e w wii t h er r
t he pumping ou t o f t he lliner i ner in e fl fi t i ng her

’
r oa ,
bu t i t was equally necessary sarv t o c re reate openings

to facili t ate t he d raining Oo ff t he waa t err to ppoin o nts
where it could be reachedd by t he pump in t akes .
I n a number O f cases bulkheadslkh ea d an d o t her s t eel s
ba rriers were broken t h ro ugh bbyy means oO ff dy

namite to facili t a t e t hi s m o vemen t o f t he con
t a in e d water and t he s t iicks
, c k s o f explosive were
t ied in place by ou r un d eerwa w tt er wo k e s the

o rkers r a er r r ,
charges bein g a f t erward(1 se t O ff by electricity .
U N DER VATER C UTT TT I N G TO C H

\ I R .
T he Obj ec ti o n t t his pr cedu re lies in o i n t he o
ra t her exten sive structu ral damage iinvited n t ed 1 lo0 v

'
cally a d t he resul t in g cost f repairs ToO

n o .
Off se t t his J E Ki rk mach

. machini i n st foreman an d
.
,
a capable d iver an d \MI C hapman xp ni , r . e er
me t ed fo r weeks wi t h a cu ttt ing

n i ng t o rch o f the theii r
own devising and even t ually . lly t hey
he succee d ed in inua y
per fec t ing i t so that t hee oxy acetylene flame -
would d o i t s wo rk underr all con d i t i 0ns5 T hey o 1 .
were able t cu t h les W

o wiitt h prec i s i on a n d des
precision o
pa t ch throu g h a n s t eel wall a nd open ings were

y ,
thus ma d e up t o fou r t een inches in diameter ,
t he ac t ual cu t ting time being a mat t er o f a very

few minu t es T h deepes t pening ma d e in this
. e o
way wi t h in t he S t P aul was m re than fi fty . o
fee t below the sur face o f the water .
The w rk inside the liner involve d t he

o
sealing o f several h undred Openin g s o f one

so rt o r ano t her I t was d eci d e d a t the s t ar t t o
.
isola t e t he fo rward and a f t er ends o f t he cra f t

f rom he r middle body an d t o pump ut t he o
b o w an d s t e m region s TO thi s end it was .
necessary t cl o se certain o f the ha t ches an d

o
'
to p rovi d e t empo rary barriers .
MAK I NG VAT E T I G H T CO MPART MEN T S

\ R -
.
Fo t his w rk we use d mas sive cemen t

r o
pa t ches an d walls which we in s t alled under ,
wa t er T hese pr o ved en t i rely sa t is fac t o ry and

.
enabled us t o exer t buoyan t impulses j ust

where we wan t e d t hem d u rin g o ini t ial i ur c
fo r t s to tu rn t he vessel upri g h t The wate r .
was controlled b y mo re t han t wen t y pumps .
t hree o f t hem being t w elve inch centri fugal '
wrecking pumps .
Beca use o f t he con fin ed area in which t he

S t P aul lay i t was no t deemed p rac t icable t o
.
app roach her a s we m ight otherwi se have done

had S he been sunk in Open wa t ers T h ship . e
ing the closin g up o f thhee entire ship SO that

she c uld be pumped outt as a whh lle
o o .
COFF ERDAM S .
C los ing up called f t he bu i ldin g o f a c o f

buildin or
f d m mo re than 3 60 fee t l ng on t he port

er a o
side and somethin g verr 2 90 f eet n t he star o o
b ard ide B y mean s o f t hese cc if

o S . d m the
ff erdams o -
er a s
lin er was finally made w waa t er tt i g hhtt t a level er i o a
j ust above the river s sur fface at hhi g hh ttide i de and

’
r ac e
S h was in e ffect conver

e ,
ver t e d int a ggigan ,i gan t ic o
flask which c o ul d be drained ra i ned del iberately b y

t he array o f pumps assembled mb led upon h her e decks r .
Th e chain s previ u sly a t tached t t he pon

o o
t oon s du rin g t he pullin g the A frames were on
n ext g ripped fo rward an d a ft by two great

wreckin g cra f t t he derrickserricks M narch an d , ,
.
o
C ommander which exercise a ll ii ff tt ing an d '
e c i s ed , ng r
heelin g f rce while th e pumps we re g ettin g

o
ri d o f the water within the St P aul I n thi this . . i

‘
way the salvors succeeded ed in brin g ing tt hhee ves

sel back within 1 6 degrees ees o f vertical Th is .
ended the sec nd stag e o f the w rk o o .
Th e thir d s t age O f the u un d eer tt akin ki g n r a i c on
s isted in pumpin g t he entit re ship h p wh h ile

l ssteady d ' ' '
i n g her by fou r fl atin g d erricks two o each o , n
si d e T hi s was don e on S eptember 1 1 and

.
,
wi t hin five h u rs a f t e r star t in g the pumps t he

o
liner floa t ed clear o f the bottom fo re an d a ft ,
assumin g a p si t i n wi t h a li st o f 4 deg reeso o
to p o rt which was du e to the mass f w reck

, O
a g e that had g athered there when the vessel
sank an d turn e d ver T his heel was ve r o . o
c me by the placin g o f c mpensatin g ballast

o o
on the starb ard ide o S .
O nce fully afloat w rkmen were placed on o
th e ship cl ean in g h er up an d in s t allin g certain

apparatu s fo r th e liner s machinery W hile as ’
.
much mud as p ssible was rem ve d d u ring the '
o o
variou s s t ages f r llin g an d raising the St o o .
P aul still when she was finally afl oat it was

,
foun d that t here yet remaine d a t h u san d t ns o o
o f t he oily smelly silt t hrou g hout the cra ft on

,
'
her por t s ide Thi s was got rid o f an d the .
S t P aul was tu rned over t o ep r es en tativ es

'
. r
O f the American Line n S eptember 2 7 o .
G reat credit i s due C apt I M T ooker the . . .

,
w reckin g master whose sh o ulders b re the , o
supervi so ry burden o f the enti re j ob U n dis .
mayed by snappin g hawsers an d t he occasional

failu re f t h e apparatu s he watched Over
O ‘
o r ,
the task like a g eneral gui din g a battle an d

mustered hi s c rrective forces with winning o *
rom B ulletin N
F O . 1 1 , F ederal B oard fo r
skill . V oca t ional Educati o n .
OX Y -
AC ETYLENE W ELD N G I IN TH E F REN CH
Y AR M
O x y acetylen e welding
-
g i s u sed exten sively S
by the F rench Army foo r both manu factur ing

facturin
an d repair work I t u se in i n manu fac t uring i s . s
prac t ically t he ame as in i n thehe U nnited

i ted S t ates s .
I n repai r wo rk it is u sed1 at p sts si t ua ed oout

uated n ( o 5
o f r ange o f shell fi re as iti t has been foun d that ,
the men can not d o efffi cient i n t work when ex c e

»
posed to fi re I t i s al so0 u sed at all bas basee

.
. re
pair shops t P ari s an d t her citie s Whhen

a o .
ever possible damaged parts are replaced by

i
n ew on es otherwis e t hee work is m ved to a

,
o
repair camp i n the rear At t he repair camp ,

.
the w rk i s u sually carried

o i d n in a small b t e o u
about 2 feet square al t hough in s me cases

1 ,
o
it is d ne in t he main repai
o pai r sheds Acetylene .
i s usually gen erated at th e repai r huts an d i s ,
u sed in cylinders only when hen nece ssi t y deman ds

it P rtable genera t o rs are employed
. o mp lo d f for llar g e e
w rk which can n t be handled n i i d t he hut

o o is e .
O xyg en i s obtain ed in cyl yl innd d ers holding f rom

'
er s
6 t o 7 cubic meters .
Th u se o f the pr cesss b y th e F rench Army

e o
has t wo limitation s :F i rs t lack f capable , o
wel d ers ; an d secon d limi d supply

i mi tt ed f oxy, , e o
gen cylinders .
\Y i t h the fi rst call t t he col rs t he men ex o o
p i n d in weldin g were sent t t he t renches

er e ce o ,
bu t later were recalled to industrial wo rk espe ,
c ai lly in t he manu facture f b mbs u se d in o o
t rench war fare ae roplan es e t c A a co se , , . s u
q uen very few men can be spare d f repair

ce or
w rk at t he front an d there i s a cons equent

o ,
l ss was t age an d bu rden on transpo r tati n

o , ,
o
wh i ch could otherwi se b avo i d e d -

e .
O g ni t i n
r a Each army has its own c rp s
z a o —
o
o f engineers au t os artillery railr a d s aero , , , o ,
plan es n d each , a f these d ivision s looks on e O
a f t er i t s own repair wo rk S far as xy . O o
ace t len e i s concerned they w rk in depen den t ly

y o
O i each t her o .
Ap p t Th appara t u s used in the Army

'
—
a r a us . e
i prac t ically the same as t hat u se d in indu s

s
t rial w rk T h am unt f appara t us needed

o . e o O
depends on num b er f heavy g uns l i g h t gun O , s,
motor cars mile s o f track airplanes brid g es

, , , ,
am un t f pipin g ctivity f t he Army etc

o O , a O , .
F i ld of U t i li ty
e Th oxy ace t ylen e p ro —
e —
ces s i s us ed in t he f l l win g b ranche s : Aero o o
pl anes (inclu d in g lorri es ) arti l lery t mo , , au o
b ile s (autos trucks ) engineers rai lroad w rk

, .
, o .
A op l er O ne welding se t n d t w ex
a n es —
a o
pert men are used f each 1 5 0 aeros Th i s or .
i s in d epen d ent f wel din g appara t us us e d fo r o

1 16 . I
AN AU T O MAT I C S H E L L C L E AN S I N G rec t i n s All t he ro t a t in g mechanism i s con
o .
S AN D B L AS T AP P AR AT U S t i e d in a separa t e d us t t i g h t c mpar t men t as

'
a n o
In t he pr o ces s es o f shell manu fac t u re t he

shown .
A d i rec t hi g h pressu re sand blas t machine

pe r fec t cleanin g o f t he in t eri o rs is a/ fi x a t i o n
O f impo r t ance and t h e san d b las t i s mo s t c i
fic i en t fo r t he pu rp o se while t he num b e rs
.
manu fac t ure d have ma d e an impera t i ve d e

mand fo r a p para t us specially a d ap t e d t o t he
w o rk The arran g emen t here sh o wn buil t by
.
,
t he P a n g b o r i i Co rp o ra t ion H agers t own Mary

, ,
lan d pro vi des con t inu o u s o pera t i o n fo r clean

,
i ng 1 5 5 min . in ) shells wi t h d irec t hi g h

.
pressu re ai r Fi g 1 i s a fro n t an d Fi g 2 a
. . .
rear view o f t he en t i re arran g emen t P r i .
ma rily i t c o n si s t s o f a ca b ine t in which are

moun t e d f o u r r o t a t in g chucks o r carri ers d r i v
en a t slow s peed on dus t pro t ec t e d b all bea r
in g s The chucks are d riven b y bel t from a
.
main d rive a t t he rear o f t he ca b ine t see Fi g

. .
3 t h e al t erna t e chucks t u rnin g in Opp o si t e di

, FIG .
or t he
me t al a b rasives an d t he equipmen t as
,
here sh wn in ac t ual prac t ice is cleanin g 90

o
Shells 5 5 mm pe r h ur Th ca b ine t i s als o

1 . o . e
ma d e f shells f other sizes as required

or O .
FIG .
3
wi t h t w lines f h se fee s
o O ni zzles
o l s which
t h ed s t wo oz z e \
‘
are p si t i ne d t d elive r tt lhee san d blast w i t hin

o o o
'
t he n se pen in g s f al t erna t e shells

o o hells
o The .
shells are place d in t hee r t ating chucks w wii t h o
t he Openin g s d w nwar d and as either It w0

o o al, V
t erna t e shells are cleane d t he n zzles are ne o
t h r wn ver b y a w ei g h
o o h tt e d han d lleverer t he e ey on
fr n t f t he ca b ine t t t he t her t w shells

o O o
O o o
w i t h u t s t ppin g t he b las tt iin g ac t i n

_
o o d t hen
as n o ,
. an
t he clean e d shells are rem m x ve d d t her shells hells o e an o
place d in the chucks f clean in g F i g 4 or g

. .
sh ws t he suspen d in g le
o leverse i s n d tt hhe nozzles
o le v a e n z z s
w i t hin t he ca b ine t .
A h pper f rme d in t hhe b tt m O f t he ca b

o o o o
i ne t receives t he spen t b rasive w hich i s on a c
ve y d te an eleva t r d raise d t o a sepa

o o an
ra t r ve r t he san d b last machine which b y

o o
m h i ll
ec an c a perated screen s an d s t r n g ex
v o o
haus t a t pera t i n removes b oth fine an d

on e o o
c arse ma t erial which passes t a re fuse bin

o o ,
t he clean sha rp a b rasive f

, u se b ein g d or r e— e
livere d t a s t ra g e bin f refillin g t he ma

o o or
chine .
T h machine mav b e u se d wi t h ei t her san d

e
FI G .
4
.
SEC/
ec f I/oH 09
n o b
FI G
.
to them w i ll be furnished shed on request I t ii s .
qu ite l ikely that pattern ern s and tootools wi l l be

develope d by some of these manu facturers
for the production O ff the Ss impl mp l i fi
fi ed i n
n s tt u
i i e r
men illustrated herein provided prov i ded there should

,
be s u ffi cient deman d for them an d i n th thii s ,
cas e the tubes wo uld no doubt be carefull y

developed for highest ee ffifi Cciency en y I c .
Th e average ai r u sed by a rivet et furnac e r v
runs from 2 0 to 4 0 cu ft per m in ute A. . .
p roperly des igned syphon blower w i l l eas il y

reduce the h igh pres u re upply to 2 5 % O f the
S
total uti lizing 7 5 % O f free ai r i n the furn ace

, .
F iguring the av erage furnace ai r s upply

at 2 0 cu ft per minute the s aving e ffected
. .
,
woul d be 1 5 00 cu ft O f high pres sure ai r

per minute o r app roxi m
. .
ately 2 5 0 ho rs e power
fo r each 1 00 rivet furnaces in Operation .
A few ship yards have made some p rogres s

i n the appl i cation o f the syphon blower prin
c i p le to r i et h ea t e s and some ma nu fa c t u r
v r
er s are furn ish ing heaters w ith s phon attach

y
ments but so far as these have been Observed
,
a n d tested out they have not been des igned for

,
high e ffi ciency and as the matter stands it

,
s eems that even the few yards that have taken
s teps in this direction have not taken full ad
vantage f the Oppo rtunity

o .
Th e c st o f thes e blowers in any cas e i s

o
s o ins ign i ficant in comparison w ith the s aving
e ff ected that it is a
g reat w aste to u s e any
th ing sh rt of a thor u g hly effi cient i ns t u
o o r
ment .
I t i s s ug g et e d therefore that blowers be

tested an d that nothing be accepted o r u sed
whi ch wi l l not util ize 7 5 % o f induced ai r T H E S C R OO P ME T AL S P R AY P R O C E S S
.
-
A very S imple testing metho d i s i llustrated I MP R O V E D

by the accompanying sketch Fi g 3 I n th i s -
By increasing the
.
atomizing pr e ssure in “ ”
a rrangement the bl wer i s attached to an ope n

o the pistol O f the Sc hOOp apparatus metal d e
“ ”
,
i ng in the end o f a rectangul ar wood b ox posits O f ve ry fi ne grain an d high density an d
a pproximately 3 feet long by x strength have recently been Obtained T he pis .
to ] is a blow pipe in wh ich i ch ttheh me t all allici c b ea d .
fused by th e flame is to rn away a n d a t omized ,
pressed ai r The o r d in
by the cu rrent O f compressed .
a y wo rking pressu re o f t he air is

r atmo
spheres but t he pistol Operate
.
Operates the inj ec t or on
p rinciple and the actual tual atomizing pres s ure

,
was so far only mos p e res T his a tomi

atmosphe . z
ing pressu re has recen tt llyy been ra sed t

raised and '
3 a t mospheres wi t hout
u t increasing t he wo rk
i ng pressure wi t h very promi

om sing i g results A
'
y p , r s n .
lead pipe 1 mm wall thicknhic k ne esss made b y the i m

. s
p r ved process was filled

o lled W with
i th hyd r gen aa tt 5 o
a t mosphe ric pressu re whh ilele lying in i wa t e r ; no v i
hydrogen escaped while hile hydro g en bu b bles ,
ugh a lead ppipe

fo rce d t hei r way t hrough p e ma d e b by '
the O ld proc ess I n ano no t her exper

experimen
. i men t plate plates
vered wi t h lead on e o r
o f sheet i ron were covered
-
,
two c atings a t pressuu re s o f

o or of a tt
a
'
mo p h es Th e one
s er t wo coatings o f t h e
. or
old process did no t p revent

event subs equent rust rusting '
O f i ron but both t he on e coat

, coatingi ng and the two
i ted a t t he hhigher
coatin g s o f lead dep Ss ited ,i gher pres o
su re kept the pla t es f ree o f ru st when they

were placed in watc E i g i i ng h —
in n eer .
L U B R I C ATI ON OF AI R C O MP R ES S O R S
By W . H . C ALLAN
Th e lubricati n O f the a i r compres so r s t eam
o ,
cyl inder mai n bearings crankpin cros shead

, , ,
pin cros shead gui de e t c d es not diff er fr m

, , .
, o o
tha t f th e d i na s t eam engine which is

O or rv ,
very wel l known and underst oo d ; hence the

dis cus s ion i n t h is ar t icl e wi l l be c n fi ned o
to ai r cyl inde r lubrica t ion only

-
.
Years ago when we were young i n t he com

pres s r bus ines s cons i derable trouble was ex
o
p e i n c e d i n procuring a s uitable O i l fo r lu
r e
b i c a t i ng t he ai r cyl inders o f our compre ssors

r .
Af t e r Cons i dering t he matte r fo s ome time i t r
was decided tha t an expe rt on t he s ubj ect

shoul d be c ns ul t ed T h ma t te r was t aken
o . e
up w i t h a well known O i l company wh s e -

o
repres en t a t ive call ed upon us an d a f t er mak ,
ing careful examina t i n o f t he c ondi t i ns he o o
repo t ed t hat our t r ubl e was en t i rely d u e to

r o
us in g an O i l t o l i g h t i n bo d y and t l wo oo o
in vi scos i ty t wi t h s t and t he h i g h heat o f

o
th c ompress i n H e s t a t e d t ha t t he i l we
e o . o
were us ing was g s i fie d d u t t he h i g h a . e o
t em p e ra t u re of t he a i r and t h a t i t pas s ed ff . O
in vap r leaving t he cyl inder wal l wi t h ut

o , o
l ubrica t ion and recommended a sui t abl e o i l

, .
The g rade w a s 2 6 B a umé gravi t y wi t h a

flash po in t o f 5 1 5 deg F fi re t es t of 5 5 5 deg . .
, .
F and viscosi ty o f 1 3 0 S a t 2 2 d g F Af t er
.
, . 1 e . .
s ages seemed t o be bui l d ing up rapi dly ddesp te

es p ite
the fact t hat we were feedin e d n g but a smal l quan i
tity O f O i l i nto the cyl inder The formation .
had collected to s uch an extent tha that i tt was

'
n ecess ary to clean the pas s ages in o rde r t o

avoi d an expl s i n S me oo ff the rem oved o o . o
materi al w as an alyzed an d found to contai n

about per cent free O i l 1 1 pe r cen cent rust . i , .
,
5 per cent decompos ed o i l 3 0 per cent

.
, .
m in eral ash 1 0 per cent coal dust and the ree , . r «
m a i n d e foreign matter or res i duum A fur

r , .
ther i nvestigation showed e d that 0 our

i r intake
n t a k e was
'
expos ed to coal dust mineral ash shavings , , ,
wa t e r etc a s wel l as some

, ome ai r
.
, .
After clean ing the compres es so r and s afe

guarding t he intake agai ga i nst di rt an d dust ,
w e procured anothe r grade rade of Oo ii ll whi ch we

bel i eved was m re s uitable table f the work as o or ,
we had i nvesti g ated and(1 stud studied i ed the question

in t he meantime Th i s oi l was O f 3 1 B a umé .
gravity flash point 3 7 5 deg F burn ing point

, . .
,
4 2 0 deg F and i c os i ty . y 2 00 S at 1 00 deg F

. v . . .
W star t ed by feeding three drops a mi nute

e .
F inding the cyl inder copi uss llyy O i led the feed '
O p ou o
was re d uced to two dr ppss The com pres sor ro .
was perated in th i s c nndition

o d t i on fo r a 1long0 g time o i
w ith prac t ically no troubl e from carb n de o
p s its
o .
Experi encin g s uch g ood res ults from thi s

l i g ht O i l and by t hi s time disbel i ev ing the
v i rtues claimed fo r the l w gravity h igh flash o ,
p in t and heavy i c i ty we were p rompted

o v os ,
to try an t her grade f O i l an d s el ected one

o O
H
h avin g a g rav ity f 3 3 B a umé flash poi nt o ,
O f 3 80 d g F fi re test of 4 2 0 d g F and
e . .
, e . .
,
v is co si t y f 1 4 0 S at 1 00 deg F Th e s ame
o . . .
quan t i t y was used as b efore n amely two drops , ,
a minute in a 1 4 x 1 4 cylinder running at 1 5 0

r p m . Th i s O i l was us ed fo years with ut r o
any t r u b l e i n respect to l ubri cati on valve

o ,
l ek g
e a and car b on depos i t s i fact it proved
e —
h
to be very s ati s fact ry i n every way o .
Th e i l representative made hi s regular cal ls

O
on us and each time we told h im what we were

d in g
o H as s ured u s we were on the w r n g
. e o
track an d that s o oner or l ater woul d g et int o
t r o u b l e b ut after continued tests an d very

,
careful b serva t i n o f al l c n ditions we are

o o o ,
s ati s fied that the l atter O i l i s the most s uitabl e

f or a i r cyli nder lubri cati n when w orking
-
a g ains t 00 lb pres s ure either s in g le o two

1 .
, r
s t ag e .
O ne day an O ld friend called who was also ,
an exper t f an i l company O n b ein g t l d or O . o
ou r experien ce w i t h ai r cyl inder lubr i cation -

son o f being mixed wi t h fo reign matter taken

in throu g h the inlet .
AS has been shown a I 4 x I 4 i n cylin der can ,

-
.
be adequa t ely lubricated with two dr ps o f o
O i l a minute when the compres sor is Operated
at 1 5 0 p m bein g the equivalent o f one drop

r ,
O f O il fo r each 600 sq f t Oo f cylin der

yl n d e su r face
a . . i
swept by the piston Thhee O i l h ere re ferred to . i
was o f p a ffi n base H owever I bel ieve

ar e i eve t ha t .
,
me cons
an O il o f ab ut t he same o i stency refin ed
consistency ,
from an asphalt base woul d serve as well i f ,
not better Am i c n M h i i t
.
—
er a ac inis .
PN E U MATI C C O NV E YY AN C E OF DRY
S AN D
Th e illustra t i n s heree rep roduce d f rom a

o
r ece nt issue o f El t i c R illw y lJ ou n Il S hhow

ec r a
'
a r a
the e ssenti al features f a s an d car bui lt by O
th e U n ited R ai lways of S t Louis F rom th i s . .
ca r the s and i s unloaded by a i r pres s ure and ,
the res ults have been very g rati fying both in

the amount f lab r s aved an d als o i n the
o o
time reduction W ith a crew of two men the

.
car w i l l del iver a bout cu ft of s an d per . .
day as compared w ith 4 00 cu ft per day w ith

, . .
four men when unloaded manually Th e .
metho d empl yed i s o f cours e not o ri g in al

o
but its appl i cation of thi s cas e exempl i fies

g ood practi ce T he body of the car con
.
s i sts o f a 1 5 i n 60 lb I beam frame m unted

-
.
-
.
-
o
o n the company s s tandard di am nd f rame ’

o -
truck an d driven by four 5 0 hp W estingh us e . o
motors T h e car i s 3 0 ft lon g ver the bump

. . o
ers an d approximately 8 ft 6 in wide

, . . .
Th e l arge s and tank wh i ch i s 1 2 ft i n di , .
a m et e an d h as a capacity of 3 60 cu ft i s
r . .
,
FI G
. 2
driving cab wh i ch takes up 7 ft 6 in of s pace . .

wi t h a set o f pulleys at each end ove r which ,
at one end O f t he car Thi s cab has a 3 0 i n .

-
.
pass en d les s rubber belts fo r carrying th e
s li d ing doo r i n the rear end and i s 7 ft 3 in . .
wo rk unde r t he blast nozzles U n der the ma .
h igh giving a total he ight from top o f rai l

,
ch ine is a hopper t hrough which the spent
'
,
o f 1 1 ft 1 0% in The ai r res ervo i rs are loc at

. .
sand run s by gravity to a sto rage bin from
ed between th e cab and the tank Afte r hav .
which it i s carried by elevators t o a supply bin
ing been in Operation some time it was found ,
Overhead S liding d oo rs at B permit work to
.
to be advantageou s to i ns tall two additi on al be held un der the blas t s by hand an d glas s ,
a i r res ervoi rs o f the s ame s i ze and so ar windows at C allow t he w rkman to watch t he o
ranged with check valves t h at a back pres s ure progress o f the wo rk wi t hout risk to eyes and
of 2 0 lb i s always upon the compres s ors T h is
. . lungs .
i s t o prevent th e compressors from racing Th e sand runs from t he overhead supply bin
when the pres s ure in t he res ervoi rs i s sudden to the nozzles t hrou g h t he spout D to t he ga t es
ly t hrown into the s and tank . E which have screw adj ustments and d i s t i b
,
r
The pera t ion of t he car is ve ry s impl e

o .
ute the san d in a l o ng flat s t ream under th e ,
Th e car i s loaded at the dry s and pl ant air nozzl e s F An open in g in t he machine bod y
.
th rou g h t he two o penings i n t he top of the at G is closed by a canvas cu r t ain n d permit s a
s and tank The caps are s crewed on an d the

.
wo rk being p laced on the endl ess belts Th e .
car proceeds t t he bi ns P res s ure i s pumped

o . exhau st pipes H carry o ff the spent ai r and
up i n t he reservoi rs whi l e the car i s travel ing , fine du s t leavin g t he retu rned san d always
,
and up n arrival i s turne d on to the sand

o clean an d ready f use T hese machines u se or .
th rough t he qui ck Open ing valve at a pres s ure from 1 2 t I 4 0 air pressu re o 2 . .
o f from 2 5 to 60 lb p er square inch The sand . .
i s forced down into the T shaped cas ting at ME X I C ANS AR E N O T H U NS

the b tt om o f t he tank and ass i s t ed by ai r
o , To the honour of Mexi c o it h oul d be s aid , S
pres s ure en t erin g t he T t h rough the in . tha t during t he whol e period f her tr ubles o o ,
pipe i s f rce d up an d ou t t h rou g h t he s t and

, o the property o f fo re ign i nves t ors has s uff ered
pipe and h o s e S and begins t flow at 2 5 lb
. o . but l ittle inj ury O n t he various mines in t he .
,
pres s ure but Operates best at ab u t 4 0 lb The

, o . aggregate machinery wh i ch h as c s t some
, o
t ank i s des igned fo 60 lb w rki ng pres s ure r . o , hun dreds of t housands O f pounds has been ,
and is pro t ec t ed by a s afety valve at the top . erected and we have yet to learn t ha t any O f
,
i t has been damaged t o any s eri us ex t en t I n o .
o t her words the Mexi can s have shown an ,
exampl e to the H uns wh i ch t he l at t e r may i n ,
a day that i s c ming regret they di d no t fol o ,
lo w Th e mines t herefore are ready

. ne and , , , o
al l to go to work and s me have al ready don e

, , o
s o th ough as pointed ut condi t i ons hav e

, , o ,
not been wholly stabi l ize d Mi n ing lV o ld —

r ,
Lo ndon .
FI G U R E S H AR D T O G R AS P
n t ente Allies excluding R ussia and The E —
inclu d in g only t hose B ri t ish d ominions which

are sel f g overnin g an d only the U ni t ed S t ate s —
,
A S P E C I AL S AN D B L AS T MAC H I N E pr per have square miles o f terri o —
An elabo ra t e se rial article describin g th e t o ry pe ople an d .
manu fac t ure o f t he C omp t omete r cu rren t in o f na t u ral weal t h The C en t ral P wers have . o
th Am
e i c n M c h i is t Con t ains t he following
er a a n square miles o f t erri t o ry 1 4 7 , ,
account o f t he sand blas t apparatus employed : pe ple an d o f na t ional o ,
A number o f parts must be sandblas t ed and weal t h T h Entente owe an aggre g a t e deb t O f ,
. e
as no sa t is fac t o ry machines fo r t hi s wo rk could which i s abou t 1 4 per cen t o f .
be pu rchased the one here shown was d e thei r to t l assets T he C en t ral Po wers owe
, a .
sign ed n d bu il t
a . o r 2 8 per cen t o f t hei r na t ional ,
T he b o d y o f t he machin e A carries a sha ft weal t h .

T H E C E ME NT G U N F I R E P R O O FS A
MI N E S H AF T*
By E . M . NORR I S
In the s ummer o f 1 9 I1 7 it was de c ided to
fi repro f the tramway hoi ssting
o t i n g shaf t of tthe h i
Anaconda C opper Mi nin g C o at B utte Mont .

, .
T h e shaft has three ho o ii s

sting
t ng compartments i
and one pump c mpar tt m ment en t ; it i s tii m

mbered
ob e ed r
mber and i s 2 4 7 5 f t
w i t h 1 2 x 1 2 i fi r timber -
n .
,
.
deep S ubs i dence an d ddisplacement

. s p l c em en t f t he a o
s urr unding c untry rock

o ck had produced ex
o
c e e d i n g ly heavy g round and had carried the ,
shaft ut of l ine i n s everal

o ral pl aces by as much , ,
as 2 ft di splacement C onstant repa iring and

. .
reali g ning o f the timbers rs had been nnecessary e a y c ess
i n o rder to maintain clearance

ea c e for the cages ran .
The m s t feas ibl e metho otho d o f fi ep oofi ng r r ,
therefore seemed to be to c ve r the t imbers

,
o
w i t h a coat o f concrete ete appl ied w ith the

cement gun .
Th e cement gun wh i ch h i s perated bbyy cc om , o

'
p ress ed a i r at ordinary m ine pres s ures feeds ,
a mixture of s and an d cement emen t th rou g h a hos e
to a nozzle having a water a er connection The .
m rtar i n flu id form i 5s thus s prayed upon

o
t h e p ep a e d s urface in th
o
r thii n l ayers which can
r ,
be bu i lt up to any des i red thi ckness Th e .
cement g un can be s et up at any conven ient

po int ; s atis factory res ults have been obtained
w i t h the nozzle a distance o f sooft from the .
gun .
T h e shaft was thoroughly overhauled an d

the timbers were put i n the best poss ible
state o f repai r B etween the 1 000 an d the .
I 4 OO levels much l os e ground l ay against the

, o
shaft timbers on the north s i de ; this wa s

b reast boarded back and a 3 o i n rein fo rced
- -
.
conc re t e retain ing wall was erected leaving ,
a space o f 1 2 in out i d e the shaft timbers to a l

. s
low fo r futu re movements o f the groun d Fo . r
c nven ience i n h n d li g men and materials it

o a n ,
was rearranged to concrete the auxiliary hoist

ing fi st u sing the cages o f the main ho ist to
-
r ,
s erve the cementing crews Th e auxiliary cage .
was then avail able wh i le the remainder of

the shaf t was being concreted .
A tight partition o f 2 i n pl ank was erected -

.
be t ween the aux i l iary and the adj oin ing hoi st
'
i ng compartments for bete r protection of men ,
ri ding on the cages The appl ication o f con .
crete made th is partition a i r tight whi ch -

,
*
ape r befo re the Co lorado Meeting o f
P
th e Am rican I nstitute o f Min ing En g ineers
e .
C O MP R ES S ED AI R MAG AZ I NE . 8 9 + l7
FI RE TEST SK O \VS U T I L IT Y
IO N OF S H AFT
S ECT
was dri ed when neces s a ry and screened

,
th r u g h a % i n s creen
o . I t was then mi xed
.
wi th cemen t on th s urface and put in t o ol d

, e ,
cemen t s ack s for conven ien c e in handl ing .
I t was found neces s a ry t o screen the cemen t

also as l um ps b locked th e di scharge and
,
c a us ed frequen t del ay s Mi xtures of 3

.
,
O XY G EN
CY LINDERS.
h e ouc mc vu v z
PRES S URE C AUC I
C OC C LLS
z q m NHAL INC V ALV E
EN D S EC Y I O N
s na mu c CAUS T C I
3 00A S PACES
FI G . I
MI NE R ES C U E AP P AR AT U S
In 1a commit t ee was appoin ted by the
91 7
Advisory Council for S cientific and I n dustrial
R esearch to investigate the ty pes o f breath
ing appara t us used in coal mines Th e repo rt .
o f t he fi rst year s investi g ations whic h has’

,
recen t ly been published call s at t ention t cer , o
t ain serious de fects in exi stin g mine apparatus ,
and in the training o f men in the u se o f such

appliances P ass ing to a description o f the
.
vari us appliances in use the repo rt gives de

o
t aile d particulars o f each apparatus .

H
P ROTO APP AB ATU S
Th e p resent day P roto appara t u s sh wn d i a , o
grama t ically in F ig I has developed f rom the .

,
o ri g inal d esi g n o f Fleu s whos e fi rst patents s ,
are d a t ed 1 87 9 The ci rculation i s eff ected by

.
t he lungs o f t he wearer breathing taking place ,
wh olly t hrou g h the mouth the nos e being ,
clo sed by a clip Th e two cylinders B contain.
2 8 0 litres f xy g en at 1 2 0 atmospheres Th e
o o .
reducing valve C allows a constant flow o f two

li t res per minu t e in t o the breathing circuit .
Th e oxygen pening a li g ht mica non return

, o -
valve at N enters the brea t hing bag D T his

, .
b g is provided with a par t i t ion d escen din g

a
nearly t o t he bottom an d in t he bo tt om i s ,
FI G . 2
. 8 95 0 C O MP R ES S ED AI R MAGAZ I NE
.
FI G .
4
exces s ive res istance in the he earl i er model s I n .
the Aerophor a puri fi er i s p rovi ded s ee U in —
Th e l iqui d ai r ccontai er A i s carried

ner '
Fi g 4 . . on t a n
on the back I t is a metal etal receptacle

. e c ep t a c le packe d
w ith asbes tos wool andd i s fi lled through a

central open ing by pouring uring i n eight o r ten
pounds o f l iqui d ai r from a l arg e D ewa r
flask Th e receptacle i s wel l i ns ulated but
.
receives enough heat to cau s e gentle e ap o v r
ation At fi rst more ai r i s given off than the

.
wearer nee ds ; s ome f itt tthh e11n pass es bby the o

'
branch p ipe J and entering the puri fi er es

, ,
capes by the valve R through whi ch exh a l ,
ation also takes pl ace Later when the evap .

,
o ration i s les s active R clos e s and the ex

haled ai r travers es the puri fi er and j oins the ,
n ew ai r on its di rect cours e to the breath ing

b g a O wing to the early exces s it i s poss ible
.
, .
to coupl e a pipe and mouthpi ece to R an d

thus supply two men from ne apparatus for o
two hours so E ither a mask o r a m uth

or .
, o
p iece an d nos e cl ip may be employed .
T H E TI S SOI AN D G I BB S APPARATU S
’ ‘
,
I n t he T i s sot appli ance which i s largely

used i n the F r ench m ines an d by the F rench
a rmy both the breath in g b a g and the p uri fi er
,
U
are carri ed i n a cas e on the back Th is i s .
the only apparatus i n whi ch a l iqui d potash ,
sol ution i s employed The lye i s made j ust .
bef o re us e T he rep o rt draws attenti on to

.
the di sadvanta g es attach in g to a l iqui d puri

fie and observes that as appl ie d i n th i s appar
r
a t us it i s not particularly effective in ab

“
To D r T i s sot belongs the

”
s t a c t i ng
r CO . .
Z
c redit of fi rst controlling the oxyg en feed
by means o f an adj ustabl e reducing valve
'
manipul ated by the wearer The automatic .
rel ief valve on the brea t hin g bag i s novel ,

C O MP R ES S ED AIR MAGAZ I NE . 895 1
brea t h canno t b e drawn fr om i t (6) The . equ ipped w i t h removable cas t steel tan g s for
appara t u s may fail win g t o exces sive e i s o r s pi cking up the sacks of charging b xes Thes e o .
t an ce to brea t h ing (7 ) Th e temperature of. t an g s may be replaced readi ly when worn .
t he inspi red ai r may bec o me excess ive (8 ) . Th e arms are rai sed by an ai r cyl inder c n o
The weare r may be overcome by a ri s e in t rol led from t he ope ra t or s s eat A revers ing
’
.
hi s own b d y tempera t ure (9 ) T he apparatus

o . ai r m tor drives the truck thr ugh a s e t o f
o , o
may fai l t hrough faul t y con s t ruc t ion U nder . reduc t ion gea rs a nd a standard motor truck
thi s las t heading a grea t number f de t ai l s
, o diff erenti al to pin ions engaging i n the i n
,
are di scuss ed and i n t he fi rst place t he

, ternal gears on the driving wheels The t ruck .
recommenda t ion i s made tha t t he exi sting “

i s gui ded by a s t andard m otor t ruck s t eering
types o f helme t and face mask be abol i shed worm s o arrange d th at t he truck can turn i n
,
in so fa r as s el f c n t ained appa ra t us i s c n
—
o o its own l eng t h The ai r hos e i s s uspended
.
cerned They suff er fr m the defect tha t

.
"
o overhead The ai r cons umption i s only 8 0
.
t hey cann t b e made ai r t i g h t parti cularly

o -
. cubi c feet per minute and the perating speed o
on men w i t h hai ry face s s unken cheeks o or r 9 0 t o 1 2 0 feet per minu t e .
cheeks t ha t draw in much on inhala t ion .
“
The mou t hpiece i s t he on ly a tt achment i h C O MP R ES S O R TR O UB L E —
C O MP R ES
dependen t f s uch c n s i deration an d the only
o o , S O R N O T T O B L AME
one on wh ich rel iance can be placed Amongst .
”
W e u se c o mpres se d ai r a very large ex
to
o t her recommen da t ions w i t h wh ich we need t ent O ne o i the c mp resso rs i s in my de
. o
not deal we no t i ce thatt an oo ffifi cii al requ ii re par t me t an d has been a s urce o f endles s
n o
men t as to oxygen purii t y and t hat mp u l co t rou b le an d expense At the time I g t to

. o
sory analys i s o f oxy g en are adv o cated . wo rk on it i t was a s rry lookin g u t fi t The
o -
o .
Th e a b ove we reproduce
uce wwi t h some a b brev , pulleys on t he j acksha ft had been la g g e d wi t h
i a t i n fr m Th E g i ee
o , o e London e n n r, . b el t in g t help t hem pull an d to make the belts
o
AI R O P E R AT E D TRUC K FO R MAL L E
O N O V E NS
AB L E IR
Th i llus t ra t i n above sh ws
e o truck bui lt o a
by t he B r wn S pecial t y Machinery C ompany

o
,
C h ica g fo r ch rg in g s t acks of castin g s i rt

o. a r o
mal leable i ron anneal in g vens I t i s Opera t ed o .
by c mpres sed ai r s uppl ie d by a hos e con

o
n t d wi th t he foun d ry ai r s ervi ce
ec e A w i ll . s
be seen t he main frame c ns i s t s f t wo steel

, o o
chann els from which are su spen d e d t he 4 inch -
s t eel eleva t in g n d l w erin g arm s t hat are

a o
hp to run the c o mp ress r an d the li nes h ft

. o , a to run an d wi t hout the il bath that has been
, o
from whi ch it was dr i ven had 7 5 h p hhun u g n -

. . o destroyin g belts an d pulley s R W J Wood
—
. . .
,
it an d was driven by a 5 o0 h pp m
'
or Ad d the
m o tor -
. . . w or k er .
compressor to that an d w e had ver 1 00 per , o
cent overload Now i ff th e load had been

. .
, 1
a rranged in good shape the result would have

been the stoppin g o f t hee moto r and the blow
ing out o f a fuse o r elsee the belts woul d have ,
run off ; the latter i s whatat happened .
W e are bless ed ith a departmental s u

with
p e v i s i n of mechan i cs a and
n d i f itt were not so ’7
r o ,
expen sive it w ul d really 1ly b e funny o Ab out .
t he time I g t t o this3 compres so r trouble

o
there were some eight o r n in i n e offi cials to pass

on the matter an d the last ast n e that I g ot my
, o
instructions from s implyy tol d me to s ee what

dd (1 : Byy all means
.
the trouble was an d he added ,

“
get th e comp resso r go ingg .

”
Ab ut the fi rst thin g to d o in a c a e o f It hhis

o s ,
.
lS
kind is to check up S ee i ff you hhave n han d . e I v e o
what all the elaborate repo rts say y u have ; o
an d t hen see i f what does oes check up is o f the 18

(f
ri g ht size Th e fi rst dayy I was inn th

. thisi s sh p a o
was the last day t hey had ad been try tryin

i n g to run
this compress o r I usually ally u se my eyes an d
.
take sto c k o f my su rroundings

n d mg an d one o f the s,
things I saw was that one o f the belts was "
fluttering very much while they were trying

to run the mach in e .
T here are a few millwrights who d not o
know t hat in t he case o f a double belted drive —
both pulleys o the driver and driven must

'
be o f the same size Th e fi rst thing I found on .
thi s drive was t hat the driving pulleys on the

j ackshaft were i n di fferent i n diame t er -
. .
That accoun t ed for the fluttering o f th e belt

an d the fact that one pulley was to rn lo o se
in trying to run the belts .
After a couple o f days ar g uing wi t h the

“
man higher up I g ot two n ew pulleys o f the ”
,
same d iameter n d two n ew belts an d the a ,
boss took my fi g u res on the power needs an d

let me put in a separate m to r to drive t he o
c mpresso r an d then the ld tr uble about

o —
o o
the g reasy bel t s turned up T h machin e had . e
a splash system fo r o ilin g an d the oil ran out

on one o f the j u rnals down the hub o f the o ,
pul ley and went all ver everythin g in a show o
er T hat was a d e fect in the o ilin g system o f

.
the machin e which was corrected by putting a

,
sprin g n ear the hub and holding a leather point

at hub t o catch t he drip an d turn it d wn int o o
th e oi lp n I t was cru d e but e ffective an d now

a .
,
the compress r is running as it was intended

o
be f re enc untered Thhe oxygen u sed is o f

o o . e ,
FOR C L E AN AI R F OR P NE U MATI C
c ourse a compressed aii r pr duct com
, i ng to
coming o ,
T O O LS
u s in t he process es o f manuanu ffactu
a c tu re e by the way r
H
o f liqui d air C ompressedsed ai r was used aalso
. so
fo r con t rollin g and determin
ermin ing i ng the body o f
water in t he fo repeak o f the sh ship
i p du rin g the
r eflo t i n g
a Operation t o maintain the l ngi
,
o
t u d i a l equilibrium
n .
Th e responsible en g ineers
ne s empl oyed upon er
t his wo rk d eserve hi g h app reciati n and u n m o
s t in t e d praise an d it i s to be hope d they e

, r
ce vi e also commensurate pecun pecuniary i ary recognition .
Th naval wo rld is to be congratulate d upon

e
i t acquisition o f knowledge
s edge o f the ways an d
means o f marin e salvag e and finally we may ,
inqui re how all t his couldd have been done with

out the ai d o f co mp ressed ed aaii r .
A P E R MAN E NT F I LL E F O R MI NI N G
R E C O R D S AN D R E P O R T S
Th eexigencies f th e war have br ught out o o
t he necess ity o f having in W ashin g ton a per

manent file contain ing detailed et i le d in fo rmation re a re
latin g to mines an d minin g companies i n fo ,

r
mation that is t w available in any library no no
but i s n eeded by the Government in solving

many problems relating t o the betterment o f
the mineral industries Th e B u reau o f Mines .
,
t here f re has under t aken the establishment o f

o ,
a fi le in which it inten d s to place not only data

published in the annual reports o f direc t o rs
o r min e manag ers to st c k holders but also o , re
por t s o f consul t ing en g ineers an d the in forma

ti n suppl ied by mi ning companies in reply to
o
questionnaires submitted t them Th e e o . r
p r t s f consultin g engineers an d any min ing

o o
rep r t s t ha t t he au t ho r o r the operato r wishes

o
t o have c nsi dered confidential will be so e

o r
gar d ed ; those t hat may be pu b li shed later

will bear a stipulated release date such as the
author o opera t o r may in dicate
r .
I no rder that this in formation may be col

lec t d as rapidly as poss ible the B ureau o f
e
Mines invi t e s mine operators c nsulting eh , o
g i n e s an d
e r t hers to forward copies o f r e
, o
po r t s t hat t hey may make on any minin g prop

e ty t hese rep r t s to be filed p erman ently with
r , o
t he bureau at W ashingt n Also t he bu reau o .
asks all minin g compan ies that i ssue an a n

nual repo rt to kindly favo r th e bureau wi t h a
copy for i t s files .
Pa d
DIP £ C T Ase
FI TER
L FO R I NTAK E AI R
t i on sh w t ha t ai r will pass t hr u g h a li g h t
o o
g ra d e O f un b leache d muslin (c m mmm n o o un
b leache d c tt n cl t h ) a t t he ra t e 0
o o o O f 00 cu b ic 1 1
fee t per minu t e per square are f t 0O f area when oo

’
su b j ec t e d t a suc t i n pres su re equal t A

o o es s u r e , o
s t a t ic hea d f w a t er o t he equ i alen t f p

equivalen , or v o a
pr xima t ely /I OO f a p un d O acc un t o f

o I O o . n o O
t he pulsa t in g ac t i n f t he aaii r en t erin g a c m

o o 0 o
press r suc t i n pipe a li g hh tt c tt n cl t h fil t er

o o ,
i o o o
sh ul d b e b ase d
o a vel cii tt yy o f t m re t han
on oc O no o
I f oot pe r sec n d 60 cu b ic fee t per minu t e

o or
per square f t o f su r face ace

oo .
t he arran g emen t f a C mpress r I o o o n
t ake F il t er will d epen d m re 1less t he

, o or , on
par t icular l ca t i n an d su rr un d in g s i t will l

o o o ,
a
w ays b e p ssi b le t o ex t end t he suc t i n pipe

o o
o u t si d e O f t he buil d in g in t he f rm O f a d rum o ,
c ns t ruc t e d f heavy wire ne tt in g as in d ica t e d

o o ,
b y t he acc mpanyin g ske t ch T h fil t er cl t h

o . e o
can be place d ar un d t he d rum o series f , or o
d rums where lar g e area i s requi re d

,
.
I f a supp r t in g laye r O f p ul t r wire i s se

o o y
cu re d ar un d t he u t s i d e f t he cl t h a larg e
o o o o
measure o f cleanin g can b e very c nvenien t l o y
acc mpli she d by a d mi tt in g a su fficien t v lume

o o
o f hi g h pressure ai r d i rec t l in t t he in t ake y o
pipe d reversin g t he fl w t hr u g h t he cl t h
an o o o ,
a t in t ervals when t he c ompress r is n t in p o o o
e r a t ion .
An i n t ake f t h is t ype sh ul d b e pr t ec t e d
o o o
b y hood shel t er t keep th cl t h d y

or o e o r .
A pl ain U t u b e draf t g au g e c nven ien t ly

“ ”
o
l ca t e d an d c nnec t e d w i t h t he suc t i n d rum

o o o
w ul d i n d ica t e t he res i s t ance imp s e d b y

o o
t he cl t h as i t b ec mes cl g g e d
o d cal l
o o an
a tt en t i n t t he necess i t y f cleanin g
o o O .
Ai washers s imil ar t t h se used f cl ean

r o o or
i g ai r f
n t he ven t i la t i n f b ui l d in g s sh ul d
or o o o
pr vi d e an i d eal means f c mple t e ly

o or o re
m vin g all d us t d d i r t fr m a c mpres s r

o an o o o
p l ant ai r s p pl u y .
repai rs c ns i s t f clean ean ing

o i ng a ii r par t s an d
o
w rkin g parts a ffec t edd by t he di rt carried

o
i n t he ai r I n l ike manner
. ner ,a lar g e percenta g e ,
o f c mpres sor tr ubles

o o far a s t he ai r o 3 , s
cyl inders an d valves aree c n n cerned are ddii rect o
ly caus ed ag g ravateded to a l arge extent

or ,
b y the di r t .
T here i s every rea son n to b el ie ievee th a t a p ro v
pe r clean sing o f t he ai r supply t g e t he r wi t h r , o
s epara t ing tanks o r chambersmbe loca t ed near t he 5 ,
distribu t in g hea d ers f t he removal mo a l of wa t er or re v ,
p ipe scale e t c (s ee B uulletin

,
l let n No . wi 1l 1l do
x
,
'
. 1
much t o rel ieve the rapi pi d deteri ra t i on of aai r o

'
t ol s
o .
Th emer g ency F leett C rporation w i ll be

e o
g la d t c oopera t e w i t h shipyards in t eres t ed

o -
i n t his s ubj ect through its S tan dard P rac,

a t t i cee .
r c . c
B ranch and to furn i sh more speci fic des i g ns

an d in f o rma t i n up n request
eq u s t o o e .
OXYAC E T Y L E NE AN D E L E C TR
-
T RI C
W E L D I N G I N R AI L O AD S H O P S *“
LRO
B Y A F D Y ER . . .
U n d er t he present hampe ring con d iti o n s

b o th t he elec t ric an d t he oxy acetylene p roo -
cesses have p roved o f g reat help in rail r o ad

repai r sh o ps S even years a g o t he G ran d
.
T runk empl yed on e man as an ace tylen eo
wel d er ; now in stead f o man we employ o ne
ei g h t een an d ften wo rk overtime o .
Th e low pressu re ace t ylen e g s sys t em i s a
used an d the en t ire sh ps are pipe d f t he o or
ace t ylene every the r repai r pit havin g a d r p

, o o
c nn ec t i n I r un d h uses we use P rest O

o o . n o o —
Li t e d i ss lved Ace t ylene in cyl in ders which

o ,
saves t he expense f a genera t o r and pipin g o
whe r e t he pr cess is in u se nly ccasi nally

o o o o .
B o t h t he electric a d the oxy ace t ylene n -
me t h o d s f wel d in g have pr ved t hemselves

o o
fi t t o be ranked am on g t h e g reates t t ime an d

labo r savers intr duced n t he railroads f a o o or
l ng perio d F o in stance n t l n g g o a l
o . r , o o a o
co mot i wi t h a broken frame w uld be held

v e o
in t he shops f several days as i t w uld take or , o
s me time f rem vin g t he f rame havin g i t

o or o ,
wel d e d in the smi t h sh p a nd then machined o
a n d replace d N ow a frame 4 in by 5 in can

. . .
be cut an d wel ded in less than 1 4 hou rs .
F rames when wo rn by brake g ear and s t ays

, ,
are bu ilt up d w rn h les are plug g ed andan o o
*
on den sed fr m a paper be f re
C o o C anadian
R ailway C lub .
895 8 C O MP R E S S E D AI R MAGAZ I NE .
S H ELBV T UBI NG
F LEX
X'BLE RU BBER
TU BE
TAN DARD S TAN DAG
ROD
FI G . 2
m vemen t f t he od d ex t en din g ab u t a
o or r , an t o
f t bey n d t he end ft t he 0d w
oo o whenhen i t i s o ro
hel d i n t he chuck Th ee t u b in g is s upp r t e d . o
b v s t an d ar d s as requ ire d an d equippe d a t t he ,

.
rear d w i t h an e as i ly detached ai r coupl in g

en .
O ne o t her par t is requi red cd a c ld roll e d s t eel —

o —
plun g er t , d f wh h ich
o on e enh a l ea t her g aske t o v i c
is a tt ache d Th plun g e r fi t s l
. le inn t he er o os e v
'
t u b in g whi l e t he g aske t f c urs e i s t i g h t

, , O o , .
Th e Opera t r l ads t he la t he b y pu sh ing t he

o o
d t hr u g h t he t u b in g int the he chuck s ll i ddin '
ro o i ng o , s
in the plun g er w i t h the gaske t oOuu tt ward a d an d v
qui ckly c upl in g t he a i r t u b e t t he S hel b y

o o
t u b in g H e t hen t urns
. t he ai r ppr dducing
u mg on , ro c
a c n s t an t pres s ure n the d f t wen t y

o o ro o
poun ds per s quare inch whi ch f rces i t fo , o r
w ar d un t i l i t reaches t he s t p t he t urre t o on
hea d Th ro d is t hen chucke d d ready t

. e an o
be machined .
T advance t he rod prepara t ry t o s tarting

o , o
a new p i ece t he Opera t r s imply releas e s t he

, o
chuck keepin g t he st p i n i t s proper p os i t i n

, o o ,
an d t he od imme d i at ely advances t i t Th

r o . e
la t he here sh wn i s als equippe d w i t h an ai r

o o
chuck ; hence t he s t ck i s b t h hel d d f d o o an e
by a i r .
(C on t in u ed fr o m p a g e 8 9 3 6)
w rk under fi re in their
o cuttin g work i t i s ,
necessary t have a d d i t i o o nal t rained men t o

t ake t he place o f t h se o w o un d e d kille d or .
A t he w o rk p rovide d i s
s ex t remely irre g ular ,
t he wel d e rs can b e empl o yed o t h er w rk n o o
d urin g quiet peri ds o .
D ep a r tm e n t depar t men t
o f E lec tr i c i t y .
—
Th e
o f electrici t y empl ys x y acetylene wel d in g o o -
m s t ly in c nnec t ion wi t h cracked frames o f

o o
g as line m t rs u se d t o d rive d nam s f

o o o y o or
g eneratin g elec t rici t y u se d a t d near t he an
fr n t O n acc un t f shell fire i t is foun d i m

o . o o
practicable to b rin g elec t ric cu rrent fr m g n o e

v fr m 4 0 to 5 o0 llocomo
i d e d fo r o mo tt ives
o e an d tt he
l e ir
ir c v
H
cars o r t rucks .
F " O xy t lenee wel d in g has b een

or s .
— —
ee
ac e v t
f un d availa b le in c nnec tt i n wi t h repai

o repa r w rk o i ec
'
on o
a t for t s s uch as t h see su rr un d in g V er d un

, o o .
B r ken cup las e t c can b e repai re d n d d eb i

o o , . . a r s
cleare d away b y t hi s pr cess At ppresen se t on o . it e
se t f appa ra t us wi t h t w w
o welel d e rs u sing
i ng six o s Si \
c li d
v n of x g en
ers d six cyl cylin
i n d ers Oo If
o y an Si \
ace tylen e per m n t h aree eemplp oye

y d t o t ake care
o a
o f all t he f r t s aroun d \V erdun A larg er
o n .
equipmen t t han t his w ul d b e d e i ra b lee but o es
can no t be supplied a t presen t .
A P N E U MAT I C
“
B O LT ER -
UP
”
F O R MI N G S H EE T -
ME T AL W O R K W I T H
AI R H AMME R
VEY FELDMEI ER
Bv H AR
I recen t ly h d ccasion t o spin s me large

a o o
c pper shee t s in makin g d i she d hea d s f spe

o or
c ai l t anks This inv lved t he makin g o f spin

. o
nin g chucks d imp rovi sing a la t he con sis t ing

an
o f a w o d en frame a spin d le spin d le b earin g s

o , ,
an d pulleys .
T h ac t ual spinn ing opera t ion is simple bu t

e ,
when nly a few pieces are to be made an d n

o o
la t he mean s f swingin g a spinning chuck

or o
is availa b le i t i s no t o f t en convenient I n such .
cases i t is cu s t mary t o ra ise t he shee t s by o
hammerin g t hem on a wooden bl ck o .
I t ccu rre d t me while wa t ching a wo rkman

o o
poun d u t a Copper shee t in t hi s way t ha t an

o
or d inary pneuma t ic rive t er i f fi tt e d wi t h a ,
s imple s cke t as t h l d w o d en b lock o

o so o o a o , r
malle t head c uld be use d f t he pu rp se

, o or o .
Thi s was quickly ri g g e d up and a t es t made

by t akin g f t he spinning chucks fas t en
one o ,
i ng t he shee t o i t t he shee t bein g held v er ,
d wn by bol t s a t t he e d g e a n d by u sin g t he
o ,
pneuma t ic rive t er wi t h t he w d en hea d i t was oo
f un d t ha t t he me t al c uld b e easily f o rce d

o o
i n t t he chuck This me t h d may be ld bu t

o . o o ,
i t was new t t h wri t er d seeme d t open

o e . an o
understo d F i rst there is a steel tube about

o .
, pen dently fo r each en d o f the shell W hen .
3 6 inches lon g fit t ed wi t h a cap at i t s bot t om

, the ai r is released the j aws are entirely with
end ; into the tube is fi t te d a sui t able valve ; drawn havin g the cylin drical in t eri r o f the
, o
to thi s is attached a c mp ressed ai r hose o . chuck with ut any obstruction to inter fere
o
I nt the tube is place d a square pist n r o d

o o ,
wi t h the inser t ion o r removal o f t he succes
.
havin g a piston attached t o i t s bottom en d At . s ive shells A dust rin g i s provided fo r keep
.
the t p o f this r d sockets

o which
c k et s wh i ch fit the ddii f
o , i ng the operative parts clean A special chuck
.
f e t size nuts may be placed

er n . is o f cou rse requi red fo r each size o f shell
R esting n the top o
o ff t he tube is5 a ppiece
o i ece 1 and the chucks are made from 3 in dia u p . .
o f steel hexagonal in shape wh

, which
i ch has a It , ward an d correspon ding len g ths by the P o ,
r
square h le in i t t fit the square p isi s t on rod

o , o . ducti n Appl iances C o 1 4 S outh J eff erson
o .
,
A l eve r o r wrench having

, Ving a hexagonal hole , ,
street C hicag
, o .
fits over the steel piece jj u st d escr

escribed
i bed .
T o us e the machine the wo rkman a t taches ,
the c mpressed ai r t hen pens the valve Th e

o , o .
air fo rces up the piston d nd its t op en d ro a ,
on which i s the socket i s g u ided over the nut , ,
onto the b lt to be tightened Th e lever is

o .
turn ed round until the nut on the b ol t i s

screwed up an d t he plates drawn t og ether To .
remove the machin e the opera t o r tu rns o ff the

a ir .
Th b l t er up also isS an aaii r jj ack for the

e
“
o -
”
I ,
applicati n tends to f o rce

o ee thehe pplates
ates to g ether r
,
be fo re ti g htening the nut

u t an d at that t time
i me By , .
using it t he plates o r bars are brought fifi rmly , ,
an d close together which insu res g od rive t , o
i ng and excellent wo rkman ship At the same .
time i t is c mputed that by t he us e o f thi s

o
machin e one man can do the wo rk o f fi ve ‘

.
AI R O P E R AT E D C H U C K F O R S H E L L S
T h cut ab ve sh ows t he es sen t ial f
e o t ea u r e s
o f a special ai r perated la t he chuck fo r ceno
terin g an d hol d ing war shells t be machined o
on t he insi de Th la t he spindle is necessaril

. e y
holl w n d t he air p ressure i s transmit t ed

o a
throu g h i t t he or d inary sh p ai r p ressure o f 8 0

, o
or 9 0 lb bein g su fficient for the service

. Th . e
chuck j w a separate an d opera t e inde

s are
B R AK E S . Mic hael
R yy ann SS an BB errnna rr dd i H . R a , an e a
n o, C a l
P R OT E C T I V E E D DE E VIV I CC EE FF OO RR M MO O
.
T O R C O MP R E S S O R S
—
P h i l ip
P ip L L CC rr i ttt t n dd e n e e
Ed g w
. .
,
d P
e oo a
F OO RR DD RRYY II NN G FF RRU U II T
. .
AP P AR AT U S F
Th m W XV F rr t O kl k l ann dd C l
.
o as o es a a a
R J hn O l i ,
, .
AI R L I FT B OO S STE
. .
.
TER o
I ll
-
p h t Chi g
.
R:
an c a o,
AU TO MAT I C V A A CCUU M CC L L EEA NE ER
. .
UUM AN
r g V R m u n NN e “w Y rk r k NN Y
-
.
G eo e as s se e o
U N L O AD I N G E CC H A NII SSM F OO RR , ,
. . .
ME
M AN M F
C O MP R E S S O R S W i ll1 i a m H C Ca lll l ann FF rr n kk 1a a a a
lin P ,
. .
, a .
T
AU G U S T 20
ER A
AI R A ss h l eeyy CC BB ee nnnn e tttt
C L E AN E R
‘
M i nn e a p o l i s M i n n
-
. . ,
F OO RR RRA
,
A II L R
R OAD
.
AI R B R AK E F O AD
T R AI N S M e rr i t A CC u ll i nn gg LL o u i ss i a nn a Mo
-
E FF O R R AI L R OO AD
. .
, . .
9 AI R B R AK E OR
T R AI N S E r n e s t D FF ii nn ll e vy LL ou i ss i aann a MoO
- -
.
T I R E P U MP II N CH A N II SM
.
, , .
G M
.
.
NG ME EC AN SM Ja
S h r oy e r P i t t s fi e ld M M aa ssss
-
e ld
.
c ob L
C O N T I N U O U S VA A CCUU
.
, ,
. .
U UM D EH Y
C h a r l e s B i e s e ]l E E ll P a s o T T ee xx
-
D R AT O R
C H II NN EE RR Y N o r m a nn , ,
. .
MI L K I N G M MA AC
J o h n D a y s h P ou g h k ee pp ss i ee N
.
N YY , . .
2 M AC H I N E F O R T AP P I N G B B L AS T
.
en j a m i n J u ll
l l en L e ton iaa
-
ee
.
I N A C S M L
g Ill 1 0
R E B . e .
, ,
V EE H II CC LL EE SSPP RR II NN GG
.
P N E U MAT I C
H e n ry P Ar n d t Am s t o n n CC onnnn
-
.
F A RA TU
,
. . .
M E T H O D OF ANND D A APPA
P P AR AT US S
F O R P U M P I N G F L U II D D SS D D aavv i dd W J onn e s
L o s An g e l e s C a l
. .
,
F L AP VAL V E E FF O R T VV O C Y L I N
,
OR
.
R eu b ben E E BB e cc ht o l dd
-
D E R C O MP R E S S O R S
F o r t \ Va y n e I n d
. . ,
J oh n T
,
S U C T I O N AP P AR AT TU S
.
C r o c k e tt C a r t e r s v i ll e K y
. .
Ky
AI R L I FT P U M L e vv i T E d war d s
, . .
\IP
P h i l a d e lp h i a
-
. .
,
Pa
I n a n a i r l i f t p u m p a n e d uc ti o n p i p e h a v i n g
, .
1
t h e b o un d i n g w a ll of i t s b o r e f o r m e d of wo od ,
.
s a id wa ll b e i n g un i fo r m l y t a p e r e d t o p r ov i d e a ,
b o r e g ra d u a ll y i n c r e a s i n g i n c r os s s e c t i on a l a r e a
f r o m t h e i n l e t e n d t o t h e ou t l e t e n d of s a i d p i p e
-
L e v i T E d wa r d s
.
AI R L I FT P U M P -
. .
,
P e n fi e ld Pa
A f oo t p i e c e f o r a n a i r l i f t p u m p c on s i s ti n g of
, .
a n a n nu l a r b o d y a p l ura l i t y o f r i n g n o zz l e s o f
d i ffe r e n t d i a m e t e r s a n d m e a n s t o s u p p o r t s a i d
,
n ozz l e s i n a x i a l a l i n e m e n t w i th s a i d b o d y
.
M E T H O D OF D R I L L I N G G L AS S
H arry N o r th w ood W h e e l i n g
.
W Va
T h e m e th o d o f d r i ll i n g g l a s s w h i c h c on s i s t s
, , . .
i n s i m u l t a n e o u s l y s u b j e c t i n g op p o s i t e s i d e s o f a
th i c k n e s s o f g l a s s t o t h e a c ti o n of b l a s t s of s a n d
w h i c h m e e t a n d c o m p l e t e t h e c u tt i n g o p e r a ti o n
a t a p o i n t i n t e r m e d i a t e t h e op p o s i t e f a c e s o f t h e
th i c k n e s s of g l a s s .
P N E U MAT I C D E S P AT C H D EL I V
Al b e r t W P e a r s a ll L ow
-
E Y T E R M I N AL
'
RIVI ,
. .
eI ass .
AU G U S T 27
AU TO MAT I C AI R S U P P L Y D E
V I C E AN D C O MB I N AT I O N —G O V E R N O R
-
T H E R E FO R E d w a r d G H od g e s Ma r s h a ll
t own w
. .
,
Io a
rl
, .
MI L K I N G MAC H I N E Ca H
r m ann D l m r I wa
-
. .
P aa e a o
F E E D I N G D E VI C E F O R
, . .
AI R -
FO R G E S F U R N AC E S AN D T H E L I K E
B ur t o n H T r ip p P h i la d e lp h i a P a a n d H ug h
. , .
V R a m s a y G l ou c e s t e r C i t y N J , , ,
. .
V AC U U M W AT E R P U R I F I C AT I O N
.
. . . .
S ZS T E M O l i v e r M C a m p b e ll K a n s a s C it y
IQ
. .
, ,
a ns
T h e p r oc e s s o f p ur i f y i n g w a t e r w h i c h c on s i s t s
.
i n d i s t i ll i n g t h e w a t e r a n d r e m o v i n g t h e g a s e o u s
i m p ur it i e s f r om t h e v a p o r d ur i n g c o n d e n s a t i o n
b y s u b j ec ti n g s a i d v a p o r t o a c o n t i nu o u s v a c uu m
a c t i o n a t var i ou s p o i n t s c o rr e s p o n d i n g t o t h e
v a r i o u s s u c c e s s i v e s t a g e s of c on d e n s a t i o n o f s a i d
v ap o r .
EV E R Y TH I N G P N EU M ATI C
V ol xxiii
. DECEMBER l 9 l8. No . I2
FI G . 1 . S TA N DA R D S A N D B LA S T I N S TALLAT IO N
S E L EC TI NG SAND B L AS T E Q U I P M E N T*
B y H D G AT ES
. .
A n y d i scu s s i o n o f sa n d b l a s t equ ip m e nt mu s t
reco gniz e t h a t p ro b a b l y n o o t h e r clas s o f m e n
a r e a s fam i l i a r w i t h it s o p e ra t i o n a s t h e
fou n d rym e n fo r i t w a s in th e fou n d ry t h a t
,
th e sa n d b l as t fou n d i t s fi r s t b road a n d g e n
e ral app l i ca t i o n .
E ve ry fou n d r y h as co n d i t i o n s a n d o p e ra
t i o n s pecu l i a r t o i t se l f E ac h in s t a l la t i o n s h ou l d
.
be a n e n t i re l y in d i v i d ua l p ro b lem ; b u t i t i s fa r
f rom su ch wh e n t he fou n d r y ma n w r i t e s fo r
“
ca t alo g p r i ce s and d e l i ve ry
.
O n e o f t h e l a rge s t e s t a b l i s h m e n t s in i t s ln i e
in t h e U ni t ed S t a t e s p rod uc in g wa r ma t e r i a l
. .
s e n t o u t ove r t h e s ign a t u re o f i t s p u rc h a s ing
‘
F rom a p a pe r b e fo re t h e Am e r i ca n F ou n
d r yme n A soc i a t i o n
'
s s .
r espo n d in g a n d s e
cu r e a n in v es t
m e nt th a t w i ll pay
a co n s t a nt r e t ur n .
Keep th e p ro b l e m
away f ro m the
pu rc h a s in g en d,
fo r b y t ra ini ng
th ey ca n t s ee b e’
yo n d th e in vo i c e
fi gu res a n d mo n ey
,
i s n o t mad e th e r e .
M easu re the p r i c e
o f th e sa n d b las t
in s t alla ti o n b y the
cl ea nin g co s t p er
ton .
B as i cally sa n d
b las t m ac hin e s w i ll
d i v i d e into fou r
ge n eral g roup s a s
follow s : H o s e
FI G 2
. . S T EE L P LAT E ROO M W I T H PRESSURE M AC H I N E mac hin e s ca bi
n e i g hb o r h oo d o f L a t er a n o th e r de n e t s ; b a rr el s ; a n d t ab l e s T he m eth o d o f op
.
p a r t m en t aske d fo r a n e n g in ee r t o call a n d e r a t i o n may be e ith er th e d ir ec t p re ssu r e t he

,
go ov er the pla n s A fou r h ou r co n fere n ce s uc ti o n (syp h o n ) o r the grav it y sys t em s

.
- .
dev e lop ed co n d iti o n s th a t e nti r ely el i m in a t e d DI R E C T P R E S S U R E S Y S T E M
th e o r i g in al sp ec ifi ca ti o n a n d l ed t o th e s ub I n d i rec t p re s su r e sys t em s th e sa n d i s u n
s t i t u t i on o f a pla n sugge st e d b y th e sa n d b las t de r p r e ssu r e in a s eal e d co nt a iner sa n d a n d ,
e n g in ee r w ith a sav in g o f ov e r
, o n th e a i r b e in g d i sc h arge d in c o m bin a ti o n w itho u t
initi al c o s t .
expa n s i o n th roug h a ho s e no zzl e g i v in g the
O b v i ou sly i n th e in s t alla ti o n o f sa n d b l as t grea t es t velo c it y a n d hi g he s t effi c i e n cy p o s
-
e qu i pm e nt th e fo u n dryma n m u s t t u r n to th e s ib l e T h e maj o r it y o f ho se mac hin es a r e o f

.
m a n u fac t u re r T he ma n u fac t u r e r s q u alific a ’

the d i rec t p r es su re t ype in deed th e fir s t a p
, ,
ti o n s t o g i v e th e serv i ce des i re d mus t in clu d e :

.
L o n g a n d va r i e d p rac ti cal e x p e r i e n ce ; a n or
g a ni z a t i on fo r th e d es i g n ma n u fac t u r e a n d i h
,
s ta lla t i on o f s a n d b las t equ i p me nt ; p h ys i cal

—
a n d fin a n c i al f ac i l iti e s fo r p ro duc ti o n ; a n d a
l in e s o co mpl e t e a s t o p erm it o f u nbi as ed
cou n s el in sugge s tin g equ i pm e nt . A r ep r e
s ent a t i v e s h o ul d v i s it th e pl a nt a n d mak e ob
s e r v a t i on s o f c o n d i t i o n s a n d op era ti o n Men
'
o f th e fou n d ry o rga ni za ti o n w h o w i l l b e th e
d ec i d in g fac t o rs s h oul d d i s cu s s th e su b j ec t
,
f ully a n d th o roug h ly u nti l th e i r m in d s ar e m e t

o n w h a t i s n eed ed . W ith pla n s a n d s ug g es
ti o n s p repa red th e fo u n dryma n s h oul d go ove r
th em aga in w ith th e sa n d b las t e n g in ee r u nti l
-
enti r ely co n v e rsa nt w ith th e p la n th e op era ti o n

,
o f th e in s t al la ti o n a n d th e resul t s t o b e o h
t a i n ed
. T wo o r th ree co n fe r e n ces alo n g th es e
l in es w i ll s ave ti me g i ve a mo re int ell i ge nt u m
,
d e r s ta n d i ng th a n i s po ss ib l e b y p roxy or c o r FI G .
S A N D SEP A R AT I NG AN D ELE VAT I NG
8 9 66 C O M P R ES S E D AI R M AGA Z I N E .
scree n
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a cover ed
o p e nin g in th e co ne .
E l ec t r i c l i g ht fixt u re s
p rov i d e sa ti s f ac t o ry
i llum in a ti o n .
C AB I N E T AN D B LA S T
T h e ca bin e t sa n d
b l as t a s el f co nt a in ed ,
-
u nit r eady fo r i n
s t a nt u s e w h e n a t .
t a c h e d t o th e a i r l in e ,
i s esse nti al ly a n au x i l
l ary in fou n d ry sa n d
b las tin g T h e b las t .
in g o p era ti o n i s o f
th e suc ti o n o r syp h o n
t yp e T h e a b ra s i v e .
i s b roug ht t o th e n oz
z l e b y a par ti al vac
u u m cr ea t ed b y a
j et o f co mp ress e d
a i r T h e a i r a n d a b ra .
FI G . A U T O M AT I C REV O LV I NG TA B L E M AC H I N E s i ve a r e d i sc h arged in
the t a b l e t ravel s o n b all b ear in gs a n d i s t u r n e d co m bin a ti o n th roug h th e sa n d n ozzl e w hi c h , ,
b y th e sa n d b las t O p e ra t o r t o ex p o s e th e b e in g o f grea t e r d i am e t e r th a n th e a ir
-
cl ea n ed w o rk fo r u n load in g a n d t o b r in g n ew j e t ad m it s o f expa n s i o n w ith co r re s

,
wo rk int o th e roo m fo r cl ea nin g .

p o n d i n g ly decr ease d v elo c it y so th a t w hi l e ,
T h e e nti re ti m e o f th e sa n d b las t ope ra t o r th e b las tin g e ffi c i e n cy w ith equal gage p r e s

—
s h ou l d b e d evo t ed t o th e cl ea nin g O p era ti o n s u res i s b elo w th a t o f th e d i r ec t p res su re t yp e -

,
o n ly T h e h a n dl in g o f th e wo rk t o a n d f ro m i t i s a mo s t sa ti s f ac t o ry dev i ce fo r sp ec i al o r
.
th e roo m S h oul d b e do n e b y o th e r h elp F r e p rec i s i o n wo rk n ot eco n o m i cal ly h a n dl ed b y a

.
qu e nt l y t w o opera t o r s a re wo rke d in a s hi f t l arge in s t a l l a t i o n T h e floo r o f th e ca bin e t b e

. .
W hi le on e i s sa n d b l as ting th e o th e r i s dc l i v in g p e r fo ra t ed th e sp e nt a b ras i v e flow s b ack

-
e r in g c l ea n ed wo rk a n d b r in g in g up t h e n ew to th e fee d b o x g i v in g a co ntin uo usly op e ra t ,
ma t er i al fo r c l ea nin g E ac h th u s h a n dl es a n d in g mac hin e

. .
cl ea n s h i s o w n wo rk w hi c h in ad d iti o n t o
, ,
S A N D B LA S T T U M B L I NG B A R RE L S
-
g i v in g co ntin uou s o p e ra ti o n o f th e sa n d b las t F o r sma l l wo rk in a n y co n s i de ra b l e amou nt

—
, ,
p rov i de s a p e r i o d i cal c h a n ge o f o ccupa ti o n a n d pa r ti cula rly w h er e n o d e t r i me nt t o the

.
W h e re th e wo rk i s o f a c h a rac t e r requ i r in g p i ece s wo ul d re su l t f rom the slow ro ll in g

roo m clea nin g a n d s ti l l all w ithin th e ra n ge p roces s n o d ev i ce s h o w s th e spe ed a n d e co n
,
o f s i z es to adm it o f cl ea n ing o n th e ro t a ti ve o my o f th e b a rrel sa n d b las t W hi l e th e fi r s t -

.
ta b l e ; th e hyg i e ni c t a b l e ca bin e t F i g 7 o f ada pt a ti o n o f thi s sys t em co n s i s tin g o f plac

'
, . .
, ,
fe r s ad v a nt ages A se m i c i rcula r co n e t o p s t eel in g th e n o zz le o f th e h o s e sa n d b las t in the

.
- -
ca bin e t fit s clo s ely t o h al f th e c i rcu m fe re n ce e n d s o f a revolv in g b a rrel i s s ti ll s ee n in so me ,
o f th e t a b l e th e u p r i g ht pa r titi o n acro ss th e t yp es r e fin em e nt s h ave b roug ht th e b a r rel

, ,
c e nt e r o f th e t a b l e e nti rely clo s in g t h e rea r sa n d b l as t a s ecu re po s iti o n o f it s ow n

-
.
o f th e ca b in e t l eav in g h al f th e t a b le e x po sed For sma l l b ras s a n d mall ea b l e wo rk th a t h a s

.
I n t h e f ro nt o f th e u p r i g ht w al l o f th e ca bin e t b ee n clea n ed b e fo r e a nn eal in g th e suc ti o n t y pe ,
a n d e xt e n d in g th e e nti r e le n g th i s a n op e nin g w i l l b e fou n d e nti rely efli c i en t a n d h as th e a d

co ve re d b y a fl ex ib le sec ti o n al r u bb e r cu r va nt age o f a s in gl e s el f co nt a in ed u nit w ith -
t a in th a t re t a in s th e a b ras i v e w ithin th e en low fi r s t co s t T h ree o r fou r n ozzl es acc o rd .

,
clo su re a n d th ro ug h w hi c h th e h o s e n o zz l e ing t o s iz e cov e r th e e nti re l e n g th o f th e d rum

,
f ro m a d i rec t p res su re b las t i s d i rec t e d o nt o a n d in th e hi g h es t develop ed t yp es th e no z

th e wo rk t o b e cl ea n ed U n o b s t ruc t ed v i ew z le s a r e adj u s t a b le as t o d i rec ti o n o f d i ff e re nt
.
o f th e wo rk a n d int e r i o r i s p rov i de d th roug h c h a rac t e rs o f wo rk T hi s co n s t ruc ti o n t oo .

, ,
CO M P R E S S ED AI R M AGA Z I N E . 8 9 6l
“I
FI G . 6
. R
ROO OO
IM
\ W IT H
pe r m it s th e el i m in a ti o n o f p roj ec tin g n ozzles
th a t m ay ca t c h a n d damage th e wo rk o r th e
mac hin e as w el l a s off e r in g a n i n s wi ng i ng
,
doo r th a t allow s removal o f th e load b y du mp

in g w ith ou t rak in g o r oth e r h a n dl in g .
L a rge ca s tin gs o f eith e r b ras s i r on o r s t eel

,
d ema n d s a h eav i e r d es i gn a n d th e co m bin a ti o n

,
o f suc h a b a r rel w ith a r o o m in s t alla ti o n w i ll

t ak e ca re o f a co n s i de ra b l e o u t p u t o f va ri ed
wo rk T h e b las tin g ac tion i s o f th e grav it y
.
typ e th e a b ra s i v e bein g del i ve red to th e n oz

,
z les b y m e c h a ni cal ac tion a n d grav it y ; in p o r

ti o n o f the fo rc e o f the a i r i s expe n d ed in
ra i s in g the a b ra s i ve a n d as th e r a ti o o f th e
,
a i r j e t t o th e sa n d n ozzl e i s grea t e r th a n in th e
su c ti o n sys te m le s s e xpa n s ion o f th e a i r t ake s
,
plac e w ith p ro po rti o n a t ely in c rease d b las tin g

effic ien cy T h e no zzle s ar e loca t e d in eac h e n d
.
o f th e d ru m leav in g th e int e r i o r e nti rely u n

,
ob s t ruc t ed s o th a t the s i z e o i p i ece s th a t ca n

b e cl ea n e d i s l i m i t ed o n ly b y th e d i me n s i o n s
o f th e d oo r o p enin g T h e a b ras i v e pas ses
.
t h r o ug h p e r fo ra ti o n s in th e d rum a n d fall s
into a ho ppe r th a t co n vey s it t o th e eleva tor
b o ot A s it i s d e l i v e red f ro m the eleva t o r a
.
,
s t ro n g ex h au s t remov e s th e fin e l i g ht ma t e r i al ,
a n d v ib ra tin g sc ree n s r e j ec t e ve ry thin g th a t

w i ll n o t r ea d i ly pas s th e n o z zl e g i v in g a c on
,
8 9 68 C O M P R ES S ED AI R M AGAZ I N E .
w hi l e r e t a inin g th e a b rasS i v e w w 1ithin

t h n th e en
closu r e an d p ro t ec tin g thh ee O p e ra t o r f ro m du s t
a n d fl y i n g par t i cle s .
AB R A S IVE M A ATTEERRII AALL SS

T h e m e t al a b ras i ve s h ave ma n y tti m meess th e
'
l i fe o f sa n d do n o t requu ii rr ee l arge s t o rage ca

,
p a c i ty a n d crea t e l es s du s t iin n u s e T h e i r co m .
p a r a t i v e ly hi g h initi al co s s tt dema n d s ccaa rree ffuu l rree

cla i m in g me th o ds a s a nn y , y co n 5s i ddee rraa bb ll ee da i ly
lo ss soo n w i p e s ou t th e sa savvii n g t h e i r lo n g l i f e
aff o rd s . T o so m e l in e s o f wo rk th ey d o n ot
s ucces s ful ly l e n d th em ss eelve l e ss W w iith
th o u t a f t e r
c l ea nin g o f th e pi eces a s th e fin e m e t a l l i c du s t
,
a d h er in g b y fo rce o f th e b las t crea t es d e

fec t s in galva nizin g pla ttin in g etc M
, Mo i s t u r e iinn
, .
th e a i r l in es t oo i s a d ecC i de d de t er re nt t o th e
, ,
u s e o f m e t al a b ras i o n s du e n ot o n ly t o th e
,
f ac t th a t th ey do n o t flow f r eely w h e n damp ,
b u t may r ea d i ly ru s t int o a so l i d mas s .
O f th e va r i ou s s a n d Ss o ofi er ee d S i l i ca
ff er
’
ca a n d
o cea n sa n d s o n ly h av e th e s h arp n es s a n d h ar d
n es s t o make a sa ti s f ac t o rryy sa n d b las t a b ras ii v e -
.
A t th e sam e o r ev e n a n adva n ce d co s t u n
, ,
d ou bt ed l y th e s i l i ca sa n dd ss w ou l d h av e a ge n
e ral p r e fe re n ce O w in g t o th e res t r i c t e d ar eas
.
o f p ro duc ti o n h owev e r f r e i g ht ra t es op e ra t e
, ,
aga in s t th e i r u s e a t a n y co n s i de ra b l e d i s t a n ce
f ro m th e sou rce o f supply I t i s o n ly b y a t r i al .
o f eac h th a t a n int ell ig e nt sel ec ti o n o f ava i l

a b l e sa n d s ca n b e m ade a n d so m e initi al ex ,
p e n se in com p a ra t i v e t es t s o f all th e va r i o u s
s a n d s a n d m e t al a b ras i ves w i l l u n do u bt edly
b e f ul l y re t u r n e d in sa ti s fac t o ry r esul t s a n d
eco n omy o f sa n d b las t o p e ra ti o n -
H i g h es t .
b las tin g effi c i e n cy f ro m a n y a b ras i ve h ow ev er , ,
m ay o n ly b e a n t i c i pa t e d w h e n it i s eve n ly
gra ded d ry a n d f ree f ro m loam a n d du s t
, .
T R O U B L ES I N PR ACT I C E
O p era tin g t ro u b l es may u su ally b e t raced t o
th r ee ge n e ral cau s es a i r p r es su r e mo i s t u r e
, ,
an d a b ras i ve . A n in s t alla ti o n th a t fa i l s t o
p rov i d e fo r a dequa t e co nt rol a n d regu la ti o n
o f th e s e ca n h a rdly b e cal l ed c o mpl e t e o r ex
p ec t e d t o g i ve max i mu m resu l t s .
A l l o t h er fac t o r s b e in g n o rmal a i r p re ss u re ,
gover n s r e su l t s W h e n it i s rem em b ered th a t

.
r esul t s a t 2 0 p ou n d s p r es su r e a r e b u t h al f
th a t a t 5 6 p ou n d s ; a t 3 0 po u n ds h al f th a t a t 64
po u n ds a n d a t 4 0 po u n ds h al f th a t a t 7 2
,
pou n d s it i s s ee n th a t th e in creas e in o u tp u t
,
a n d s av i n g in la b o r w i l l dema n d th e ma xi mu m
p re ssu r e t h a t th e c h aract er o f th e wo rk w i ll
p e rm it O b v i ou sly so f t b ras s w i ll n o t s t a n d
.
th e p res su r e requ i re d fo r cl ea nin g s t eel no r ,

89 7 0 C O M P R ES S ED AI R M AGA Z I N E .
C lea n , s d ry a b ras i ve gra de d t o th e rre

h arp ,
q u i r e men t s o f th e wo rk w w i 1ll1 iinn c reas e th e o u t

p u t ama zin gly A th o ro ugg hh u n de rs t a n d iinn g a n d
.
a pp l i ca ti o n o f b as i c p r inn cc i pl es W w i ll save ttii m e ,
wo rry a n d e x pe n se T h e h el p o f a co mp e t e nt
.
s erv i ce ma n w i ll o f t e n moO rr e th a n re p ay th e e x
p e n se e nt a i le d p ar tic ula rly i f so me o n e in a u
tho r i ty in th e fo u n d ry o rga nni za tti o onn will c o
O pe ra t e .
'
AR I O U S S A L V A G E
V
B y R OB ER T G S K ERRETT .
W ithin th e las t f ew mo nth s th e U nit ed

S t a t e s h a s b eco m e re p r e se nt e d i n th e J o int
S alvage C o u n c i l o f th e A ll i e s B es i d es s e n d .
in g t o E u rop e som e o f thh e b es t o f o u r c i v i li a n

a n d n aval salvage e x p e rr tt ss w e h ave equ ipp e d ,
a n d d i spa tch ed a n u m b e r o f v e ss els u ni quely

fitt ed fo r th e sp eedy a n (d1 e ffec ti ve h a n dl in g o f
damaged o r su n ke n s hipp ss .
T h e fi r s t w o rk o f ou r e x pe r t s se nt t o th e
o th e r s i d e wa s t o s t u ddyy co n d iti o n s a n d t o
d ev i s e ways in w hi c h w e co ul d ac t to be s tt
‘
a dva nt age T h e salvagee s t eam e rs s in ce p re

.
par e d fo r th e s erv i c e em b o dy every thin g

th oug ht es s e nti al t o e ffec ti v e O p e ra ti o n s a n d ,
re fl ec t the j u dgme nt o f m e n w h o s e b r i ll i a nt
ac hie ve m e nt s in a p ecul i arly d i ffi cul t b ra n c h
o f e n g in ee r in g h av e placed u s in th e v e ry
fo r e f r o nt o f th e ar t .
O u r salvage co rp s i n E u rop e h ow ev e r i s
~
, ,
n o t succo r in g or r efloat i ng A m e r i ca n s hi p s
o n ly as w as o r i g in ally int e n ded W e h ave
, .
p oo le d o u r sk i ll a n d equ i pme nt w ith tho s e o f

o u r all i es a n d a re n o w ac ti vely c o Op e r a t ing
w i th th e S alvage D epar t m e nt o f th e B r iti s h
A d m i ral t y A n d th a t w e may h ave a n i dea
.
o f th e capac it y o f the m e n w e h av e s e nt
a b road j u s t l e t u s r ev i ew b r i e fly s o m e o f the
,
amaz in g thin gs th ey h av e do n e in A m e r i ca n
w a ter s i n th e pas t f ew yea rs T h ey t ell b e t .
t e r th a n a n y thin g el s e j u s t w h a t Y a n ke e r e
so u rce ful n e s s r eal ly mea n s a resou rce f ul n es s —
th a t do es n o t h es it a te t o pu t t r i ed age n c i es a t
w o rk in u nt r i ed fiel ds a n d b y mea n s o f s h e er
au dac it y t o accompl i s h th e s eem in gly i mp os
s ib l e
.
T H E R O YAL G E O R G E
T o b eg in w ith the r e w a s th e S S R oyal

, . .
G eo rge a bi g l iner o f fi f t ee n t ho u sa n d t o n s
, ,
*
A b s t rac t e d a n d c on de n se d f r o m Tli e S a t
u r d ay Ev e n i ng P os t O c t 2 6 1 9 1 8 , , .
i n al ma nn er :t h e s t eam s hi p was repa i re d j u s t A B U BB L ES D I D I T IR
w h e r e s h e floa t e d .
T h e ma n w h o sa l ved th e R oyal G e o rge re
H E S A N D H OG S
T
leas ed th e Z eela n d H d i d it b y mea n s o f a e
T h e sa n d h ogs mad e pa t t e r n s o f th e pa t c h fi l m o f a i r b u bb l e s d i sc h a rged f rom h ole s
.
pla t es n eed ed t o seal eac h wo u n d in th e h u ll d r i lled in th e b o tt o m o f th e l in e r T h e a i r

.
T h es e pa t t e r n s s h owed al so j u s t w h e re th read pa ss in g o u t war d a n d upwa rd b roke th e suc ti o n

.
, ,
ed b ol t s we r e t b e sc rew ed int o th e pa t c h gr ip o f t h e mu d f re ed th e S hi p a n d s he w as
o
pla t es a n d th es e ma rk s co r re spo n de d exac t ly th e n t ow ed b ack int o t h e r i ve r fa i rway

,
w ith o th e rs placed a ro u n d th e in j u r i e s w he r e
.
h ole s w e re d r i lle d th ro ug h th e sou n d s t eel o f H E GU H EI L T T
th h ull a n d t empo ra r i ly plugged w ith w o o de n

e Eve ry salvage case i s d i ffe re nt f ro m ev e ry
s t o ppe r s f r o m w ithin . o th e r T h e re w as th e bi g t a n ke r G u t H e i l .
,
A s eac h pa t c h pla t e o f s t eel wa s ma de ready su n k in th e Mi ss i s s ippi w hi c h was ra i sed b y ,
it wa s low ere d o v e r th e S i d e a n d b ro ug n ght int o co mp re ssed a i r f t e r ly in g a b a n do n ed fo fi v e

Si a r
p o s iti o n b y d i ver s s t a n d in g u po n a s u b me rg e d yea rs S h e h ad t u r n ed O v e r o n h e r s i de a n d .
a n d w e i g ht ed pla t f o rm A t th e r ii g ht mom e nt w a s fi lle d w ith h u n d red s o f t o n s o f m u d a n d

.
,
th e woo de n s t oppe rs w er e pulle d o u t a n d th e th e p ro b lem was t o t u r n th e s hi p u p r i g ht in

b o l t s o n th e pa t c h pla te s h ove d innwar dd W o rk s h all o w a n d n o nti dal wa t e r a n d th e n t o flo t
ar . re a
ing qu i ckly t h e sa n d h o
, ogs
g fitt ed th e n u t s on he r s .
the b ol t s a n d sc rew e d thh em ti g ht T h e repa i rs C o mp res sed a i r d i d th e t r i ck B uoya n cy s o

. .
th u s made w e re fo u n d w h e n th e s hi h i p wa s o bt a in ed a n d care fully d i s t r ib u t e d r i g ht e d the

,
docked fo in sp e c ti o n t o b e so s o u n d th a t
r , s hi p a f t e r h h ad b ee n f ree d o f the b ulk o f s e
nothin g mo re w d on e o n h e r a t th e ttii m e th e mu d in s i d e T h e t ask in vo lv ed th e ni ces t

as , .
a n d th e R oyal G eo rge r a n to En n gglaa n d W th a s o r t o f j uggl in g w ith wa t e r b allas t a n d b uoy

w iith
pr o fit a b le ca rgo . a nt a i r o th a t th e s hi p wou l d com e sl o w ly p s u
T H E URAN I U M r i g ht a n d th e n n t l u rc h o ve r o n th e o the r o
A ga in th e s te am s hi p U ra ni u m b ou n d f or
, s i de T h e fea t as a w h o l e w as w ith o u t a pa r
, .
N ew Y o rk v i a Hal i fax s tr a n d e d up on the allel in m a r in e w r eck in g

.
, .
ro ck s j u s t o u t s i d e th a t N ova S co ti a po r t S h e wa s .
re flo t d a f t e r fi v e days o f w o rk a n d to w e d
a e
int o H al i fa x ; b u t th e on ly su it a b l e d ry d o ck
wa s occu p i ed H e r b ow a n d fo rward b o tt o m
.
w e re o s e r i o u sly d amaged th a t it w as qu ite

s
i mp o s s ib l e f or h e r to pu t t o s e a in th a t on c
d ition .
C omp res se d a i r re s ort ed to b y a n A m e r i ca n

,
salvage ex pe r t sav ed th e day T h e wo u n d s

, .
w e r e covered f ro m w ithin w ith s heet s o f

fle x ib l e lead so b e nt th a t th ey fitt e d s n ugly over
the re nt s U pon the l ea d s h ee tin g wa s la i d a
.
ma tt re ss o f ce me nt W h e n th e in j u r e d o m . c
p ar t m nte sw e r e c h arged w ith co mp re sse d a i r

th e pa t c h e s w e re h el d secu rely T h e c ra f t .
reac h e d N w Y o rk a f t e r a t wo day s ru n ca r
e
'
,
r y i g a valua b l e ca rgo
n .
T II E EELA N D Z
T h e re was t h e case o f th e s t eams hi p Z ee
la n d d r i ve n fa r u p o n th e fla t s o f th e S t
, .
L aw re n ce in a fag T h e mu d w as d r edged from

H N
both s i de s o f h e r a n d a pa t h wa s dug s t er n
w a rd b ack t o t h e c h a nn el a n d t h e s hip was
E B R I T I S H WO R K ERS
,
l i g ht e n ed b y d i sc h a rg in g coal wa t e r b allas t , ,
T H
a n d po r t a b l e equ ip me nt b u t po we r ful t ugs a n d , W i t h o u r me n co lla b o ra tin g w ith th e Eng

o th e r c ra f t we re u n a b l e t o pull h e r f r o m h e r l i s h a n d F re n c h ex p e r t s th e re i s go o d r e aso n
b ed o f m ud . t o b el i eve t h a t 1 9 8 w i l l p ro ve a b u m p e r yea r 1
3 9 72 C O M P R ES S ED AI R M AGAZ I N E .
mi ra lty s S alvag e S e c tion

on wa s d e v ot e d to ta k
’
’
er s U bo a t s O n o f o u r ow n s a ii lo r s h as pa i d
. e r
t hi s spo nt a n eo u s t r ib u t e t o h hii s En gl i s h p r o
fes s i on l b re th re n :
a
H E CELT I C T
“
F o r s h e e r gr it a n d dogge d p e r s i s t e n ce I ,
ta ke H my h a t t o thh e B r iti s h w recke rs I

O .
fi rs t w th em in ac ti o n w h e n the y m ade po r t
sa it
w ith th e t o rpedo e d C el ti c l as t A p ri l S h e was .
h ar d hit H er grea t b ulk o f t w e nty o n e thh o u

.
—
sa n d t o n s wa s mad e h eav i e r a n d mo r e dd iffi

‘
il
cul t to h a n dl e b y r easo n o f the wa t e r th a t h ad
pou red int o h er th roug h he r gap in g s i de T he
'
I r i s h S ea a t th a t p a r tii cu lla r ti m e w in a n
c u ar as
ugly moo d th a n ks t o a n as ty w in d ; a n d b
, , e
l i eve m e it w as a m a n , n s i z e d j o b to ge t h ol d -
o f th a t s hi p a n d t o t ow w he r in t o a h av e n al l
.
th e w hi l e b a tt l in g w ith th e th r e a t e nin g to s ea
keep th e cra f t f ro m fi ll inngg up a n d go in g t o the

b o tt om .
“
T h e C e l ti c w as p o ttt ed som ew h e r e ii n n th e
n e i ghb o r h oo d o f th e e nntr t an n cc ee t o S t G e o rge s ra .
’
Ch a nn el w h e re a i mbb e r o f o th e r bbi gg ocea n

’
, r u er
go in g v es sel s h a d fallee n p r ey to lu rk iinn g U

b o a t s W ithin a n ama z iin ggly
. ly b b r ieeff w hhii l e af t er
z n r
s h e s e nt ou t h e r S O S call all s a flo ti ll a o f salv c ,
ag e ve s s e l s a n d t ugs w er e ga th e red a b ou t h e r .
“
T h e s t r i ck e n cra f t roll ed d eeply a n d slug
g i hly as th e w av e s be a t a n g r i ly aga in s t h er
s
m ass i v e h ul l T h e salvo rs p ro b l em w as t o g et
.
’
alo n gs i d e o f h e r fo r th e t w o fo l d p u rp o s e o f
p u ttin g pump s a b o a r d a n d o f s ecu r in g l in e s
b y w h i c h h coul d be t ow e d into h ar b o r H e r
s e .
fi r es w er e o u t a n d h e r ow n pump s w e r e th e r e ,
fo r e in cap a b l e o f h elp i n g
, .
“
T h e l itt l e salvage v e s s e l s s t u ck val i a nt l y to
thei r j o b eve n tho ug h mo re th a n o n e o f t h em
,
wa s s mas h e d gr i evo u sly aga in s t th e l i n e r s ’
s t eel b o dy D esp it e all h a n d i cap s th e w r e ck

.
,
e r s t o i l ed u n d i smaye d a n d fin ally l o ade d th e i r

s el f p rop ell e d pump s n the slop i n g a n d sl i p
-
o
p e y deck o f th e wou n ded C el ti c W ith th es e

r .
p ow e r fu l pu mp s th e salvo r s foug ht o n m o r e
n early ev e n t e rm s w ith th e me n ac in g s ea a n d ,
w er e a b l e t o wo rk t he in j u r e d l ine r h eav en
w a rd a n d t gu i de h e r s a f el y th r o ug h m in e
o
fiel ds t o sa f e ty
”
.
Up t o da te th e S alvage D ep ar t m e nt o f the ,
B r iti s h A dm i ral ty h as b ee n ab l e t o res t o r e

t o s e rv i c e fo u r h u n d re d n d fi f t y su n ke n or a
damaged s hi p s T h e B r iti s h N a y w ith it s

. v ,
e no rmou s peace ti m e fl ee t w a s well ni g h n

-
, e
ti
re ly lack in g in salvage fac i l iti e s u nti l th e co n
cl u d in g mo nth s o f 1 9 1 4 A t th e s t ar t th e Ad .
r eac t w h e n e xp o se d t o wa t e r a n d g i v e o ff
b o th po i so n ou s a n d e xp l Oo Ss Ii vvee gase s a n d th e se ,
ca n b e d i spo sed o f succes s fuu l l y o n ly b y s t i mu

es s
la t e d ve nti l a ti o n a n d b y t ak iing ng o th e r p r ec a u
t i o n a r y measu res .
F o r in s t a n ce o n e A im
, n e r i ca n salvage
s lv a g e c on
ce r n w a s ca l l ed u p o n to r e flo a t a s hhip
‘
i p su n k in
th e h a r b o r o f S t J o hhni t Ne w BB rruu tn sw i ck
.
, .
A mo n g th e ca rgo w e re a g oo d ma n y t o n s o f
ca l ci u m ca r b i d e whi c h w h e n wa t e r wo rke d
, ,
int o th e co n t a in er s gavee o ff ace t yle n e g a s a n d

,
a l so h ea t ed th e me t a l t a n k kss t o th e pp oo m intt o f re d
h ea t A t low t i d e th e w h o l ee in
. m as i de o f th e ss h hi p
a b ove w a t e r w a s fi l l e d wV li tt lhl th e g a s a n d th e ,
e x plo s i ve f um e s rema inn ed inn pocke t s w h e n

o t h e r pa r t s o f t h e c ra f t w e re cl ea re d o f i t b y
ve nti l a tin g b l owe rs A s a ve ry low perce nt age
.
o f ace t y l e n e in th e a i r makes a n e x plo s i ve

m ixt u re it w a s n ece ssa ryy t o d ev i se som e fo rm
,
o f de t ec t o r As a re suu l t a n in
. i n ge ni ou s a n d
s i mpl e g a s gu n wa s evolved volved a n d b y t ak iinn g
,
sam p le s o f th e a t mo s ph er e w ithin th i n th e s t eam e r

it wa s p o s s ib l e t o t ell qu i cckly
kly a n d su rely wh et h
e r da n ge r lu rked th er e fo r th e w recke rs T h e .
g a s gu n w i ll p lay a h el p ful par t a b ro ad amo n g

th e cra f t o f o u r salvage fl fl oo ttii l la
T h e qu es ti o n n a t u ral ly ar i s es :W h a t ca n b e
.
do n e in ca se s o f s hi p s a h u n d re d a n d mo re
fee t dow n ? A su b mar in e b ecau s e o f th e p res
,
su re res i s ting t ype o f h ul l a n d i t s n o rmal fit

—
n es s t o ru n u n de r w a t e r le n ds it sel f e x cep ti o n
,
ally we l l t o ra i s in g b y m ea n s o f co mp re s se d
a i r a pp l i e d int e r n a l ly s o a s t o p rov i de b uoy
a n cy w hi l e e x pel l in g th e in va d in g wa t e r T hi s .
i s n o t p rac t ic a b l e in th e o rd in ary s hi p u n l es s ,
s h e b e in a p o s iti o n w h e re it i s p o ss ib l e fo r
d i vers t o wo rk in s i de h e r s t r e n g th e nin g h e r
,
decks s ea l in g h a tch es a n d o th erw i se b rac

, ,
in g h e r t o h o l d w ith ou t rup t u r in g th e ex p an
, ,
s i v e o r b u r s t ing fo rce o f th e co nfin e d b uoya nt

air . T h e re f or e t h e ma in r efloa ti ng age n cy
,
w i ll in mo s t cases o f d ee p ly su n ke n c ra f t h av e
, ,
t o b e a pp l i ed e xt er n al l y in th e fo rm o f a d i r ec t
l i f t a n d th ro u gh th e m ed i u m o f p o nt oo n s .
T H E S ALVA G E O PP O R T U N I T Y
W e h ave p roved p rac tic a b le in ti me s o f ,
p ea c e sa l va g e t ask s th a t th e B r iti s h h ave es

,
sayed o n ly u n de r t h e i m p e l l in g s t res s o f wa r .
A ga in a de s p e ra t e s h o r t a g e o f s ea g o in g t o n
,
-
n a g e h a s b rou ght a b o u t w reck in g fea t s th a t

wou l d p ro b a b l y n o t h ave b ee n d r eamed o f
comm erc i ally b ecau se o f th e grea t e xp e n se i n
volved H ow eve r w i t h su b s t a n t i a l l y u n li m
.
,
i t e d fu n d s n o w a t th e i r d i s p o sal th e sa l vage ,
C O M P R ES S ED AI R M AGA Z I N E . 897 5
FI G I
. . K EO K U K DAM PR OT E CT E D BY CO MPRESSED AI R
C O M P R E S S E D AI R C O N Q U E R S I C E
T H R US T
T h e follow in g int eres tin g n a rra ti v e i m s co
p i led su b s t a nti al ly f ro m a n ar ti cl e in th e S ton e
a n d I/V b t e J
s er ou r n al M arc h
, 9 8 B e in g a
, 1 1 .
n ar r a ti v e o f w int e r op e ra ti o n s it s h o ul d b e o f
mo r e sugges ti v e p rac ti cal val u e w h e n a nti c i
pa tin g th e col d s easo n th a n w h e n suppl em e nt
i n g it. T h e app l i ca ti o n o f co mp ressed a i r h e re
d escr ib ed w as qu it e u n u sual a n d p roved fa r
m o r e flfl i n t th a n coul d h ave b ee n p red i c t e d
e c e .
H eavy i ce a b ove th e K h k D am o n th e eo u
M i s s i ss i pp i cau se d s er i ou s t rou b l e du r in g th e
w int ers o f 1 9 1 5 6 a n d 9 6 7 D u r in g th e
-
1 1 1 —
I .
fi rs t o f th es e w int e rs h eavy fl oa tin g i ce b a t

ter e d a n d crow d ed ou t o n e o f th e S pi llway
th a w came w hi l e the r i ve r was ful l o f he av y

ic e whi c h a t K eokuk c o llle
. ecc tt eedd iinn a go rge a b o u t
fo u r m i le s a b ov e th e dam am T h e p ressu re 0 of .
t h e go r g e aga in s t th e smoo moo th i ce cc o o vv er a b o u t

i
i 4 in t hi ck b e t w ee n th e go rge a n d th e dam
-
.
,
fin a l l y b ecam e t oo greaa t a n d th e w h o l e i c e
h e l d 4 squa re m i l e s in ex t e nt move d ss tt eead ad il
lyy
'
. ,
a b o u t 4 0 f t t owar d th e dam T h e ga t es o n th e . .
dam wi t h s t oo d th e i mpac ac t w ith o u t in j u ry b u t ,
t he s h o re s t ruc t u re s n ea r b y w er e in ma n y
c as es se r i ou sly damaged S eve re col d follow e d .
t h i s th a w a n d froz e thh e mas s o f i ce i n tthh e

,
j am Olld t h u s a r res tinn gg a n y ffu

\
, u r the r ac ti o n
fo r t h e t i m e b e in g B y th e la tt e r par t o f .
Ma rc h p rac t i ca l ly all o f th e i ce in th e lak e

h a d m e l t ed e x ce p t th e h eavy par t o f the j am .
l h i s fl oa t ed a i ml es sly a b o u t th e lake u nti l

’
o n e mo rnin g it w as d r i ve n dow n th e s t r eam
b y a h eavy w in d ac tin g w ith th e cu r re nt T h e , .
n o s e o f t hi s ma s s o f i cee s ev eral ac res ii nn ex ,
t e n t a n d f ro m 3 t o 6 f t th thii ck s t ruck o n e o f .
,
th e g a t es squar ely a n d car ar mr i ed iitt o u t I t ii s es .
t i ma t ed t h a t t o cau s e suu c h a rup t u re th e i ce

mas s mu s t h ave e xe r t e d a ma x mu i m fo rc e o f
9 2 to n s .
A s eco n d t yp e o f p res su r e tth h e au th o r s t a t es , ,
m a b e e x e r t ed b y i ce w h e n it fo rm s o n a co n
v
n ed
I s p ace a n d a thi r d t yp e i s th e p res su r e
,
e x e r t ed b y th e expa ns i o n o f a so l i d fi el d o f i ce
w h e n it s t empe ra t u r e i s in creas ed W ith r e
g a r d t o thi s thi r d t yp e M r D av i s says :
.
C o n t ra ry to th e co mmo n i dea i c e h as a
“
O tfi c i e n t t of
-
ex pa n s i o n j u s t a s a n y o the r
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ld I ) In fac t it s c o efli c i ent p e r d egre e F i s
, .
00002 9 o r a b ou t fo u r a n d o n e h al f ti m es th a t
,
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t eel T h e ra n g e o f it s t empe ra t u re i s
s .
m a l l h o w ever W hi l e the t emp e r a t u r e o f the

, .
up p e r su r face o f the i ce may b e 1 0 F a t —

°
.
t me s t h e u n d e r su r fac e w i ll always be a t 3 2 °
i
,
b c us e o f it s co nt ac t w ith w a t e r
e a H e n c e th e .
“ w a g e t emp e ra t u r e o f th e i ce ca n n ev e r be
m u h l ess th a n c a n d th e r a n g e o f te m
m t u re ca nn o t e x ceed
.
-
a T h e e xpa n s i o n in
l l i ce fi el d a m i l e lo n g amo u nt s t o
t ' lf ft .
m th i s in cr eas e o f t emp er a t u re .
h s t y p e o f p re ssu r e i s not noti cea b l e u nti l

i
t
h c e b ecomes sol i d a n d f r o m 1 0 to 1 2 in c he s
e i
r h wl It i s fi rs t ma ni f e s t e d b y i c e pu s he d up
.
m t h e s h o r es o f th e lak e a n d b y ri dge s o f
k l e d i ce ru nnin g acr o s s f r om s h o r e t o s h o re
’
I I IL
«n m i l e o r so alo n g the r i ver th u s d i v i d in g ,

'
h wh o l e i ce cove r int o fiel ds a b ou t a m i le
t
u
p a re wh o se ce nt ers r ema in ed fix e d a n d
t
w h o s e e d g es ar e in co n s t a nt mo ti o n w hi le th e
p r es su re r egula ting valve T h e re sul t a nt cool . su ff i c i e nt to m el t i ce f ro m th e face o f t h e

ing f th e a i r caus es fu r t h e r co n de n sa ti o n a n d
o i ce fi el d fas t er th a n it ca n move t oward th e
dry in g T . da t e h o w eve r thi s reg ula tin g
o , , dam u n d er o rd in ary e xp a n s i o n S in ce th e sys
.
valve h as ot b ee n O p e ra t ed a s a n age n t iin dry

n t em w as th o roug h ly in ope ra ti o n th e re h as n o t
in g h a i r b u t h b ee n op e ra t ed t secu re
t e , as o be e n a s in gl e s t o pp age in th e p i p e ma in or the
var i a b l e p res su res in thh e ma in o n th e dam in d i v i dual p i pe s du e t o f reez in g a n d th e sys
,
as a n a i d i n adj u s tin g thh e w h ole sy s t em t o ccl ii t em ha s pas sed th roug h th e mo s t s ev er e c on

ma ti c c h a n ges it h av in g b ee n fo u n d th a t the
, d i t i o n s th a t it w i ll eve r e x pe r i e n ce
.
a f t er cool e r d r i ed th e a i r flfi i n t ly t p reve nt
-
su
f
ic e o
f re e zin g in th e mo s t s ever ver e w ea th e r .
A i n eed l e p o int valve a t ea ch S p i llway

-
n .
co nt ro ls th e fl w f a i r tthh roug ug h th e o in o r -
.
p i p es w hi c h d i sc h a rge th e a i r A s th e y
'
. s s
t em h fin a l l y b ee n la i dd t th ese ar e t o
as ou se s
t h a t th ey d i sc h a rge ve r ttii ca ll l lyy u p war d a b o u t er ca
1 f t in f ro nt o f ea ch ga t e a n d n o rma l ly a t a
.
wa t e r d ep th o f 0 f t T hi s p ro duces a s em i 1 .
c i rcu la r a rea f op e n w a t e r in f ro nt o f th e o
ga t e I t w
. fou n d thh a t th e a
as ai r whh en di s t e i
c h arged t 8 f t dep th w too e ffec ti ve fo

a 1 . as r
H
co n ve ni e nt regula ti o n b y th e sm all valve s .
T h e mo t o r d r i ve n co m mpp res soo r w hhii c h f u r r es s r
ni s h e s th e a i r fo r th e sys t em i a t wo s t age '
s
3
mac hin e w ith a i r cyl in d e rs I1 7 a n d 0 in d ii

, 1 .
a m t
e er w ith a s t roke f iinn a n d a f re e a i r o 12 .
d i s p laceme nt f 5 7 0 cu f t pe r m in u t e a t 8o . . 1 1
revo lu ti o n s I t h dou b l e th e capac it y th a t

. as
s h ou l d eve r b e requ i red f th e dam or .
T h e ope n wa t e r a reas h ave b ee n a t all ti m es

u n d er th e easy co nt ro l o f th e small n ee dl e
valve s a t th e t p T h es e valve s s eldom n ee d o .
a d Is t m t mo re th a n o ce a w eek s in ce a
en n ,
grea t deal o f th e regula ti o n ca n b e h a n dl ed b y

th e p ressu re regula tin g valve in th e pow e r
h ou se A n inspec ti o n i ma de eve ry day o r
. s
t w o in th e seve res t wea th e r t o mak e su r e th a t

all pi pes are w o rk in g T h e e xp e n s e f la b o r . o
fo r ma int e n a n ce o f th e e nti re sys t em f th e or
w int er w i ll b e l es s th a n
T h e in s t alla ti o n th roug h th e e xt remely s e
vere w ea th e r o f 9 8 w as mo s t succe ss fu l 1 1 .
T h e v i ew s S h ow th e co n d iti o n s early in thi s

year T h e r e h ad b ee n a movem e nt o f a b ou t
.
a fo ot t owar d th e m a in fi el d o f th e d m a n d a ,
i ce h ad comm e n ce d b reak in g up a t th e pi e r s .
T h e ga t e i s f re e f ro m a n y p res su re as a n , co
sequ e n ce o n accou nt o f th e o p e n w a t e r a rea

,
a t th e ce nt e r A b ear in g i s ke pt aga in s t th e
.
dam ce nt e r in g o n th e pi e r I ce fo rm ed du r
, .
in g J a n ua ry las t t o a m a xi mu m thi ck n es s f o
2 5 in . in th e ope n lake a n d th e resu l t s s h ow n ,
in th e v i ew s h av e b ee n o bt a in e d b y th e u se
o f a b ou t 1 cu f t o f f ree a i r p e r m in u t e T h e
. . .
max i mum capac it y o f th e sys t em h as p r o ve d

C O M P R ES S E D AI R M AGAZ I NE . 8 9 79
FO R T ES T I NG T R A I N B R A K ES
\
P O R TA B L E RI G F 0 ORR T E S T I N G T RA I N co mp re sso r T h e dev i ce h b ee n adop t ed b y

. as
B RA K E S th e S t a t e R a i lroads w ell b y th e O rl ea n s
, as as
A F re n c h in v e nt o r M C am p ag n e h s j u s t a n d th e E as t e r n l in es
, .
, a .
co n s t r uc t ed a n appa ra t u s a v i ew o f w hi c h i
, s
h er e rep ro duced f ro m th e S i n tifi Am i

c e c er c a n ,
fo r t es tin g t h e e nti re b rake appa ra t u s o f mad e

up t ra in s . T h e a rra n gem e nt comp r i s es a mo t o r
a n d a n a i r comp r es so r mo u nt e d on a h a n d
t ruck A s th e v i ew s h ow s th e mo t o r i s a ve r
.
t i c I on
a e, o f au t omo bi l e t y p e I t i o f on
. s e
cyl in de r w a t e r coo led d ev elop in g fi ve h o rs e

,
—
,
D
pow e r ; th e b o r e i s in c h es th e s t roke a b ou t
,
4 in c h es a n d th e max i mu m spee d
, lu r ev o
ti o n s p er s e c o n d T h e com p res so r i s gea red

.
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65 0 revolu ti o n s . Mo t o r a n d co m p re sso r are
suppl i e d w ith fu el f ro m a co mmo n r es ervo i r ,
a n d emp l oy a s in gle rad i a t o r A ll par t s w hi c h

.
ca n po s s ib l y b e mad e so a re int e rc h a n gea b l e ,
so t h a t th e r e i s l i t t l e o r n o p ro b a bi l it y o f th e
as sem b l y b e in g p u t ou t o f co mm i ss i o n fo r a n y
l e n gth o f ti m e b y a b reakdo wn .
T h e F r e n c h r ai l ro ad s w hi c h h ave t r i ed ou t
M C am p ag n e s a pp a ra t u s re p o r t th a t w ith it
.
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o n e ma n ca n t es t all th e b rake co nn ec ti o n s o f a
t ra in in a h a l f h ou r in s t ead o f t w i ce th a t
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ti me as fo rme rly ; a n d th e t e s t s ca n b e co n
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duc t e d in th e a b se n ce o f a n e n g in ema n w hi c h ,
was n o t t h e case w h e n th e s ev eral co nn ec

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deve lop e d th a t i s v e ry n ea r ly i f n o t qu ite the

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,
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w e r e f e d w e r e b e au ti ful u l y co n s t r u c t e d a n d
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.
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th a n fo o d a n d clo th in g w e r e ve ry g r ea t T h er e .
w as a l itt l e o rga ni ze d s t a t e i n m ini a t u r e a n d

, ,
m u c h mo re th a n S w e d i s h kr one r i n d i v i d en ds
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w a s i n vo l v e d in the w ay th e i r l i v e s w e re
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L et m e ask you t o t u rn yo u r eye s ne x t to

th e W es t fo r t wo mo r e i l l u s tr a ti o n s T h e .
flouri s hin g l itt l e c it y o f An aco n da M o nt a n a , ,
ga the r s a r ou n d th e W a s ho e S m e l t e r o r a s ,
th e compa n y no w o ffic i al l y ca l l s it s m e l t e r y , .
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w ith ou t he ar in g th e n am e o f E P M a the w s o n . .
,
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n ow m o v e d b y the ex i ge n c i e s o f th e w a r a n d
h i s C a n a d i a n c iti z en s h i p t o d ev elop a n ew
comp a n y fo r th e p ro du c ti o n o f n i ckel i n the
S u d b u ry d i s t r i c t O nt a r i o B u t A n aco n d a i s
, .
M r M a th ew s o n s m a s t e rp ie c e a n d w e s e e n o t
.
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—
a lo n e a g re a t a n d th o r oug h l y o rga ni ze d s me l t *
S t a n da rd P rac ti ce B ul le tin , Em e rge n cy
in g p l a nt b u t go o d h om es goo d roads a p a rk
, , , , F lee t C o rpo ra ti o n
.
8 98 2 CO M P R E S S E D A I R M AGA Z I N E .
s t ag in g w hi le F i g 2 in d i ca t es a typ e su it a b l e
, .
Ta r I or Pe t rol
fo r h o r iz o nt al d i s t r ib u tin g l in es .
A n a i r pi p in g sys t em s h oul d b e uu n nii ffoo rr mly

grad ed w ith th e d i rec tii o o nn o f flow s o fa r as
’
th e ma in ru n s ar e co n ce r n ed a n d s h oul d a1l ,
w ays h ave s epara t o rs a t o r n ear rr ii ss inngg po int s .
S ags o r pocke t s w ith ouu tt s epa ra t o r s fo r th e

accu mula ti o n o f wa t e r S h ou l d n ever be be per
mi t t e d .
W h er e it i p o ss ib l e t o d o s o sepa ra t o rs
s ,
on o u t doo r l in es s h o uulld be p laced inn th e '
gro u n d b elo w th e f ro s t l in e t o p r eve nt f e , r ez
in g , s h o w n b y F i g 2 T h e co n d e n sa ttii o n
as . .
ca n b e b low n o u t th roug ghh a v e r ti cal d i scc h a rge

g e
p i p e b y th e p re s su re f th e a i r in th e s p o e
a r a tor .
EUR O P EA N B U R N E R SS F O R P I T C H AN D
TAARR
I n th e p ro ces se s o f g a s m a n u fac t u r e c on s i d
e r a b le qua ntiti es o f t a r a n d p it c h ar e r ecove r ed
as b y p ro duc t s U n d er p rop e r co n d ition s th es e

-
.
ca n b e b u r n ed d i r ec t ly u n de r th e b o i le rs o r
u n d e r th e re t o r t s a s fu el T h e com b u s ti o n o f .
th es e f u el s i s mad e po s s ib l e th roug h fin ely d i

v id i n g b y sp ray in g th rough the u s e o f spec i al
b u r n e r s O n e o f th es e E u rop ea n b u r n e r s i s
.
k n ow n u n de r th e t rad e n am e o f O mega ” “
.
T h es e b u r n er s e n a b l e th e co m b u s ti o n o f p e t ro l
a n d o f h eavy O i l fu el s b u t al so o f suc h co m ,
b u s t i b le s a s c ru de t ar a n d th e so f t p it c h Fig . .
1 g i ves a n i dea o f th e p r in c i pl es em b o d ie d in
th e O m ega b u r n e rs
“ ”
.
T h e fu el r eac h es th e co m b u s ti o n c h am b e r in
FI G ISE CT IO N O O ME G A B UR N ER
. . F
th e fo rm o f o n e o r mo re thin s t r eam s (in th e

i llu s t ra ti o n th ere a re t wo s t r eam s ) I t e nt e rs .
th e b u r n e r th ro ugh a n op e nin g a a n d it s o u t ,
flow i s r egu l a t ed b y th e s pin dl e v alve b T h e .
l i qu i d vapo r o r co mp res se d a i r w hi c h p ro duces

,
pulver iz a ti o n e nt ers th roug h th e co n du it c ,
f ro m w h er e it p as se s o n th e o n e h a n d int o th e
ce nt ral t u b e (1 a n d o n th e o th er h a n d int o th e
m
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r in g s h ap ed s p ace e T h e l i qu i d flow s ou t in Co d I Ai r
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th e fo rm o f t wo cyl in d r i cal l aye rs s ep ara t e d ,

FI G .
3 . O ME G A B URN ER T Y PE 11
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or
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w ith s t eam u n d e r p re s su re o r W w iith

th comp ress ed
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su re T he y co n su m e a b ou t o 3 kg (0 66 l b s )
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p r ess ed a i r pe r l it e r o f p ulve r i z ed fu el .
T h e b u r n er s s h ow n inn F i g 5 w o rk e ith e r .
w ith gas w ith a i r o r w ithh s t eam co mp res se d to

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pl i ed to th es e b u r n e rs u n d e r fa ii rly hi gh p r e s
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p her e s .
T h e t wo i mpo r t a nt appl i ca tion s th a t inte r e s t

u s in the qu es tion w h i c h w e a r e co n s i d e r in g
ar e :
I . T he po s s ibi l i ty o f u s in g O mega b u rn e r s
f o r d i r ec t b u r nin g o f t a r u n d e r b o i l e rs 2 T h e . .
p o s s ibi l ity o f u s in g th es e b u r n e r s fo r d i r e c t
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r
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w as a n a b so l u t e fin i s h o f thing s a s th ey w e re ; t wo in c h es d i am e t e r P u t you r mou th a t o n e

.
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a n d fo r n o n e mo r e th a n fo r A m e r ic a o f a , o f th e b l as t you r h a n d a t th e o th e r e n d
on .
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w ith th e eve nt s w hi c h n ow cro w d th e r eco rd . w i l l b e su rp r i se d t o f eel th e in crease o f th e

W e o n ly k n o w th a t n o n e b u t th e o pti m i s t ca n e ffec t a t th e o th er e n d .
h ave a c h a n ce .
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readjj u s t m e nt e nt a i l e d
.
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p eace w i l l b e l itt l e h el p e d b y a n y a nxi ou s c o n
.
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.
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s,
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w i ll b e in v itin g a n d w elco m in g h o r de s o f i m
m i gra nt s t o t ake th e h eav i e r b u r de n s to w hi c h
th e i r b ack s w i l l b e mo re accu s t o m ed T h e .
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w i ll be e x pec tin g a n d a p p rop r i a tin g mo r e Of

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o f fo re i g n p ro duc t s w i ll h ave b ee n re duced b y

th e d evelop m e nt o f ou r own fac i l iti es w hi c h
th e wa r h a s com p ell ed a n d t h u s in th e d i r ec
,
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.
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.
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a n d a t th e sam e ti m e p res erv in g th e i r flex i
T ak e a ma i l in g t u b e , s a y, 1 8 in c h es lo n g a n d b i li ty .
TH E P N E U M A T I C TO O L AN D T H E
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, .
T h e int ro d uc ti o n o f m ec h a nnii cal t ooll s into l " ’P
th e t rad es h a s b ee n acco ommpa p an niteedd b y n ume ro u s I ‘ H
ages t o th e i r o pe ra to r s
ac t ual a n d c l a i m e d damages
an d a ls o a mo re o r le s s d i rec t caus e o f th e o c
cu r re n ce o f n ew a n d pa r tt ii ccuu llaa rr d i seas es o r th e D"
fac t o r p red i sp o s in g t o th e m in cc itt eeme

men ntt o f o r
'
d ina r y d i seases i n grea t e e rr p r eeval en

v a le n cc ee A mo n g .
s uc h mec h a ni cal t ool s thh e p n eu ma ti c h amme r ,
in co mpa ra t i vely rece n t year s h as come t o oc ,
c u p y a m o s t i mpo r t a nt po OS s Iiti o ini in seve ral l in e s

t IO ,
n o t a b l y in s hipb u i ld in g a n d iinn the s t eel a n d

s t o n e i n du s t r i e s .
W ithi n th e pas t t wo y e a rs co mpla int s o f i 1ll1 '
e ff ec t s f ro m th e u se o f t he h amm e r h av e b e
co m e p revale nt al t h o ug h th ese do n o t s eem to
ha v u o r ig i n a t e d s o muc h W w iithth the in d i v i dual
u se r o f th e h amm e r as w iith th la bor o rga n ii za ti o n s
o f w hi c h h e i s a m em be r I t h as b eee n cla ii m e d
.
th a t the u se o f th e h am m m e r p r o duced in the

m en a d i sea sed co n d iti o n aff ec t in g th e ne r
vou s sy s t em a n d l ead in g ev en to pa ralys i s i hn ,
sa nity o r o the r fo rm o f co mpl ete inn ccapac a p aC Iit

taa
ti on .
I n v i ew o f th e fac t t h a t in cu rr ent me d i cal

l ite ra t u r e n o me nti o n o f s uc h d i sea sed co n d i
tion f ro m th i s causa tion c o ul d be fou n d it
b ec m e n ec e s sa ry t o ca r ry o u t a n in ve s ti ga tion
a
to d e t e r m in e i f p o ss ib l e w h e th e r suc h d i s
, ,
ea s e ac t ual ly d i d ex i s t it s e x t e nt a n d s e r i o us
,
ne s s a n d i f n ece ssa y t o s t u dy m easu res

, , r ,
w h e re b y it s o ccu r re n ce co ul d b e m ini m i z ed o r
enti rely do n e away w ith S uc h a s t u dy i s ob.
v i ou ly o f i mpo r t a n c e n o t o n ly to th e wo rk
s ,
m a n b u t t o th e op e ra t o r w h o s e int e res t s are

,
m o re br oadly in volved .
R ece nt in ves ti ga ti o n s h av e b ee n ca r r i e d ou t
in pa r t s o f th e c o u nt ry w h e r e th e p n euma t i c
ha m me r i s u se d in s hi p b u i ld in g a n d in th e s t eel
in dus t ry F ro m repo rt s o f suc h in ves ti ga ti o n s
.
as a re ava i la b le it wa s n o t fou n d in a n y i n ,
s t a n c e th a t th e u se o f th e p n euma ti c h am
,
m e r p ro duc e d a n y d el e t e r i ou s eff ec t u po n th e
g n e l h eal t h o f t h e wo rke r s
e ra .
S o fa r a s thi s s t u dy i s co n ce r n ed th e m e n
u s in g p n euma ti c h am me rs o n l i me s t o n e we re
f o u n d t o b e in good ge n e ral h ea l t h a n d n o n e
o f th gr o u p exam in ed s h o w in g a n y co n s ti
e
F ro m a pa p e r p re se nt ed a t t h e S a fe t y C on
‘
gre ss o f th e N a t i o n al S a fe t y C ou n c i l S t L o u i s , .
,
S ep t 1 8 1 9 .
-
.
8 98 8 CO M P R ES S E D A I R M AGA Z I N E .
b ecam e wa rm M e nt al d ii s eas e w as not p res

.
e nt in a n y su b j ec t ex am mm in e d n o r wa s thh e r e ,
a n y p h y s i cal d i sea se w hii c h c o ul d in a n y w ay

be a tt r ib u t e d t o th e o ccupa p ttionon cu a
'
S uc h d i so rd er s o f th e ex t rem iti es inn dd i ca t e

'
v e ry clea rly th a t a d i s tt u r bb a n n ce o f th e p er ii
ur a ce
ph er a l c i rcula ti o n o f th e b lo o d i s r espo n s ib l e
e
fo r th e i r o ccu r re n c e T h e cal ib r e o f th e p e r i
.
ph er a l b loo d vess el s a n d d th er e fo r e th e amo u nt

,
o f b loo d suppl i ed t o th e pa r t i s d epe n d e nt inn

'
large measu r e upo n th e ac ti o n o f th e n erve s

w hi c h s upply th e se b loo0d v es esselsl k n ow n a s e s,
va so mo t o r n e rv es Lo w t emp e ra t u res t i mu
. s
la t e th e s e n so ry n e rv e fib e r s iinn th e sk in a n d th e
n erv e i mpu ls es th u s a roo u se dd fl xly t i mu use re e s
la t e th e vaso co n s t r i c t o r ce nt e r o r a pa r t o f iitt , ,
a n d cau s e b la n c hin g o f th e sk in T h a t col d .
may p ro du ce ev i de nt c h a nn gges in thh e appea ra n c e es
o f ce r t a in par t s o f th e b o dy n o ff th e
n oo tt a bb lly o , a
ex t rem iti es th e fee t h a nn dd s ear s a n d no s e i s

—
, s, —
a ma tt e r o f co mmo n ob s erva va tion .
I t h as b ee n po int ed ou t th a t expo su r e o f thh e

h a n d s t o co l d u sually p roodduces a t fi r s t a pal lo r uc es
o f th e sk in w hi c h i s ev id i de nttllyy du e t o a cco nn
en o
s t r i c ti o n o f th e cu t a n eouu s a r te r i ole s W h e n .
th e e x po su r e i s p rolo n ged h ow ever th e co l , ,
o r i h e i g ht e n ed a n d th e sk in us ually b eco m es
s
mo r e o r le ss cya n o ti c A lmo s t u n i ve rsally

.
,
th ere fo re col d p ro duce s a co n s t r i c ti o n o f the

,
cu t a n eou s a r t e r i oles a n d a s low flow o f b loo d

th roug h th e sk in T he va r i a tion s in colo r a r e
.
th u s cau sed b y th e va ry in g amo u nt s o f b loo d

th a t col lec t in th e sk in ca pi l la r i e s T h e flo w .
th rough th e b loo d v essel s i al so in pa r t i nflu s
e n ce d b y th e m u scle s w hi c h sur ro u n d th em .
A n y thin g th e re fo re w hi c h int e r fe re s w ith o r

, ,
i mp ed e s th e n o rmal ac ti o n o f th e mu scl e s w i ll
h ave it s e ff ec t in t u r n upo n the c i rcul a ti o n as ,
it i s th e c h a n g in g s t a te o f co nt rac ti o n a n d re
la x a ti o n o f th e mu scl e s w hi c h a i d s in the flow

o f b loo d u n d er n o rmal co n d iti o n s W h e r e a .
gro up o f mu scl es i s h el d in a co nt rac t ed s t a t e

fo r a co n s i de ra b l e l e n g th o f ti m e the c ir cu la
ti o n i th e re b y i mp ed e d
s .
W ith th e wo rkma n w h e th e r u s in g a c hi sel

,
a n d mall e t o r a p n eu ma ti c h amm e r th e fac ,
t o rs o f co l d co ntin u ed mu scl e co nt rac ti o n a n d

,
cu t a n eou s i r r it a ti o n a re all p rese nt t o a co n

s id er a b l degre e a n d dema n d du e evalua ti o n
e
in th e on i d to in f suc h d i so rd er s in th e
c s er a O
h a n d s as are so m e t i mes o b se rved T h e fac t . ,
b o r n e ou t w ith u ni fo rm it y in thi s in ves ti ga t i o n ,
th a t th e t rou b l e o ccu r s o n ly in col d w ea th e r i n

di tc a es mo s t co n clu s i vely th a t th e low t emp era
CO M P R ES S E D A I R M AGA Z I N E .
AI R J A C K F O R C AR W H EE L t rack th e wh eels '
c an be r o ll e d o u t of the
DROP PI T w ay .
B y F G L I S T ER*
. .
T h e ca r w h eel d rop p itt s h ow n in th e aeco m

pa n y in g i l lu s t ra ti o n h a s b ee n iinn u s e a t the var ii
o u s t e rm in al s o f the E l P as o S ou th w es tern
S y s t em fo r a b o u t th ree yea rs I t h as p r o . o ved
t o b e a mea n s o f sav in g m uc h ti m e a n d e x
p e n s e in remov in g a n d rr e plac in g ca r w h eel s ,
as it do e s away w ith th e n ec e ss it y fo r j ack in g

u p th e car a n d t rucks w h e n w h eels ar e t o b e
c h a n ged .
T h e e ss e nti al f ea t u res o f the co n s t ruc ti o n

co n s i s t o f a p it 3 f t 1 0 in :
. w i d e b y 2 f t 9 in . .
d eep w hi c h i s b r i dge d b y t wo t ru sse d r a i l s in

the t rack A w h eel t rack t o fac i l it a te the
.
b r in g in g o f w h eel s t o th e p it a n d r em o v in g
th em fo r repa i r i s loca t ed alo n gs i de th e ma in
t rack a n d th e p i t co nn ec t s th es e t w o .
A t th e b o tt o m o f th e p it a n d e x t e n d in g
acro s s th es e t wo t rack s i s a noth er n a r r o w
gauge t rack A j ack p rov i d e d w ith w h eel s to
.
suppo r t it a n d t o fac i l it a t e it s movem e nt ru n s

o n th i s t rack T o remove a pa i r o f w h eel s
.
f ro m a car it i s on ly n ec esa r y t o ru n the ca r

'
acro s s th e p it u nti l th e w he el s w hi c h it i s d e
s i re d t o r emov e res t o n the ce nt er o f th e
t ru s se d ra i l s T h e j ack i s th en ru n u n de r n ea th
.
th e car a n d r a i sed t o supp o r t the w h eel s a n d .
l i f t th em sl i g ht ly so th a t th e t ru s se d ra i l s ca n
b e remov ed T h e j ack i s th e n low e re d w ith the
.
w h eel s a n d ru n alo n g it s t rack u nti l in l in e

w ith th e w h eel t rack w h e re it i s aga in ra i sed ,
a n d b y apply in g th e t ru ss e d ra i l s t o th e w h eel
*
Mec h a ni cal En g in ee r , El P a so S ou th w e s t
e r n S ys t em in E lec tr i c
, R a i lway J ou r na l .
C O M P R ES S ED A I R M AGA Z I N E . S99 I
coul d b rea th e a i r a n d oxy

oxyge n a t th e sam e
t i m I At int e rval s h e p r e sse d hi s t o n gu e aga iin
e n st
th e e n d o f th e h o s e in o rdd e r t o t ell i ff th e o xyr er
'
g en w as t i ll flow in g T hi s m e th o d wa s qu ite
s .
sa ti s fac t o ry e x cep t th a t th e o xyge n b o tt l e

,
a n d th e ru bb e r t u b e ga thh e re d a b ou t a qua r t e r
o f a n in c h o f f ro s t w hi c h mad e it v e ry un
,
pl ea sa nt C ap t a in S c h r o ede r fou n d th e o xy
.
ge n supply in d i spe n sa b l e a b ove f e e t re ,
ce vi i ng w a r nin g o f thi s fac t b y a so r t o f

d r o ws in es s a n d m e n t al dep rese ss i o ni w hi c h w e re ,
r e moved w ith th e t ak in g o f o xyge n A t the .
fo ot l ev el th e t empera
-
mp tt u
u re w as reco rd er a re
ed as 62 degrees b elo w z ero C e n ntit ggradd e , e i .
T he H i spa n o S u i z a e nn gg in e f u n c ti o ne d p e r
— ne
f tly th ro ug h ou t th e asce
ec c nn s i oo nn a n d o n ly s to p e SI ,
pe d w h e n th e gasol in e supply w ex h au s t ed as .
C ap t a in S c h ro e de r th e n vo lpla n ed dow n f ro m
h i gr ea t h e i g ht a n d la n ded a t C a nt o n O hi o
s , ,
o ve r 2 00 m i l es f ro m th e s t a r tin g po int .
AI R F O R T R U C T U RA L I R O N
C L EA N I N G S
AN D P A I N T I N G
B y A E W I LSO N . .
P a intin g ove r scal e o r th e fin e ru s t u n d e r

th e scal e i s la bo r a n d ma t e r i al w as t ed as co r ,
r o i on w i ll co ntin u e
s lo n g s th e re i s a n y ru s t
as a
u n d e r th e pa int T h e o n ly eff e c ti ve way t o

. re
move thi s ru s t i s b y th e u o f a sa n d b la s t se .
T hi s me th o d w i ll remov e al l ru s t d i r t et c , , .
,
an d leav e the i r on in a c on d iti o n th a t w i l l
en a b l e the n ew pa int t o s to p fu r th e r co r ro
s i o n T he b e s t o u tfit to u se i s a p o r t a b l e m a
.
c hine th a t i s l i g ht a n d ea s i ly t ra n s fer r e d in
wo rk ca rs a n d w h i c h ca n b e t up o n t h e se
j o b w ith ou t b lock in g the ma in t rack o s t op r
p in g t ra in s .
I n u s in g the sa n d b las t ca r e s h o ul d b e x e er
ci se d n o t t o h ol d th e n ozzl e t oo clo s e o r t o o
l on g on th e sam e place a s i t w i ll w e a r away ,
th e m e ta l T h e co s t o f clea nin g b y t he sa n d
.
b las t va r i e s acco rd in g t o th e t ype o f b r i dge

to b e cl ea n ed b u t it w i l l ave ra g e a b ou t $ a
, 1
t o n w hi c h i s muc h c h eape r th a n it ca n b e do n e
,
T H E CAV A L R Y O F T H E AI R
by han d . T o in s t it u t e a com p a r i so n b e t wee n t h e cav
T h e h e vy sca l e s o f ru s t mu s t b e c hi pped o ff
a a l r y o f th e l a n d a n d th e caval ry o f th e a i r i s
w i t h h amme rs o r a i r hi sel s a s th e sa n d b las t

C , in t e re s t in g a n d n o t al t oge th e r p r o fit les s T h e
.
w i ll remove t h em o n ly b y ea tin g t h ro ug h a n d a i r fo rce ca n make n o pr i so n ers a n d ca n t ak e

th e m e n o pe ra t in g th e n oz z l e s a re l i a b le t o go n o grou n d muc h les s occu p y i t b u t i t ca n d o
, ,
t h ro u gh t oo fa r a n d damage t h e i ro n I t i s . wo rk w hi c h fo r t h e cava l ry i s i m p o s s ib l e I t
, , .
n ec essary t o fo llow u p th e cl ea nin g w ith a co a t ca n g o b eyo n d e n emy ou t po s t s ; in d i ca t e hi s

o f goo d pa int i m med i a t ely as co rro s i o n s t ar ts , fo rma t i o n s ; see w h e re h e h as h i s re se rve s ,
v e y qu i ckly a f t e r t h e u se o f t h e sa n d b la s t
r . a n d w h a t se rv i ce s h e h as in hi s rea r A e ro.
8 99 2 CO M P R ES S E D A I R M AGA Z I N E .
p la n e s ca n b o m b th e e nn ee m my y o n the marc h iinn ,
camp a n d in fac t eve ryw

, ywh h ee rree a n d a n yw h e re .
I t ca n d es tr oy b r i dg e s cu t up c on v o ys mak e ,
—
,
r o ad s d iffi cul t co mp e l th e e n em y t o a b a n d o n
,
en o rmo u s qua ntitie s o f w a r ma t e r i al a n d th ou

sa n ds o f p r i so n e rs G e rrm ma n av ii a ti o n h as5 b ee n
an .
reduce d almo s t t o pow e rrlleess ss nneess ss F re n c h ma .
c h in e s n ow ac t in gro up s a n d th e mo r t al iitty ,
amo n gs t e n emy p ro du c ti o n s s h o w s the e ff ec

t i v en es s o f th e me th o d F o r e xampl e th e J ul y
.
,
1 5 G e rma n off e n s i v e w as p e r f e c t ly k n ow n t o
the F re n c h A t L as s i g n y the e n emy was

.
b om b e d b y 1 2 0 aeropla n es a n d a s th es e o p er ,
a t ed in r elays th e i r w o rrk , k w a s c ontin uou s a n d

e ffec ti v e T he a i r s e rv i ccee d i d i mm e n s e se rv ii c e
.
in th e r ece nt b a tt l es o f C h ampag n e a n d P i
ca rdy a n d o f a k in d thh a t caval r y ca nn o t d o
, .
Av ia to r s a r e alw ays inn th e v vaa nn T he y p re .

‘
pa re th e way fo r a r ti lle rry y an d in d ii ca t e th e p r e

fi
c i s e spo t s w h e re s h o t s caa n b es t be place d T h ey .
al so in co n j u n c tion w ithh th e t a n ks p r epa re th e

, ,
way fo r th e in fa nt ry W h e n w e ge t th e mas s . Of a wo r l d s c o pp er p ro duc tion o f a p p r ox i

’
o f mac hin es th e A m er i ca n s h av e p rom i s e d , ma te ly p o u n d s in 1 9 1 7 the r efiner

G e rma n y may b e co n qu e r e d eve n f ro m th e a ir , i es O f th e U nit ed S t a t e s p r o duce d
f o r th er e i s n o mo r e e ff ec ti v e way o f deal pou n d s or a tri fl e l e s s th a n 80 p er c ent
, .
in g w ith th e H u n s th a n b y ca r ry in g the w a r
int o th e i r o w n camp s to wn s a n d c iti es T he , .
ae r opla ne s employe d t o day a re vas t ly d i ffe ren t

f r om tho s e u s ed a t the b eg innin g o f the wa r .
T h ey h av e be e n i mm en s ely i mp ro v ed a n d i t ,
w o ul d be d i ffi cul t t o say w hen pe r fec tion w i ll

be reac he d Mi ni ng Wor ld L o n d on
—
, .
T H E LA T ES T
B R I T I S H A I R P L A NES
I t i s s t a t ed says th e D a i ly C hr oni c le th a t
, ,
th e R oya l A i r F o r c e w i l l s oo n h av e sw a rm s
o f a n ew t yp e o f m a c hin e a t the b a tt l efro nt
w h i c h i s l i ke l y to ad d gre a t l y t o the d i ffi c u l
ti es o f the G e rm a n s T h i s m a c h ine a b r i l l i a nt
.
,
e x ampl e o f the co n s t r uc t or s a r t i s cap a b l e ’

,
o f ca r ry in g w ith it s p i lo t a n d o b s e r ve r a
grea t w e i g ht o f b om b s m a c hin e gu n s a n d , ,
o th e r equ i pm e nt t o ove r , fee t a n d i n a n ,
e x tr ao rd in ary s h o r t ti m e S o a r in g a s th e n ew .
,
m ac h in e w i l l a b ove th e ave r age r a n g e o f gu n s

,
a n d G e rm a n a i rm e n i t ca n c ros s the fi g htin g

,
l in es d rop it s b om b s a n d re t u rn h om e sw i f t ly
, ,
fo r a n ew lo a d S 0 fas t i s it e v en a t gre a t
.
,
a l tit u des th a t l o n g d i s t a n ces c a n b e a ecom

, I n a r ece nt d i scu ss i o n o f th e co s t o f oxy
p li s h e d i n th e s h or t es t pe r i o ds a n d b om bin g ,
ace t yl e n e w el d in g a t a m ee tin g o f s t eam ra i l
r a i d s w h i c h w ith th e o l de r t yp e o f m ac hine r o ad m ec h a n i cal me n so m e da t a w ere g i ve n to
wou l d per h ap s n ee d a w h o l e day s p rep a r
, ,
’
s h ow th a t th e ave rage co s t o f w el d in g b y thi s
a ti o n w i l l n ow be ca r ri e d ou t w ith in a coup l e
, p ro ces s i s a bo u t $ 1 p er cu bi c in c h o f w el d .
of h o u rs M o r eove r w h a t i s o f the u t mo s t
.
, T h e d a t a cove re d w el ds u s in g f rom 1 % l b to .
L ATES T U . S . P AT E N TS
F u ll s p ec ific a ti ons a nd d r a w i ng s o f a ny pat
en t ma y b e o b ta i n e d b y s en d i ng fiv e c en ts (n ot
s ta mp s ) to th e C o mm fii s s i on er of P a t en ts ,
Wa s h i ng t on, D C . .
SE P TE MBE BE R 1 0 .
E V APO R A T I N G G AP PA R AT U S J o h n
N Y
.
H F ed e ler N ew Y or R k N '
V A CUU M C L E A R NN O Z Z LL E LL yy nn
, ,
. . .
A IN EER
D R u d o l p h C h i c a g o I1 H
-
.
11
EX H AUS T CO N Ti RR OO LLLIN VA
,
LV ,
.
L I NG
.
ON G V AL V E E '‘
F O R PE RCU SS IV E TO O LL SS FF rr e d M SS ll at
-
OO ater
E a s t on P a
. . ,
FL U I D P R E SSSS UUR
,
E G E N E R ATO R
.
RE
O R T UR B IN E S A r t h u r D i x SS antaa n t a M aa r i a
-
ga l , ,
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M AGAZ I N E

Ai r and W a t er T ankk ffo r D rills

B last to H arden I c e C ream 72 1

D elivery o f T u rbine bine B l wers o 0 O O

D riven C entri fu g al P ump

Elevate d W rking g P lat f o rm

H o ists D evel pment

for S ulphuric Aci d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

P ump D esign D evel pments o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Ai rman d B in cular V isi n

Alame d a S h ipbu ilding P lant ‘ 6 6‘

Alte rnating C urrent C ran e (t u

R ive t ing Advanta g e

Ar t iﬁcial C l rs F as t er t han Natu ral

Atm sphere I nver t ed D ep t hs f

Elect rici t y d C A as C al an o 8665

Lamp W i t h ut F lame o 8 73 3 , 8714

Mines an d C o unter Mines 8 892

N aval C o n sul t in g B o ard 8 666 88 5 8 , Q

8 762 Q uicklime xpan s ive F rce o f

an , fo r 88 2 4 R ein f rce d C ncre t e Ship

R ive er he neumaa iic acemaker

Rot a ryAi r Pump 62 5

R ushin a ri ish hipyar

S alva g e D iffi cul t C ase o o o o o o o

S hipyar d R ive t in g Machine

S iph n B l wers f R ive t H ea t in g

S u b marine d t he U nsinka b le S hip an

T alc U S L arg es t P r d ucer

TO G ET A GOO D P ﬂ OTO G RAi A

tha t wi t h p ra c t ic e an d exp en enc

M OU N T R OYAL TU N N EL . A N OVELTY IN PH OTO GRA H Y

pic t u re s an d wh ich fai l to sho w the interiors

groun d has been at its best a dishea rten ing

art Ass istant En g in ee r Mount R oyal T unn el

an d T erminal C mpany in Electric R ailway

that with p ractice n d experience results can

be obtain ed in tunnel photo g raphy that are a l

an d w ith ve ry simple ar t i ﬁcial lightin g appa

R oyal tunnel he re re p ro duced s eems t fully o

co rr o borate the sta t emen t .

T h trick con s ists in u s ing a po rtable lamp

wi t h reﬂecto r which is m ved along to suc

ces si ly illumin e all par t s o f th e interi o r

which i s to be photographed Th e camera .

n eeds n o descrip t i o n almost any type will —

serve but an anasti g mat len s o f the cemented

type w ill give n ega t ives that are mo re brillian t

con di t ion s T he re i s no n eed f a large aper

l amp mus t o f cou rs e bee carr

n el ahead o f the camera and p pointin

o f the came ra an d endin g say ft from n , , .

i t o r whatever distance is requ

t og p h T h e lamp may be carried in the han d

a n d cu rrent fed to i t by a wire o f t he required

len g th attached to the tunnel li g h t in g system ,

b u t fo r lon g perspective views it i s bet t er t o

mount the lamp n a small pu sh car connected o

to an electric locom t ive ab ut 2 5 0 ft away by o o .

m ean s o f a l ight rope and a wi re fo r furni sh

i g the lamp must keep his body be t ween the

l amp and the camera o r else the light from ,

t h e ventilating holes in the socket w ill s t rike