BASICS‌ 

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 ‌
1‌‌SIMPLE‌‌PROGRAMS‌ ‌  ‌ ‌
4
1.1‌‌THEORY:‌‌Introduction‌‌to‌‌Python‌ ‌4 ‌ ‌
1.1.1‌‌What‌‌is‌‌Python?‌ ‌  ‌ ‌
4
1.1.2‌‌Python‌‌in‌‌data‌‌science‌ ‌4 ‌ ‌
1.1.3‌‌A‌‌short‌‌history‌‌of‌‌Python‌ ‌  ‌ ‌
5
1.1.4‌‌First‌‌program‌‌example‌ ‌5 ‌ ‌
1.1.5‌‌Practice‌ ‌5 ‌ ‌
1.1.5.1‌‌Main‌‌applications‌ ‌  ‌ ‌
5
1.1.5.2‌‌Older‌‌version‌‌of‌‌Python‌ ‌5 ‌ ‌
1.1.5.3‌‌Hello,‌‌Python‌ ‌5 ‌ ‌
1.1.5.4‌‌Versions‌‌of‌‌Python‌ ‌  ‌ ‌
6
1.1.5.5‌‌Guess‌‌the‌‌result‌ ‌6 ‌ ‌
1.1.5.6‌‌The‌‌origin‌‌of‌‌the‌‌name‌ ‌  ‌ ‌
6
1.1.5.7‌‌Data‌‌science‌‌tools‌‌in‌‌Python‌ ‌6 ‌ ‌
1.2‌‌THEORY:‌‌Overview‌‌of‌‌the‌‌basic‌‌program‌ ‌7 ‌ ‌
1.2.1‌‌The‌‌Hello‌‌World‌‌program‌ ‌  ‌ ‌
7
1.2.2‌‌Short‌‌explanation‌ ‌7 ‌ ‌
1.2.3‌‌Printing‌‌quotes‌ ‌  ‌ ‌
7
1.2.4‌‌Possible‌‌errors‌ ‌8 ‌ ‌
1.2.5‌‌Summary‌ ‌8 ‌ ‌
1.2.6‌‌Practice‌ ‌  ‌ ‌
8
1.2.6.1‌‌What‌‌is‌‌print‌ ‌8 ‌ ‌
1.2.6.2‌‌Plain‌‌message‌ ‌  ‌ ‌
8
1.2.6.3‌‌Alice‌‌in‌‌Wonderland‌ ‌8 ‌ ‌
1.2.6.4‌‌Print‌‌a‌‌text‌ ‌8 ‌ ‌
1.2.6.5‌‌Your‌‌name‌ ‌  ‌ ‌
8
1.2.6.6‌‌Multiple‌‌quotes‌ ‌9 ‌ ‌
1.3‌‌THEORY:‌‌Multi-line‌‌programs‌ ‌  ‌ ‌
9
1.3.1‌‌Practice‌ ‌10‌  ‌
1.3.1.1‌‌Count‌‌the‌‌empty‌ ‌10‌  ‌
1.4‌‌THEORY:‌‌Program‌‌execution‌ ‌ 0‌  ‌
1
1.4.1‌‌Interpretation‌ ‌10‌  ‌
1.4.2‌‌Interpreted‌‌or‌‌compiled?‌ ‌ 1‌  ‌
1
1.4.3‌‌Python‌‌Virtual‌‌Machine‌ ‌11‌  ‌
1.4.4‌‌Summary‌ ‌12‌  ‌
1.4.5‌‌Practice‌ ‌ 2‌  ‌
1
1.4.5.1‌‌How‌‌it‌‌happens‌ ‌12‌  ‌
1.4.5.2‌‌Code‌‌representations‌ ‌ 2‌  ‌
1
1.4.5.3‌‌Virtual‌‌Machine‌ ‌12‌  ‌
1.4.5.4‌‌Interpreter‌ ‌12‌  ‌
1.4.5.5‌‌Choose‌‌action‌ ‌ 2‌  ‌
1
1.4.5.6‌‌Lifecycle‌‌of‌‌a‌‌Python‌‌program‌ ‌12‌  ‌
1.4.5.7‌‌Default‌‌interpreter‌ ‌12‌  ‌

1‌  ‌
 1.4.5.8‌‌Documentation‌ ‌13‌  ‌
1.4.5.9‌‌What‌‌step‌‌to‌‌choose?‌ ‌ 3‌  ‌
1
1.4.5.10‌‌Byte‌‌code‌ ‌ 3‌  ‌
1
1.4.5.11‌‌Python‌‌Virtual‌‌Machine‌ ‌13‌  ‌
1.5‌‌THEORY:‌‌Taking‌‌input‌ ‌13‌  ‌
1.5.1‌‌Reading‌‌input‌‌from‌‌a‌‌user‌ ‌ 3‌  ‌
1
1.5.2‌‌Clear‌‌messages‌ ‌14‌  ‌
1.5.3‌‌Important‌‌details‌ ‌ 4‌  ‌
1
1.5.4‌‌Conclusion‌ ‌14‌  ‌
1.5.5‌‌Practice‌ ‌14‌  ‌
1.5.5.1‌‌User‌‌input‌ ‌ 4‌  ‌
1
1.5.5.2‌‌As‌‌an‌‌integer‌ ‌14‌  ‌
1.5.5.3‌‌The‌‌end‌‌of‌‌an‌‌input‌ ‌ 5‌  ‌
1
1.5.5.4‌‌Input()‌‌function‌ ‌15‌  ‌
1.5.5.5‌‌What‌‌to‌‌expect?‌ ‌15‌  ‌
1.5.5.6‌‌Sum‌ ‌ 5‌  ‌
1
1.5.5.7‌‌Tricky‌‌question‌ ‌15‌  ‌
1.5.5.8‌‌Sum‌‌of‌‌two‌‌floats‌ ‌ 5‌  ‌
1
1.5.5.9‌‌Data‌‌type‌ ‌16‌  ‌
1.5.5.10‌‌Test‌ ‌16‌  ‌
1.5.5.11‌‌Ways‌‌to‌‌read‌ ‌ 6‌  ‌
1
1.5.5.12‌‌Difference‌ ‌16‌  ‌
1.5.5.13‌‌Catchy‌‌song‌ ‌16‌  ‌
1.6‌‌THEORY:‌‌Program‌‌with‌‌numbers‌ ‌ 7‌  ‌
1
1.6.1‌‌Reading‌‌numbers‌‌from‌‌user‌‌input‌ ‌17‌  ‌
1.6.2‌‌Free‌‌air‌‌miles‌ ‌ 7‌  ‌
1
1.6.3‌‌Advanced‌‌forms‌‌of‌‌assignment‌ ‌18‌  ‌
1.6.4‌‌Counter‌‌variable‌ ‌ 8‌  ‌
1
1.6.5‌‌Conclusion‌ ‌19‌  ‌
1.6.6‌‌Practice‌ ‌19‌  ‌
1.6.6.1‌‌Bad‌‌omen‌ ‌ 9‌  ‌
1
1.6.6.2‌‌Undercover‌ ‌19‌  ‌
1.6.6.3‌‌When‌‌you'll‌‌have‌‌a‌‌free‌‌trip?‌ ‌ 9‌  ‌
1
1.6.6.4‌‌Calculating‌‌an‌‌expression‌ ‌20‌  ‌
1.6.6.5‌‌The‌‌last‌‌digit‌‌of‌‌a‌‌number‌ ‌20‌  ‌
1.6.6.6‌‌Calculating‌‌S‌‌V‌‌P‌ ‌ 1‌  ‌
2
1.6.6.7‌‌Divide‌‌nuts‌‌equally‌‌between‌‌squirrels‌ ‌21‌  ‌
1.6.6.8‌‌The‌‌first‌‌digit‌‌of‌‌a‌‌two-digit‌‌number‌ ‌22‌  ‌
1.6.6.9‌‌Difference‌‌of‌‌times‌ ‌ 2‌  ‌
2
1.6.6.10‌‌The‌‌sum‌‌of‌‌digits‌ ‌23‌  ‌
1.6.6.11‌‌Pumpkin‌‌pie‌ ‌ 4‌  ‌
2
1.6.6.12‌‌Savings‌‌account‌ ‌24‌  ‌
1.6.6.13‌‌Good‌‌rest‌‌on‌‌vacation‌ ‌24‌  ‌
1.6.6.14‌‌Desks‌ ‌ 5‌  ‌
2
1.7‌‌THEORY:‌‌Command‌‌line‌‌arguments‌ ‌25‌  ‌
1.7.1‌‌Running‌‌from‌‌the‌‌command‌‌line‌ ‌25‌  ‌

2‌  ‌
 1.7.2‌‌System‌‌module‌ ‌ 6‌  ‌
2
1.7.3‌‌Checking‌‌the‌‌input‌ ‌26‌  ‌
1.7.4‌‌Within‌‌the‌‌IDE‌ ‌ 6‌  ‌
2
1.7.5‌‌Summary‌ ‌27‌  ‌
1.7.6‌‌Practice‌ ‌27‌  ‌
1.7.6.1‌‌Length‌ ‌ 7‌  ‌
2
1.8‌‌THEORY:‌‌Argparse‌‌module‌ ‌27‌  ‌
1.8.1‌‌Getting‌‌started‌‌with‌‌argparse‌ ‌ 8‌  ‌
2
1.8.2‌‌Adding‌‌arguments‌ ‌28‌  ‌
1.8.3‌‌Parsing‌‌arguments‌ ‌29‌  ‌
1.8.4‌‌How‌‌do‌‌you‌‌actually‌‌use‌‌that‌‌in‌‌the‌‌command‌‌line?‌ ‌ 0‌  ‌
3
1.8.5‌‌Summary‌ ‌32‌  ‌
1.8.6‌‌Practice‌ ‌ 2‌  ‌
3
1.8.6.1‌‌Arguments‌‌as‌‌flags‌ ‌32‌  ‌

2‌‌MODULE‌‌AND‌‌PACKAGES‌ ‌ 2‌  ‌
3
2.1‌‌THEORY:‌‌Load‌‌module‌ ‌32‌  ‌
2.1.1‌‌Module‌‌basics‌ ‌ 2‌  ‌
3
2.1.2‌‌Module‌‌loading‌ ‌33‌  ‌
2.1.3‌‌Built-in‌‌modules‌ ‌ 4‌  ‌
3
2.1.4‌‌Summary‌ ‌34‌  ‌

3‌‌BUILD-iNS‌ ‌ 5‌  ‌
3
3.1‌‌THEORY:‌‌Any‌‌and‌‌all‌ ‌35‌  ‌
3.1.1‌‌Function‌‌any()‌ ‌ 6‌  ‌
3
3.1.2‌‌Function‌‌all()‌ ‌36‌  ‌
3.1.3‌‌Non-boolean‌‌values‌ ‌ 7‌  ‌
3
3.1.4‌‌Conditions‌ ‌37‌  ‌
3.1.5‌‌Summary‌ ‌38‌  ‌
3.1.6‌‌Practice‌ ‌ 8‌  ‌
3
3.1.6.1‌‌Objects‌ ‌38‌  ‌
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3‌  ‌
 ‌

1‌S
‌ IMPLE‌P
‌ ROGRAMS‌  ‌

 ‌

1.1‌‌THEORY:‌‌Introduction‌‌to‌‌Python‌  ‌
1.1.1‌‌What‌‌is‌‌Python?‌  ‌
Python‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌modern‌  ‌general-purpose‌  ‌programming‌  ‌language‌  ‌initially‌  ‌developed‌  ‌by‌  ‌a ‌ ‌Dutch‌  ‌programmer‌‌ 
named‌‌   Guido‌‌   van‌‌
  Rossum‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ late‌‌ 1980s.‌‌ The‌‌ name‌‌ comes‌‌ from‌‌ the‌‌ popular‌‌ Monty‌‌ Python‌‌ show,‌‌ not‌‌ the‌‌ 
snake,‌‌  as‌‌
  you‌‌   might‌‌   think.‌‌
  This‌‌   language‌‌   has‌‌   a ‌‌clean,‌‌
  uniform,‌‌   and‌‌
  well-readable‌‌   syntax‌‌ and‌‌ is‌‌ designed‌‌ to‌‌ 
be‌‌easy‌‌to‌‌learn‌‌and‌‌use‌‌in‌‌practice.‌  ‌
Nowadays,‌  ‌Python‌  ‌is‌  ‌one‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌   most‌‌
  popular‌‌   programming‌‌   languages‌‌   worldwide,‌‌   according‌‌   to‌‌
  the‌‌
  ‌TIOBE‌‌ 
index.‌‌
  The‌‌ number‌‌ of‌‌ programmers‌‌ who‌‌ use‌‌ it‌‌ is‌‌ growing‌‌ every‌‌ day!‌‌ The‌‌ language‌‌ has‌‌ a ‌‌huge‌‌ community‌‌ of‌‌ 
developers‌‌   around‌‌   the‌‌  world.‌‌
  If‌‌
  you‌‌
  have‌‌  a ‌‌problem,‌‌   you‌‌ can‌‌ always‌‌ ask‌‌ other‌‌ programmers‌‌ for‌‌ help‌‌ or‌‌ find‌‌ 
a‌‌suitable‌‌answer‌‌on‌‌a‌‌site‌‌like‌S ‌ tack‌‌Overflow‌.‌D ‌ eveloping‌‌software‌‌with‌‌Python‌‌is‌‌easy‌‌and‌‌fun!‌  ‌
Python‌‌has‌‌a‌‌wide‌‌range‌‌of‌‌possible‌‌applications,‌‌especially‌‌in:‌  ‌
● Web‌‌development;‌  ‌
● Data‌‌science‌‌(including‌‌machine‌‌learning);‌  ‌
● Scripting‌‌(task‌‌automation,‌‌such‌‌as‌‌text‌‌processing‌‌or‌‌simulation‌‌of‌‌typical‌‌user‌‌actions).‌  ‌
It‌‌is‌‌also‌‌used‌‌in‌‌‌desktop‌‌development‌,‌‌though‌‌less‌‌commonly.‌  ‌

1.1.2‌‌Python‌‌in‌‌data‌‌science‌  ‌
Python's‌‌  huge‌‌
  popularity‌‌   in‌‌
  recent‌‌
  years‌‌
  is‌‌
  mostly‌‌   due‌‌
  to‌‌
  its‌‌
  use‌‌
  in‌‌
  data‌‌   science.‌‌ What‌‌ makes‌‌ it‌‌ better‌‌ than‌‌ 
other‌‌languages‌‌for‌‌this‌‌purpose?‌‌Well,‌‌there're‌‌a‌‌number‌‌of‌‌reasons:‌  ‌
● Its‌  ‌simple‌  ‌syntax‌  ‌allows‌  ‌people‌  ‌from‌  ‌non-programming‌  ‌backgrounds‌  ‌to‌  ‌use‌  ‌it‌  ‌for‌  ‌data‌  ‌processing‌‌  
and‌‌model‌‌training‌‌without‌‌spending‌‌much‌‌time‌‌learning‌‌a‌‌new‌‌language.‌  ‌
● Python‌  ‌supports‌  ‌a ‌ ‌very‌  ‌large‌  ‌number‌‌   of‌‌
  third-party‌‌   libraries‌‌   for‌‌
  machine‌‌   learning,‌‌
  neural‌‌   networks,‌‌ 
statistics,‌‌and‌‌numeric‌‌calculations,‌‌which‌‌makes‌‌your‌‌job‌‌much‌‌easier.‌  ‌
● With‌  ‌Python,‌‌   it‌‌
  is‌‌
  possible‌‌  to‌‌
  collect,‌‌  clean,‌‌   and‌‌
  explore‌‌   data,‌‌   as‌‌  well‌‌
  as‌‌
  train‌‌
  models‌‌
  and‌‌   visualize‌‌
 
the‌‌results‌‌—‌‌all‌‌in‌‌one‌‌setting!‌  ‌
● Python‌‌ML‌‌developers'‌‌community‌‌is‌‌very‌‌large,‌‌so‌‌you‌‌can‌‌always‌‌find‌‌support‌‌for‌‌your‌‌tasks.‌  ‌
As‌‌you‌‌can‌‌see,‌‌Python‌‌does‌‌have‌‌a‌‌lot‌‌to‌‌offer‌‌for‌‌data‌‌science‌‌enthusiasts.‌  ‌

1.1.3‌‌A‌‌short‌‌history‌‌of‌‌Python‌  ‌
Like‌  ‌other‌  ‌programming‌  ‌languages,‌  ‌Python‌  ‌has‌  ‌gone‌  ‌through‌  ‌a ‌ ‌number‌  ‌of‌  ‌versions.‌  ‌Python‌  ‌1.0‌  ‌was‌‌ 
released‌‌in‌‌1994‌‌and‌‌laid‌‌the‌‌basic‌‌principles‌‌of‌‌the‌‌language‌‌with‌‌emphasis‌‌on‌‌simplicity.‌  ‌
Python‌‌   2.0‌‌
  was‌‌
  released‌‌   in‌‌
  2000.‌‌   This‌‌
  version‌‌   has‌‌  become‌‌ very‌‌ popular‌‌ among‌‌ programmers.‌‌ Different‌‌ 2.x‌‌ 
subversions‌  ‌(2.6,‌  ‌2.7)‌  ‌are‌  ‌still‌  ‌used‌  ‌in‌  ‌various‌  ‌projects‌  ‌and‌  ‌libraries.‌  ‌The‌  ‌symbol‌  ‌x ‌ ‌in‌  ‌2.x‌  ‌means‌  ‌any‌‌ 
subversion‌‌of‌‌Python‌‌2.‌  ‌
Python‌  ‌3.0‌  ‌was‌  ‌the‌  ‌next‌  ‌major‌  ‌version‌  ‌released‌  ‌in‌  ‌2008.‌  ‌It‌  ‌broke‌  ‌backward‌  ‌compatibility‌  ‌with‌  ‌its‌‌ 
predecessors‌‌in‌‌order‌‌to‌‌rid‌‌the‌‌language‌‌of‌‌historic‌‌clutter‌‌and‌‌make‌‌Python‌‌more‌‌readable‌‌and‌‌consistent.‌  ‌
Today,‌‌two‌‌similar‌‌but‌‌incompatible‌‌versions‌‌of‌‌Python‌‌are‌‌commonly‌‌used.‌  ‌
Throughout‌‌this‌‌course,‌‌we‌‌will‌‌be‌‌working‌‌with‌‌Python‌‌3.x.‌  ‌
4‌  ‌
1.1.4‌‌First‌‌program‌‌example‌  ‌
Here‌‌is‌‌a‌‌single‌‌line‌‌of‌‌Python‌‌code‌‌that‌‌prints‌‌ ‌
Learn‌‌
Python‌‌
to‌‌
be‌‌
great!.‌‌
 
print‌ ("‌Learn‌‌ Python‌‌ to‌‌ be‌‌
great!"‌ ) ‌‌
For‌‌
  now,‌‌   you‌‌
  do‌‌
  not‌‌  need‌‌
  to‌‌
  understand‌‌   how‌‌   this‌‌
  code‌‌  works:‌‌   just‌‌
  appreciate‌‌   its‌‌
  beautiful‌‌  syntax‌‌   that‌‌  isn't‌‌ 
too‌‌far‌‌from‌‌normal‌‌English.‌  ‌
Knowing‌‌   about‌‌  the‌‌  compatibility‌‌   of‌‌
  Python‌‌   versions‌‌   will‌‌
  likely‌‌   help‌‌   you‌‌  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  future.‌‌ If‌‌ you‌‌ know‌‌ it,‌‌ you‌‌ can‌‌ 
easily‌  ‌read‌  ‌through‌  ‌the‌  ‌older‌  ‌code‌  ‌and‌  ‌correct‌  ‌it,‌  ‌so‌  ‌it‌  ‌will‌  ‌run‌  ‌without‌  ‌any‌  ‌mistakes‌  ‌in‌  ‌newer‌  ‌Python‌‌ 
versions.‌  ‌
When‌‌   did‌‌  Python‌‌   become‌‌   incompatible‌‌   with‌‌   its‌‌
  earlier‌‌
  versions?‌‌   Enter‌‌ the‌‌ number‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ version‌‌ that‌‌ broke‌‌ 
backward‌‌compatibility.‌‌You‌‌don't‌‌need‌‌to‌‌use‌‌the‌‌print‌‌statement‌‌or‌‌quotation‌‌marks,‌‌just‌‌write‌‌the‌‌number.‌  ‌
1.1.5‌‌Practice‌  ‌
Computer‌‌science‌‌>‌‌Programming‌‌languages‌‌>‌‌Python‌‌>‌ ‌Basics‌‌>‌‌Simple‌‌programs‌‌>‌‌Introduction‌‌to‌‌Python‌  ‌
1.1.5.1‌M
‌ain‌a
‌pplications‌‌
 
As‌  ‌a ‌ ‌general-purpose‌  ‌language,‌  ‌Python‌  ‌has‌  ‌many‌  ‌applications.‌  ‌Select‌  ‌all‌  ‌options‌  ‌which‌  ‌represent‌  ‌main‌‌ 
applications‌‌for‌‌Python.‌‌Select‌‌one‌‌or‌‌more‌‌options‌‌from‌‌the‌‌list‌  ‌
task‌‌automation‌ (X)‌  ‌
web‌‌development‌ (X)‌  ‌
machine‌‌learning‌ (X)‌  ‌
1.1.5.2‌O
‌lder‌v
‌ersion‌o
‌f‌P
‌ython‌‌
 
Nowadays,‌‌   different‌‌
  subversions‌‌
  of‌‌
  Python‌‌  3 ‌‌are‌‌
  used‌‌
  in‌‌
  projects‌‌   and‌‌
 libraries,‌‌  and‌‌
 there‌‌ are‌‌
 new‌‌ versions‌‌  
under‌  ‌development.‌  ‌However,‌  ‌what‌  ‌about‌  ‌Python‌  ‌2?‌  ‌Are‌  ‌its‌  ‌subversions‌  ‌still‌  ‌used?‌  ‌Choose‌  ‌one‌  ‌correct‌‌
 
option.‌S‌ elect‌‌one‌‌option‌‌from‌‌the‌‌list:‌  ‌
Python‌‌2‌‌is‌‌not‌‌used‌‌at‌‌all‌‌now‌  ‌
Some‌‌projects‌‌use‌‌Python‌‌3,‌‌while‌‌others‌‌are‌‌still‌‌written‌‌in‌‌Python‌‌2‌ (X)‌  ‌
Python‌‌2‌‌is‌‌still‌‌more‌‌popular‌‌than‌‌Python‌‌3 ‌ ‌
Python‌‌2‌‌is‌‌more‌‌convenient‌‌for‌‌data‌‌science‌‌and‌‌used‌‌particularly‌‌for‌‌this‌‌purpose‌  ‌
1.1.5.3‌H ‌ello,‌P ‌ython‌‌  
Here‌‌  is‌‌
  a ‌‌simple‌‌ one-line‌‌ Python‌‌ program‌‌ that‌‌ prints‌‌ a ‌‌text.‌‌ Copy‌‌ it‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ text‌‌ area‌‌ below‌‌ and‌‌ then‌‌ click‌‌ 
the‌‌
  Run‌‌   button‌‌  (or‌‌
  Check‌‌   button‌‌ if‌‌ you‌‌ use‌‌ an‌‌ IDE).‌‌ Our‌‌ server‌‌ will‌‌ verify‌‌ whether‌‌ the‌‌ program‌‌ is‌‌ correct‌‌ 
and‌‌will‌‌tell‌‌you‌‌the‌‌result.‌p ‌ rint(‌ "Learn‌‌ Python‌‌ to‌‌ be‌‌ great!"‌ ) ‌‌
Now,‌‌you‌‌do‌‌not‌‌need‌‌to‌‌understand‌‌how‌‌the‌‌program‌‌works,‌‌just‌‌enjoy‌‌it!‌‌:)‌  ‌
1.1.5.4‌V ‌ersions‌o ‌f‌P ‌ython‌‌  
What‌‌version‌‌of‌‌Python‌‌is‌‌used‌‌throughout‌‌this‌‌course?‌‌Select‌‌one‌‌option‌‌from‌‌the‌‌list:‌  ‌
1.x‌  ‌
2.x‌  ‌
2.7‌  ‌
3.x‌ (X)‌ 
1.1.5.5‌G
‌uess‌t
‌he‌r
‌esult‌‌
 
In‌  ‌the‌  ‌topic,‌‌  you‌‌
  saw‌‌
  a ‌‌one-line‌‌
  code‌‌   snippet.‌‌
  We‌‌
  will‌‌
  describe‌‌
  it‌‌
  in‌‌
  detail‌‌
  in‌‌
  further‌‌
  topics,‌‌
  but‌‌
  we‌‌
  bet‌‌
  you‌‌
 
are‌‌   able‌‌  to‌‌
  write‌‌
  your‌‌
  first‌‌
  program‌‌   even‌‌  now!‌‌
  Look‌‌
  at‌‌
  the‌‌
  code‌‌
  examples‌‌   below‌‌   and‌‌  guess‌‌
  which‌‌
  one‌‌
 will‌‌
 
output‌‌the‌‌phrase‌‌"I‌‌am‌‌ready‌‌to‌‌learn!".‌‌Select‌‌one‌‌option‌‌from‌‌the‌‌list:‌  ‌
write‌‌"I‌‌am‌‌ready‌‌to‌‌learn!"‌  ‌
output("I‌‌am‌‌ready‌‌to‌‌learn!")‌  ‌
enter‌‌"I‌‌am‌‌ready‌‌to‌‌learn!"‌  ‌
print("I‌‌am‌‌ready‌‌to‌‌learn!")‌ (X)‌ 

5‌  ‌
1.1.5.6‌T
‌he‌o
‌rigin‌o
‌f‌t
‌he‌n
‌ame‌‌
 
Why‌‌was‌‌the‌‌programming‌‌language‌‌you‌‌are‌‌going‌‌to‌‌study‌‌called‌‌Python?Select‌‌one‌‌option‌‌from‌‌the‌‌list:‌  ‌
It‌‌was‌‌named‌‌after‌‌a‌‌snake.‌  ‌
All‌‌the‌‌answers‌‌are‌‌correct!‌  ‌
It‌‌was‌‌named‌‌after‌‌a‌‌revolver.‌  ‌
It‌‌was‌‌named‌‌after‌‌the‌‌Monty‌‌Python‌‌show.‌ (X)‌  ‌
1.1.5.7‌D
‌ata‌s
‌cience‌t
‌ools‌i
‌n‌P
‌ython‌‌
 
Recently,‌‌Python‌‌has‌‌gained‌‌popularity‌‌in‌‌the‌‌area‌‌of‌‌data‌‌science.‌‌Why‌‌did‌‌it‌‌happen?‌‌Select‌‌one‌‌option‌‌from‌‌the‌‌list:‌  ‌
Python‌‌has‌‌many‌‌tools‌‌for‌‌collecting‌‌and‌‌cleaning‌‌data.‌  ‌
Python‌‌has‌‌third-party‌‌tools‌‌for‌‌machine‌‌learning‌‌and‌‌neural‌‌networks.‌  ‌
Python's‌‌simple‌‌syntax‌‌makes‌‌the‌‌process‌‌of‌‌writing‌‌code‌‌faster.‌ 
Python‌‌has‌‌tools‌‌for‌‌numeric‌‌calculations‌‌and‌‌statistics.‌  ‌
You‌‌can‌‌easily‌‌visualize‌‌your‌‌results‌‌using‌‌Python.‌  ‌
All‌‌of‌‌the‌‌above‌‌options‌‌are‌‌correct‌ (X)‌  ‌

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6‌  ‌
1.2‌‌THEORY:‌‌Overview‌‌of‌‌the‌‌basic‌‌program‌  ‌
In‌‌
  this‌‌
  topic,‌‌
  you‌‌
  will‌‌
  learn‌‌
  how‌‌  to‌‌
  develop‌‌
  your‌‌
  first‌‌ Python‌‌ programs.‌‌ Despite‌‌ the‌‌ fact‌‌ that‌‌ these‌‌ programs‌‌ 
are‌‌quite‌‌simple,‌‌they‌‌are‌‌still‌‌syntactically‌‌correct‌‌and‌‌show‌‌that‌‌programming‌‌in‌‌Python‌‌is‌‌a‌‌treat.‌  ‌

1.2.1‌‌The‌‌Hello‌‌World‌‌program‌  ‌
Our‌‌
  first‌‌
  example‌‌
  will‌‌
  be‌‌
  Hello,‌‌
  World!‌‌
  It‌‌
  is‌‌
  traditionally‌‌
  used‌‌
  to‌‌
  introduce‌‌
  beginners‌‌
  to‌‌
  a ‌‌new‌‌
  programming‌‌ 
language.‌  ‌
print‌
("
‌Hello,‌‌
World!"‌
) 
‌‌
As‌  ‌you‌  ‌can‌  ‌see,‌  ‌it‌  ‌consists‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌single‌‌  line‌‌
  and‌‌
  just‌‌
  prints‌‌
  a ‌‌string‌‌   passed‌‌
  in‌‌
  the‌‌  parentheses,‌‌   but‌‌
  without‌‌ 
quotes.‌‌   You‌‌  may‌‌   run‌‌   this‌‌
  code‌‌  ‌online‌‌   (just‌‌  copy‌‌
  it‌‌
  and‌‌
  click‌‌ on‌‌ the‌‌ triangle)‌‌ or‌‌ follow‌‌ these‌‌ ‌installation‌‌ tips‌. ‌‌
You‌‌should‌‌get‌‌this‌‌result:‌  ‌
Hello,‌‌World!‌  ‌
Although‌‌this‌‌code‌‌is‌‌very‌‌simple,‌‌we‌‌will‌‌go‌‌through‌‌it‌‌in‌‌some‌‌more‌‌detail.‌  ‌
1.2.2‌‌Short‌‌explanation‌  ‌
Here,‌‌  print‌‌   is‌‌
  the‌‌  name‌‌  of‌‌
  a ‌‌function.‌‌   A ‌‌function‌‌  is‌‌
  a ‌‌block‌‌ of‌‌ code‌‌ that‌‌ does‌‌ some‌‌ useful‌‌ work‌‌ for‌‌ you,‌‌ e.g.‌‌ 
prints‌‌   a ‌‌text.‌‌
  In‌‌
  some‌‌  sense,‌‌   a ‌‌function‌‌ is‌‌ a ‌‌subprogram‌‌ that‌‌ can‌‌ be‌‌ reused‌‌ within‌‌ your‌‌ programs.‌‌ When‌‌ the‌‌ 
name‌‌of‌‌a‌‌function‌‌is‌‌followed‌‌by‌‌parentheses,‌‌it‌‌means‌‌that‌‌it‌‌was‌‌called‌‌to‌‌get‌‌the‌‌result.‌  ‌
Let's‌  ‌go‌  ‌further:‌  ‌"Hello,‌  ‌World!"‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌Python‌  ‌string.‌  ‌All‌  ‌strings‌  ‌are‌  ‌surrounded‌  ‌by‌  ‌either‌  ‌single‌  ‌or‌  ‌double‌‌ 
quotes,‌‌   so‌‌ 'Hello,‌‌ World!'‌‌ is‌‌ also‌‌ a ‌‌valid‌‌ string.‌‌ You‌‌ may‌‌ replace‌‌ this‌‌ string‌‌ with‌‌ another‌‌ one,‌‌ and‌‌ the‌‌ program‌‌ 
will‌‌print‌‌the‌‌new‌‌string.‌‌For‌‌example:‌  ‌
print‌ ('
‌Python‌‌ 3.x'‌ ) ‌‌
As‌‌you‌‌might‌‌guess,‌‌this‌‌program‌‌will‌‌print:‌  ‌
Python‌‌3.x‌  ‌

1.2.3‌‌Printing‌‌quotes‌  ‌
Now‌  ‌imagine‌  ‌that‌‌
  the‌‌
  string‌‌
  you‌‌
  want‌‌
  to‌‌
  print‌‌
  already‌‌
  contains‌‌  some‌‌
  type‌‌
  of‌‌
  quotation‌‌
  mark.‌‌
  If‌‌
  you‌‌
  would‌‌ 
like‌‌to‌‌include‌‌quotes‌‌into‌‌a‌‌string,‌‌then‌‌enclose‌‌this‌‌string‌‌in‌‌quotes‌‌of‌‌another‌‌type,‌‌e.g.:‌  ‌
print("Yes,‌‌ I'm‌‌ ready‌‌ to‌‌ learn‌‌ Python.")‌‌  
Part‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌string‌  ‌with‌  ‌I'm‌  ‌is‌  ‌printed‌  ‌correctly,‌  ‌because‌  ‌you‌  ‌used‌  ‌double‌  ‌quotes‌  ‌"..."‌  ‌to‌  ‌enclose‌‌
  the‌‌
  whole‌‌ 
string:‌  ‌
Yes,‌‌ I'm‌‌ ready‌‌ to‌‌ learn‌‌ Python.‌‌  
If‌  ‌you‌  ‌write‌  ‌it‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌following‌  ‌wrong‌  ‌way:‌  ‌print('Yes,‌ ‌I'm‌  ‌ ready‌  ‌to‌  ‌learn‌  ‌Python.')‌ your‌ 
program‌  ‌won't‌  ‌know‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌  ‌string‌  ‌starts‌  ‌and‌  ‌ends.You‌  ‌can‌  ‌try‌  ‌to‌  ‌run‌  ‌all‌  ‌the‌  ‌examples‌  ‌using‌  ‌the‌  ‌link‌‌ 
provided‌‌earlier.‌‌This‌‌will‌‌help‌‌you‌‌familiarize‌‌yourself‌‌with‌‌Python.‌  ‌

1.2.4‌‌Possible‌‌errors‌  ‌
Even‌‌this‌‌simple‌‌line‌‌of‌‌code‌‌may‌‌contain‌‌errors,‌‌most‌‌common‌‌of‌‌them‌‌are:‌  ‌
● putting‌‌extra‌‌indentation‌  ‌
print("Hello,‌‌ World!")‌‌  
This‌‌does‌‌not‌‌work‌‌because‌‌of‌‌extra‌‌spaces‌‌before‌‌print.‌  ‌
● calling‌‌the‌‌function‌‌by‌‌the‌‌wrong‌‌name‌  ‌
pint("Hello,‌‌ World!")‌‌  
This‌‌line‌‌contains‌‌pint‌‌instead‌‌of‌‌print.‌‌Make‌‌sure‌‌to‌‌refer‌‌to‌‌every‌‌function‌‌by‌‌its‌‌proper‌‌name.‌  ‌
● writing‌‌names‌‌in‌‌the‌‌wrong‌‌case‌  ‌
PRINT("All‌‌ caps")‌‌  
Again,‌‌Print,‌‌print‌‌and‌‌PRINT‌‌are‌‌not‌‌the‌‌same.‌‌Names‌‌are‌‌case-sensitive‌‌in‌‌Python.‌  ‌
● missing‌‌one‌‌or‌‌both‌‌quotes‌‌for‌‌a‌‌string‌  ‌
print("Python)‌‌  
This‌‌does‌‌not‌‌work‌‌because‌‌of‌‌missing‌‌closing‌‌quotes.‌  ‌
● missing‌‌one‌‌or‌‌more‌‌parentheses‌  ‌
print("I‌‌ have‌‌ no‌‌ end"‌‌  
Be‌‌careful‌‌with‌‌parentheses,‌‌especially‌‌when‌‌calling‌‌a‌‌function.‌  ‌
Now‌‌you‌‌shouldn't‌‌have‌‌any‌‌serious‌‌trouble‌‌with‌‌such‌‌programs.‌  ‌

7‌  ‌
 ‌
1.2.5‌‌Summary‌  ‌
In‌‌
  this‌‌
  topic,‌‌
  we've‌‌ written‌‌ our‌‌ first‌‌ program‌‌ in‌‌ Python,‌‌ broke‌‌ it‌‌ down,‌‌ printed‌‌ some‌‌ strings,‌‌ and‌‌ looked‌‌ at‌‌ the‌‌ 
most‌‌common‌‌errors‌‌you‌‌may‌‌encounter‌‌at‌‌the‌‌very‌‌start.‌  ‌
1.2.6‌‌Practice‌  ‌
Computer‌‌science‌‌>‌‌Programming‌‌languages‌‌>‌‌Python‌‌>‌ ‌Basics‌‌>‌‌Simple‌‌programs‌‌>‌‌Overview‌‌of‌‌the‌‌basic‌‌program‌  ‌
1.2.6.1‌W
‌hat‌i
‌s‌p
‌rint‌‌
 
What‌‌is‌‌print‌‌in‌‌Python‌‌3?‌‌Select‌‌one‌‌option‌‌from‌‌the‌‌list‌  ‌
a‌‌function‌ (X)‌  ‌
a‌‌command‌  ‌
an‌‌expression‌  ‌
a‌‌statement‌  ‌
1.2.6.2‌P
‌lain‌m
‌essage‌‌
 
Write‌‌a‌‌program‌‌that‌‌prints‌‌out‌‌a‌‌string‌‌We‌‌love‌‌Python!‌‌Solution:‌p
‌ rint‌
("
‌We‌‌
love‌‌
Python!"‌
) 
‌‌
1.2.6.3‌A
‌lice‌i
‌n‌W
‌onderland‌‌
 
The‌‌title‌‌of‌‌Alice's‌‌Adventures‌‌in‌‌Wonderland‌‌is‌‌often‌‌shortened‌‌to‌‌Alice‌‌in‌‌Wonderland.‌  ‌
Now,‌‌  when‌‌  we‌‌  know‌‌
  how‌‌
  to‌‌
  print‌‌
  strings‌‌ with‌‌ quotes,‌‌ we‌‌ won't‌‌ shorten‌‌ the‌‌ title.‌‌ Please‌‌ print‌‌ the‌‌ full‌‌ version‌‌ 
of‌‌the‌‌book's‌‌title.‌‌Solution:‌p
‌ rint‌ ("‌Alice's‌‌ Adventures‌‌ in‌‌Wonderland"‌ ) ‌‌
1.2.6.4‌P
‌rint‌a
‌‌t
‌ext‌‌
 
Select‌‌all‌‌correct‌‌ways‌‌to‌‌write‌‌a‌‌simple‌‌program‌‌which‌‌prints‌‌a‌‌string‌‌in‌‌Python.‌  ‌
a)‌p ‌ rint‌
("
‌Hello"‌ )‌  ‌
(X)‌
b)‌‌ p
‌rint‌("‌Hello"‌ ) ‌‌
c)‌p‌ rint‌(Hello)‌  ‌
d)‌p ‌ rint‌
('‌Hello'‌ )‌ (X)‌‌
 
 ‌
1.2.6.5‌Y
‌our‌n
‌ame‌‌
 
Write‌  ‌a ‌ ‌program‌  ‌that‌  ‌prints‌  ‌the‌‌
  string‌‌
  "My‌‌
  name‌‌
  is‌‌
  " ‌‌followed‌‌
  by‌‌
  your‌‌
  name‌‌
  like‌‌
  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  output‌‌
  example.‌‌
  All‌‌ 
words‌‌in‌‌this‌‌string‌‌must‌‌be‌‌separated‌‌by‌‌a‌‌single‌‌space.‌  ‌

Output‌‌example:‌M
‌ y‌‌
name‌‌
is‌‌
John‌ Solution:‌‌ 
‌ print‌
‌ ("
‌My‌‌
name‌‌
is‌‌
Maria"‌
) 
‌‌
 ‌
1.2.6.6‌M
‌ultiple‌q
‌uotes‌‌
 
Select‌‌all‌‌the‌‌correct‌‌strings‌‌to‌‌print.‌  ‌
print("The‌‌ship's‌‌name‌‌is‌‌'Brave'.")‌ (X)‌  ‌
print('Cat's‌‌paws.')‌  ‌
print('The‌‌word‌‌"Ciao"‌‌means‌‌"hello"‌‌in‌‌Italian.')‌ (X)‌  ‌
print("And‌‌"Ciao"‌‌is‌‌Italian‌‌"Bye".")‌  ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌

8‌  ‌
1.3‌‌THEORY:‌‌Multi-line‌‌programs‌  ‌
We‌‌  hope‌‌   you‌‌
  have‌‌   already‌‌   learned‌‌   how‌‌
  to‌‌
  write‌‌ simple‌‌ Python‌‌ programs‌‌ consisting‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌single‌‌ line‌‌ that‌‌ just‌‌ 
prints‌  ‌a ‌ ‌text.‌  ‌However,‌  ‌real‌  ‌programs‌  ‌contain‌  ‌a ‌ ‌significant‌  ‌number‌  ‌of‌  ‌lines:‌  ‌from‌  ‌tens‌  ‌and‌  ‌hundreds‌  ‌for‌‌ 
small‌‌   scripts‌‌  to‌‌
  thousands‌‌   and‌‌  even‌‌  more‌‌   for‌‌
  large‌‌  projects.‌‌
  So,‌‌
  in‌‌ this‌‌ lesson,‌‌ you‌‌ will‌‌ write‌‌ programs‌‌ that‌‌ 
print‌‌  multiple‌‌   lines.‌‌  Let's‌‌ consider‌‌ an‌‌ example,‌‌ the‌‌ following‌‌ code‌‌ prints‌‌ exactly‌‌ three‌‌ strings,‌‌ each‌‌ on‌‌ a ‌‌new‌‌ 
line:‌  ‌
 ‌
print("I")‌‌  
print("know")‌‌  
print("Python")‌‌  
 ‌
The‌‌output‌‌is:‌  ‌
 ‌
I‌‌
 
know‌‌  
Python‌‌  
 ‌
You‌‌can‌‌run‌‌this‌‌example‌‌here‌‌or‌‌locally‌‌if‌‌you‌‌have‌‌already‌‌installed‌‌Python‌‌on‌‌your‌‌computer.‌  ‌
There‌  ‌are‌  ‌other‌  ‌ways‌‌   to‌‌
  print‌‌
  the‌‌
  same‌‌   text‌‌  using‌‌  just‌‌
  one‌‌
  function‌‌   call.‌‌
  We‌‌
  will‌‌
  consider‌‌   them‌‌   in‌‌
  the‌‌
  next‌‌ 
topics.‌‌The‌p ‌ rint‌ ‌‌function‌‌also‌‌allows‌‌you‌‌to‌‌print‌‌an‌‌empty‌‌line‌‌with‌‌no‌‌string‌‌specified:‌  ‌
 ‌
print("I")‌‌  
print()‌‌  
print("know")‌‌  
print()‌‌  
print("Python")‌‌  
 ‌
Here's‌‌the‌‌output:‌  ‌
 ‌
I‌‌
 
 ‌
know‌‌  
 ‌
Python‌‌  
 ‌
However,‌‌skipping‌‌the‌‌line‌‌will‌‌have‌‌no‌‌effect:‌  ‌
 ‌
print("And")‌‌  
 ‌
print("you?")‌‌  
 ‌
The‌‌output‌‌is:‌  ‌
And‌‌  
you?‌‌  
 ‌
Now‌‌it's‌‌time‌‌to‌‌solve‌‌some‌‌problems.‌  ‌

1.3.1‌‌Practice‌  ‌
Computer‌‌science‌‌>‌‌Programming‌‌languages‌‌>‌‌Python‌‌>‌B
‌ asics‌‌>‌‌Simple‌‌programs‌‌>‌‌Multi-line‌‌programs‌  ‌
1.3.1.1‌C
‌ount‌t
‌he‌e
‌mpty‌‌
 
How‌‌many‌‌empty‌‌lines‌‌will‌‌this‌‌code‌‌print?‌‌The‌‌expected‌‌answer‌‌is‌‌a‌‌number.‌  ‌
print("hello")‌‌ 
print("")‌‌
 
print()‌‌
 
 ‌
print("bye")‌ 2 ‌‌
Answer:‌‌
9‌  ‌
1.4‌‌THEORY:‌‌Program‌‌execution‌  ‌
What‌  ‌does‌  ‌it‌  ‌mean‌  ‌to‌  ‌write‌  ‌a ‌ ‌program‌  ‌in‌  ‌Python?‌  ‌From‌  ‌the‌  ‌programmer's‌‌   point‌‌  of‌‌
  view,‌‌
  it‌‌
  implies‌‌   writing‌‌ 
certain‌  ‌instructions‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌file‌  ‌and‌  ‌then‌  ‌executing‌  ‌it‌  ‌in‌  ‌Python.‌  ‌We‌  ‌can‌  ‌simply‌  ‌create‌  ‌a ‌ ‌.txt‌  ‌file‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌‌ 
following‌‌statement:‌  ‌
print("Hello,‌‌ World!")‌‌  
And‌‌then‌‌execute‌‌it‌‌from‌‌the‌‌command‌‌line‌‌in‌‌the‌‌following‌‌way‌‌(suppose,‌‌we‌‌named‌‌it‌‌‌%example.txt%‌):‌  ‌
python‌‌example.txt‌  ‌
 ‌
You‌‌   may‌‌   know‌‌   that‌‌  all‌‌
  Python‌‌
  files‌‌
  are‌‌
  supposed‌‌   to‌‌  have‌‌ a ‌‌.py‌‌ extension,‌‌ but‌‌ we‌‌ can‌‌ write‌‌ the‌‌ code‌‌ in‌‌ a ‌‌.txt‌‌ 
file‌  ‌as‌  ‌well.‌  ‌Usually,‌  ‌programmers‌  ‌don't‌  ‌use‌  ‌text‌  ‌editors‌  ‌for‌  ‌programming,‌  ‌they‌  ‌use‌  ‌IDE‌s ‌ ‌(Integrated‌‌ 
Development‌  ‌Environment),‌  ‌a ‌ ‌special‌  ‌program‌  ‌designed‌  ‌for‌  ‌software‌  ‌development.‌  ‌However,‌  ‌one‌  ‌thing‌‌ 
remains‌‌—‌‌the‌‌source‌‌code‌‌is‌‌just‌‌a‌‌set‌‌of‌‌specific‌‌instructions.‌  ‌
 ‌
It's‌  ‌not‌  ‌all‌  ‌that‌  ‌simple.‌  ‌You‌  ‌may‌  ‌have‌  ‌heard‌  ‌that‌  ‌there‌  ‌are‌  ‌interpreted‌  ‌and‌  ‌compiled‌  ‌programming‌‌ 
languages.‌  ‌Maybe‌  ‌you've‌  ‌also‌  ‌heard‌  ‌that‌  ‌Python‌  ‌is‌  ‌an‌  ‌interpreted‌  ‌language.‌  ‌But‌  ‌do‌  ‌you‌  ‌know‌  ‌what‌  ‌that‌‌ 
means?‌  ‌
 ‌

1.4.1‌‌Interpretation‌  ‌
The‌‌process‌‌of‌‌program‌‌execution‌‌may‌‌seem‌‌something‌‌like‌‌this‌‌to‌‌you:‌  ‌

Writing‌‌a‌‌script‌‌  →‌
‌ Some‌‌magic‌ →‌
‌ Everything‌‌works!‌  ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
The‌i‌nterpretation‌p
‌ art,‌‌in‌‌fact,‌‌fits‌‌into‌‌the‌‌middle‌‌part‌‌of‌‌this‌‌scheme:‌  ‌

Writing‌‌a‌‌script‌‌  →‌
‌ Interpretation‌ →‌
‌ Everything‌‌works!‌  ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
The‌‌
  majority‌‌   of‌‌
  Python‌‌
  programmers‌‌   just‌‌
  stop‌‌   inquiring‌‌   further‌‌   from‌‌
  this‌‌ point.‌‌ Let's‌‌ try‌‌ to‌‌ explain‌‌ what‌‌ the‌‌ 
interpretation‌‌means‌‌in‌‌this‌‌case.‌  ‌
 ‌
During‌‌   the‌‌
  interpretation‌‌   part,‌‌  the‌‌
  software‌‌   goes‌‌   through‌‌   your‌‌
  program‌‌   and‌‌
  executes‌‌   the‌‌  code,‌‌
  line‌‌
  by‌‌
  line.‌‌ 
This‌  ‌software‌  ‌is‌  ‌called‌  ‌an‌  ‌interpreter‌. ‌ ‌It‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌part‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌standard‌  ‌Python‌  ‌installation‌  ‌package.‌  ‌So,‌  ‌an‌‌ 
interpreter‌‌is‌‌a‌‌layer‌‌of‌‌software‌‌logic‌‌between‌‌your‌‌source‌‌code‌‌and‌‌your‌‌hardware.‌  ‌
 ‌
An‌‌   interpreter‌‌
  can‌‌
  be‌‌
  written‌‌
  in‌‌
  any‌‌
  programming‌‌   language.‌‌ The‌‌ default‌‌ Python‌‌ interpreter‌‌ is‌‌ written‌‌ in‌‌ C,‌‌ 
it‌‌is‌‌called‌‌CPython.‌‌This‌‌is‌‌what‌‌we‌‌install‌‌from‌‌the‌‌official‌‌Python‌‌website.‌  ‌
 ‌
1.4.2‌‌Interpreted‌‌or‌‌compiled?‌  ‌
To‌  ‌understand‌  ‌what‌  ‌is‌  ‌under‌  ‌the‌‌   hood‌‌
  of‌‌
  Python,‌‌
  let's‌‌
  find‌‌
  out‌‌
  what‌‌  lies‌‌
  behind‌‌   the‌‌
  concept‌‌   of‌‌
  interpreted‌‌ 
and‌‌compiled‌‌languages.‌  ‌
 ‌
With‌‌ compiled‌‌ languages,‌‌ when‌‌ a ‌‌programmer‌‌ wants‌‌ to‌‌ run‌‌ a ‌‌source‌‌ code,‌‌ they‌‌ need‌‌ to‌‌ use‌‌ a ‌‌‌compiler‌‌ ‌first.‌‌ 
It‌‌
  is‌‌
  the‌‌ special‌‌ software‌‌ that‌‌ translates‌‌ the‌‌ source‌‌ code‌‌ into‌‌ a ‌‌special‌‌ language.‌‌ This‌‌ language‌‌ is‌‌ called‌‌ the‌‌ 
machine‌  ‌code‌. ‌ ‌It‌  ‌is‌‌
  a ‌‌set‌‌
  of‌‌
  instructions‌‌  executed‌‌  directly‌‌
  by‌‌
  your‌‌
  processor.‌‌   The‌‌  problem‌‌   is‌‌
  that‌‌  different‌ 
types‌  ‌of‌  ‌computers‌  ‌operate‌  ‌with‌  ‌different‌  ‌machine‌  ‌codes,‌  ‌so‌  ‌the‌‌   source‌‌   code‌‌
  compiled‌‌   in‌‌  Windows‌‌   may‌‌ 
not‌‌work‌‌on‌‌a‌‌Mac.‌  ‌
 ‌
Interpreted‌  ‌languages‌  ‌also‌  ‌include‌  ‌a ‌ ‌compilation‌  ‌step,‌  ‌but‌  ‌the‌  ‌compiler‌  ‌turns‌  ‌your‌  ‌source‌  ‌code‌  ‌into‌  ‌the‌‌ 
so-called‌  ‌byte‌  ‌code‌, ‌ ‌an‌  ‌intermediate‌  ‌language.‌  ‌The‌  ‌byte‌  ‌code‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌lower‌  ‌level‌  ‌(more‌  ‌detailed),‌‌ 
10‌  ‌
platform-independent,‌‌   and‌‌
  more‌‌
  efficient‌‌
  version‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  source‌‌
  code.‌‌
  We‌‌
  need‌‌  a ‌‌special‌‌ abstract‌‌ computer‌‌ 
(the‌‌Python‌‌Virtual‌‌Machine‌‌in‌‌our‌‌case,‌‌but‌‌more‌‌on‌‌that‌‌later!)‌‌to‌‌execute‌‌this‌‌code.‌  ‌
 ‌
In‌‌fact,‌‌the‌‌interpretation‌‌step‌‌consists‌‌of‌‌three‌‌phases:‌  ‌
 ‌

 ‌
Byte‌  ‌code‌  ‌is‌  ‌saved‌  ‌as‌  ‌a ‌ ‌.pyc‌  ‌file‌  ‌after‌  ‌the‌  ‌compilation.‌  ‌If‌  ‌the‌  ‌source‌  ‌code‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌program‌  ‌has‌  ‌not‌  ‌been‌‌ 
changed‌‌since‌‌the‌‌last‌‌compilation,‌‌Python‌‌will‌‌load‌‌the‌‌existing‌‌.pyc‌‌file,‌‌bypassing‌‌the‌‌compilation‌‌step.‌  ‌
Below‌‌   you‌‌ can‌‌ see‌‌ the‌‌ readable‌‌ byte‌‌ code.‌‌ The‌‌ second‌‌ column‌‌ contains‌‌ the‌‌ instructions‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ order‌‌ of‌‌ their‌ 
execution.‌  ‌If‌  ‌something‌  ‌is‌  ‌unclear,‌  ‌it's‌  ‌OK.‌  ‌You‌  ‌don't‌  ‌have‌  ‌to‌  ‌know‌  ‌the‌  ‌byte‌  ‌code‌  ‌inside‌  ‌out‌  ‌to‌  ‌write‌‌ 
programs.‌  ‌
 ‌
1‌ 0‌L
‌OAD_NAME‌ 0‌(
‌print)‌‌
 
2‌L
‌OAD_CONST‌ 0‌(
‌'Hello,‌W‌orld!')‌‌
 
4‌C
‌ALL_FUNCTION‌
1 
‌‌
6‌R
‌ETURN_VALUE‌‌
 
1.4.3‌‌Python‌‌Virtual‌‌Machine‌  ‌
The‌  ‌byte‌  ‌code‌  ‌is‌  ‌supplied‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌PVM‌  ‌(Python‌  ‌Virtual‌  ‌Machine)‌  ‌after‌‌   the‌‌
  compilation.‌‌   It‌‌
  may‌‌
  sound‌‌   quite‌‌ 
impressive,‌  ‌but‌  ‌in‌  ‌fact,‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌  ‌nothing‌  ‌more‌  ‌than‌  ‌a ‌ ‌big‌  ‌piece‌  ‌of‌  ‌code‌  ‌that‌  ‌iterates‌  ‌through‌  ‌the‌  ‌byte‌  ‌code‌‌ 
instructions,‌‌   which‌‌ were‌‌ received‌‌ from‌‌ a ‌‌compiler,‌‌ and‌‌ executes‌‌ them‌‌ one‌‌ by‌‌ one.‌‌ It‌‌ is‌‌ an‌‌ internal‌‌ part‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ 
Python‌‌system‌‌and‌‌you‌‌don't‌‌need‌‌to‌‌install‌‌it‌‌as‌‌a‌‌separate‌‌program.‌  ‌
PVM‌‌in‌‌CPython‌‌does‌‌not‌‌convert‌‌the‌‌byte‌‌code‌‌into‌‌the‌‌machine‌‌code.‌‌It‌‌can‌‌execute‌‌it‌‌right‌‌away.‌  ‌
This‌  ‌complexity‌  ‌is‌  ‌hidden‌  ‌from‌  ‌a ‌ ‌programmer‌‌  for‌‌
  a ‌‌reason.‌‌
  The‌‌
  interpretation‌‌
  is‌‌
  fully‌‌  automated,‌‌  and‌‌  you‌‌ 
won't‌  ‌need‌  ‌to‌  ‌think‌  ‌about‌‌
  it‌‌
  at‌‌
  all.‌‌
  Remember‌‌
  that‌‌
  Python‌‌   programmers‌‌   simply‌‌
  write‌‌  the‌‌  code‌‌
  and‌‌
  run‌‌
  the‌‌ 
files,‌‌Python‌‌does‌‌everything‌‌else.‌  ‌

1.4.4‌‌Summary‌  ‌
Python‌  ‌is‌  ‌an‌  ‌interpreted‌  ‌language.‌  ‌It‌  ‌compiles‌  ‌the‌  ‌source‌  ‌code‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌byte‌  ‌code‌  ‌before‌  ‌the‌  ‌execution.‌‌ 
Executing‌‌a‌‌Python‌‌program‌‌implies‌‌both‌‌compilation‌‌and‌‌interpretation.‌  ‌
 ‌
When‌‌
  your‌‌   program‌‌   is‌‌
  turned‌‌
  into‌‌
  the‌‌
  byte‌‌  code,‌‌
  it's‌‌
  executed‌‌   line‌‌
  by‌‌
  line‌‌
  by‌‌
  the‌‌  PVM.‌‌ That's‌‌ why‌‌ Python‌‌ is‌‌ 
slower‌‌than‌‌compiled‌‌languages‌‌such‌‌as‌‌C++‌‌or‌‌C.‌  ‌
1.4.5‌‌Practice‌  ‌
Computer‌‌science‌‌>‌‌Programming‌‌languages‌‌>‌‌Python‌‌>‌ ‌Basics‌‌>‌‌Simple‌‌programs‌‌>‌‌Program‌‌execution‌  ‌
1.4.5.1‌H
‌ow‌i
‌t‌h
‌appens‌‌
 
Below‌‌
  is‌‌
  a ‌‌description‌‌   of‌‌
  a ‌‌Python‌‌
  interpretation‌‌ process,‌‌ divided‌‌ into‌‌ smaller‌‌ steps.‌‌ Sort‌‌ these‌‌ steps‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ 
correct‌  ‌order‌  ‌(from‌  ‌'you‌  ‌write‌  ‌code'‌  ‌to‌‌
  'everything‌‌
  works!'),‌‌
  so‌‌
  that‌‌
  they‌‌
  would‌‌  explain‌‌
  together‌‌   what‌‌
  really‌‌ 
happens‌‌during‌‌Python‌‌interpretation.‌  ‌
1. You‌‌write‌‌code.‌  ‌
2. The‌‌compiler‌‌turns‌‌your‌‌source‌‌code‌‌into‌‌byte‌‌code.‌  ‌
3. The‌‌code‌‌goes‌‌to‌‌Python‌‌Virtual‌‌Machine.‌  ‌
4. Virtual‌‌Machine‌‌executes‌‌code‌‌instructions‌‌one‌‌by‌‌one.‌  ‌
5. Everything‌‌works!‌  ‌

11‌  ‌
1.4.5.2‌C
‌ode‌r
‌epresentations‌‌
 
Sort‌  ‌these‌  ‌different‌  ‌code‌  ‌representations‌  ‌from‌  ‌most‌  ‌human-readable‌  ‌and‌  ‌high-level‌  ‌to‌  ‌most‌‌ 
computer-readable‌‌and‌‌low-level.‌  ‌
1. Source‌‌code‌  ‌
2. Byte‌‌code‌  ‌
3. Binary‌‌machine‌‌code‌  ‌
1.4.5.3‌V
‌irtual‌M
‌achine‌‌
 
What‌‌is‌‌a‌‌Python‌‌virtual‌‌machine?‌‌Select‌‌one‌‌option‌‌from‌‌the‌‌list:‌  ‌
A‌‌program‌‌which‌‌converts‌‌Python‌‌source‌‌code‌‌into‌‌byte‌‌code.‌  ‌
An‌‌implementation‌‌of‌‌Python‌‌for‌‌the‌‌.NET‌‌framework.‌  ‌
A‌‌piece‌‌of‌‌code‌‌emulating‌‌Python,‌‌which‌‌reads‌‌and‌‌executes‌‌byte-code‌‌instructions.‌ (X)‌  ‌
1.4.5.4‌I
‌nterpreter‌‌
 
What‌‌is‌‌a‌‌programming‌‌language‌‌interpreter?‌‌Select‌‌one‌‌option‌‌from‌‌the‌‌list:‌  ‌
A‌‌program‌‌which‌‌compiles‌‌your‌‌source‌‌code‌‌into‌‌byte‌‌code.‌‌(No,‌‌this‌‌is‌‌a‌‌compiler)‌  ‌
A‌‌program‌‌which‌‌reads‌‌and‌‌executes‌‌code‌‌line‌‌by‌‌line.‌ (X)‌  ‌
Standard‌‌library‌‌of‌‌a‌‌programming‌‌language.‌  ‌
1.4.5.5‌C
‌hoose‌a
‌ction‌‌
 
Which‌‌of‌‌these‌‌is‌‌done‌‌by‌‌a‌‌programmer?‌‌Select‌‌one‌‌option‌‌from‌‌the‌‌list:‌ 
Code‌‌compilation‌  ‌
Code‌‌execution‌  ‌
Running‌‌the‌‌script‌ (X)‌  ‌
Interpretation‌‌of‌‌code‌  ‌
1.4.5.6‌L
‌ifecycle‌o
‌f‌a
‌‌P
‌ython‌p
‌rogram‌‌
 
Order‌‌stages‌‌in‌‌the‌‌lifecycle‌‌of‌‌a‌‌Python‌‌program‌‌from‌‌beginning‌‌to‌‌end.‌  ‌
1. Writing‌‌source‌‌code‌  ‌
2. Running‌‌source‌‌code‌  ‌
3. Compilation‌  ‌
4. Execution‌‌of‌‌bytecode‌  ‌
1.4.5.7‌D
‌efault‌i
‌nterpreter‌‌
 
The‌‌default‌‌interpreter‌‌for‌‌Python‌‌is‌‌called‌‌CPython.‌‌In‌‌which‌‌language‌‌is‌‌it‌‌written?‌ Answer:‌ ‌C ‌ ‌
 ‌
1.4.5.8‌D
‌ocumentation‌‌
 
One‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌most‌  ‌important‌  ‌skills‌  ‌for‌  ‌programmers‌  ‌is‌  ‌to‌‌   know‌‌
  where‌‌
  to‌‌  find‌‌   the‌‌
  information.‌‌  And‌‌  the‌‌
  best‌‌ 
place‌  ‌to‌  ‌start‌  ‌looking‌  ‌for‌  ‌information‌  ‌about‌  ‌Python‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌official‌  ‌documentation.‌  ‌Whenever‌  ‌you‌  ‌have‌‌ 
questions‌‌about‌‌Python,‌‌try‌‌to‌‌check‌‌the‌‌official‌‌documentation.‌  ‌
Right‌‌  now‌‌   your‌‌
  task‌‌  is‌‌
  to‌‌  open‌‌  the‌‌
  official‌‌
  website:‌‌
  ‌https://docs.python.org/3/‌. ‌‌Head‌‌ into‌‌ "Tutorial",‌‌ find‌‌ the‌‌ 
following‌‌sentence,‌‌and‌‌match‌‌the‌‌gaps‌‌with‌‌the‌‌correct‌‌words.‌  ‌
Python's‌‌   elegant‌‌   syntax‌‌   and‌‌  ___[1]___,‌‌
  together‌‌
  with‌‌
  its‌‌ ___[2]___,‌‌ make‌‌ it‌‌ an‌‌ ideal‌‌ language‌‌ for‌‌ scripting‌‌ and‌‌ 
rapid‌‌___[3]___‌‌in‌‌many‌‌areas‌‌on‌‌most‌‌platforms.‌ 
1. dynamic‌‌typing‌  ‌
2. interpreted‌‌nature‌  ‌
3. application‌‌development‌  ‌
Em‌‌português:‌ ‌https://docs.python.org/pt-br/3/‌  ‌
1.4.5.9‌W
‌hat‌s
‌tep‌t
‌o‌c
‌hoose?‌‌
 
Imagine‌‌   you‌‌
  want‌‌
  to‌‌
  create‌‌  a ‌‌long‌‌
  and‌‌
  sophisticated‌‌   code‌‌
  that‌‌   predicts‌‌   your‌‌
  future.‌‌
  You‌‌ wrote‌‌ a ‌‌script‌‌ and‌‌ 
run‌‌
  it.‌‌
  What‌‌  happens‌‌   to‌‌
  the‌‌
  source‌‌   code‌‌  then?‌‌
  How‌‌ do‌‌ we‌‌ call‌‌ the‌‌ step‌‌ when‌‌ the‌‌ source‌‌ code‌‌ is‌‌ turned‌‌ into‌‌ 
the‌‌byte‌‌code‌‌to‌‌be‌‌processed‌‌by‌‌the‌‌Python‌‌Virtual‌‌Machine?‌  ‌
Interpretation‌  ‌
Compilation‌ (X)‌  ‌
12‌  ‌
 Writing‌‌a‌‌code‌  ‌
1.4.5.10‌B
‌yte‌c
‌ode‌‌
 
Select‌‌two‌‌correct‌‌statements‌‌about‌‌byte‌‌code.‌‌Select‌‌one‌‌or‌‌more‌‌options‌‌from‌‌the‌‌list:‌  ‌
Byte‌‌code‌‌is‌‌a‌‌higher‌‌level‌‌version‌‌of‌‌source‌‌code.‌  ‌
Byte‌‌code‌‌is‌‌a‌‌lower‌‌level‌‌version‌‌of‌‌source‌‌code.‌ (X)‌  ‌
Byte‌‌code‌‌is‌‌executed‌‌directly‌‌by‌‌your‌‌processor.‌  ‌
Byte‌‌code‌‌is‌‌different‌‌on‌‌different‌‌platforms.‌  ‌
Byte‌‌code‌‌is‌‌platform-independent.‌ (X)‌  ‌
1.4.5.11‌P
‌ython‌V
‌irtual‌M
‌achine‌‌
 
Python‌‌Virtual‌‌Machine…‌ ‌Select‌‌one‌‌or‌‌more‌‌options‌‌from‌‌the‌‌list:‌  ‌
...‌‌transforms‌‌the‌‌source‌‌code‌‌into‌‌the‌‌byte‌‌code.‌  ‌
...‌‌is‌‌the‌‌last‌‌step‌‌of‌‌what‌‌is‌‌called‌‌"Python‌‌interpreter".‌ (X)‌  ‌
...‌‌must‌‌be‌‌run‌‌by‌‌a‌‌programmer‌‌manually‌‌before‌‌running‌‌the‌‌code.‌  ‌
...‌‌automatically‌‌executes‌‌the‌‌byte‌‌code‌‌line‌‌by‌‌line.‌ (X)‌  ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌

13‌  ‌
1.5‌‌THEORY:‌‌Taking‌‌input‌  ‌
Sometimes‌  ‌programs‌  ‌need‌  ‌to‌  ‌interact‌  ‌with‌  ‌users,‌  ‌either‌  ‌to‌  ‌receive‌  ‌some‌  ‌data‌  ‌or‌  ‌to‌  ‌deliver‌  ‌some‌  ‌sort‌  ‌of‌‌ 
result.‌‌And‌‌that's‌‌when‌‌the‌‌ ‌
input()‌f‌unction‌‌steals‌‌the‌‌show.‌  ‌
1.5.1‌‌Reading‌‌input‌‌from‌‌a‌‌user‌  ‌
The‌‌   input‌‌   data‌‌   we‌‌   want‌‌  to‌‌
  get‌‌
  is‌‌
  nothing‌‌   but‌‌
  some‌‌   value‌‌ entered‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌ user.‌‌ The‌‌ ‌input()‌  ‌function‌‌ reads‌‌ 
this‌‌value‌‌and‌‌returns‌‌it‌‌in‌‌a‌‌program‌‌as‌‌a‌‌string.‌‌‌For‌‌example,‌‌the‌‌following‌‌program‌‌reads‌‌the‌‌user‌‌name‌‌and‌‌prints‌‌a‌‌greeting.‌  ‌
user_name‌‌ =‌‌input()‌‌  
print('Hello,‌‌ '‌‌+‌‌ user_name)‌‌  
In‌  ‌the‌  ‌first‌  ‌line,‌  ‌the‌  ‌program‌  ‌will‌  ‌wait‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌user‌  ‌to‌  ‌enter‌  ‌something‌  ‌as‌  ‌input,‌  ‌which‌  ‌we‌  ‌will‌‌
  assign‌‌  to‌‌
  a ‌‌
variable‌  ‌so‌  ‌we‌  ‌can‌  ‌use‌  ‌it‌  ‌later.‌  ‌In‌  ‌the‌  ‌second‌  ‌line,‌  ‌the‌  ‌program‌  ‌appends‌  ‌the‌  ‌entered‌  ‌name‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌end‌‌   of‌‌ 
'Hello,‌‌ '‌s ‌tring‌‌and‌‌prints‌‌the‌‌whole‌‌phrase‌‌as‌‌a‌‌result.‌‌If‌‌a‌‌user‌‌enters‌S ‌ auron‌ ,‌‌this‌‌program‌‌prints:‌  ‌
Hello,‌‌ Sauron‌‌  
So,‌‌your‌‌program‌‌prints‌‌a‌‌result‌‌that‌‌depends‌‌on‌‌the‌‌user's‌‌input‌‌(name).‌  ‌
1.5.2‌‌Clear‌‌messages‌  ‌
It‌  ‌is‌‌
  highly‌‌
  recommended‌‌   to‌‌
  state‌‌
  clearly‌‌  what‌‌
  type‌‌
  of‌‌
  input‌‌  we‌‌  expect‌‌
  from‌‌   our‌‌
  user.‌‌
  To‌‌
  do‌‌
  so,‌‌
  the‌‌
  input()‌‌ 
function‌‌may‌‌take‌‌an‌‌optional‌‌argument,‌‌that‌‌is‌‌a‌‌message:‌  ‌
user_name‌‌ =‌‌
input('Please,‌‌ enter‌‌ your‌‌ name:‌‌ ')‌‌
 
print('Hello,‌‌ '‌‌ +‌‌ user_name)‌‌  
The‌‌program‌‌starts,‌‌the‌‌user‌‌sees‌‌the‌‌message,‌‌enters‌‌their‌‌name‌‌and‌‌gets‌‌the‌‌result‌‌as‌‌follows:‌  ‌
Please,‌‌ enter‌‌ your‌‌ name:‌‌ Sauron‌‌  
Hello,‌‌ Sauron‌‌ 
Another‌‌way‌‌to‌‌do‌‌this‌‌is‌‌to‌‌print‌‌the‌‌message‌‌separately:‌  ‌
print('Enter‌‌ your‌‌ name:‌‌ ')‌‌ 
user_name‌‌ =‌‌
input()‌‌  
print('Hello,‌‌ '‌‌ +‌‌ user_name)‌‌  
There's‌‌   no‌‌
  big‌‌
  difference‌‌
  actually:‌‌  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  previous‌‌   example,‌‌   the‌‌
  input‌‌
  will‌‌
  be‌‌
  printed‌‌  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  same‌‌   line‌‌
  as‌‌ the‌‌ 
message,‌‌while‌‌in‌‌this‌‌case‌‌it‌‌will‌‌be‌‌written‌‌in‌‌the‌‌next‌‌line.‌‌So,‌‌you‌‌may‌‌choose‌‌whatever‌‌you‌‌like.‌  ‌
Although‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌  ‌recommended‌  ‌to‌  ‌print‌  ‌messages‌  ‌for‌  ‌users,‌  ‌avoid‌  ‌them‌  ‌in‌  ‌our‌  ‌educational‌  ‌programming‌‌ 
challenges,‌‌otherwise‌‌your‌‌code‌‌may‌‌not‌‌pass‌‌our‌‌tests.‌  ‌

1.5.3‌‌Important‌‌details‌  ‌
Let's‌‌
  dig‌‌
  into‌‌  some‌‌  details.‌‌   First‌‌
  of‌‌
  all,‌‌
  how‌‌
  long‌‌  can‌‌  the‌‌
  user's‌‌ input‌‌ be?‌‌ The‌‌ second‌‌ question‌‌ is:‌‌ how‌‌ does‌‌ 
the‌‌program‌‌understand‌‌that‌‌the‌‌person‌‌entered‌‌everything‌‌they‌‌wanted?‌  ‌
Here's‌  ‌a ‌ ‌thing‌  ‌about‌  ‌the‌  ‌input()‌  ‌function:‌  ‌as‌  ‌soon‌  ‌as‌  ‌the‌  ‌program‌  ‌has‌  ‌started‌  ‌executing‌  ‌this‌  ‌function,‌  ‌it‌‌ 
stops‌  ‌and‌  ‌waits‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌‌
  user‌‌   to‌‌
  enter‌‌  some‌‌  value‌‌   and‌‌  press‌‌   Enter.‌‌
  That‌‌
  also‌‌
  means‌‌   that‌‌
  if‌‌
  there's‌‌  no‌‌
  input‌‌ 
from‌‌the‌‌user,‌‌the‌‌program‌‌will‌‌not‌‌execute‌‌any‌‌further.‌  ‌
What‌  ‌else‌  ‌should‌  ‌you‌  ‌remember?‌  ‌Well,‌  ‌this:‌  ‌any‌  ‌value‌  ‌you‌  ‌enter,‌  ‌the‌  ‌function‌  ‌sees‌  ‌as‌  ‌a ‌ ‌string.‌  ‌It‌‌
  doesn't‌‌ 
matter‌‌if‌‌you‌‌enter‌‌digits‌‌or‌‌letters,‌‌the‌‌input‌‌will‌‌be‌‌converted‌‌to‌‌a‌‌string.‌  ‌
If‌‌you‌‌want‌‌a‌‌number‌‌to‌‌be‌‌a‌‌number,‌‌you‌‌should‌‌write‌‌it‌‌explicitly:‌  ‌
print("What's‌‌ your‌‌ favorite‌‌ number?")‌‌  
value‌‌ =‌‌
int(input())‌ ‌ #‌‌ now‌‌ value‌‌ keeps‌‌ an‌‌integer‌‌ number‌‌  
However,‌‌be‌‌careful:‌‌in‌‌these‌‌circumstances,‌‌if‌‌a‌‌user‌‌enters‌‌a‌‌non-integer‌‌value,‌‌an‌E ‌ rror‌ ‌‌will‌‌appear.‌  ‌
To‌‌read‌‌several‌‌inputs,‌‌you‌‌should‌‌call‌‌the‌‌function‌‌more‌‌than‌‌once:‌  ‌
day‌‌ =‌‌ int(input())‌ ‌ #‌‌ 4  ‌‌
month‌‌ =‌‌
input()‌ #‌‌
‌ October‌‌  
Brilliant!‌‌Why‌‌this‌‌date?‌‌It's‌‌simple:‌  ‌
print('Cinnamon‌‌ roll‌‌ day‌‌ is‌‌ celebrated‌‌ on',‌‌ month,‌‌ day)‌‌  
#‌‌Cinnamon‌‌roll‌‌day‌‌is‌‌celebrated‌‌on‌‌October‌‌4 ‌ ‌
1.5.4‌‌Conclusion‌  ‌
Congratulations,‌‌   now‌‌   you‌‌  know‌‌
  how‌‌
  to‌‌
  work‌‌
  with‌‌
  ‌input()‌ , ‌‌that‌‌
  is,‌‌
  a ‌‌function‌‌
  that‌‌
  helps‌‌
  you‌‌ interact‌‌ with‌‌ 
the‌‌user.‌‌Believe‌‌us,‌‌this‌‌is‌‌something‌‌you‌‌will‌‌definitely‌‌appreciate‌‌when‌‌programming.‌ 

14‌  ‌
1.5.5‌‌Practice‌  ‌
Computer‌‌science‌‌>‌‌Programming‌‌languages‌‌>‌‌Python‌‌‌>‌‌Basics‌‌>‌‌Simple‌‌programs‌‌>‌‌Taking‌‌input‌  ‌
1.5.5.1‌U
‌ser‌i
‌nput‌‌
 
What‌‌is‌‌a‌‌user‌‌input?‌‌Select‌‌one‌‌option‌‌from‌‌the‌‌list:‌  ‌
The‌‌name‌‌of‌‌the‌‌user.‌  ‌
Some‌‌data‌‌the‌‌computer‌‌receives‌‌from‌‌the‌‌user.‌‌(X)‌  ‌
Some‌‌data‌‌the‌‌computer‌‌prints‌‌to‌‌the‌‌user.‌  ‌
A‌‌message‌‌shown‌‌to‌‌the‌‌user‌‌by‌‌the‌‌computer.‌  ‌
1.5.5.2‌A
‌s‌a
‌n‌i
‌nteger‌‌
 
Which‌‌line‌‌of‌‌code‌‌reads‌‌the‌‌user‌‌input‌‌and‌‌returns‌‌it‌‌in‌‌a‌‌program‌‌as‌‌an‌‌integer‌‌number?‌  ‌
Select‌‌one‌‌option‌‌from‌‌the‌‌list:‌ 
str(input())‌  ‌
input()‌  ‌
print(input())‌  ‌
integer(input())‌  ‌
int(input())‌‌(X)‌  ‌
1.5.5.3‌T
‌he‌e
‌nd‌o
‌f‌a
‌n‌i
‌nput‌‌
 
When‌‌does‌‌the‌‌input()‌‌function‌‌stop‌‌waiting‌‌for‌‌user‌‌input?‌ ‌Select‌‌one‌‌option‌‌from‌‌the‌‌list:‌  ‌
Once‌‌the‌‌user‌‌presses‌‌"Enter".‌‌(X)‌  ‌
After‌‌1‌‌hour‌‌of‌‌waiting.‌  ‌
After‌‌the‌‌user‌‌presses‌‌"Esc".‌  ‌
Never.‌  ‌
1.5.5.4‌I
‌nput()‌f
‌unction‌‌
 
What‌‌does‌‌the‌‌input()‌‌function‌‌do?‌‌Select‌‌one‌‌option‌‌from‌‌the‌‌list:‌  ‌
Reads‌‌some‌‌data‌‌from‌‌the‌‌user‌‌and‌‌returns‌‌it‌‌in‌‌a‌‌program‌‌as‌‌an‌‌integer‌‌number.‌  ‌
Reads‌‌some‌‌data‌‌from‌‌the‌‌user‌‌and‌‌returns‌‌it‌‌in‌‌a‌‌program‌‌as‌‌a‌‌float‌‌number.‌  ‌
Reads‌‌some‌‌data‌‌from‌‌the‌‌user‌‌and‌‌prints‌‌it.‌  ‌
Reads‌‌some‌‌data‌‌from‌‌the‌‌user‌‌and‌‌returns‌‌it‌‌in‌‌a‌‌program‌‌as‌‌a‌‌string.‌‌(X)‌  ‌
1.5.5.5‌W
‌hat‌t
‌o‌e
‌xpect?‌‌
 
What‌‌will‌‌the‌‌program‌‌do‌‌when‌‌running‌‌into‌‌the‌‌following‌‌line‌‌of‌‌code?‌‌Select‌‌one‌‌option‌‌from‌‌the‌‌list:‌  ‌
input‌('
‌Say‌‌ "hi":‌‌ ‌ ‌‌
')
Wait‌‌10‌‌seconds‌‌and‌‌continue‌‌executing‌‌the‌‌code‌  ‌
Print‌‌"hi"‌‌and‌‌continue‌‌executing‌‌the‌‌code‌  ‌
Wait‌‌till‌‌the‌‌user‌‌presses‌‌any‌‌key‌  ‌
Wait‌‌for‌‌the‌‌user‌‌to‌‌write‌‌"hi"‌  ‌
Print‌‌Say‌‌"hi":‌‌and‌‌wait‌‌till‌‌the‌‌user‌‌presses‌‌Enter‌‌(X)‌  ‌
1.5.5.6‌S
‌um‌‌
 
Write‌‌
  a ‌‌program‌‌
  that‌‌
  prints‌‌
  the‌‌
  sum‌‌
  of‌‌
  three‌‌
  integer‌‌
  numbers.‌‌ Read‌‌ each‌‌ number‌‌ from‌‌ the‌‌ input‌‌ separately‌‌ 
and‌‌don't‌‌specify‌‌any‌‌message‌‌in‌‌the‌‌input,‌‌please.‌  ‌
Sample‌‌Input‌‌1:‌ 3‌ 6‌ 8‌ Sample‌‌Output‌‌1:‌ 17‌  ‌
Solution:‌  ‌
a‌= ‌‌i‌nt‌(i‌nput‌ ())‌‌ 
b‌= ‌‌i‌nt‌(i‌nput‌ ())‌‌ 
c‌= ‌‌i‌nt‌(i‌nput‌ ())‌‌ 
print‌ (a
‌‌+ ‌‌b‌‌+ ‌‌c‌)
‌  ‌‌
1.5.5.7‌T
‌ricky‌q
‌uestion‌‌
 
What‌‌will‌‌be‌‌the‌‌output‌‌for‌‌the‌‌following‌‌piece‌‌of‌‌code?‌‌Select‌‌one‌‌option‌‌from‌‌the‌‌list:‌  ‌
print‌
(‌"Enter‌a
‌‌n
‌umber:‌"
‌)
‌ 
‌‌
user_num‌=‌‌‌
input‌
()‌ ‌
#‌u
‌ser‌e‌nters‌1
‌0‌‌
 
15‌  ‌
 print‌
(user_num‌+
‌‌u  ‌
‌ser_num)‌
20‌  ‌
1010‌‌(X)‌  ‌
Error‌  ‌
user_num‌‌+‌‌user_num‌  ‌
Remember,‌‌input()‌‌reads‌‌as‌‌a‌‌string,‌‌not‌‌integer.‌  ‌
1.5.5.8‌S
‌um‌o
‌f‌t
‌wo‌f
‌loats‌‌
 
Write‌‌a‌‌program‌‌that‌‌reads‌‌two‌‌float‌‌numbers‌‌from‌‌the‌‌user‌‌(use‌‌the‌‌float())‌‌and‌‌prints‌‌their‌‌sum.‌  ‌
Sample‌‌Input:‌ 8.77‌ 11.25‌ Sample‌‌Output:‌ 20.02‌  ‌
Solution:‌ ‌a‌=
‌‌‌
float‌ (i‌nput‌ ())‌‌ 
b‌=
‌‌‌
float‌(i
‌nput‌())‌‌
 
print‌
(a
‌‌+
‌‌‌b)‌ 
‌‌
1.5.5.9‌D
‌ata‌t
‌ype‌‌
 
Let's‌‌say‌‌we‌‌read‌‌a‌‌user's‌‌input:‌  ‌
user_inp‌=
‌‌‌
input‌  ‌
()‌
Which‌‌data‌‌type(s)‌‌can‌‌be‌‌now‌‌contained‌‌in‌‌the‌‌variable‌‌user_inp?‌‌Select‌‌one‌‌or‌‌more‌‌options‌‌from‌‌the‌‌list:‌  ‌
Float‌‌number‌  ‌
Integer‌‌number‌  ‌
String‌‌(X)‌  ‌
Boolean‌  ‌
1.5.5.10‌T
‌est‌‌
 
Let's‌‌
  see‌‌
  how‌‌
  it‌‌
  works.‌‌ Copy‌‌ the‌‌ following‌‌ code‌‌ and‌‌ paste‌‌ it‌‌ below.‌‌ Then‌‌ change‌‌ one‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ lines‌‌ so‌‌ that‌‌ the‌‌ 
program‌‌would‌‌print‌‌any‌‌data‌‌the‌‌user‌‌inputs‌‌without‌‌performing‌‌any‌‌operations‌‌on‌‌them.‌  ‌
data‌=
‌‌.
‌..‌
 
print‌  ‌
(data)‌
Sample‌‌Input‌‌1:‌‌10‌ Sample‌‌Output‌‌1:‌‌10‌  ‌
1.5.5.11‌W
‌ays‌t
‌o‌r
‌ead‌‌
 
What‌‌are‌‌the‌‌right‌‌ways‌‌to‌‌read‌‌the‌‌user's‌‌input?‌‌Select‌‌one‌‌or‌‌more‌‌options‌‌from‌‌the‌‌list:‌  ‌
input("Write‌‌what‌‌you‌‌want:‌‌")‌‌(X)‌  ‌
writeline("Write‌‌what‌‌you‌‌want:‌‌")‌  ‌
print("Write‌‌what‌‌you‌‌want:‌‌")‌  ‌
input()(X)‌  ‌
1.5.5.12‌D
‌ifference‌‌
 
Write‌‌a‌‌program‌‌that‌‌reads‌‌two‌‌integer‌‌numbers‌‌from‌‌user‌‌and‌‌then‌‌prints‌‌their‌‌difference.‌  ‌
Don't‌‌specify‌‌any‌‌message‌‌when‌‌reading‌‌the‌‌input,‌‌please.‌  ‌
Sample‌‌Input‌‌1:‌ 8‌ 11‌ Sample‌‌Output‌‌1:‌ -3‌  ‌
Solution:‌ ‌a‌=‌‌i‌nt‌(i‌nput‌())‌‌ 
b‌=‌‌i‌nt‌(i‌nput‌())‌‌ 
print‌ (a
‌‌- ‌‌b
‌)
‌ 
‌‌
1.5.5.13‌C
‌atchy‌s
‌ong‌‌
 
Have‌‌   you‌‌
  ever‌‌
  dreamed‌‌   of‌‌
  becoming‌‌ a ‌‌songwriter?‌‌ It's‌‌ time‌‌ to‌‌ make‌‌ a ‌‌hit.‌‌ We‌‌ will‌‌ leave‌‌ a ‌‌verse‌‌ for‌‌ later‌‌ and‌‌ 
write‌‌the‌‌chorus‌‌part‌‌instead.‌  ‌
 ‌
All‌‌
  you‌‌  need‌‌
  to‌‌
  do‌‌
  is‌‌
  to‌‌
  read‌‌  the‌‌
  input‌‌
  number‌‌
  n ‌‌and‌‌ an‌‌ input‌‌ word‌‌ (they‌‌ are‌‌ given‌‌ on‌‌ separate‌‌ lines)‌‌ and‌‌ to‌‌ 
repeat‌‌this‌‌word‌‌exactly‌‌n‌‌times.‌‌Don't‌‌specify‌‌any‌‌message‌‌when‌‌reading‌‌the‌‌input.‌  ‌
Finally,‌‌print‌‌your‌‌song‌‌for‌‌us,‌‌please!‌  ‌
 ‌
Sample‌‌Input:‌ 7‌ la‌ Sample‌‌Output:‌ lalalalalalala‌  ‌
Solution:‌  ‌
N‌=‌‌i ‌nt‌ (i‌nput‌ ())‌‌  
word‌= ‌‌( ‌i‌nput‌ ())‌‌  
print‌ (N‌‌* ‌‌w‌ord‌ )  ‌‌
16‌  ‌
1.6‌‌THEORY:‌‌Program‌‌with‌‌numbers‌  ‌
Programs‌‌ in‌‌ which‌‌ there's‌‌ nothing‌‌ to‌‌ calculate‌‌ are‌‌ quite‌‌ rare.‌‌ Therefore,‌‌ learning‌‌ to‌‌ program‌‌ with‌‌ numbers‌‌ is‌‌ 
never‌‌  a ‌‌bad‌‌
  idea.‌‌
  An‌‌
  even‌‌
  more‌‌
  valuable‌‌   skill‌‌
  we‌‌
  are‌‌
  about‌‌  to‌‌
  learn‌‌
  is‌‌
  the‌‌
  processing‌‌   of‌‌
  user‌‌ data.‌‌ With‌‌ its‌‌ 
help,‌‌you‌‌can‌‌create‌‌interactive‌‌and‌‌by‌‌far‌‌more‌‌flexible‌‌applications.‌‌So‌‌let's‌‌get‌‌started!‌  ‌
1.6.1‌‌Reading‌‌numbers‌‌from‌‌user‌‌input‌  ‌
Since‌  ‌you‌  ‌have‌  ‌become‌  ‌familiar‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌input()‌  ‌function‌  ‌in‌  ‌Python,‌  ‌it's‌  ‌hardly‌  ‌new‌  ‌to‌  ‌you‌  ‌that‌  ‌any‌  ‌data‌‌ 
passed‌‌   to‌‌
  this‌‌
  function‌‌
  is‌‌
  treated‌‌
  as‌‌
  a ‌‌string.‌‌  But‌‌
  how‌‌  should‌‌   we‌‌  deal‌‌
  with‌‌   numerical‌‌   values?‌‌   As‌‌
  a ‌‌general‌‌ 
rule,‌‌they‌‌are‌‌explicitly‌‌converted‌‌to‌‌corresponding‌‌numerical‌‌types:‌  ‌
integer‌‌
=‌‌
int(input())‌‌
 
floating_point‌‌
=‌‌
float(input())‌‌
 
Pay‌‌  attention‌‌   to‌‌
  current‌‌  best‌‌  practices:‌‌
  it's‌‌
  crucial‌‌
  not‌‌
  to‌‌
  name‌‌   your‌‌  variables‌‌  as‌‌
  built-in‌‌  types‌‌  (say,‌‌ float‌‌ or‌‌ 
int).‌‌
  Also,‌‌
  we‌‌   should‌‌   take‌‌  into‌‌
  account‌‌
  user‌‌   mistakes:‌‌   if‌‌
  a ‌‌user‌‌
  types‌‌   an‌‌
  inaccurate‌‌   input,‌‌  say,‌‌
  a ‌‌string‌‌ 'two'‌‌ 
instead‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌number‌  ‌2,‌  ‌a ‌ ‌ValueError‌‌
  will‌‌
  occur.‌‌
  At‌‌
  the‌‌
  moment,‌‌   we‌‌
  won't‌‌   focus‌‌
  on‌‌
  it;‌‌
  but‌‌
  don't‌‌  worry,‌‌  more‌‌ 
information‌  ‌about‌  ‌errors‌  ‌is‌  ‌available‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌dedicated‌  ‌topic.‌  ‌Now,‌  ‌consider‌  ‌a ‌ ‌more‌  ‌detailed‌  ‌and‌  ‌pragmatic‌‌ 
example‌‌of‌‌handling‌‌numerical‌‌inputs.‌  ‌

1.6.2‌‌Free‌‌air‌‌miles‌ 
Imagine‌‌  you‌‌  have‌‌
  a ‌‌credit‌‌  card‌‌
  with‌‌
  a ‌‌free‌‌
  air‌‌
  miles‌‌
  bonus‌‌   program‌‌   (or‌‌
  maybe‌‌   you‌‌
  already‌‌  have‌‌
  one).‌‌ As‌‌ a ‌‌
user,‌‌
  you‌‌
  are‌‌
  expected‌‌   to‌‌
  input‌‌
  the‌‌
  amount‌‌   of‌‌
  money‌‌   you‌‌
  spend‌‌   on‌‌  average‌‌ from‌‌ this‌‌ card‌‌ per‌‌ month.‌‌ Let's‌‌ 
assume‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌bonus‌  ‌program‌  ‌gives‌  ‌you‌  ‌2 ‌ ‌free‌  ‌air‌  ‌miles‌  ‌for‌  ‌every‌  ‌dollar‌  ‌you‌  ‌spend.‌  ‌Here's‌  ‌a ‌ ‌simple‌‌ 
program‌‌to‌‌figure‌‌out‌‌when‌‌you‌‌can‌‌travel‌‌somewhere‌‌for‌‌free:‌  ‌
#‌‌
the‌‌
average‌‌
amount‌‌
of‌‌
money‌‌
per‌‌
month‌‌
 
money‌‌
=‌‌
int(input("How‌‌
much‌‌
money‌‌
do‌‌
you‌‌
spend‌‌
per‌‌
month:‌‌
"))‌‌
 
#‌‌
the‌n
‌umber‌
‌‌
of‌‌
miles‌‌
per‌‌
unit‌‌
of‌‌
money‌‌
 
n_miles‌‌
=‌‌
2 
‌‌
#‌‌
earned‌‌
miles‌‌
 
miles_per_month‌‌
=‌‌
money‌‌
*‌‌
n_miles‌‌
 
#‌‌
the‌‌
distance‌‌
between‌‌
London‌‌
and‌‌
Paris‌‌
 
distance‌‌
=‌‌
215‌‌
 
#‌‌
how‌‌
many‌‌
months‌‌
do‌‌
you‌‌
need‌‌
to‌‌
get‌‌
 
#‌‌
a‌‌
free‌‌
trip‌‌
from‌‌
London‌‌
to‌‌
Paris‌‌
and‌‌
back‌‌
 
print(distance‌‌
*‌‌
2‌‌
/‌‌
miles_per_month)‌‌
 
This‌‌program‌‌will‌‌calculate‌‌how‌‌many‌‌months‌‌it‌‌takes‌‌to‌‌travel‌‌the‌‌selected‌‌distance‌‌and‌‌back.‌  ‌
Although‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌  ‌recommended‌  ‌to‌  ‌write‌  ‌messages‌  ‌for‌  ‌users‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌input()‌
  ‌function,‌  ‌avoid‌  ‌them‌  ‌in‌  ‌our‌‌ 
educational‌‌programming‌‌challenges,‌‌otherwise‌‌your‌‌code‌‌may‌‌not‌‌pass‌‌our‌‌tests.‌  ‌
1.6.3‌‌Advanced‌‌forms‌‌of‌‌assignment‌  ‌
Whenever‌‌   you‌‌  use‌‌   an‌‌
  equal‌‌
  sign‌‌
  =,‌‌
  you‌‌
  actually‌‌
  assign‌‌
  some‌‌   value‌‌ to‌‌ a ‌‌name.‌‌ For‌‌ that‌‌ reason,‌‌ = ‌‌is‌‌ typically‌‌ 
referred‌  ‌to‌  ‌as‌  ‌an‌  ‌assignment‌  ‌operator.‌  ‌Meanwhile,‌  ‌there‌  ‌are‌  ‌other‌  ‌assignment‌  ‌operators‌  ‌you‌  ‌can‌  ‌use‌  ‌in‌‌ 
Python.‌  ‌They‌  ‌are‌  ‌also‌  ‌called‌  ‌compound‌  ‌assignment‌  ‌operators,‌  ‌for‌  ‌they‌  ‌carry‌  ‌out‌  ‌an‌  ‌arithmetic‌‌   operation‌‌ 
and‌‌assignment‌‌in‌‌one‌‌step.‌‌Have‌‌a‌‌look‌‌at‌‌the‌‌code‌‌snippet‌‌below:‌  ‌
number‌
‌‌
=‌‌
10‌‌
 
number‌
‌‌
=‌‌
number‌‌
+‌‌
1‌ ‌
#‌‌
11‌ #‌‌
‌ simple‌‌
assignment‌‌
 
This‌‌code‌‌is‌‌equivalent‌‌to‌‌the‌‌following‌‌one:‌  ‌
number‌‌
=‌‌
10‌‌
 
number‌‌
+=‌‌
1‌ ‌
#‌‌
11‌ #‌‌
‌ compound‌‌
assignment‌‌
 
17‌  ‌
One‌‌  can‌‌
  clearly‌‌
  see‌‌  from‌‌
  the‌‌
  example‌‌
  that‌‌
  the‌‌
  second‌‌   piece‌‌  of‌‌
  code‌‌
  is‌‌
  more‌‌
  concise‌‌   (for‌‌  it‌‌
  doesn't‌‌
  repeat‌‌ 
the‌‌variable's‌‌name).‌  ‌
Naturally,‌  ‌similar‌  ‌assignment‌‌   forms‌‌
  exist‌‌
  for‌‌
  the‌‌
  rest‌‌
  of‌‌
  arithmetic‌‌   operations:‌‌   -=,‌‌
  *=,‌‌
  /=,‌‌
  //=,‌‌  %=,‌‌
  **=.‌‌
  Given‌‌ 
the‌‌opportunity,‌‌use‌‌them‌‌to‌‌save‌‌time‌‌and‌‌effort.‌  ‌
One‌‌possible‌‌application‌‌of‌‌compound‌‌assignment‌‌comes‌‌next.‌  ‌

1.6.4‌‌Counter‌‌variable‌  ‌
In‌  ‌programming,‌  ‌loops‌  ‌are‌  ‌used‌  ‌alongside‌  ‌special‌  ‌variables‌  ‌called‌  ‌counters.‌‌
  A ‌‌counter‌‌
  counts‌‌  how‌‌
  many‌‌ 
times‌  ‌a ‌ ‌particular‌  ‌code‌  ‌is‌  ‌run.‌  ‌It‌‌
  also‌‌
  follows‌‌
  that‌‌
  counters‌‌
  should‌‌
  be‌‌
  integers.‌‌
  Now‌‌  we‌‌
  are‌‌
  getting‌‌
  to‌‌
  the‌‌ 
point:‌‌you‌‌can‌‌use‌‌the‌‌operators‌‌+=‌‌and‌‌-=‌‌to‌‌increase‌‌or‌‌decrease‌‌the‌‌counter‌‌respectively.‌  ‌
Consider‌‌this‌‌example‌‌where‌‌a‌‌user‌‌determines‌‌the‌‌value‌‌by‌‌which‌‌the‌‌counter‌‌is‌‌increased:‌  ‌
counter‌
‌‌
=‌‌
1 
‌‌
step‌
‌‌
=‌‌
int(input())‌ #
‌‌‌
let‌‌
it‌‌
be‌‌
3 
‌‌
counter‌
‌‌
+=‌‌
step‌‌
 
print(counter)‌
‌ #
‌‌‌
it‌‌
should‌‌
be‌‌
4,‌‌
then‌‌
 
In‌‌
  case‌‌
  you‌‌  need‌‌
  only‌‌
  non-negative‌‌   integers‌‌   from‌‌ the‌‌ user‌‌ (we‌‌ are‌‌ increasing‌‌ the‌‌ counter‌‌ after‌‌ all!),‌‌ you‌‌ can‌‌ 
prevent‌‌
  incorrect‌‌  inputs‌‌
  by‌‌
  using‌‌
  the‌‌  abs()‌‌
  function.‌‌   It‌‌
  is‌‌
  a ‌‌Python‌‌ built-in‌‌ function‌‌ that‌‌ returns‌‌ the‌‌ absolute‌‌ 
value‌‌of‌‌a‌‌number‌‌(that‌‌is,‌‌value‌‌regardless‌‌of‌‌its‌‌sign).‌‌Let's‌‌readjust‌‌our‌‌last‌‌program‌‌a‌‌bit:‌  ‌
counter‌
‌‌
=‌‌
1 
‌‌
step‌‌
=‌‌
abs(int(input()))‌‌‌
#‌‌
user‌‌
types‌‌
-3‌‌
 
counter‌
‌‌
+=‌‌
step‌‌
 
print(counter)‌ ‌
#‌‌
it's‌‌
still‌‌
4 
‌‌
As‌‌you‌‌can‌‌see,‌‌thanks‌‌to‌‌the‌‌abs()‌‌function‌‌we‌‌got‌‌a‌‌positive‌‌number.‌  ‌
For‌  ‌now,‌  ‌it's‌  ‌all‌  ‌right‌  ‌that‌  ‌you‌  ‌do‌  ‌not‌  ‌know‌  ‌much‌  ‌about‌‌
  the‌‌
  mentioned‌‌  details‌‌
  of‌‌
  errors,‌‌
  loops‌‌
  and‌‌
  built-in‌‌ 
functions‌  ‌in‌  ‌Python.‌  ‌We‌  ‌will‌  ‌catch‌  ‌up‌  ‌and‌  ‌make‌  ‌sure‌  ‌that‌  ‌you‌  ‌know‌  ‌these‌  ‌topics‌  ‌comprehensively.‌  ‌Keep‌‌ 
learning!‌  ‌

1.6.5‌‌Conclusion‌  ‌
Thus,‌  ‌we‌  ‌have‌  ‌shed‌  ‌some‌  ‌light‌  ‌on‌  ‌new‌  ‌details‌  ‌about‌  ‌integer‌  ‌arithmetic‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌processing‌  ‌of‌‌   numerical‌‌ 
inputs‌‌in‌‌Python.‌‌Feel‌‌free‌‌to‌‌use‌‌them‌‌in‌‌your‌‌future‌‌projects.‌  ‌
An‌‌
  airline‌‌
  company‌‌   "Happy‌‌ travel"‌‌ has‌‌ a ‌‌loyalty‌‌ system‌‌ for‌‌ its‌‌ customers:‌‌ for‌‌ each‌‌ spent‌‌ dollar‌‌ they‌‌ get‌‌ 0.01‌‌ 
free‌  ‌miles‌  ‌on‌  ‌their‌  ‌account‌  ‌and‌  ‌then‌  ‌can‌  ‌use‌  ‌them‌  ‌to‌  ‌travel‌  ‌for‌  ‌free.‌  ‌Below‌  ‌is‌‌
  the‌‌
  code‌‌
  for‌‌
  free‌‌
  air‌‌
  miles‌‌ 
calculation‌‌for‌‌one‌‌customer‌‌who‌‌plans‌‌to‌‌travel‌‌from‌‌London‌‌to‌‌Paris‌‌and‌‌back:‌  ‌
#‌‌
the‌‌
number‌‌
of‌‌
free‌‌
miles‌‌
per‌‌
dollar‌‌
 
n_miles‌‌
=‌‌
0.01‌‌
 
#‌‌
money‌‌
spent‌‌
per‌‌
month‌‌
(in‌‌
dollars)‌‌
 
money‌‌
=‌‌
2000‌‌
 
#‌‌
number‌‌
of‌‌
miles‌‌
earned‌‌
each‌‌
month‌‌
 
miles_per_month‌‌
=‌‌
money‌‌
*‌‌
n_miles‌‌
 
#‌‌
distance‌‌
from‌‌
London‌‌
to‌‌
Paris‌‌
and‌‌
back‌‌
(in‌‌
miles)‌‌
 
total_distance‌‌
=‌‌
215‌‌
*‌‌
2 
‌‌

1.6.6‌‌Practice‌  ‌
Computer‌‌science‌‌>‌‌Programming‌‌languages‌‌>‌‌Python‌‌>‌‌Basics‌‌>‌‌Simple‌‌programs‌‌>‌‌Program‌‌with‌‌numbers‌  ‌
1.6.6.1‌B
‌ad‌o
‌men‌‌
 
Take‌‌a‌‌look‌‌at‌‌the‌‌code‌‌below:‌  ‌
step‌‌ =‌‌ 666‌‌  
counter‌‌ +=‌‌ step‌‌ 
18‌  ‌
print(counter)‌‌  
 ‌
It's‌‌not‌‌working‌‌for‌‌some‌‌reason.‌‌What's‌‌wrong‌‌with‌‌it?‌‌Select‌‌one‌‌option‌‌from‌‌the‌‌list:‌  ‌
The‌‌step‌‌value‌‌should‌‌be‌‌a‌‌floating-point‌‌number.‌  ‌
The‌‌step‌‌value‌‌is‌‌extremely‌‌large.‌  ‌
One‌‌of‌‌the‌‌variables‌‌hasn't‌‌been‌‌defined.‌ (X)‌  ‌
The‌‌compound‌‌assignment‌‌operator‌‌should‌‌be‌‌=+.‌  ‌
1.6.6.2‌U
‌ndercover‌‌
 
Which‌‌of‌‌the‌‌following‌‌operators‌‌has‌‌nothing‌‌to‌‌do‌‌with‌‌compound‌‌assignment?‌‌   ‌
Select‌‌one‌‌option‌‌from‌‌the‌‌list:‌ 
+=‌  ‌
-=‌  ‌
**=‌  ‌
//=‌  ‌
%=‌  ‌
==‌ (X)‌  ‌
Well‌‌done!‌‌The‌‌equality‌‌operator‌‌`==`‌‌is‌‌used‌‌to‌‌compare‌‌values,‌‌not‌‌to‌‌assign‌‌them.‌  ‌
1.6.6.3‌W
‌hen‌y
‌ou'll‌h
‌ave‌a
‌‌f
‌ree‌t
‌rip?‌‌
 
An‌‌
  airline‌‌
  company‌‌   "Happy‌‌ travel"‌‌ has‌‌ a ‌‌loyalty‌‌ system‌‌ for‌‌ its‌‌ customers:‌‌ for‌‌ each‌‌ spent‌‌ dollar‌‌ they‌‌ get‌‌ 0.01‌‌ 
free‌  ‌miles‌  ‌on‌  ‌their‌  ‌account‌  ‌and‌  ‌then‌  ‌can‌  ‌use‌  ‌them‌  ‌to‌  ‌travel‌  ‌for‌  ‌free.‌  ‌Below‌  ‌is‌‌
  the‌‌
  code‌‌   for‌‌
  free‌‌   air‌‌
  miles‌‌ 
calculation‌‌for‌‌one‌‌customer‌‌who‌‌plans‌‌to‌‌travel‌‌from‌‌London‌‌to‌‌Paris‌‌and‌‌back:‌  ‌
 ‌
#‌‌the‌‌ number‌‌ of‌‌ free‌‌ miles‌‌ per‌‌ dollar‌‌  
n_miles‌‌ =‌‌ 0.01‌‌  
 ‌
#‌‌money‌‌ spent‌‌ per‌‌ month‌‌ (in‌‌ dollars)‌‌  
money‌‌ =‌‌ 2000‌‌  
 ‌
#‌‌number‌‌ of‌‌ miles‌‌ earned‌‌ each‌‌ month‌‌  
miles_per_month‌‌ =‌‌
money‌‌ *‌‌ n_miles‌‌  
 ‌
#‌‌distance‌‌ from‌‌ London‌‌ to‌‌ Paris‌‌ and‌‌ back‌‌ (in‌‌ miles)‌‌  
total_distance‌‌ =‌‌215‌‌ *‌‌2 
‌‌
 ‌
What‌  ‌would‌  ‌be‌  ‌the‌  ‌correct‌  ‌final‌  ‌line‌  ‌to‌  ‌calculate‌  ‌how‌  ‌many‌  ‌months‌‌   it‌‌
  will‌‌
  take‌‌
  for‌‌
  this‌‌
  client‌‌   to‌‌
  make‌‌   the‌‌ 
desired‌‌trip‌‌free‌‌of‌‌charge?‌‌Select‌‌one‌‌option‌‌from‌‌the‌‌list:‌ 
total_distance‌‌*‌‌2‌‌/‌‌miles_per_month‌  ‌
total_distance‌‌/‌‌miles_per_month‌  ‌
total_distance‌‌*‌‌2 ‌ ‌
total_distance‌‌*‌‌miles_per_month‌  ‌
1.6.6.4‌C
‌alculating‌a
‌n‌e
‌xpression‌‌
 
Write‌  ‌a ‌ ‌program‌  ‌that‌  ‌reads‌  ‌an‌  ‌integer‌  ‌value‌  ‌n ‌ ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌standard‌  ‌input‌  ‌and‌  ‌prints‌  ‌the‌  ‌result‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
expression:‌  ‌
((n‌+
‌‌1
‌)‌*
‌‌n
‌‌+
‌‌2
‌)‌*
‌‌n
‌‌+
‌‌3
‌ 
‌‌
Sample‌‌Input‌‌1:‌ 3‌ Sample‌‌Output‌‌1:‌ 45‌  ‌
Solution:‌  ‌
n‌‌
=‌‌
int‌
(i
‌nput‌
())‌‌
 
print‌
(((‌
n‌+
‌‌‌
1)‌‌‌
*‌n‌‌‌
+‌2
‌)‌‌‌
*‌n
‌‌‌
+‌3
‌)
‌ ‌‌
1.6.6.5‌T
‌he‌l
‌ast‌d
‌igit‌o
‌f‌a
‌‌n
‌umber‌‌
 
Write‌‌a‌‌program‌‌that‌‌reads‌‌an‌‌integer‌‌and‌‌outputs‌‌its‌‌last‌‌digit.‌  ‌
Sample‌‌Input‌‌1:‌‌  425‌ Sample‌‌Output‌‌1:‌ 5‌  ‌
 ‌
Hints:‌  ‌
19‌  ‌
I‌‌had‌‌to‌‌do‌‌a‌‌bit‌‌of‌‌googling‌‌and‌‌found‌‌that‌‌%‌‌10‌‌will‌‌always‌‌give‌‌the‌‌last‌‌digit‌‌of‌‌a‌‌number.‌  ‌
you'll‌‌want‌‌the‌‌user‌‌to‌‌input‌‌a‌‌number,‌‌but‌‌make‌‌sure‌‌its‌‌an‌‌integer.‌  ‌
last_digit‌‌=‌‌number‌‌%‌‌10‌ ‌#‌‌having‌‌%‌‌10‌‌will‌‌ALWAYS‌‌give‌‌only‌‌the‌‌last‌‌digit.‌‌   ‌
lastly,‌‌print‌‌the‌‌last_digit‌  ‌
 ‌
number‌‌ =‌‌ ....‌  
last_digit‌‌ =‌‌ number‌‌ %‌‌10‌‌ 
print(.....)‌‌  
 ‌
Solution:‌  ‌
number01‌= ‌‌i ‌nt‌ (i
‌nput‌ ())‌‌ 
last_digit‌= ‌‌n ‌umber01‌% ‌‌1 ‌0‌‌
 
print‌ (l‌ast_digit‌ ) 
‌‌
 ‌
Outras‌‌resoluções:‌  ‌
a‌‌ =‌i
‌nt‌ (i
‌nput‌ ())‌‌ 
print‌
(a‌‌
%‌1
‌0‌
) 
‌
____‌‌
 
number‌‌
=‌l
‌ist‌
(s
‌tr‌
(i
‌nput‌
()))‌‌
 
print‌
(number[‌
-1‌
])‌‌
 
____‌‌
 
num‌=
‌‌l
‌ist‌
(i
‌nput‌
('
‌'‌
))‌‌
 
last_index‌=
‌‌n
‌um[‌
-1‌
] 
‌‌
print‌
(last_index)‌‌
 
____‌‌
 
input_number‌=
‌‌i
‌nt‌
(i
‌nput‌
())‌ #
‌‌p
‌ut‌y
‌our‌p
‌ython‌c
‌ode‌h
‌ere‌‌
 
print‌
(s
‌tr‌
(input_number)[‌
-1‌
])‌‌
 
____‌‌
 
n‌=
‌‌i
‌nput‌
()‌‌
 
print‌
(n[‌
-1‌
])‌‌
 
____‌‌
 
n‌=
‌‌i
‌nput‌
()‌ #
‌‌t
‌ake‌a
‌‌n
‌umber‌a
‌s‌s
‌tring‌‌
 
print‌
(n[‌
-1‌
])‌ #
‌‌p
‌rint‌t
‌he‌t
‌he‌l
‌ast‌c
‌har‌i
‌n‌t
‌he‌s
‌tring‌i
‌ndex‌>
‌‌-
‌1‌‌
 
____‌‌
 
print‌
(i
‌nput‌
()[‌
-1‌  ‌
])‌

1.6.6.6‌C
‌alculating‌S
‌‌V
‌‌P
‌ ‌‌
Ask‌‌
  the‌‌
  user‌‌ about‌‌ parameters‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌rectangular‌‌ parallelepiped‌‌ (3‌‌ integers‌‌ representing‌‌ the‌‌ length,‌‌ width‌‌ and‌‌ 
height)‌‌and‌‌print‌‌the‌‌sum‌‌of‌‌edge‌‌lengths,‌‌its‌‌total‌‌surface‌‌area‌‌and‌‌volume.‌  ‌
 ‌
Sum‌‌of‌‌lengths‌‌of‌‌all‌‌edges:‌ s‌‌=‌‌4(a‌‌+‌‌b‌‌+‌‌c)s=4(a+b+c)‌ 
Surface‌‌area:‌ S‌‌=‌‌2(ab‌‌+‌‌bc‌‌+‌‌ac)S=2(ab+bc+ac)‌  ‌
Volume:‌ V‌‌=‌‌abc‌  ‌
 ‌
Solution:‌  ‌
a‌=‌‌i ‌nt‌ (i‌nput‌ ())‌‌  
b‌=‌‌i ‌nt‌ (i‌nput‌ ())‌‌  
c‌=‌‌i ‌nt‌ (i‌nput‌ ())‌‌  
 ‌
len_edges‌= ‌‌4
‌‌*‌‌( ‌a‌‌+
‌‌b‌‌+
‌‌c ‌) ‌  ‌‌
area_surf‌= ‌‌2
‌‌*‌‌( ‌(‌a‌*‌‌b
‌)
‌‌+ ‌‌( ‌b
‌‌* ‌‌c‌)‌‌+ ‌‌( ‌a‌‌*
‌‌c‌)
‌)‌‌
 
vol_par‌= ‌‌a ‌‌*
‌‌b‌‌* ‌‌c‌ 
‌‌
20‌  ‌
 ‌
print‌(l ‌en_edges‌ ) ‌‌
print‌(a ‌rea_surf‌ ) ‌‌
print‌(v ‌ol_par‌) ‌‌
 ‌
Outras‌‌resoluções:‌  ‌
print‌
((‌ lambda‌ ‌
a,‌  ‌ b,‌
 ‌c:‌
 ‌(f‌
"{4‌
 ‌* 
‌‌(a‌
 ‌+ 
‌‌b 
‌‌+ 
‌‌c)}\n{2‌
 ‌* 
‌‌(a‌
 ‌* 
‌‌b 
‌‌+ 
‌‌b 
‌‌* 
‌‌c 
‌‌+ 
‌‌c 
‌‌* 
‌‌a)}\n{a‌
 ‌* 
‌‌b 
‌‌* 
‌‌
c}"‌
))(‌
int‌
(i
‌nput‌
()),‌i
‌nt‌
(i
‌nput‌
()),‌i
‌nt‌
(i
‌nput‌
())))‌‌
 
____‌‌
 
a,‌b
‌,‌c
‌‌=
‌‌i
‌nt‌
(i
‌nput‌
()),‌i
‌nt‌
(i
‌nput‌
()),‌i
‌nt‌
(i
‌nput‌
())‌‌
 
print‌
("
‌{}\n{}\n{}"‌
.f
‌ormat‌
(4
‌‌*
‌‌(
‌a‌+
‌‌b
‌‌+
‌‌c
‌),‌‌
2‌*
‌‌(
‌a‌*
‌‌b
‌‌+
‌‌b
‌‌*
‌‌c
‌‌+
‌‌a
‌‌*
‌‌c
‌),‌a
‌‌*
‌‌b
‌‌*
‌‌c
‌))‌‌
 
____‌‌
 
a,‌b
‌,‌c
‌‌=
‌‌i
‌nt‌
(i
‌nput‌
()),‌i
‌nt‌
(i
‌nput‌
()),‌i
‌nt‌
(i
‌nput‌
())‌‌
 
 ‌
s‌=
‌‌4
‌‌*
‌‌(
‌a‌+
‌‌b
‌‌+
‌‌c
‌)‌‌
 
S‌=
‌‌2
‌‌*
‌‌(
‌(a‌*
‌‌b
‌)‌+
‌‌(
‌b‌*
‌‌c
‌)‌+
‌‌(
‌a‌*
‌‌c
‌))‌‌
 
V‌=
‌‌a
‌‌*
‌‌b
‌‌*
‌‌c
‌ ‌
 ‌
print‌
(s,‌S
‌,‌V
‌,‌s
‌ep=‌ ) ‌‌
"\n"‌

1.6.6.7‌D
‌ivide‌n
‌uts‌e
‌qually‌b
‌etween‌s
‌quirrels‌‌
 
N‌  ‌squirrels‌  ‌found‌  ‌K ‌ ‌nuts‌  ‌and‌  ‌decided‌  ‌to‌  ‌divide‌  ‌them‌‌
  equally.‌‌
  Determine‌‌
  how‌‌
  many‌‌
  nuts‌‌
  each‌‌
  squirrel‌‌
  will‌‌ 
get.‌  ‌
Input‌‌data‌‌format:‌‌There‌‌are‌‌two‌‌positive‌‌numbers‌‌N‌‌and‌‌K,‌‌each‌‌of‌‌them‌‌is‌‌not‌‌greater‌‌than‌‌10000.‌  ‌
 ‌
Sample‌‌Input‌‌1:‌ 3‌ 14‌ Sample‌‌Output‌‌1:‌ 4‌  ‌
 ‌
Solution:‌  ‌
N‌= ‌‌i‌nt‌(i‌nput‌ ())‌‌  
K‌= ‌‌i‌nt‌(i‌nput‌ ())‌‌  
 ‌
print‌ (K‌‌/‌/‌N ‌)
‌ 
‌‌
 ‌
Outras‌‌resoluções:‌  ‌
n‌= ‌‌i‌nt‌(i
‌nput‌ ())‌‌  
print‌
(i
‌nt‌
(i
‌nput‌
())‌/
‌/‌n
‌)‌‌
 
____‌‌
 
N‌=
‌‌a
‌bs‌
(i
‌nt‌
(i
‌nput‌
()))‌‌
 
K‌=
‌‌a
‌bs‌
(i
‌nt‌
(i
‌nput‌
()))‌‌
 
print‌
(K‌/
‌/‌N
‌)‌
 

1.6.6.8‌T
‌he‌f
‌irst‌d
‌igit‌o
‌f‌a
‌‌t
‌wo-digit‌n
‌umber‌‌
 
Write‌‌a‌‌program‌‌that‌‌will‌‌take‌‌an‌‌input‌‌of‌‌a‌‌two-digit‌‌integer‌‌and‌‌print‌‌its‌‌first‌‌digit‌‌(i.e.‌‌the‌‌number‌‌of‌‌tens).‌  ‌
Sample‌‌Input‌‌1:‌ 42‌ Sample‌‌Output‌‌1:‌ 4‌  ‌
Solution:‌  ‌
que‌=‌‌i ‌nt‌ (i
‌nput‌ ())‌‌  
print‌ (q‌ue‌/ ‌/‌1‌0‌) ‌‌
Outras‌‌resoluções:‌  ‌
number‌= ‌‌i‌nput‌
()‌‌
 
print‌
(number[‌
0]
‌)‌‌
 
____‌‌
 
print‌
(i
‌nput‌
()[‌
0]
‌)‌‌
 

21‌  ‌
1.6.6.9‌‌ Difference‌‌ of‌‌ times‌‌  
You‌‌  will‌‌
  get‌‌  the‌‌  values‌‌   for‌‌  two‌‌   moments‌‌   in‌‌
  time‌‌
  of‌‌ the‌‌ same‌‌ day:‌‌ when‌‌ Megan‌‌ went‌‌ for‌‌ a ‌‌walk,‌‌ and‌‌ when‌‌ it‌‌ 
started‌  ‌to‌  ‌rain.‌  ‌It‌  ‌is‌  ‌known‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌first‌  ‌event‌  ‌happened‌  ‌earlier‌  ‌than‌‌   the‌‌
  second‌‌   one.‌‌   Find‌‌
  out‌‌
  how‌‌
  many‌‌ 
seconds‌‌passed‌‌between‌‌them.‌  ‌
 ‌
The‌‌  program‌‌   gets‌‌   the‌‌   input‌‌   of‌‌
  six‌‌
  integers,‌‌   each‌‌  on‌‌   a ‌‌separate‌‌ line.‌‌ The‌‌ first‌‌ three‌‌ integers‌‌ represent‌‌ ‌hours,‌‌ 
minutes,‌  ‌and‌  ‌seconds‌  ‌of‌‌   the‌‌   first‌‌
  event,‌‌  and‌‌   the‌‌
  rest‌‌   three‌‌
  integers‌‌  define‌‌   similarly‌‌   the‌‌
  second‌‌  event.‌‌
  Print‌‌ 
the‌‌number‌‌of‌‌seconds‌‌between‌‌these‌‌two‌‌moments‌‌of‌‌time.‌  ‌
 ‌
Sample‌‌Input‌‌1:‌ 1‌ 1‌ 1‌ 2‌ 2‌ 2‌  ‌
Sample‌‌Output‌‌1:‌ 3661‌  ‌
Sample‌‌Input‌‌2:‌ 1‌ 2‌ 30‌ 1‌ 3‌ 20‌  ‌
Sample‌‌Output‌‌2:‌ 50‌  ‌
Solution:‌  ‌
hour1‌= ‌‌i ‌nt‌ (i‌nput‌ ())‌‌  
min1‌= ‌‌i ‌nt‌ (i‌nput‌ ())‌‌  
sec1‌= ‌‌i ‌nt‌ (i‌nput‌ ())‌‌  
hour2‌= ‌‌i ‌nt‌ (i‌nput‌ ())‌‌  
min2‌= ‌‌i ‌nt‌ (i‌nput‌ ())‌‌  
sec2‌= ‌‌i ‌nt‌ (i‌nput‌ ())‌‌  
 ‌
first_event‌= ‌‌( ‌h ‌our1‌* ‌‌3 ‌600‌ )‌+ ‌‌( ‌m‌in1‌* ‌‌6 ‌0‌ )‌+
‌‌s ‌ec1‌‌ 
second_event‌= ‌‌( ‌h ‌our2‌* ‌‌3 ‌600‌ )‌+ ‌‌( ‌m ‌in2‌* ‌‌6 ‌0‌ )‌+‌‌s ‌ec2‌‌
 
 ‌
print‌ (s‌econd_event‌- ‌‌f ‌irst_event‌ )  ‌‌
 ‌
Outras‌‌resoluções:‌  ‌
hour1‌= ‌‌‌ int‌ (i‌nput‌ ())‌‌  
minute1‌=
‌‌i
‌nt‌
(i
‌nput‌
())‌‌
 
second1‌=
‌‌i
‌nt‌
(i
‌nput‌
())‌‌
 
time_1‌=
‌‌h
‌our1‌*
‌‌3
‌600‌
‌+
‌‌m
‌inute1‌*
‌‌6
‌0‌
‌+
‌‌s
‌econd1‌‌
 
hour2‌=
‌‌‌
int‌
(i
‌nput‌
())‌‌
 
minute2‌=
‌‌i
‌nt‌
(i
‌nput‌
())‌‌
 
second2‌=
‌‌i
‌nt‌
(i
‌nput‌
())‌‌
 
time_2‌=
‌‌h
‌our2‌*
‌‌3
‌600‌
‌+
‌‌m
‌inute2‌*
‌‌6
‌0‌
‌+
‌‌s
‌econd2‌‌
 
print‌
(a
‌bs‌
(time_1‌-
‌‌t
‌ime_2))‌‌
 
____‌  ‌
print‌ (a
‌bs‌
(hours_2‌‌
  * 
‌‌3600‌‌
‌   + 
‌‌minutes_2‌‌
  * 
‌‌60‌‌
‌   + 
‌‌seconds_2‌‌
  - 
‌‌hours_1‌‌
  * 
‌‌3600‌‌
‌   - 
‌‌minutes_1‌‌
  * 
‌‌60‌‌
‌  - ‌‌
 ‌
seconds_1))‌

1.6.6.10‌‌ The‌‌sum‌‌ of‌‌ digits‌‌  

Given‌‌a‌‌three-digit‌‌integer‌‌(i.e.,‌‌an‌‌integer‌‌from‌‌100‌‌to‌‌999).‌‌Find‌‌the‌‌sum‌‌of‌‌its‌‌digits‌‌and‌‌print‌‌the‌‌result.‌  ‌
To‌  ‌get‌  ‌the‌  ‌separate‌  ‌digits‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌input‌‌
  integer,‌‌
  make‌‌
  use‌‌
  of‌‌
  % ‌‌and‌‌
  //‌‌
  (for‌‌
  example,‌‌
  you‌‌
  can‌‌
  get‌‌
  8 ‌‌from‌‌
  the‌‌ 
number‌‌508‌‌by‌‌taking‌‌the‌‌remainder‌‌of‌‌the‌‌division‌‌by‌‌10).‌  ‌
Sample‌‌Input‌‌1:‌ 476‌ Sample‌‌Output‌‌1:‌ 17‌  ‌
Solution:‌  ‌
number‌= ‌‌l ‌ist‌(s
‌tr‌ (i‌nput‌ ()))‌‌  
sum_dig‌= ‌‌( ‌i‌nt‌
(n‌umber‌ [0 ‌] ‌)‌+ ‌‌i
‌nt‌ (n‌umber‌ [1
‌]‌)‌+ ‌‌i‌nt‌ (n
‌umber‌ [2‌]
‌))‌‌
 
 ‌
print‌ (s ‌um_dig‌ ) 
‌‌
 ‌
Outras‌‌resoluções:‌  ‌
n‌=‌‌a ‌bs‌ (i
‌nt‌ (i
‌nput‌()))‌‌  
 ‌

22‌  ‌
hundreds‌=
‌‌n
‌‌/
‌/‌‌
100‌‌
 
tens‌=
‌‌(
‌n‌%
‌‌1
‌00‌
)‌/
‌/‌1
‌0‌‌
 
units‌=
‌‌n
‌‌%
‌‌1
‌0‌‌
 
 ‌
print‌
(hundreds‌+
‌‌t
‌ens‌+
‌‌u
‌nits)‌‌
 
____‌‌
 
n‌=
‌‌i
‌nt‌
(i
‌nput‌
())‌‌
 
print‌
(n‌/
‌/‌1
‌00‌
‌+
‌‌n
‌‌%
‌‌1
‌00‌
‌/
‌/‌1
‌0‌
‌+
‌‌n
‌‌%
‌‌1
‌0‌
) 
‌‌
____‌‌
 
n‌=
‌‌i
‌nt‌
(i
‌nput‌
())‌‌
 
print‌
((‌
int‌
(n‌/
‌‌1
‌00‌
))‌+
‌‌(
‌(n‌/
‌/‌1
‌0‌
)‌%
‌‌1
‌0‌
)‌+
‌‌(
‌n‌%
‌‌1
‌0‌
))‌‌
 
____‌‌
 
number‌=
‌‌i
‌nt‌
(i
‌nput‌
())‌‌
 
a‌=
‌‌n
‌umber‌/
‌/‌1
‌00‌‌
 
b‌=
‌‌n
‌umber‌/
‌/‌1
‌0‌
‌-
‌‌a
‌‌*
‌‌1
‌0‌‌
 
c‌=
‌‌n
‌umber‌%
‌‌1
‌0‌‌
 
print‌
(a‌+
‌‌b
‌‌+
‌‌c
‌)‌‌
 
____‌‌
 
print‌
(s
‌um‌
([‌
int‌
(x)‌f
‌or‌
‌x
‌‌i
‌n‌
‌s
‌tr‌
(i
‌nput‌
())]))‌‌
 
*‌‌Correct,‌‌but‌‌can‌‌be‌‌improved.‌‌1‌‌code‌‌style‌‌error‌  ‌
____‌  ‌
number‌=
‌‌s
‌tr‌
(i
‌nput‌
())‌‌
 
count‌=
‌‌‌
0 ‌‌
for‌
‌i
‌‌i
‌n‌
‌n
‌umber:‌‌
 
‌
count‌+
‌=‌i
‌nt‌
(i)‌‌
 
print‌
(count)‌‌
 
____‌  ‌
num‌=
‌‌s
‌tr‌
(i
‌nput‌
())‌‌
 
f‌=
‌‌n
‌um[‌
0]
‌ ‌‌
s‌=
‌‌n
‌um[‌
1]
‌ ‌‌
t‌=
‌‌n
‌um[‌
2]
‌ ‌‌
f‌=
‌‌i
‌nt‌
(f)‌‌
 
s‌=
‌‌i
‌nt‌
(s)‌‌
 
t‌=
‌‌i
‌nt‌
(t)‌‌
 
res‌=
‌‌f
‌‌+
‌‌s
‌‌+
‌‌t
‌ ‌‌
print‌
(res)‌‌
 

1.6.6.11‌P
‌umpkin‌p
‌ie‌‌
 
Paul‌‌has‌‌baked‌‌a‌‌pumpkin‌‌pie‌‌and‌‌asked‌‌his‌‌guests‌‌how‌‌many‌‌pieces‌‌they‌‌wanted‌‌to‌‌take‌‌home:‌  ‌
n_pieces‌‌ =‌‌ int(input("How‌‌ many‌‌ pieces‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ pumpkin‌‌ pie‌‌ can‌‌ I‌‌ offer‌‌ you?"))‌‌  
It's‌  ‌so‌  ‌nice‌  ‌of‌  ‌him!‌  ‌However,‌  ‌this‌  ‌program‌  ‌crashed‌  ‌as‌  ‌one‌‌   guest‌‌
  entered‌‌   the‌‌
  value‌‌  2.5.‌‌
  What‌‌   are‌‌
  possible‌‌ 
actions‌‌to‌‌prevent‌‌the‌‌error‌‌in‌‌the‌‌code?‌‌There‌‌is‌‌more‌‌than‌‌just‌‌one‌‌correct‌‌answer.‌  ‌
Let's‌  ‌assume‌  ‌that‌  ‌no‌  ‌guest‌  ‌should‌  ‌leave‌‌   without‌‌
  a ‌‌treat!‌‌
  You‌‌
  also‌‌
  don't‌‌
  have‌‌  to‌‌
  think‌‌  about‌‌   cases‌‌   when‌‌
  a ‌‌
guest‌‌enters‌‌something‌‌different‌‌than‌‌a‌‌number‌‌in‌‌this‌‌task.‌‌Select‌‌one‌‌or‌‌more‌‌options‌‌from‌‌the‌‌list:‌  ‌
Leave‌‌the‌‌whole‌‌pie‌‌for‌‌you.‌  ‌
Convert‌‌the‌‌input‌‌value‌‌to‌f ‌ loat‌ ‌‌rather‌‌than‌i ‌ nt‌ .‌ (X)‌  ‌
Read‌‌the‌‌numbers‌‌as‌‌floats‌‌and‌‌then‌‌round‌‌them‌‌up‌‌to‌‌the‌‌closest‌‌integer.‌ (X)‌  ‌
23‌  ‌
 Print‌‌a‌‌message‌‌for‌‌the‌‌guests‌‌that‌‌pieces‌‌should‌‌be‌‌whole.‌  ‌
1.6.6.12‌S
‌avings‌a
‌ccount‌‌
 
For‌‌
  the‌‌
  given‌‌
  amount‌‌   of‌‌ money,‌‌ calculate‌‌ the‌‌ income‌‌ from‌‌ this‌‌ savings‌‌ account‌‌ with‌‌ a ‌‌5%‌‌ interest‌‌ rate‌‌ after‌‌ 
one‌‌year.‌  ‌
Save‌‌the‌‌result‌‌into‌‌the‌‌variable‌‌income.‌‌You‌‌DO‌‌NOT‌‌need‌‌to‌‌print‌‌it.‌  ‌
Solution:‌  ‌
amount‌= ‌‌1‌000‌‌  
interest_rate‌= ‌‌5
‌ 
‌‌
years‌= ‌‌1‌ ‌‌
income‌= ‌‌(‌a‌mount‌* ‌‌( ‌i‌nterest_rate‌/ ‌‌1 ‌00‌  
))‌‌
1.6.6.13‌G
‌ood‌r
‌est‌o
‌n‌v
‌acation‌‌
 
Write‌  ‌a ‌ ‌program‌  ‌that‌  ‌will‌  ‌help‌  ‌people‌  ‌who‌  ‌are‌  ‌going‌  ‌on‌  ‌vacation.‌  ‌The‌  ‌program‌‌
  should‌‌
  calculate‌‌
  the‌‌
  total‌‌ 
required‌‌sum‌‌(e.g.‌‌$)‌‌of‌‌money‌‌to‌‌have‌‌a‌‌good‌‌rest‌‌for‌‌a‌‌given‌‌duration.‌  ‌
There‌‌are‌‌four‌‌parameters‌‌that‌‌have‌‌to‌‌be‌‌considered:‌  ‌
● duration‌‌in‌‌days‌  ‌
● total‌‌food‌‌cost‌‌per‌‌day‌  ‌
● one-way‌‌flight‌‌cost‌  ‌
● cost‌‌of‌‌one‌‌night‌‌in‌‌a‌‌hotel‌‌(the‌‌number‌‌of‌‌nights‌‌is‌‌equal‌‌to‌‌the‌‌duration‌‌of‌‌days‌‌minus‌‌one)‌  ‌
Read‌‌integer‌‌values‌‌of‌‌these‌‌parameters‌‌from‌‌the‌‌standard‌‌input‌‌and‌‌then‌‌print‌‌the‌‌result.‌  ‌
Sample‌‌Input‌‌1:‌ 7‌ 30‌ 100‌ 40‌  ‌
Sample‌‌Output‌‌1:‌ 650‌  ‌
Solution:‌  ‌
n_days‌= ‌‌a‌bs‌
(i ‌nt‌ (i ‌nput‌ ()))‌‌  
food_day‌= ‌‌a
‌bs‌ (i
‌nt‌ (i ‌nput‌ ()))‌‌
 
flight‌= ‌‌a‌bs‌
(i ‌nt‌ (i ‌nput‌ ()))‌‌  
h_per_night‌= ‌‌a ‌bs‌ (i‌nt‌ (i
‌nput‌ ()))‌‌  
 ‌
hotel_total‌= ‌‌a ‌bs‌ (i‌nt‌ (n
‌_days‌- ‌‌1‌)
‌‌* ‌‌h ‌_per_night‌ ) 
‌‌
 ‌
print‌ ((‌ n_days‌* ‌‌f‌ood_day‌ )‌+
‌‌(‌f ‌light‌* ‌‌2‌)
‌‌+ ‌‌h ‌otel_total‌ ) 
‌‌
 ‌
1.6.6.14‌D
‌esks‌‌
 
A‌  ‌school‌  ‌has‌  ‌decided‌  ‌to‌  ‌create‌  ‌three‌  ‌new‌  ‌math‌  ‌groups‌  ‌and‌  ‌equip‌  ‌three‌  ‌classrooms‌  ‌for‌  ‌them‌  ‌with‌  ‌new‌‌ 
desks.‌  ‌Your‌  ‌task‌  ‌is‌  ‌to‌  ‌calculate‌  ‌the‌  ‌minimum‌‌   number‌‌
  of‌‌
  desks‌‌   to‌‌
  be‌‌
  purchased.‌‌   To‌‌   do‌‌
  so,‌‌
  you'll‌‌
  need‌‌
  the‌‌ 
following‌‌information:‌  ‌
 ‌
● The‌  ‌number‌  ‌of‌  ‌students‌  ‌in‌  ‌each‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌three‌  ‌groups‌  ‌is‌  ‌known:‌  ‌your‌  ‌program‌  ‌will‌  ‌receive‌  ‌three‌‌ 
non-negative‌‌   integers‌‌   as‌‌
  the‌‌
  input.‌‌ It‌‌ is‌‌ possible‌‌ that‌‌ one‌‌ or‌‌ more‌‌ of‌‌ them‌‌ will‌‌ be‌‌ zero,‌‌ so‌‌ you‌‌ should‌‌ 
take‌‌it‌‌into‌‌account.‌  ‌
● Each‌‌   group‌‌   will‌‌   sit‌‌
  in‌‌
  its‌‌
  own‌‌ classroom.‌‌ It‌‌ means‌‌ that‌‌ you‌‌ should‌‌ calculate‌‌ the‌‌ number‌‌ of‌‌ desks‌‌ for‌‌ 
each‌‌classroom‌‌separately,‌‌and‌‌only‌‌then‌‌add‌‌them‌‌up!‌  ‌
● At‌  ‌most‌  ‌two‌  ‌students‌  ‌may‌  ‌sit‌  ‌at‌  ‌any‌  ‌desk.‌  ‌You‌  ‌are‌  ‌expected‌  ‌to‌  ‌output‌  ‌the‌  ‌minimum‌  ‌number‌  ‌of‌‌ 
desks‌‌to‌‌buy,‌‌so‌‌there‌‌should‌‌be‌‌as‌‌many‌‌as‌‌possible‌‌desks‌‌taken‌‌by‌‌two‌‌students‌‌rather‌‌than‌‌one.‌  ‌
Most‌‌probably,‌‌you'll‌‌need‌‌operations‌‌//‌‌and‌‌%‌‌in‌‌your‌‌program!‌  ‌
Sample‌‌Input‌‌1:‌ 20‌ 21‌ 22‌  ‌
Sample‌‌Output‌‌1:‌ 32‌  ‌
Sample‌‌Input‌‌2:‌ 16‌ 18‌ 20‌  ‌
Sample‌‌Output‌‌2:‌ 27‌  ‌
Solution:‌  ‌
stud_01‌= ‌‌a ‌bs‌ (i ‌nt‌ (i ‌nput‌ ()))‌‌  
stud_02‌= ‌‌a ‌bs‌ (i ‌nt‌ (i ‌nput‌ ()))‌‌  
stud_03‌= ‌‌a ‌bs‌ (i ‌nt‌ (i ‌nput‌ ()))‌‌  
 ‌
print‌ ((‌stud_01‌/ ‌/‌2 ‌‌+ ‌‌s ‌tud_02‌/ ‌/‌2 ‌‌+ ‌‌s‌tud_03‌/ ‌/‌2 ‌) ‌ ‌‌
+
‌‌( ‌s‌tud_01‌% ‌‌2 ‌‌+ ‌‌s ‌tud_02‌% ‌‌2 ‌‌+ ‌‌s ‌tud_03‌% ‌‌2‌) ‌)‌‌  
 ‌
24‌  ‌
 ‌
 ‌
1.7‌T
‌ HEORY:‌C
‌ ommand‌l‌ine‌a
‌ rguments‌  ‌
1.7.1‌‌Running‌‌from‌‌the‌‌command‌‌line‌  ‌
Using‌‌  the‌‌  command‌‌   line‌‌
  is‌‌
  sometimes‌‌   very‌‌ useful‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ programmer's‌‌ work.‌‌ And‌‌ Python‌‌ scripts‌‌ can‌‌ be‌‌ run‌‌ 
from‌  ‌the‌  ‌command‌  ‌line‌  ‌just‌  ‌like‌  ‌its‌  ‌regular‌  ‌commands,‌  ‌e.g.‌  ‌"cd"‌  ‌or‌  ‌"mkdir".‌  ‌This‌  ‌means‌  ‌we‌  ‌can‌  ‌write‌  ‌a ‌‌
module‌‌that,‌‌for‌‌example,‌‌multiplies‌‌two‌‌numbers‌‌and‌‌nicely‌‌prints‌‌the‌‌result,‌‌and‌‌run‌‌it‌‌from‌‌the‌‌shell:‌  ‌
python‌m ‌ultiply_two_numbers.py‌5 ‌‌9 ‌ ‌‌
In‌‌
  the‌‌  line‌‌  above,‌‌
  ‌python‌  ‌is‌‌  kind‌‌
  of‌‌   a‌‌
  command‌‌   that‌‌
  indicates‌‌ that‌‌ the‌‌ Python‌‌ interpreter‌‌ should‌‌ be‌‌ 
used‌‌   for‌‌  the‌‌
  following‌‌   script.‌‌  In‌‌
  some‌‌  cases,‌‌   the‌‌  system‌‌   may‌‌ already‌‌ know‌‌ how‌‌ to‌‌ run‌‌ ‌.py‌‌ files‌‌ but‌‌ 
we‌  ‌will‌  ‌not‌  ‌go‌  ‌into‌  ‌details‌  ‌here‌  ‌and,‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌sake‌  ‌of‌  ‌consistency,‌  ‌will‌  ‌use‌  ‌the‌  ‌python‌  ‌command‌‌ 
throughout‌‌this‌‌topic.‌  ‌

Then,‌‌   separated‌‌   by‌‌

  a ‌‌whitespace,‌‌   follows‌‌
  the‌‌
  script‌‌ name.‌‌ Note‌‌ that‌‌ if‌‌ the‌‌ script‌‌ is‌‌ in‌‌ another‌‌ directory‌‌ than‌‌ 
the‌‌one‌‌you‌‌are‌‌working‌‌from,‌‌you‌‌should‌‌specify‌‌the‌‌path‌‌to‌‌the‌‌file.‌‌It‌‌may‌‌be‌‌an‌‌absolute‌‌path:‌  ‌
python‌C ‌:\python_scripts\add_two_numbers.py‌1 ‌1‌4  ‌
‌4‌
Or‌‌it‌‌can‌‌be‌‌a‌‌relative‌‌path,‌‌for‌‌example‌‌to‌‌run‌‌a‌‌script‌‌from‌‌the‌‌parent‌‌directory:‌  ‌
python‌. ‌.\add_two_numbers.py‌1 ‌1‌4 ‌4‌‌
 
Finally,‌‌if‌‌the‌‌script‌‌takes‌‌any‌‌arguments,‌‌they‌‌are‌‌written‌‌separated‌‌by‌‌whitespaces‌‌after‌‌the‌‌script‌‌name.‌  ‌
And‌  ‌that's‌  ‌it!‌  ‌However,‌‌   the‌‌
  next‌‌
  question‌‌  is‌‌
  – ‌‌how‌‌
  can‌‌
  we‌‌
  get‌‌
  access‌‌   to‌‌
  the‌‌
  specified‌‌   arguments‌‌  from‌‌   our‌‌ 
Python‌‌script?‌  ‌
1.7.2‌‌System‌‌module‌  ‌
In‌  ‌order‌  ‌to‌  ‌do‌  ‌so,‌  ‌we‌  ‌can‌  ‌make‌  ‌use‌  ‌of‌‌
  the‌‌
  ‌sys‌‌  module‌. ‌‌It‌‌
  provides‌‌   access‌‌   to‌‌   functions‌‌   and‌‌
  variables‌‌   that‌‌ 
allow‌  ‌for‌  ‌working‌‌   with‌‌   the‌‌
  underlying‌‌  Python‌‌   interpreter,‌‌
  irrespective‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  operating‌‌   system.‌‌   We‌‌  won't‌‌   go‌‌ 
into‌  ‌details‌  ‌talking‌  ‌about‌  ‌its‌  ‌features,‌  ‌but‌  ‌rather‌  ‌focus‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌one‌  ‌that‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌most‌  ‌important‌  ‌right‌  ‌now,‌‌ 
namely,‌  ‌sys.argv.‌  ‌It‌  ‌performs‌  ‌the‌  ‌very‌  ‌operation‌  ‌we‌  ‌need:‌  ‌collects‌  ‌the‌  ‌arguments‌  ‌passed‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌python‌‌ 
script.‌  ‌
By‌  ‌calling‌  ‌sys.argv‌ , ‌ ‌we‌  ‌get‌  ‌arguments‌  ‌specified‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌user‌  ‌as‌  ‌a ‌ ‌list‌  ‌of‌  ‌strings.‌  ‌Indexing,‌  ‌as‌  ‌always‌‌   in‌‌ 
Python,‌  ‌starts‌  ‌from‌  ‌0 ‌ ‌but‌  ‌the‌  ‌first‌  ‌argument,‌  ‌sys.argv[0]‌   ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌name‌  ‌of‌  ‌our‌  ‌Python‌  ‌script‌  ‌as‌  ‌it‌  ‌was‌‌ 
invoked‌  ‌– ‌ ‌either‌  ‌the‌  ‌name‌  ‌itself‌  ‌or‌  ‌including‌  ‌the‌  ‌path‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌file.‌‌   Following‌‌   items‌‌  are‌‌
  arguments‌‌   that‌‌
  can‌‌ 
also‌‌   be‌‌
  accessed‌‌ by‌‌ their‌‌ index.‌‌ Take‌‌ note‌‌ that‌‌ they‌‌ are‌‌ strings,‌‌ and‌‌ if‌‌ we‌‌ need‌‌ a ‌‌numerical‌‌ value,‌‌ we‌‌ should‌‌ 
perform‌‌type‌‌conversion.‌  ‌
Let’s‌‌write‌‌a‌‌simple‌‌program‌m‌ ultiply_two_numbers.py‌: ‌ ‌

import‌‌s
‌ys‌ # ‌‌f
‌irst,‌w‌e‌i
‌mport‌t ‌he‌m‌odule‌‌
 
 ‌
args‌=
‌‌s‌ys.argv‌ # ‌‌w‌e‌g
‌et‌t‌he‌l
‌ist‌o ‌f‌a
‌rguments‌‌
 
first_num‌= ‌‌f‌loat‌
(args[‌1]
‌)‌ #‌‌c
‌onvert‌a ‌rguments‌t‌o‌f
‌loat‌‌
 
second_num‌= ‌‌f
‌loat‌(args[‌
2]‌)‌‌
 
 ‌
product‌= ‌‌f
‌irst_num‌* ‌‌s
‌econd_num‌‌ 
 ‌
print‌
("
‌The‌p ‌roduct‌o ‌f‌"
‌‌+
‌‌a‌rgs[‌1]
‌‌+
‌‌"‌‌t
‌imes‌"
‌‌+
‌‌a‌rgs[‌
2]‌‌+
‌‌"
‌‌e
‌quals‌"
‌‌+
‌‌s
‌tr‌  ‌
(product))‌

1.7.3‌‌Checking‌‌the‌‌input‌  ‌
It‌  ‌is‌  ‌also‌  ‌worth‌  ‌mentioning‌  ‌that‌  ‌if‌  ‌we‌  ‌expect‌  ‌to‌  ‌get‌  ‌a‌‌
  specific‌‌   number‌‌   of‌‌
  arguments‌‌   (i.‌‌
  e.‌‌
  almost‌‌ 
always),‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌  ‌a‌  ‌good‌  ‌idea‌  ‌to‌  ‌check‌  ‌the‌  ‌length‌  ‌of‌  ‌sys.argv‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌program.‌  ‌Let's‌‌
  check‌‌  that‌‌  in‌‌
  our‌‌ 
script‌m‌ ultiply_two_numbers.py‌: ‌ ‌

import‌
‌s
‌ys‌   
‌‌
 ‌
args‌=
‌‌s‌ys.argv‌
   
‌‌
 ‌

25‌  ‌
if‌‌l
‌en‌ (args)‌! ‌=‌3‌:‌ 
‌‌
p
‌rint‌ ("‌The‌‌script‌‌should‌‌be‌‌called‌‌with‌‌two‌‌arguments,‌‌the‌‌first‌‌and‌‌the‌‌second‌‌number‌‌to‌‌be‌‌multiplied‌")
‌ ‌‌
 ‌
else‌ : ‌‌
‌
first_num‌= ‌‌‌float‌ (args[‌ 1]
‌)‌    ‌‌
‌
second_num‌= ‌‌f‌loat‌ (args[‌ 2] ‌)‌‌
 
 ‌
‌
product‌= ‌‌f‌irst_num‌* ‌‌s ‌econd_num‌‌  
 ‌
p
‌rint‌ ("‌The‌p ‌roduct‌o ‌f‌" ‌‌+
‌‌a ‌rgs[‌1]
‌‌+ ‌‌" ‌‌t
‌imes‌"
‌‌+‌‌a‌rgs[‌ 2]‌‌+‌‌"‌‌e‌quals‌" ‌‌+‌‌s
‌tr‌ (product))‌‌  
 ‌
So,‌‌this‌‌is‌‌how‌‌our‌‌script‌‌will‌‌look‌‌like‌‌from‌‌the‌‌command‌‌line:‌  ‌

 ‌
1.7.4‌‌Within‌‌the‌‌IDE‌  ‌
Let's‌‌  take‌‌
  a ‌‌look‌‌
  at‌‌
  ‌PyCharm's‌‌
  capabilities‌‌  in‌‌  comparison‌‌   to‌‌
  the‌‌  command‌‌   line.‌‌ Instead‌‌ of‌‌ manually‌‌ writing‌‌ 
the‌  ‌script‌  ‌name‌  ‌and‌  ‌arguments‌  ‌each‌  ‌time,‌‌
  you‌‌  can‌‌
  set‌‌
  them‌‌   in‌‌
  the‌‌
  configuration.‌‌   For‌‌
  this‌‌
  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  ‌Run‌‌
  ‌area‌‌ 
select‌E ‌ dit‌‌Configurations‌t‌ o‌‌open‌‌the‌‌‌Run/Debug‌‌Configurations‌‌dialog.‌  ‌

 ‌
If‌‌
  you‌‌
  do‌‌
  not‌‌
  see‌‌
  a ‌‌similar‌‌
  area‌‌
  in‌‌
  your‌‌
  IDE,‌‌
  then‌‌
  make‌‌
  it‌‌
  visible‌‌
  through‌‌  ‌View‌‌ ->‌‌ Appearance‌‌ ->‌‌ Navigation‌‌ 
Bar‌.‌‌You‌‌can‌‌read‌‌more‌‌on‌‌how‌‌to‌‌do‌‌it‌‌in‌‌the‌J ‌ etBrains‌‌documentation‌. ‌ ‌
Congratulations,‌‌   you‌‌  got‌‌
  into‌‌
  the‌‌  Run/Debug‌‌   Configurations‌! ‌‌In‌‌   the‌‌
  ‌Parameters‌‌   fi
‌ eld,‌‌
 we‌‌ can‌‌ set‌‌ the‌‌ 
arguments‌‌that‌‌we‌‌would‌‌write‌‌in‌‌the‌‌command‌‌line‌‌separated‌‌by‌‌whitespaces.‌  ‌

 ‌

Save‌‌changes‌‌and‌‌run‌‌the‌‌script.‌‌The‌‌output‌‌would‌‌be‌‌as‌‌expected:‌  ‌

The‌p
‌roduct‌o
‌f‌3
‌‌t
‌imes‌5
‌‌e
‌quals‌1
‌5.0‌‌
 

Now,‌  ‌instead‌  ‌of‌  ‌running‌  ‌the‌  ‌module‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌shell‌  ‌as‌  ‌python‌  ‌multiply_two_numbers.py‌  ‌3 ‌ ‌5 ‌‌and‌‌ 
passing‌‌   arguments‌‌   each‌‌
  time‌‌   it‌‌
  is‌‌
  called,‌‌
  you‌‌
  can‌‌ set‌‌ them‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ Parameters‌‌ field‌‌ and‌‌ just‌‌ run‌‌ the‌‌ 
program‌‌in‌‌PyCharm.‌  ‌
26‌  ‌
1.7.5‌‌Summary‌  ‌
We‌  ‌have‌  ‌learned‌  ‌how‌  ‌to‌  ‌run‌  ‌Python‌  ‌scripts‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌command‌  ‌line,‌  ‌how‌  ‌to‌  ‌get‌  ‌access‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌passed‌‌ 
arguments‌  ‌from‌‌   the‌‌
  program‌‌   itself,‌‌
  as‌‌
  well‌‌
  as‌‌
  that‌‌
  it's‌‌
  important‌‌
  to‌‌
  check‌‌  that‌‌
  the‌‌
  arguments‌‌   are‌‌
  what‌‌  we‌‌ 
expect‌  ‌them‌  ‌to‌  ‌be.‌  ‌We‌  ‌also‌‌
  got‌‌  acquainted‌‌   with‌‌
  PyCharm's‌‌   capabilities‌‌
  for‌‌
  specifying‌‌   script‌‌
  arguments‌‌   in‌‌ 
configurations.‌‌This‌‌knowledge‌‌will‌‌definitely‌‌help‌‌you‌‌in‌‌your‌‌further‌‌programmer's‌‌path!‌  ‌

1.7.6‌‌Practice‌  ‌
Computer‌‌science‌‌>‌‌Programming‌‌languages‌‌>‌‌Python‌‌>‌‌Basics‌‌>‌‌Simple‌‌programs‌‌>‌‌Command‌‌line‌‌arguments‌  ‌
1.7.6.1‌L
‌ength‌‌
 
What‌‌will‌‌be‌‌the‌‌length‌‌of‌‌sys.argv‌‌in‌‌the‌‌following‌‌example:‌‌python‌‌script.py‌‌-1‌‌3‌‌file.txt?‌  ‌
 ‌

1.8‌‌THEORY:‌‌Argparse‌‌module‌  ‌
If‌‌
  you're‌‌   writing‌‌   a‌‌
  user-friendly‌‌   program,‌‌   one‌‌   way‌‌  to‌‌
  make‌‌ it‌‌ more‌‌ universal‌‌ is‌‌ to‌‌ use‌‌ the‌‌ command‌‌ 
line‌‌  and‌‌   let‌‌
  users‌‌   specify‌‌  all‌‌
  the‌‌   necessary‌‌   parameters‌‌   and‌‌  their‌‌
  values‌‌ themselves.‌‌ By‌‌ doing‌‌ that,‌‌ 
you‌‌   design‌‌   a‌‌
  program‌‌   capable‌‌   of‌‌
  taking‌‌ different‌‌ numbers‌‌ if‌‌ it's‌‌ a ‌‌calculator,‌‌ for‌‌ example,‌‌ or‌‌ a ‌‌path‌‌ 
to‌‌
  a‌‌
  file,‌‌
  as‌‌
  it's‌‌
  often‌‌  required,‌‌   without‌‌   making‌‌   the‌‌
  user‌‌
  go‌‌ inside‌‌ the‌‌ script‌‌ trying‌‌ to‌‌ find‌‌ where‌‌ and‌‌ 
what‌‌should‌‌be‌‌replaced.‌  ‌

The‌  ‌argparse‌  ‌is‌  ‌one‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌modules‌  ‌that‌  ‌lets‌  ‌you‌  ‌do‌  ‌that.‌  ‌It‌  ‌allows‌  ‌you‌  ‌to‌  ‌pass‌  ‌the‌  ‌arguments‌‌ 
through‌  ‌the‌  ‌command‌  ‌line‌  ‌and‌  ‌also‌  ‌assign‌  ‌names‌  ‌to‌  ‌them,‌  ‌use‌  ‌them‌  ‌as‌  ‌“flags”,‌  ‌automatically‌‌ 
generate‌‌messages‌‌for‌‌users,‌‌and‌‌do‌‌a‌‌lot‌‌of‌‌other‌‌cool‌‌things‌‌we‌‌will‌‌get‌‌to‌‌a‌‌bit‌‌later.‌  ‌

We‌  ‌will‌  ‌write‌  ‌a‌  ‌script‌  ‌called‌  ‌recipe_book.py‌  ‌as‌  ‌an‌  ‌example‌  ‌that‌  ‌takes‌  ‌up‌  ‌to‌  ‌five‌  ‌ingredients‌  ‌and‌‌ 
prints‌‌a‌‌recipe‌‌of‌‌a‌‌dish‌‌you‌‌can‌‌cook‌‌with‌‌the‌‌provided‌‌ingredients.‌  ‌

1.8.1‌‌Getting‌‌started‌‌with‌‌argparse‌  ‌
The‌‌first‌‌thing‌‌is‌‌to‌‌import‌‌the‌‌module:‌  ‌

import‌a
‌rgparse‌‌
 

The‌  ‌next‌  ‌step‌  ‌is‌  ‌to‌  ‌create‌  ‌an‌‌

  ‌ArgumentParser‌  ‌object‌‌
  which‌‌
  will‌‌
  store‌‌
  all‌‌
  the‌‌
  information‌‌
  about‌‌
  the‌‌ 
arguments:‌  ‌

parser‌= ‌‌a
‌rgparse.ArgumentParser(description="This‌p ‌rogram‌p ‌rints‌r ‌ecipes‌\ ‌ 
‌‌
consisting‌o ‌f‌t
‌he‌i ‌ngredients‌y ‌ou‌p‌rovide.")‌‌  
The‌  A‌ rgumentParser‌  ‌has‌  ‌quite‌  ‌a ‌ ‌number‌  ‌of‌  ‌parameters‌  ‌that‌  ‌you‌  ‌can‌  ‌specify,‌‌
  but‌‌
  we‌‌   only‌‌
  invoked‌‌ 
description‌   ‌which‌‌
  is‌‌
  quite‌‌
  handy‌‌   in‌‌
  order‌‌
  to‌‌
  explain‌‌
  to‌‌
  a‌‌
  user‌‌
  what‌‌  your‌‌  program‌‌  is‌‌
  for‌‌ in‌‌ general.‌‌ 
Now‌‌let's‌‌add‌‌some‌‌arguments.‌  ‌

1.8.2‌‌Adding‌‌arguments‌  ‌
To‌‌do‌‌that,‌‌we‌‌will‌‌use‌‌the‌a‌ dd_argument()‌‌‌method:‌  ‌

parser.add_argument(‌
"-i1"‌
,‌"
‌--ingredient_1"‌
)‌ #
‌‌o
‌ptional‌a
‌rgument‌‌
 
#
‌‌o
‌r‌‌
 
parser.add_argument(‌
"ingredient_1"‌
)‌ #
‌‌p
‌ositional‌a
‌rgument‌‌
 
We‌  ‌also‌  ‌need‌  ‌to‌  ‌note‌  ‌the‌  ‌difference‌  ‌between‌  ‌the‌  ‌optional‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌positional‌  ‌arguments.‌  ‌When‌‌ 
parsing,‌  ‌if‌  ‌an‌  ‌argument‌  ‌has‌  ‌a‌  ‌dash‌  ‌- ‌ or‌  ‌a ‌ ‌double‌  ‌dash‌‌   ‌--‌  ‌prefix,‌‌
  it'll‌‌
  be‌‌
  treated‌‌
  as‌‌
  optional.‌‌
  Let's‌‌ 
take‌  ‌a‌  ‌closer‌  ‌look‌  ‌at‌  ‌the‌  ‌first‌  ‌line‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌code‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌example‌  ‌above.‌  ‌With‌  ‌optional‌  ‌arguments,‌‌ 
traditionally,‌  ‌a‌  ‌single‌  ‌dash‌  -‌  ‌‌denotes‌  ‌a‌  ‌short‌  ‌version‌  ‌of‌  ‌a‌  ‌name‌  ‌(usually‌  ‌consisting‌  ‌of‌  ‌only‌  ‌one‌‌ 
27‌  ‌
letter),‌  ‌while‌  ‌a‌  ‌double‌  ‌dash‌  ‌--‌  ‌is‌  ‌used‌  ‌for‌  ‌a‌  ‌full‌  ‌argument‌  ‌name.‌  ‌When‌  ‌specifying‌‌  this‌‌
  argument‌‌ 
from‌‌
  the‌‌   command‌‌   line,‌‌
  you‌‌
  can‌‌   use‌‌  either‌‌   of‌‌   these‌‌   variants.‌‌
  Since‌‌
  ‌positional‌‌ arguments‌‌ are‌‌ used‌‌ 
without‌‌a‌‌prefix‌‌before‌‌them,‌‌they‌‌can‌‌have‌‌only‌‌one‌‌name.‌  ‌

The‌  ‌add_argument()‌  ‌has‌  ‌a‌  ‌lot‌  ‌of‌  ‌useful‌  ‌parameters,‌  ‌but‌  ‌we‌  ‌are‌  ‌going‌  ‌to‌  ‌look‌  ‌at‌  ‌the‌  ‌most‌‌ 
commonly-used‌‌   ones.‌‌
  For‌‌
  example,‌‌   the‌‌
  parameter‌‌   “action”‌‌  is‌‌
  responsible‌‌
  for‌‌ what‌‌ should‌‌ be‌‌ done‌‌ 
with‌‌   a‌‌
  command-line‌‌   argument.‌‌  By‌‌
  default,‌‌  it‌‌
  just‌‌
  stores‌‌  the‌‌ value‌‌ passed‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ argument,‌‌ though‌‌ 
it's‌‌not‌‌the‌‌only‌‌option.‌  ‌

parser.add_argument(‌
"--salt"‌
,‌a
‌ction=‌
"store_true"‌
) 
‌‌
Since‌  ‌pretty‌  ‌much‌  ‌everybody‌  ‌has‌  ‌some‌  ‌salt‌  ‌in‌  ‌their‌  ‌kitchen,‌  ‌we'll‌  ‌assume‌  ‌that‌  ‌our‌  ‌users‌  ‌always‌‌ 
have‌  ‌salt‌  ‌on‌  ‌hand.‌  ‌So,‌  ‌instead‌  ‌of‌  ‌making‌  ‌users‌  ‌specify‌  ‌salt‌  ‌as‌  ‌one‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  numbered‌‌   ingredients,‌‌ 
we'll‌  ‌let‌  ‌them‌  ‌toggle‌  ‌its‌  ‌presence‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌recipe‌‌   with‌‌  a‌‌
  simple‌‌   flag.‌‌
  In‌‌  the‌‌  example‌‌
  above,‌‌   we‌‌
  have‌‌ 
done‌  ‌so‌  ‌by‌  ‌setting‌  ‌the‌  ‌action‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌“s ‌ tore_true‌ ”.‌  ‌It‌  ‌is‌  ‌used‌  ‌to‌  ‌assign‌  ‌boolean‌  ‌values‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌ 
corresponding‌‌   arguments.‌‌   The‌‌ s‌ alt‌ ‌value‌‌ will‌‌ be‌‌ F‌ alse‌ ‌by‌‌ default‌‌ but‌‌ if‌‌ the‌‌ user‌‌ lists‌‌ -‌ -salt‌ ‌among‌‌ 
the‌‌
  arguments,‌‌   the‌‌
  value‌‌   will‌‌
  be‌‌   changed‌‌   to‌‌
  T‌ rue‌. ‌‌There's‌‌ also‌‌ an‌‌ opposite‌‌ option,‌‌ s‌ tore_false‌: ‌‌the‌‌ 
argument's‌‌default‌‌value‌‌will‌‌be‌‌True‌,‌‌but‌‌it‌‌will‌‌be‌‌made‌F‌ alse‌‌‌if‌‌the‌‌argument‌‌is‌‌listed.‌  ‌

For‌  ‌action‌  ‌= ‌ ‌"store_false":‌  ‌the‌  ‌default‌  ‌value‌  ‌is‌  ‌True.‌  ‌For‌  ‌action‌  ‌= ‌ ‌"store_true":‌  ‌the‌‌
  default‌‌
  value‌‌
  is‌‌ 
False.‌  ‌

The‌‌same‌‌can‌‌be‌‌achieved‌‌by‌‌specifying‌‌the‌d‌ efault‌‌‌parameter:‌  ‌

parser.add_argument(‌
"--pepper"‌
,‌d
‌efault=‌
False‌
) 
‌‌
This‌‌
  time‌‌
  the‌‌
  argument‌‌   isn't‌‌
  used‌‌
  as‌‌
  a ‌‌flag‌‌
  any‌‌
  more,‌‌
  so,‌‌
  if‌‌
  you'd‌‌
  like‌‌
  to‌‌
  change‌‌
  the‌‌
  value,‌‌
  you‌‌ will‌‌ 
have‌‌to‌‌define‌‌it‌‌in‌‌the‌‌command‌‌line‌‌explicitly:‌-‌ -pepper‌"‌True"‌. ‌ ‌

Finally,‌  ‌since‌  ‌we're‌  ‌only‌  ‌at‌  ‌the‌  ‌beginning‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌development‌‌   process‌‌   of‌‌  our‌‌
  program,‌‌   it‌‌
  might‌‌  be‌‌ 
useful‌  ‌to‌  ‌limit‌  ‌the‌  ‌choice‌  ‌of‌  ‌each‌  ‌ingredient‌  ‌to‌  ‌only‌  ‌those‌  ‌used‌  ‌in‌  ‌our‌  ‌recipes.‌‌  This‌‌
  can‌‌   be‌‌
  done‌‌ 
with‌‌the‌c‌ hoices‌‌‌parameter‌‌that‌‌will‌‌show‌‌the‌‌acceptable‌‌values‌‌for‌‌a‌‌particular‌‌argument:‌  ‌

parser.add_argument("-i2",‌"
‌--ingredient_2",‌‌
 

choices=["pasta",‌"
‌rice",‌"
‌potato",‌"
‌onion",‌‌
 

‌
"garlic",‌"
‌carrot",‌"
‌soy_sauce",‌"
‌tomato_sauce"],‌‌
 

help="You‌n
‌eed‌t
‌o‌c
‌hoose‌o
‌nly‌o
‌ne‌i
‌ngredient‌f
‌rom‌t
‌he‌l
‌ist.")‌‌
 

Another‌‌   useful‌‌
  parameter‌‌  you‌‌
  see‌‌   here‌‌
  is‌‌
  ‌help‌
. ‌‌It‌‌
  contains‌‌ a ‌‌brief‌‌ description‌‌ of‌‌ an‌‌ argument‌‌ and‌‌ 
also‌‌allows‌‌you‌‌to‌‌guide‌‌a‌‌user‌‌in‌‌their‌‌work‌‌with‌‌a‌‌script.‌  ‌

1.8.3‌‌Parsing‌‌arguments‌  ‌
The‌p‌ arse_args()‌‌‌method‌‌is‌‌used‌‌for‌‌reading‌‌argument‌‌strings‌‌from‌‌the‌‌command‌‌line:‌  ‌

args‌‌ =‌‌ parser.parse_args()‌‌  

Now‌‌
  we‌‌
  can‌‌
  access‌‌
  the‌‌
  values‌‌
  specified‌‌
  by‌‌
  a‌‌
  user‌‌
  as‌‌
  attributes‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌  args‌. ‌‌The‌‌ long‌‌ versions‌‌ are‌‌ 
used‌‌as‌‌attribute‌‌names:‌  ‌

print‌
(args.ingredient_2)‌ #
‌‌‌
onion‌‌‌
  
#‌(
‌the‌v
‌alue‌w
‌as‌c
‌hosen‌b
‌y‌a
‌‌u
‌ser‌f
‌rom‌t
‌he‌g
‌iven‌o  ‌
‌ptions)‌

Note‌‌that‌‌we‌‌can't‌‌use‌‌short‌‌versions‌‌of‌‌arguments:‌‌for‌‌example,‌‌args.i2‌w
‌ ill‌n
‌ ot‌‌‌work.‌  ‌

28‌  ‌
In‌‌
  case‌‌
  a‌‌  user‌‌
  didn't‌‌
  specify‌‌
  an‌‌
  optional‌‌
  argument‌‌
  in‌‌ the‌‌ command‌‌ line,‌‌ the‌‌ value‌‌ is‌‌ set‌‌ to‌‌ ‌None‌
 ‌by‌‌ 
default:‌  ‌

print‌
(args.ingredient_3)‌ #
‌‌‌
None‌‌
 

#‌‌
(the‌‌ value‌‌ wasn't‌‌ provided‌‌ by‌‌ a‌‌
user)‌‌
 
So‌‌far,‌‌the‌‌code‌‌of‌‌our‌‌program‌‌in‌‌the‌‌“recipe_book.py”‌‌module‌‌looks‌‌as‌‌follows:‌  ‌

import‌
‌‌
argparse‌
 ‌
parser‌= ‌‌a
‌rgparse.ArgumentParser(description=‌ "This‌p ‌rogram‌p ‌rints‌r‌ecipes‌\‌ ‌‌
consisting‌o ‌f‌t‌he‌i
‌ngredients‌y ‌ou‌p ‌rovide."‌) 
‌‌
 ‌
parser.add_argument(‌ "-i1"‌
,‌"‌--ingredient_1"‌ ,‌c‌hoices=[‌ "pasta"‌,‌"‌rice"‌
,‌"‌potato"‌ , 
‌‌
"
‌onion"‌,‌"
‌garlic"‌ ,‌"‌carrot"‌,‌"‌soy_sauce"‌ ,‌"
‌tomato_sauce"‌ ],‌‌
 
h
‌elp‌
="
‌You‌n‌eed‌t ‌o‌c
‌hoose‌o‌nly‌o ‌ne‌i ‌ngredient‌f ‌rom‌t‌he‌l
‌ist."‌ ) ‌‌
parser.add_argument(‌ "-i2"‌
,‌"‌--ingredient_2"‌ ,‌c‌hoices=[‌ "pasta"‌,‌"‌rice"‌
,‌"‌potato"‌ , 
‌‌
"
‌onion"‌,‌"
‌garlic"‌ ,‌"‌carrot"‌,‌"‌soy_sauce"‌ ,‌"
‌tomato_sauce"‌ ],‌‌
 
h
‌elp‌
="
‌You‌n‌eed‌t ‌o‌c
‌hoose‌o‌nly‌o ‌ne‌i ‌ngredient‌f ‌rom‌t‌he‌l
‌ist."‌ ) ‌‌
parser.add_argument(‌ "-i3"‌
,‌"‌--ingredient_3"‌ ,‌c‌hoices=[‌ "pasta"‌,‌"‌rice"‌
,‌"‌potato"‌ , 
‌‌
"
‌onion"‌,‌"
‌garlic"‌ ,‌"‌carrot"‌,‌"‌soy_sauce"‌ ,‌"
‌tomato_sauce"‌ ],‌‌
 
h
‌elp‌
="
‌You‌n‌eed‌t ‌o‌c
‌hoose‌o‌nly‌o ‌ne‌i ‌ngredient‌f ‌rom‌t‌he‌l
‌ist."‌ ) ‌‌
parser.add_argument(‌ "-i4"‌
,‌"‌--ingredient_4"‌ ,‌c‌hoices=[‌ "pasta"‌,‌"‌rice"‌
,‌"‌potato"‌ , 
‌‌
"
‌onion"‌,‌"
‌garlic"‌ ,‌"‌carrot"‌,‌"‌soy_sauce"‌ ,‌"
‌tomato_sauce"‌ ],‌‌
 
h
‌elp‌
="
‌You‌n‌eed‌t ‌o‌c
‌hoose‌o‌nly‌o ‌ne‌i ‌ngredient‌f ‌rom‌t‌he‌l
‌ist."‌ ) ‌‌
parser.add_argument(‌ "-i5"‌
,‌"‌--ingredient_5"‌ ,‌c‌hoices=[‌ "pasta"‌,‌"‌rice"‌
,‌"‌potato"‌ , 
‌‌
"
‌onion"‌,‌"
‌garlic"‌ ,‌"‌carrot"‌,‌"‌soy_sauce"‌ ,‌"
‌tomato_sauce"‌ ],‌‌
 
h
‌elp‌
="
‌You‌n‌eed‌t ‌o‌c
‌hoose‌o‌nly‌o ‌ne‌i ‌ngredient‌f ‌rom‌t‌he‌l
‌ist."‌ ) ‌‌
 ‌
parser.add_argument(‌ "--salt"‌,‌a‌ction=‌ "store_true"‌ , 
‌‌
h
‌elp‌
="
‌Specify‌i ‌f‌y‌ou'd‌l‌ike‌t‌o‌u ‌se‌s‌alt‌i‌n‌y‌our‌r
‌ecipe."‌ ) 
‌‌
parser.add_argument(‌ "--pepper"‌ ,‌d‌efault=‌ "False"‌, 
‌‌
h
‌elp‌
="
‌Change‌t ‌o‌'‌True'‌i‌f‌y‌ou'd‌l ‌ike‌t‌o‌u‌se‌p‌epper‌i‌n‌y
‌our‌r ‌ecipe."‌
) 
‌‌
 ‌
args‌= ‌‌p
‌arser.parse_args()‌‌ 
 ‌
ingredients‌= ‌‌[‌args.ingredient_1,‌a ‌rgs.ingredient_2,‌a ‌rgs.ingredient_3,‌‌  
a
‌rgs.ingredient_4,‌a ‌rgs.ingredient_5]‌‌  
if‌
‌a
‌rgs.salt:‌‌ 
‌
ingredients.append(‌ "salt"‌) ‌‌
if‌
‌a
‌rgs.pepper‌= ‌=‌"
‌True"‌
: 
‌‌
‌
ingredients.append(‌ "pepper"‌ ) ‌‌
 ‌
print‌ (f‌
"The‌i
‌ngredients‌y‌ou‌p‌rovided‌a ‌re:‌{‌ingredients}"‌ ) 
‌‌
 ‌
 ‌
def‌‌f
‌ind_a_recipe(ingredients):‌‌  
‌
...‌‌
 
#
‌‌p‌rocesses‌t‌he‌i
‌nput‌a‌nd‌r‌eturns‌a ‌‌r‌ecipe‌d‌epending‌o ‌n‌t‌he‌p‌rovided‌i‌ngredients‌‌  
 ‌
1.8.4‌‌How‌‌do‌‌you‌‌actually‌‌use‌‌that‌‌in‌‌the‌‌command‌‌line?‌  ‌
Now‌‌   let's‌‌
  see‌‌
  how‌‌
  it‌‌
  looks‌‌
  like‌‌
  from‌‌ the‌‌ user‌‌ perspective.‌‌ Here's‌‌ a ‌‌sample‌‌ call‌‌ of‌‌ our‌‌ program‌‌ from‌‌ 
the‌‌command‌‌line:‌  ‌
29‌  ‌
python‌r ‌ecipe_book.py‌- ‌i1‌r‌ice‌-‌i2‌o ‌nion‌-‌i3‌g‌arlic‌-‌i4‌c‌arrot‌-‌i5‌t‌omato_sauce‌- ‌-salt‌‌ 
#‌T‌he‌‌ingredients‌‌you‌‌provided‌‌are:‌‌['rice',‌‌'onion',‌‌'garlic',‌‌'carrot',‌‌'tomato_sauce',‌‌'salt']‌‌
 
#‌<‌The‌d ‌escription‌o ‌f‌t‌he‌a‌vailable‌r ‌ecipe>‌‌
 
 ‌
What's‌‌important‌‌to‌‌note‌‌here‌‌is‌‌that‌‌the‌‌format‌‌argument‌‌
value‌a‌nd‌‌ ‌  ‌
argument=value‌
are‌‌equivalent:‌  ‌
 ‌
python‌r ‌ecipe_book.py‌- ‌i1=pasta‌- ‌i2=garlic‌- ‌i3=tomato_sauce‌- ‌-salt‌- ‌-pepper="True"‌‌  
#‌T‌he‌‌ingredients‌‌you‌‌provided‌‌are:‌‌['pasta',‌‌'garlic',‌‌'tomato_sauce',‌‌None,‌‌None,‌‌'salt',‌‌'pepper']‌‌
 
#‌<‌The‌d ‌escription‌o ‌f‌t‌he‌a ‌vailable‌r ‌ecipe>‌‌  
 ‌

However,‌‌   if‌‌
  a‌‌
  user‌‌
  tries‌‌
  to‌‌
  use‌‌
  an‌‌
  option‌‌
  which‌‌
  is‌‌
  not‌‌ given‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ ‌choices‌ ‌parameter,‌‌ it‌‌ will‌‌ raise‌‌ an‌‌ 
error:‌  ‌

python‌r ‌ecipe_book.py‌- ‌i1‌b‌read‌- ‌i2‌o

‌nion‌-‌i3‌g‌arlic‌-‌i4‌c ‌arrot‌-‌i5‌t‌omato_sauce‌- ‌-salt‌‌
 
#‌‌
usage:‌‌ recipe_book.py‌‌ [-h]‌‌
 
#‌ [-i1‌‌
‌ {pasta,rice,potato,onion,garlic,carrot,soy_sauce,tomato_sauce}]‌‌  
#‌ [-i2‌‌
‌ {pasta,rice,potato,onion,garlic,carrot,soy_sauce,tomato_sauce}]‌‌  
#‌ [-i3‌‌
‌ {pasta,rice,potato,onion,garlic,carrot,soy_sauce,tomato_sauce}]‌‌  
#‌ [-i4‌‌
‌ {pasta,rice,potato,onion,garlic,carrot,soy_sauce,tomato_sauce}]‌‌  
#‌ [-i5‌‌
‌ {pasta,rice,potato,onion,garlic,carrot,soy_sauce,tomato_sauce}]‌‌  
#‌ [--salt]‌‌
‌ [--pepper‌‌PEPPER]‌‌
 
#‌r‌ecipe_book.py:‌e ‌rror:‌a‌rgument‌- ‌i1/--ingredient_1:‌i ‌nvalid‌c‌hoice:‌' ‌bread'‌‌ 
#‌(‌choose‌‌from‌‌'pasta',‌‌'rice',‌‌'potato',‌‌'onion',‌‌'garlic',‌‌'carrot',‌‌'soy_sauce',‌‌'tomato_sauce')‌  ‌
Note‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌first‌  ‌thing‌  ‌displayed‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌'usage'‌  ‌of‌  ‌our‌  ‌program.‌  ‌We‌  ‌did‌  ‌not‌  ‌specify‌  ‌it‌  ‌ourselves‌‌ 
when‌‌ creating‌‌ the‌‌ argument‌‌ parser,‌‌ so‌‌ it‌‌ was‌‌ generated‌‌ automatically‌‌ from‌‌ the‌‌ parser's‌‌ arguments.‌‌ 
In‌  ‌the‌  ‌'usage',‌  ‌we‌  ‌can‌  ‌see‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌value‌  ‌'bread'‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌supported‌  ‌by‌  ‌our‌  ‌program,‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌error‌‌ 
message‌‌also‌‌explains‌‌this‌‌fact.‌  ‌

Remember‌  ‌the‌  ‌help‌

  ‌parameter‌  ‌we‌  ‌discussed‌  ‌earlier?‌  ‌When‌  ‌a ‌ ‌user‌  ‌specifies‌  ‌--help‌  ‌or‌  ‌-h‌  ‌as‌  ‌an‌‌ 
argument‌‌in‌‌the‌‌command‌‌line,‌‌the‌‌description‌‌for‌‌each‌‌argument‌‌is‌‌displayed:‌  ‌

python‌r
‌ecipe_book.py‌- ‌-help‌‌
 
#‌u
‌sage:‌r‌ecipe_book.py‌[ ‌-h]‌‌
 
#‌ [
‌-i1‌{‌pasta,rice,potato,onion,garlic,carrot,soy_sauce,tomato_sauce}]‌‌  
#‌ [
‌-i2‌{‌pasta,rice,potato,onion,garlic,carrot,soy_sauce,tomato_sauce}]‌‌  
#‌ [
‌-i3‌{‌pasta,rice,potato,onion,garlic,carrot,soy_sauce,tomato_sauce}]‌‌  
#‌ [
‌-i4‌{‌pasta,rice,potato,onion,garlic,carrot,soy_sauce,tomato_sauce}]‌‌  
#‌ [
‌-i5‌{‌pasta,rice,potato,onion,garlic,carrot,soy_sauce,tomato_sauce}]‌‌  
#‌ [
‌--salt]‌[ ‌--pepper‌P‌EPPER]‌‌
 
#‌‌‌
  
#‌T
‌his‌p
‌rogram‌p‌rints‌r‌ecipes‌c ‌onsisting‌o‌f‌t
‌he‌i‌ngredients‌y‌ou‌p
‌rovide.‌‌
 
#‌‌‌
  
#‌o
‌ptional‌a‌rguments:‌‌
 
#‌ ‌-h,‌-‌-help‌ ‌
show‌t‌his‌h‌elp‌m
‌essage‌a‌nd‌e‌xit‌‌
 
#‌ ‌-i1‌{‌pasta,rice,potato,onion,garlic,carrot,soy_sauce,tomato_sauce},‌- ‌-ingredient_1‌‌
 
#‌{
‌pasta,rice,potato,onion,garlic,carrot,soy_sauce,tomato_sauce}‌‌  
#‌ Y
‌ou‌n‌eed‌t
‌o‌c‌hoose‌o‌nly‌o‌ne‌i
‌ngredient‌f‌rom‌t
‌he‌l
‌ist.‌‌
 
#‌ ‌-i2‌{‌pasta,rice,potato,onion,garlic,carrot,soy_sauce,tomato_sauce},‌- ‌-ingredient_2‌‌
 
#‌{
‌pasta,rice,potato,onion,garlic,carrot,soy_sauce,tomato_sauce}‌‌  
#‌ Y
‌ou‌n‌eed‌t
‌o‌c‌hoose‌o‌nly‌o‌ne‌i
‌ngredient‌f‌rom‌t
‌he‌l
‌ist.‌‌
 

30‌  ‌
#‌ ‌-i3‌{
‌pasta,rice,potato,onion,garlic,carrot,soy_sauce,tomato_sauce},‌- ‌-ingredient_3‌‌
 
#‌{
‌pasta,rice,potato,onion,garlic,carrot,soy_sauce,tomato_sauce}‌‌  
#‌ Y
‌ou‌n
‌eed‌t‌o‌c
‌hoose‌o
‌nly‌o‌ne‌i‌ngredient‌f‌rom‌t
‌he‌l‌ist.‌‌
 
#‌ ‌-i4‌{
‌pasta,rice,potato,onion,garlic,carrot,soy_sauce,tomato_sauce},‌- ‌-ingredient_4‌‌
 
#‌{
‌pasta,rice,potato,onion,garlic,carrot,soy_sauce,tomato_sauce}‌‌  
#‌ Y
‌ou‌n
‌eed‌t‌o‌c
‌hoose‌o
‌nly‌o‌ne‌i‌ngredient‌f‌rom‌t
‌he‌l‌ist.‌‌
 
#‌ ‌-i5‌{
‌pasta,rice,potato,onion,garlic,carrot,soy_sauce,tomato_sauce},‌- ‌-ingredient_5‌‌
 
#‌{
‌pasta,rice,potato,onion,garlic,carrot,soy_sauce,tomato_sauce}‌‌  
#‌ Y
‌ou‌n
‌eed‌t‌o‌c
‌hoose‌o
‌nly‌o‌ne‌i‌ngredient‌f‌rom‌t
‌he‌l‌ist.‌‌
 
#‌ ‌--salt‌ S
‌pecify‌i
‌f‌y‌ou'd‌l
‌ike‌t‌o‌u
‌se‌s‌alt‌i
‌n‌y
‌our‌r‌ecipe.‌‌
 
#‌ ‌--pepper‌ C
‌hange‌t
‌o‌'‌True'‌i
‌f‌y‌ou'd‌l‌ike‌t
‌o‌u
‌se‌p‌epper‌i‌n‌y
‌our‌r
‌ecipe.‌‌
 
Again,‌‌   first‌‌ we‌‌ see‌‌ the‌‌ 'usage'‌‌ of‌‌ our‌‌ program,‌‌ then,‌‌ there's‌‌ the‌‌ description‌‌ we‌‌ wrote,‌‌ and,‌‌ finally,‌‌ the‌‌ 
list‌‌of‌‌all‌‌arguments.‌  ‌

1.8.5‌‌Summary‌  ‌
In‌  ‌this‌  ‌topic,‌  ‌we‌  ‌briefly‌‌
  familiarized‌‌   ourselves‌‌   with‌‌
  Python‌‌   ‌argparse‌  ‌module.‌‌   There‌‌
  are‌‌
  three‌‌
  main‌‌ 
steps‌  ‌to‌  ‌get‌  ‌the‌  ‌job‌  ‌done:‌  ‌first,‌  ‌create‌  ‌the‌  ‌ArgumentParser‌  ‌object;‌  ‌then,‌  ‌add‌  ‌arguments‌  ‌with‌‌ 
add_argument()‌   ‌method;‌‌ finally,‌‌ parse‌‌ them‌‌ by‌‌ p‌ arse_args()‌ ‌method‌‌ and‌‌ use‌‌ in‌‌ your‌‌ program.‌‌ Since‌‌ 
what‌‌   we‌‌   discussed‌‌   here‌‌  is‌‌
  more‌‌
  of‌‌
  a ‌‌review‌‌
  than‌‌  a‌‌
  full‌‌ description,‌‌ it's‌‌ definitely‌‌ worth‌‌ reading‌‌ the‌‌ 
official‌  ‌docs‌,‌  ‌argparse‌  ‌section‌  ‌for‌  ‌more‌  ‌details,‌  ‌especially‌  ‌to‌  ‌learn‌  ‌about‌  ‌different‌  ‌parameter‌‌ 
options‌‌you‌‌can‌‌use‌‌in‌‌your‌‌program.‌  ‌

1.8.6‌‌Practice‌  ‌
Computer‌‌science‌‌>‌‌Programming‌‌languages‌‌>‌‌Python‌‌>‌‌Basics‌‌>‌‌Simple‌‌programs‌‌>‌‌Argparse‌‌module‌  ‌
1.8.6.1‌A
‌rguments‌a
‌s‌f
‌lags‌‌
 
Your‌‌task‌‌is‌‌to‌‌complete‌‌the‌‌following‌‌code.‌  ‌
Add‌  ‌the‌  ‌--print_answer‌   ‌argument‌  ‌and‌‌
  use‌‌
  the‌‌
  ‌action‌‌parameter.‌‌
 ‌   The‌‌
  argument's‌‌
  value‌‌
  should‌‌
  be‌‌ 
False‌ ‌‌if‌‌the‌‌argument‌‌is‌‌not‌‌listed,‌‌and‌‌ T
‌rue‌o ‌therwise.‌  ‌
 ‌
import‌ ‌a ‌rgparse‌‌  
 ‌
parser‌= ‌‌a ‌rgparse.ArgumentParser()‌‌  
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌

31‌  ‌
2‌M
‌ ODULE‌A
‌ ND‌P
‌ ACKAGES‌  ‌
 ‌

2.1‌‌THEORY:‌‌Load‌‌module‌  ‌
 ‌
2.1.1‌‌Module‌‌basics‌  ‌
While‌‌   working‌‌   on‌‌
  simple‌‌   examples,‌‌   you‌‌   probably‌‌   type‌‌   your‌‌  code‌‌   directly‌‌   into‌‌
  the‌‌   interpreter.‌‌ But‌‌ every‌‌ time‌‌ 
you‌‌
  quit‌‌   from‌‌   the‌‌
  interpreter‌‌   and‌‌  start‌‌   it‌‌
  again,‌‌   you‌‌   lose‌‌   all‌‌
  the‌‌ definitions‌‌ you‌‌ made‌‌ before.‌‌ So‌‌ as‌‌ you‌‌ start‌‌ 
writing‌‌   larger‌‌   programs,‌‌   it‌‌
  makes‌‌   sense‌‌   to‌‌  prepare‌‌   your‌‌   code‌‌   in‌‌
  advance‌‌   using‌‌  a ‌‌text‌‌  editor‌‌  and‌‌   then‌‌ run‌‌ it‌‌ 
with‌‌  the‌‌   interpreter.‌‌   A ‌‌file‌‌   containing‌‌   a ‌‌list‌‌  of‌‌ operations‌‌ that‌‌ will‌‌ be‌‌ further‌‌ on‌‌ read‌‌ and‌‌ interpreted‌‌ is‌‌ called‌‌ 
script‌. ‌ ‌
You‌  ‌also‌  ‌may‌  ‌want‌  ‌to‌  ‌write‌  ‌some‌  ‌functions‌  ‌and‌  ‌then‌  ‌use‌  ‌them‌  ‌in‌  ‌other‌  ‌programs‌  ‌or‌  ‌even‌  ‌reuse‌  ‌code‌‌ 
someone‌  ‌else‌  ‌wrote‌‌   before.‌‌   One‌‌  way‌‌   is‌‌  just‌‌  to‌‌
  copy‌‌   the‌‌   code‌‌   into‌‌   your‌‌  program,‌‌   but‌‌
  it‌‌
  soon‌‌   leads‌‌   to‌‌
  code‌‌ 
that‌  ‌is‌‌
  bad-structured‌‌   and‌‌   hard‌‌   to‌‌  read.‌‌   Luckily,‌‌   there‌‌   is‌‌
  another‌‌   way‌‌   in‌‌
  Python‌‌   to‌‌  organize‌‌   and‌‌   reuse‌‌   code‌‌ 
called‌m ‌ odules‌. ‌ ‌
The‌‌
  module‌‌   is‌‌  simply‌‌   a ‌‌file‌‌   that‌‌  contains‌‌   Python‌‌   statements‌‌   and‌‌   definitions.‌‌   It‌‌ usually‌‌ has‌‌ a ‌‌.‌ py‌ ‌extension.‌‌ 
What‌‌really‌‌makes‌‌the‌‌module‌‌system‌‌powerful‌‌is‌‌the‌‌ability‌‌to‌l‌oad‌‌‌or‌i‌mport‌‌‌one‌‌module‌‌from‌‌another.‌  ‌
2.1.2‌‌Module‌‌loading‌  ‌
To‌  ‌load‌  ‌a‌  ‌module,‌  ‌just‌  ‌use‌  ‌an‌  ‌import‌  ‌statement.‌  ‌In‌  ‌its‌  ‌basic‌  ‌form,‌  ‌it‌  ‌has‌  ‌the‌  ‌following‌  ‌syntax:‌‌ 
import‌m ‌odule‌ . ‌ ‌

import‌
‌s
‌uper_module‌‌  
 ‌
super_module.super_function()‌ # ‌‌c ‌alling‌a ‌‌f
‌unction‌d ‌efined‌i ‌n‌s ‌uper_module‌‌  
 ‌
print‌
(super_module.super_variable)‌ # ‌‌a
‌ccessing‌a ‌‌v ‌ariable‌d ‌efined‌i ‌n‌s
‌uper_module‌‌  
  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌name‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌module‌  ‌you‌  ‌want‌  ‌to‌  ‌import.‌  ‌For‌  ‌example,‌  ‌a ‌ ‌file‌  ‌called‌‌ 
super_module‌
super_module.py‌   ‌has‌  ‌a ‌ ‌name‌  ‌super_module‌ . ‌ ‌In‌  ‌order‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌available‌  ‌for‌  ‌import,‌‌ 
super_module.py‌   ‌should‌  ‌be‌  ‌located‌‌
  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  same‌‌   directory‌‌   as‌‌  the‌‌  file‌‌
  you‌‌  are‌‌
  trying‌‌
  to‌‌  import‌‌   it‌‌ 
from.‌  ‌At‌  ‌first,‌  ‌Python‌  ‌importing‌  ‌system‌‌   looks‌‌   for‌‌
  a ‌‌module‌‌   in‌‌
  the‌‌   current‌‌   directory,‌‌   then‌‌   it‌‌
  checks‌‌ 
the‌  ‌built-in‌  ‌modules,‌  ‌and‌  ‌if‌  ‌nothing‌  ‌is‌  ‌found‌  ‌an‌  ‌error‌  ‌will‌  ‌be‌  ‌raised.‌  ‌After‌  ‌importing,‌  ‌the‌  ‌module‌‌ 
becomes‌  ‌available‌‌   under‌‌  its‌‌
  name‌‌   and‌‌
  you‌‌   can‌‌  access‌‌   functions‌‌   and‌‌   variables‌‌   defined‌‌   in‌‌  it‌‌
  using‌‌ 
the‌‌dot‌‌notation.‌  ‌

It's‌‌
  also‌‌
  common‌‌   to‌‌
  only‌‌
  import‌‌
  required‌‌  functions‌‌
  or‌‌
  variables‌‌
  from‌‌
  a‌‌
  module‌‌ but‌‌ not‌‌ the‌‌ module‌‌ 
itself.‌‌You‌‌can‌‌do‌‌this‌‌by‌‌using‌‌a‌f‌ rom‌‌‌form‌‌of‌‌import‌‌statement.‌  ‌

from‌
‌‌
super_module‌i
‌mport‌
‌‌
super_function‌‌
 
 ‌
super_function()‌ #
‌‌s
‌uper_function‌i‌s‌n
‌ow‌a‌vailable‌d‌irectly‌a‌t‌t‌he‌c
‌urrent‌m
‌odule‌‌ 
 ‌
super_module.super_function()‌
  ‌
# ‌‌
note,‌ ‌
that‌ ‌
in‌ ‌
this‌
 ‌case‌
 ‌name‌
 ‌super_module‌‌
  is‌‌
  not‌‌
 
imported,‌‌‌
  
#
‌‌s
‌o‌t‌his‌l‌ine‌l
‌eads‌t‌o‌a
‌n‌e
‌rror‌‌
 
A‌‌
  good‌‌
  practice‌‌  is‌‌
  to‌‌
  load‌‌
  a‌‌
  single‌‌
  module‌‌
  in‌‌
  a ‌‌single‌‌ line‌‌ and‌‌ put‌‌ all‌‌ your‌‌ imports‌‌ at‌‌ the‌‌ top‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ 
file‌‌because‌‌it‌‌increases‌‌readability.‌  ‌

import‌
‌‌
module1‌‌
 
import‌
‌‌
module2‌‌
 
import‌
‌‌
module3‌‌
 
 ‌

32‌  ‌
#‌t
‌he‌r
‌est‌o
‌f‌m
‌odule‌c
‌ode‌g
‌oes‌h
‌ere‌‌
 
A‌  ‌special‌  ‌form‌  ‌of‌  ‌import‌  ‌statement‌  ‌allows‌  ‌you‌  ‌to‌  ‌load‌  ‌all‌  ‌the‌  ‌names‌  ‌defined‌  ‌in‌  ‌a‌  ‌module.‌  ‌It‌  ‌is‌‌ 
called‌‌   ‌wildcard‌‌   import‌‌   ‌and‌‌
  has‌‌
  the‌‌
  syntax‌‌
  ‌from‌‌
  module‌‌   import‌‌  *.‌ ‌‌You‌‌ should‌‌ generally‌‌ avoid‌‌ this‌‌ 
in‌  ‌your‌  ‌code.‌  ‌It‌  ‌can‌  ‌cause‌  ‌unexpected‌  ‌behavior‌  ‌because‌‌   you‌‌   don't‌‌   know‌‌
  what‌‌  names‌‌   exactly‌‌
  are‌‌ 
imported‌  ‌into‌  ‌the‌  ‌current‌  ‌namespace.‌  ‌Besides,‌  ‌these‌  ‌names‌  ‌may‌  ‌shadow‌  ‌some‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌existing‌‌ 
ones‌‌without‌‌your‌‌knowledge.‌‌It's‌‌better‌‌to‌‌make‌‌it‌‌explicit‌‌and‌‌specify‌‌what‌‌you're‌‌importing.‌  ‌

In‌‌case‌‌you‌‌have‌‌to‌‌use‌‌several‌‌import‌‌statements,‌‌pay‌‌attention‌‌to‌‌their‌‌order:‌  ‌

1. standard‌‌library‌‌imports‌  ‌
2. third‌‌party‌‌dependency‌‌imports‌  ‌
3. local‌‌application‌‌imports‌  ‌

Having‌  ‌your‌  ‌imports‌  ‌grouped,‌  ‌you‌  ‌may‌  ‌put‌  ‌a‌  ‌blank‌  ‌line‌  ‌between‌  ‌import‌  ‌sections.‌  ‌Also,‌  ‌some‌‌ 
guidelines,‌‌including‌‌ours,‌‌recommend‌‌sorting‌‌imports‌‌alphabetically‌  ‌

2.1.3‌‌Built-in‌‌modules‌  ‌
Python‌‌
  comes‌‌   with‌‌
  a ‌‌great‌‌
  standard‌‌  library.‌‌
  It‌‌
  contains‌‌ a ‌‌lot‌‌ of‌‌ built-in‌‌ modules‌‌ that‌‌ provide‌‌ useful‌‌ 
functions‌‌
  and‌‌
  data‌‌  structures.‌‌   Another‌‌   advantage‌‌   is‌‌
  that‌‌
  the‌‌   standard‌‌   library‌‌
  is‌‌
  available‌‌
  on‌‌
  every‌‌ 
system‌‌that‌‌has‌‌Python‌‌installed.‌H ‌ ere‌‌‌you‌‌can‌‌find‌‌an‌‌official‌‌library‌‌reference.‌  ‌

Python‌‌has‌‌a‌‌math‌
‌‌module‌‌that‌‌provides‌‌access‌‌to‌‌mathematical‌‌functions.‌  ‌

import‌
‌m
‌ath‌‌
 
 ‌
print‌
(math.factorial(‌5)
‌)‌ #‌‌p
‌rints‌t‌he‌v
‌alue‌o
‌f‌5
‌!‌‌
 
 ‌
print‌
(math.log(‌
10‌
))‌ #‌‌p
‌rints‌t‌he‌n
‌atural‌l‌ogarithm‌o
‌f‌1
‌0‌‌
 
 ‌
print‌
(math.pi)‌ #
‌‌m‌ath‌a‌lso‌c
‌ontains‌s‌everal‌c
‌onstants‌‌
 
print‌
(math.e)‌‌
 
 ‌

The‌s ‌‌module‌‌contains‌‌common‌‌string‌‌operations‌‌and‌‌constants.‌  ‌
‌ tring‌

from‌
‌s
‌tring‌i
‌mport‌‌d
‌igits‌‌
 
 ‌
print‌
(digits)‌ #
‌‌p
‌rints‌a‌ll‌t
‌he‌d
‌igit‌s
‌ymbols‌‌
 
 ‌

The‌r ‌‌module‌‌provides‌‌functions‌‌that‌‌let‌‌you‌‌make‌‌a‌‌random‌‌choice.‌  ‌
‌andom‌

from‌
‌r
‌andom‌i
‌mport‌
‌c
‌hoice‌‌
 
 ‌
print‌
(choice([‌
'red'‌,‌'
‌green'‌
,‌'
‌yellow'‌
]))‌ #
‌‌p
‌rint‌a
‌‌r
‌andom‌i
‌tem‌f
‌rom‌t
‌he‌l
‌ist‌‌
 
 ‌
2.1.4‌‌Summary‌  ‌
Thus,‌  ‌in‌  ‌this‌  ‌topic,‌  ‌we've‌  ‌learned‌  ‌what‌  ‌scripts‌  ‌and‌  ‌modules‌  ‌are,‌  ‌why‌  ‌they're‌  ‌useful,‌  ‌and‌  ‌how‌  ‌to‌‌ 
import‌‌ modules‌‌ (or‌‌ particular‌‌ things‌‌ from‌‌ them).‌‌ We've‌‌ also‌‌ discussed‌‌ external‌‌ modules‌‌ and‌‌ those‌‌ 
that‌  ‌come‌  ‌with‌  ‌a‌  ‌standard‌  ‌Python‌  ‌library.‌  ‌This‌  ‌basic‌  ‌skill‌  ‌will‌  ‌definitely‌  ‌give‌  ‌you‌  ‌a‌  ‌lot‌  ‌of‌‌ 
opportunities‌‌in‌‌the‌‌future,‌‌so‌‌don't‌‌be‌‌shy‌‌to‌‌try‌‌module‌‌loading‌‌on‌‌your‌‌own!‌  ‌

 ‌

 ‌
33‌  ‌
 ‌

 ‌

 ‌

 ‌

 ‌

 ‌

 ‌

 ‌

 ‌

 ‌

 ‌

 ‌

 ‌

 ‌

 ‌

 ‌

 ‌

 ‌

 ‌

 ‌

 ‌

 ‌

 ‌

 ‌

 ‌

 ‌

34‌  ‌
3‌B
‌ UILD-iNS‌  ‌
3.1‌‌THEORY:‌‌Any‌‌and‌‌all‌  ‌
By‌‌
  now,‌‌  you‌‌  certainly‌‌ know‌‌ that‌‌ Python‌‌ has‌‌ a‌‌ lot‌‌ of‌‌ different‌‌ ‌built-in‌‌ functions‌‌ that‌‌ help‌‌ developers‌‌ 
work‌‌  more‌‌   efficiently.‌‌  Built-in‌‌
  functions‌‌   are‌‌ always‌‌ available,‌‌ so‌‌ you‌‌ don't‌‌ need‌‌ to‌‌ declare‌‌ or‌‌ import‌‌ 
them.‌  ‌Just‌  ‌call‌  ‌such‌  ‌a ‌ ‌function‌  ‌whenever‌  ‌you‌  ‌need‌  ‌it.‌  ‌You‌  ‌have‌  ‌already‌  ‌seen‌  ‌one‌  ‌of‌  ‌those‌‌ 
functions,‌‌   it‌‌
  is‌‌
 p
‌ rint()‌ . ‌‌Today‌‌ we‌‌ will‌‌ learn‌‌ two‌‌ more‌‌ built-in‌‌ functions‌‌ ‌any()‌  ‌and‌‌ ‌all()‌  ‌and‌‌ find‌‌ 
out‌‌how‌‌and‌‌when‌‌to‌‌use‌‌them.‌  ‌

Be‌  ‌careful‌  ‌though,‌  ‌these‌  ‌functions‌  ‌work‌  ‌only‌  ‌with‌  ‌iterable‌  ‌objects,‌  ‌e.g.‌  ‌strings‌  ‌and‌‌
  lists.‌‌
  A‌‌
  list‌‌
  is‌‌ 
iterable,‌‌so‌‌we‌‌will‌‌use‌‌it‌‌to‌‌illustrate‌‌the‌‌theoretical‌‌part‌‌and‌‌to‌‌show‌‌how‌a ‌ ny()‌ ‌‌and‌a
‌ ll()‌ ‌‌work.‌  ‌

3.1.1‌‌Function‌‌any()‌  ‌
The‌‌  result‌‌
  of‌‌  the‌‌   ‌any()‌   ‌function‌‌   call‌‌  is‌‌ the‌‌ boolean‌‌ value:‌‌ it‌‌ returns‌‌ ‌True‌  ‌if‌‌ an‌‌ element‌‌ or‌‌ a ‌‌group‌‌ 
of‌‌
  elements‌‌   in‌‌
  an‌‌   iterable‌‌   object‌‌   are‌‌   evaluated‌‌   ‌True‌ . ‌‌Otherwise,‌‌   it‌‌ returns‌‌ ‌False‌ . ‌‌Let’s ‌‌take‌‌ a ‌‌look‌‌ 
at‌‌
  the‌‌  example.‌‌   Imagine‌‌   that‌‌  you‌‌   and‌‌   your‌‌   friends,‌‌ Jam‌‌ and‌‌ Andy,‌‌ wrote‌‌ a‌‌ test‌‌ and‌‌ got‌‌ your‌‌ results‌‌ 
in‌‌
  the‌‌
  form‌‌  of‌‌  a‌‌
  list‌‌   with‌‌
  ‌True‌   ‌and‌‌   ‌False‌   ‌values.‌‌  ‌The‌‌   test‌‌
  is‌‌
  passed‌‌   if‌‌
  at‌‌
  least‌‌ one‌‌ answer‌‌ is‌‌ correct.‌‌ 
Now‌‌you‌‌need‌‌to‌‌check‌‌if‌‌you‌‌and‌‌your‌‌friends‌‌passed‌‌that‌‌test.‌  ‌

your_results‌‌ =‌‌ [T ‌rue‌ ,‌F ‌alse‌ ,‌F ‌alse‌ ] 

‌‌
print‌ (a‌ny‌ (your_results))‌ # ‌‌‌ True‌‌  
 ‌
As‌‌  you‌‌
  know,‌‌   the‌‌
  value‌‌ T
‌ rue‌  ‌corresponds‌‌   to‌‌
  1,‌‌
  while‌‌  F
‌ alse‌   ‌can‌‌ be‌‌ represented‌‌ by‌‌ 0,‌‌ therefore,‌‌ you‌‌ 
can‌‌replace‌‌the‌‌boolean‌‌values‌‌with‌‌the‌‌numerical‌‌ones‌‌in‌‌the‌‌list‌‌above‌‌and‌‌get‌‌the‌‌same‌‌result.‌ 
 ‌
your_results‌‌ =‌‌ [1 ‌,
‌‌0 ‌,
‌‌0 ‌]‌ ‌‌
print‌ (a‌ny‌ (your_results))‌ # ‌‌‌ True‌  ‌
In‌‌
  fact,‌‌
  all‌‌
  numbers‌‌   other‌‌  than‌‌  0 ‌‌will‌‌
  be‌‌
  regarded‌‌   as‌‌ T
‌ rue‌, ‌‌even‌‌ the‌‌ negative‌‌ ones.‌‌ That‌‌ part‌‌ stems‌‌ 
from‌‌how‌‌the‌b ‌ ool()‌‌‌function‌‌works.‌  ‌
Now‌‌   back‌‌  to‌‌
  our‌‌
  test‌‌
  example,‌‌   you‌‌  passed‌‌   with‌‌  one‌‌  correct‌‌   answer.‌‌ What‌‌ about‌‌ your‌‌ friends,‌‌ Jam‌‌ 
and‌‌Andy?‌‌Andy‌‌has‌‌a‌‌different‌‌list‌‌of‌‌results‌‌to‌‌check.‌  ‌

andy_results‌‌
=‌‌
[F
‌alse‌
,‌F
‌alse‌
,‌F
‌alse‌] 
‌‌
print‌
(a
‌ny‌
(andy_results))‌ #
‌‌‌
False‌‌
 
 ‌
Unfortunately,‌‌   your‌‌
  friend‌‌
  Andy‌‌  failed.‌‌
  What‌‌
  about‌‌
  Jam?‌‌
  Well,‌‌
  this‌‌
  friend‌‌
  of‌‌
  yours‌‌
  didn't‌‌
  write‌‌
  the‌‌ test‌‌ at‌‌ all,‌‌ 
so‌‌he‌‌got‌‌an‌‌empty‌‌list‌‌of‌‌results.‌  ‌
jam_results‌‌
=‌‌
[]‌‌
 
print‌
(a
‌ny‌
(jam_results))‌ #
‌‌‌
False‌‌
 
 ‌
The‌  ‌list‌  ‌doesn't‌  ‌contain‌  ‌any‌  ‌elements,‌  ‌and‌  ‌since‌  ‌no‌  ‌True‌   ‌value‌‌   is‌‌
  to‌‌
  be‌‌
  found‌‌
  the‌‌
  ‌any()‌  ‌function‌ 
returns‌F ‌ alse‌. ‌ ‌
So‌  ‌what‌  ‌does‌  ‌the‌  a
‌ ny()‌   ‌function‌  ‌do?‌  ‌First,‌  ‌it‌  ‌takes‌  ‌a‌  ‌list‌  ‌as‌  ‌an‌  ‌argument,‌  ‌then‌  ‌evaluates‌  ‌all‌  ‌the‌‌ 
elements‌‌of‌‌this‌‌list‌‌to‌‌find‌‌at‌‌least‌‌one‌T ‌ rue‌,‌‌if‌‌so,‌‌it‌‌returns‌T ‌ rue‌ ,‌‌otherwise,‌‌the‌‌result‌‌is‌F ‌ alse‌ . ‌ ‌

3.1.2‌‌Function‌‌all()‌  ‌
The‌‌ ‌all()‌  ‌function‌‌ works‌‌ pretty‌‌ much‌‌ like‌‌ ‌any()‌ . ‌‌The‌‌ difference‌‌ is‌‌ that‌‌ ‌all()‌  ‌function‌‌ checks‌‌ if‌‌ all‌‌ 
the‌‌
  elements‌‌   of‌‌
  an‌‌
  iterable‌‌  object‌‌
  are‌‌
  ‌True‌   ‌and‌‌  returns‌‌   ‌True‌   ‌if‌‌
  they‌‌  are.‌‌
  Otherwise,‌‌   you‌‌ get‌‌ ‌False‌ . ‌‌
Do‌  ‌you‌  ‌remember‌  ‌the‌  ‌story‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌previous‌  ‌section‌  ‌where‌  ‌we‌  ‌checked‌‌   the‌‌   results‌‌  of‌‌
  the‌‌  test?‌‌ 
Let's‌  ‌proceed.‌‌   Imagine‌‌   yet‌‌
  another‌‌  test,‌‌
  this‌‌  time‌‌   the‌‌
  final‌‌  one.‌‌   To‌‌
  succeed,‌‌   you‌‌   should‌‌  answer‌‌   all‌‌ 
the‌‌questions‌‌correctly.‌‌How‌‌did‌‌it‌‌go‌‌this‌‌time‌‌for‌‌you‌‌and‌‌the‌‌two‌‌friends‌‌of‌‌yours?‌  ‌
35‌  ‌
 your_results‌‌ =‌‌
[T ‌rue‌
,‌F
‌alse‌ ,‌F ‌alse‌ ]  ‌‌
print‌ (a
‌ll‌ (your_results))‌ # ‌‌‌ False‌  ‌
As‌‌
  you‌‌ can‌‌ see,‌‌ not‌‌ all‌‌ the‌‌ answers‌‌ in‌‌ your‌‌ case‌‌ are‌‌ correct,‌‌ so‌‌ you‌‌ didn't‌‌ pass‌‌ the‌‌ test.‌‌ What‌‌ about‌‌ 
Andy's‌‌results?‌  ‌
andy_results‌‌ =‌‌
[T ‌rue‌
,‌T
‌rue‌ ,‌T ‌rue‌ ] 
‌‌
print‌ (a
‌ll‌ (andy_results))‌ # ‌‌‌ True‌  ‌
Luckily,‌‌Andy‌‌passed.‌‌Jam‌‌seems‌‌to‌‌have‌‌a‌‌vacation.‌‌His‌‌list‌‌of‌‌results‌‌is‌‌empty‌‌again.‌  ‌
jam_results‌=
‌‌[
‌]‌‌
 
print‌
(a
‌ll‌
(jam_results))‌ #
‌‌T  ‌
‌rue‌
The‌  ‌list‌‌
  doesn't‌‌
  contain‌‌
  any‌‌
  elements,‌‌  but‌‌
  the‌‌
  ‌all()‌   ‌function‌‌
  will‌‌
  return‌‌
  ‌True‌
  ‌because‌‌
  it‌‌
  searches‌‌ 
for‌‌any‌F ‌ alse‌
‌‌values.‌‌No‌‌False‌‌‌values‌‌result‌‌in‌T ‌ rue‌
.‌‌Be‌‌careful‌‌with‌‌this‌‌scenario.‌  ‌

3.1.3‌‌Non-boolean‌‌values‌  ‌
Pay‌  ‌attention‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌fact‌  ‌that‌  ‌any()‌
  ‌and‌  ‌all()‌
  ‌can‌  ‌take‌  ‌a ‌ ‌list‌  ‌containing‌  ‌non-boolean‌‌
  values.‌‌ 
Let's‌‌recall‌‌how‌‌they‌‌are‌‌evaluated.‌  ‌

Empty‌‌   sequences,‌‌
  e.g.‌‌
  strings‌‌
  and‌‌
  lists,‌‌
  as‌‌
  well‌‌
  as‌‌
  zero,‌‌
  are‌‌
  equivalent‌‌  to‌‌
  ‌False‌
, ‌‌the‌‌
  same‌‌ applies‌‌ 
to‌‌the‌‌constant‌N
‌ one‌.‌‌Non-empty‌‌sequences‌‌are‌‌equivalent‌‌to‌T ‌ rue‌
. ‌ ‌

Be‌‌cautious,‌‌the‌‌result‌‌of‌‌calling‌‌the‌‌all()‌
‌‌function‌‌on‌‌an‌‌empty‌‌sequence‌‌differs‌‌from‌‌ 
converting‌‌an‌‌empty‌‌sequence‌‌to‌‌a‌‌boolean‌‌value.‌‌The‌‌result‌‌of‌a‌ ll(list())‌ ‌‌is‌‌ ‌
True‌ ,‌‌the‌‌ 
result‌‌of‌‌ ‌
bool(list())‌ ‌‌is‌F
‌ alse.‌  ‌
Here‌‌is‌‌a‌‌list‌‌with‌‌false‌‌values.‌‌any()‌
‌‌and‌a
‌ ll()‌
‌‌will‌‌have‌‌the‌‌same‌‌behavior‌‌in‌‌this‌‌example:‌  ‌

rocket_science_scores‌‌ =‌‌[0,‌‌-0,‌‌ 0.0,‌‌ +0]‌‌

 
any‌ (rocket_science_scores)‌ # ‌‌F ‌alse‌‌
 
all‌ (rocket_science_scores)‌ # ‌‌F ‌alse‌‌
 
 ‌
Now,‌‌let's‌‌look‌‌at‌‌the‌‌scores‌‌of‌‌some‌‌simpler‌‌subject:‌  ‌
math_scores‌= ‌‌[
‌0‌,
‌‌1‌, ‌‌2
‌,‌‌3
‌]‌ 
‌
any‌ (math_scores)‌ # ‌‌T ‌rue‌‌
 
all‌ (math_scores)‌ # ‌‌F ‌alse‌‌ 
As‌  ‌shown,‌  all()‌
  ‌doesn't‌  ‌return‌‌
  ‌True‌
  ‌for‌‌
  a‌‌
  list‌‌
  where‌‌
  false‌‌
  values‌‌
  are‌‌
  present.‌‌
  Consider‌‌
  the‌‌
  last‌‌ 
case:‌  ‌
biology_scores‌= ‌‌[ ‌1
‌,‌‌2
‌, ‌‌3
‌,‌‌4‌]
‌ ‌‌
any‌ (biology_scores)‌ # ‌‌T ‌rue‌‌ 
all‌ (biology_scores)‌ # ‌‌T ‌rue‌  ‌
The‌‌list‌b
‌ iology_scores‌
‌‌has‌‌no‌‌false‌‌values,‌‌that's‌‌why‌‌both‌‌functions‌‌result‌‌in‌T
‌ rue‌
. ‌ ‌

Also,‌‌
  you‌‌
  can‌‌
  turn‌‌
  the‌‌
  elements‌‌
  of‌‌
  your‌‌
  list‌‌ into‌‌ the‌‌ boolean‌‌ values‌‌ via‌‌ comparison.‌‌ Suppose,‌‌ we‌‌ have‌‌ a ‌‌list‌‌ 
of‌‌scores‌‌and‌‌want‌‌to‌‌check‌‌whether‌‌some‌‌are‌‌equal‌‌to‌‌3‌‌or‌‌greater.‌‌It‌‌can‌‌be‌‌done‌‌like‌‌this:‌  ‌
scores‌= ‌‌[‌1
‌, ‌‌2‌,
‌‌3 ‌,
‌‌4 ‌]
‌ ‌‌
boolean_scores‌= ‌‌[
‌score‌> ‌=‌3 ‌‌f ‌or‌ ‌s‌core‌i ‌n‌ ‌s
‌cores]‌ # ‌‌[ ‌False,‌F ‌alse,‌T ‌rue,‌T ‌rue]‌‌  
print‌ (a
‌ny‌ (boolean_scores))‌ # ‌‌T
‌rue‌‌  
print‌ (a
‌ll‌ (boolean_scores))‌ # ‌‌F
‌alse‌‌  
However,‌  ‌lists‌  ‌may‌  ‌contain‌  ‌different‌  ‌elements,‌  ‌e.g.‌  ‌strings‌  ‌or‌  ‌nested‌  ‌lists,‌  ‌in‌  ‌such‌  ‌cases,‌  ‌the‌‌ 
behavior‌‌of‌a‌ ny()‌ ‌‌and‌a‌ ll()‌‌‌would‌‌depend‌‌largely‌‌on‌‌the‌‌contents.‌‌Keep‌‌that‌‌in‌‌mind.‌  ‌

3.1.4‌‌Conditions‌  ‌
Coders‌  ‌often‌  ‌use‌  ‌any()‌
  ‌and‌  all()‌
  ‌functions‌  ‌in‌  ‌conditions.‌  ‌It‌  ‌helps‌  ‌to‌  ‌check‌  ‌the‌  ‌elements‌  ‌of‌‌ 
iterable‌‌objects‌‌quickly‌‌and‌‌to‌‌avoid‌‌complex‌‌constructions.‌  ‌

36‌  ‌
Let's‌  ‌choose‌  ‌a ‌ ‌candy‌  ‌box‌  ‌for‌  ‌Valentine's‌  ‌Day.‌  ‌Each‌  ‌box‌  ‌contains‌  ‌several‌  ‌types‌  ‌of‌  ‌sweets.‌  ‌But‌  ‌you‌  ‌are‌‌ 
interested‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌even‌  ‌amount‌  ‌of‌  ‌candies‌  ‌of‌  ‌each‌  ‌type‌  ‌because,‌  ‌obviously,‌  ‌you‌  ‌will‌  ‌share‌  ‌them‌‌
  with‌‌
  your‌‌ 
valentine.‌  ‌
box‌= ‌‌[ ‌1‌0‌
,‌2 ‌0‌,‌3 ‌3‌
]  ‌‌
 ‌
if‌‌a
‌ny‌ ([candy‌% ‌‌2‌‌f ‌or‌‌c‌andy‌i ‌n‌
‌b‌ox]):‌‌  
p
‌rint‌ ("‌It‌i ‌s‌n‌ot‌a ‌‌p‌roper‌g ‌ift."‌ ) 
‌‌
else‌ :  ‌‌
p
‌rint‌ ("‌Perfect!"‌ ) 
‌‌
 ‌
Short‌‌
  and‌‌
  sweet,‌‌
  isn't‌‌
  it?‌‌ Life‌‌ is‌‌ like‌‌ a ‌‌box‌‌ of‌‌ chocolates!‌‌ As‌‌ long‌‌ as‌‌ the‌‌ values‌‌ you‌‌ deal‌‌ with‌‌ can‌‌ be‌‌ 
converted‌‌to‌T
‌ rue‌‌‌and‌F ‌ alse‌ ,‌‌it's‌‌safe‌‌to‌‌use‌‌both‌‌functions‌‌in‌‌conditions.‌  ‌

3.1.5‌‌Summary‌  ‌
We‌  ‌learned‌  ‌what‌  ‌any()‌  ‌and‌  ‌all()‌   ‌functions‌  ‌can‌  ‌do‌  ‌and‌  ‌how‌  ‌they‌  ‌work.‌  ‌As‌  ‌you‌  ‌can‌  ‌see,‌  ‌these‌‌ 
functions‌‌  are‌‌
  an‌‌
  efficient‌‌
  tool‌‌
  that‌‌
  helps‌‌  check‌‌   conditions‌‌   and‌‌
  may‌‌   improve‌‌ the‌‌ readability‌‌ of‌‌ your‌‌ 
code.‌  ‌

3.1.6‌‌Practice‌  ‌
Computer‌‌science‌‌>‌‌Programming‌‌languages‌‌>‌P
‌ ython‌‌>‌‌Basics‌‌>‌‌Builtins‌‌>‌‌Any‌‌and‌‌all‌  ‌

3.1.6.1‌O
‌bjects‌‌
 
Which‌‌objects‌‌can‌‌you‌‌use‌‌with‌‌the‌‌functions‌‌any()‌‌and‌‌all()?‌‌Select‌‌one‌‌or‌‌more‌‌options‌‌from‌‌the‌‌list:‌  ‌
list‌  ‌
float‌  ‌
integer‌  ‌
NaN‌  ‌
string‌  ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌

37‌  ‌