Loory & Slaves in East Central Africa Lubsard A. Alpers (x) HEINEMANNAnniv To My Parents AELAGRARAVRAGHLELENGEEAcknowledgements cil are the ste responsi of singe rad this one fo iret in that sempect My ates Int ticeied toward thir general ea by Peeve Roland ful Gray. Ta Richard Gray, who served the ip aad ht Hla gal sare one wort Xoseareh Fad af he Un Coty pore vi ity Landon andthe rl to an reseze is Go in ote of the Unieesiy of Calor, a atin, theoagh te Aenn Studie f Califaia, Lox Angeles Tam ase eal Kain tel Tana ners of sa le a0 1 Re Baer and the Marques ior allowing me to we @ Sion meth the extof an intersenaceor Tis eau nore wo t9 Laoce Je las, who ge Viv it wie mae use of ie enterprising upablsied re aga Yao of Kempe Date, Malev i my aod Blend, Prose All Po ‘valley toxpoopae otal dats Ya ae among U staves v0 hat Lcoald ithe ute of wut af eeveral reader, inclaing, Prefers Gray, Thsicmun and Geonge Shepprson eve bes eecaly voto hive hl tes and cael eeique of «majorsection of my thes de Ly De, Abdl NH, Sheriff prt of Iie own elwetation. Lie Senet that 1 have gained irom thi tnd la aber scion ih Mim Dav ct Sasa, 1 6 Siderabie. the sage of ths Ink oes a great eal te any csvansoms wh wars celleaguee a stent tt the Univerdiy of Dar es Salsath ond the University of Cairn, Loe Aagels, among whom 1 wh name Prolasae Watts Redes, Dt Anevew Rober a Profesor T-O. Ranger, ‘rho hus alo commented on iret nos of He ronal ue. Tally inher unbitrieal way, the aon ioporent cotbanor to the geacal atligiity of thir boolemy mew pesant tii, chick eaiton, and mar saree a comfort snd encourage heut—has been my wile That she hor inevitably sreendered fone of hs independence so that T cou do ty wo if be eapcte that we have eked every inte of i coger joy for whch [thik he wi al nove eam and See in East Cvgeal Ach ' The Impact of Peetuguse Intsveation, 1498-16 so The Rite ofthe Ivy Teade st Mozimbigue, 1658-1750 Trade and Confer blarambiqne, rse-r7T0 sey ‘The Undermining ofthe Menambiae ory Market, ¢370-1785 oo The Reningenc ofthe hides Rovts Ips B10 ie The Grow and Tapact atthe Slave Trade afer 140 9 Iecaational Teade i the Esey of Lie Cental Aen: Some Conclasions 26)Mlusirations 1 page vate detail rom View of the Govern ihe se, pushed ia of Paget ‘ ‘hag ad 180 fais aque Sa ievol East Cena Attica 5 Ei 8 tiny Trade Route in Bast Conia Aisa 35 Mvantique and Neva 3 able ony Haported fom Mozambique, 1350 Atpisimate Annual Disuibution of very for Export st Shsnabiqus, 1950 Thing Hits at Movambiaue, 2954 om Moca Stoves tagowed roe Kilwa Kia 06 Cap iso Lange rons at Mframbique inthe BighteendhAbbreviations 4c AGL TEU, pre Aa, Ste aut, AN, ANT BM BNL C0, Cot Ge FG. Naive, PRO, Prov 6 See TS. TNR UMGa. see Argos ds Coli Aden ds Cyc de Kiso faves do Cost lamas parte vo offi Ajuivo Histice Ulsumnavine Arthives Nationale de France Arquivo Narinal da Tore do Tembo Bish Mireur Biblotees Nacknal de Lsbos Colonial Otic Citic Caixa Fund Geral Forrgn fice Gaverna Jor Mininér do Reina National Archives of Tai, Pana G Pate Rev! Oe Provisional Government Secretary of Siac Tnsania National Archiver Tonguyika Nosed Rede Universiti? Misdon to Central Afi United Sorry for the Propagation ofthe Gospel Nite Names and Spelling sucupted to movrnze all Portuguese personal names, tr cleaning tum the. Anglo-American practice of tng fy ther Tost nuit only, seen aati name ‘Wherever practice, ¥ have rendered Alea aes J ant form, th oe eae L have simply adopted son contemporary Porton pling. Forename Iie Maus w Mews, Lamwe t Lome, lajenéa to Lasers, nla ing tha of Mal fore meer tae on et Ban ping La ‘Manroga and Utieulo inthe abaece of oor wie tho eee to reserve use the the peoples who compose that mxi-lingu Ilered Nyaa to Milind Br the uame ofthe lake vince inetame by which i asknown to mos people dug the Hat this sty, Somewhat difrctly dnoteated iy Itc! ata the tow of Fort Viera aren Vex Psy totes inthe Portguere lange, Fly sn tmploy the ame Zimbabwe fr de white mnoety wry presently koown 3¢ Rhee. The femos stone hed a hoe: A fines pon conserat ny retention of the cose rh M.D, D, Newite pains out fo a ly of Paap Seen the Samba ison the societies of Hast Central Aiea, T have nays aud? of the Macon ny other dtingishing namie sas -Kalonga Mears o 'Mwene Mutspa Gata RiseeGlossary of Pr Dearsd—a special jul ivegaton ‘uted desta of Tn, the rame appli’ the Porguese poresonsesstofthe Capreftiooe Hope, oPwbic Mazumbsaae Rome a part unt 17st ie oe Cant Board of Trade facile a rough, durable cotton cloth woven by the people cf ‘Zambesin Pasanan tamara. Afionn oF moat trading agent, ssaly slave whe tavlled in the ntesor om behalf fhe taser at cipal Pontugusse Tons Pras Portuguese Crown Este, «anor Afio-Portaguese lel aituion tn Zamfesia an the Kes Islands, he Tilesholdes of hie Sewn ven a racers Rosas a judicial investigntion conducted the completion ‘ofan ofl tenuee of oie to see be ad fled, de ec Teuvened, ht instruction Sta Coa ds MivsindlaHoly Hous Tnctherhood Sinai da Caaro-—Muieipat Connell Venn tae boul wally Venetian Weigh Aild—o459 ba Maines te frgla—1-09475 bs Sinekas gare —1606 kg Ongar fare -o0087 by fers aojerater 245 60 bE Ohl aaa Bar: 4 que agy.goo hg Riles L mane ss 12 309 alae elses te Speak or Rtn Sfvin ‘Theres dl Voth hich wee me tag eens te Nester Tl Ocean en. Batre Fortune name fr dol, eal in the eighth erry ito ten to ur a Sly, wen ie 3 Pe he Feigh nae alc Batak be Fortney a Introduction Faas of Absent very seventy paveally fr the pron Tine ie fate alneternth cota. Bounced one sf the Fw Miran coast between es ad te north ofthe Zambse Nice and onthe other by the Lvangyea River, fe inladen hat is wy onthe Tanzania, norte Movaniue, lay, swt Za Be ete eon es ih the 1. Those scholar who. have previously staied Ba Aiea have eoneeotated ther energie on oped ic leaide, Thus the worl cf ass osine Teer Alexandre Labato an Erie Aten fois am he histor "i Portuese i his tegon, and only macgialy conser "hal e¢cie fea pooples a whose county the Pertugiese hal ished themsever. Siler, the ork of AJ Hanon deh is Aiea ade and plies only ras they provide he tw ged tothe struggle or Europe contol of hat today sks aa nurcesters Zama This Euwcetrie loss has tovvnly hen to la ceed by hs wink of Harty Langer the Chewa aud Leroy Val on the Tomb hie inst ies of ether particlat Aftican peoples are expert pro Foals, the somarlable wotk tt. bk. Schafer ox religious history and of Mien Tecan on the Zab foc (hich n wes Bods upow aad extents the werk doe by 1D. Newt) marks an ingertans stepforvard both eon wlly'and edodologclly. SU, no ome has tempted 1 tine. Tis sone ofthe aks whieh T have st ysl wring Tr et scholaee who recoguized the unity of East Cental ss wee aul ola in she est Ie aval Alsen culture area of Banting, peoples! Tse oper sues, am iovian cull probably runsregional kstory focusing on state-building, on esidanee. 10 in 9 fool amen students of Abies and doce net bear re- onal domination, or om raisins dovlopment, among oir Fraling hevéy except amit becomes pose to tose mihin the pice The tpie which darinatey this book i prenaniy that of ial of the evince persed tn the stad) which fallow Atican activites within the fanework of ioterational rade Wis hss nee ro be pointed out, however, ate the Enstaons which began to ponent Hast Central Afi fom abo 1400 ist the ovgial scree Ee dh dy Snape upon the book and ixcame pavtculinly intensive and widespread daring he ait wm sans (Athough L conducted reeareh inthe National tighteenth aod nineteenth centri. Noe specially his book iver of Tila, Poti, Gm. in gy the tature of hat Teeuses om the vols ployed fat hy the Maras, aad then by tha Isustation ae Wetiesd vo the teal rom the Espen "Yap and Malus, hives) Sealy, the character of thee sources is suk tat This emphasis has been deemed party by my own interest iris vast mo eoatimporany evidence of changes seid and party bythe sources available fr such 2 dye The Snitia siciles dasing the pene of shee donamentatan, ‘Racarch foe this stacy ava undertaken Rom 1965 £986, oe ir the eighteenth century, Alcan were gensrlly ented the findings weve aubmated 0 4 PD thes forthe Seca of inn odies of people eating. very inclanoe names Oriental and’ Atican Studi, University of London, in 195 erg rom thi pietre only whe hey cones pits, The principal surce ws contemporary Portuguese document Iudnys anal wading rons betwen the value Europea and Gon oth publsted oul unpublsieds wi war avaable fn Ait pl It an allem to probe beneath the on sper Thon and London: The wartuplementedvaluably by metal irl ois evident Thave ade aseal angen in the French nto archives tang ote Mase ands ations to the orga these hing the eighteenth century and, toa le extent, by Bio irs hae exeed maf deta steal rating to he Senne Afra dist, re economiysinee the primacy vole. to sghvetscentry. Seah moa ties every T ae 1 tent of Earopee in this port of Aiea wan iterator rade tae eal dettied body of aera on te Tian rang ‘The oiginal dation tears the much diferent thle of “The wty at Messages Ts, priadiy cane of tole of the Yao in the development of trade i Hast Cental sical ssieance tbe poten of Abau tade dog the [Maral expansion inthe skcenth and seventeenth conser Tn ty Uhave added an entirely new chapter which deals it original Tor the tess nlc the predominant ted in Tl wth the economy social ples eractrer of Evo om precoioial Sten trade i the midge, when the "he thn. min Aian socioUaguiic grup. wih whom thie ssmpaions were that entrepenearal sls and eeenomic dee Innit concerned. Mat of the eidence fn thi chapter tee ‘lopment were inevitably Hike in 3 postive relationship, and ihe nineteenth ad twentieth centri, and rent cree has Uh th iniisve which Aeane domanurated in tei ading te ek to overpeeate about te interntion Beye vith toa-Atrcans was shove all eae a veifention of the Tle ‘sng tnconesonontic ictare of the Maken-Lenne, Ya Veh Afeuns played in making their awn history. "Te present 1 Mase peoples an the hiteieal developments which come Took wo longer stares thon ssnptons tee larger parol treo In the preseut sage ef eeeashy The basi segument oti ty tht the changing patterns of intenaonal trate iy Ea Con Alea during tau cer Ivo cetnyy a8 T have demonstrated eleybevet Neverthles, tures, including the inkintes taken by Alena theses, Usenet me that the pce aang sn aba the within the context of the historical rots of de Itoi impact of intematenal tad car Ain systema of istoria sychess can any he aempted ee the nine ment in fie. I have eee argued dhe cae forth locign ea be val lore tis sort of execs, £0 perpontive at Teng? [ti an argument which Hx begining Gnltcent Tniatens areca Feeogee‘Thin Lave geatly extended the spe ofthe fal chapter so as t take advantage of the more vivid pubibiel evidence wiih somes avslale forthe Foteral ioe of the penpls Ui East Cental Alten doing the ninetonth eer Hid te, ‘money, and historic circumstance. permed, ths. chapter rovldcertsialy have been the richer for Feearch condted in the Monambican archiver and inthe Geld. Novert tructarng hao made it posible to demonrtate more clesly than inte orignal thee some af the nintcentivcestury conse ences tb the long histreal involvement in intentional trae io this pave of Alfie, Ad thaw ala Sela a egy this istry foe the pod of tera eolona To rete, the yguinent of he bore thatthe Bicoy of iernaiona trade esren the penples ef Bast Cont Abies ind the Europeans, Indi, tod Actin who came Co thie land ws a detive factor lang to ther pret underdevelopment Fae tom producing fealty econo, scl and polieal dle: ‘elapnct ths istrival process conibated instead only 0 a8 inteaingty divisive, eiftrensation whhin. and between the peoples of East Central Alfie, Hany progres it tae by this Fock towards undacsanding the fundamental problems and shoseare cowards dealing wi them, She ite purpose wl ave ‘been achieved, Bae evan nee “The tat Saf enCHAPTER ONE Kconomy and Society in Bast Central Africa RRNGRRRRKKRROGHLKREGRRROGOR: acting this chapter anges in the commercial tstry of Bat Cea Ais ovee th cout of ome fur centriey, {dally one woud able begin with an oversew of fica iain ‘demand af intense! trade und Ate vty Ten it would be dee model of eng Tom he ging i thee of th period. Bat presently avaiable souces ply st dnt either of hee pont Neca then, is yn yrchioiereeautrucon of Male Lomite, le based mio tentethe 9 account, both Aan a inal and vied in de we of the are modern materia which pumport Aten past whith har comchow mantained i tat feat change ded, where he evidence warrants uch nan alenpt is made hereto Sace the changes that coc, eile nabequent hapless ote were reel adj tei ingly peng deta of th intemato i‘What this int chapir doce propose tenately, never that while the specie reconstdetions of Makua-Lome, Ya and Macen ecououy end sckety repent the sate of ay at the end ofthe perkat xamived in his book, eet anerling ‘havscerities ‘of regional and instal vatiadon were probably epentive throughon (ot neces bee) these rte, What 1 am ofeing thea, io'2 hypothesis about the fnllucnes of economy sad sovety on the bitory of Internationa ttade ater 148 in ast Cental Alia hy an expt ft een tin of the tape of economy and society among the pineal Soviets involved in that commence. This tay seca iy wns, bt sis beter conceved tan les encative, pad Fibre weateut of the sane salce ‘The Environment and the Pep The diferent sesponses ofthe peoples of East Central Attica. 10 the penetration of ntruationa ade were shape! by scveral in Uepeedaut etry, not least of which woe the environment hich ‘nuh inhabited Considering the resion as 4 vole the dona “matic fate ie the aicmases of We Wexera Indian cea, rom November to hazeh the sia takes fr chsesenr from the nrtnsast rade windsor monn, whic Bawa i rom de Krabion penal, From Apel we October the reion Se eact to the then trade ind which come in off the Taian Qean inl then seep back wp towards Arabia, the Perdan Gull, ana western Iris 8s the soutest monsoon, These wits av? al Tid x raja npacton the wang bstory of theregion or ewan the mastery of the monsoons and hei uocitndcunrente wich abled the Arab god Tyga trader of he Wests adian Ocean ‘ome to Ent Alfea in onder to expo its natura resources, Although ios dheoretiallypeerea to wii seve rade wind sought ca sean, voyages were go {ach sucoon afer ie wind ae well exalt in ede ese Sion. During the nngtvesst romoon ysl Tele port around tmit-Noveree sad for perhaps a mon aerwaxds. Siailey ince whe wis of the soutirnex mensoon are copcilly valent in July sel Augusy, ser attempted to leave ether at he very tej ot very th fhe seasonal wine" Once sei Fem thei home poets hee Aca pel Tdi traders encoustered 9 erie wc i marked by many Sevseable uotual harbours ADUTUAand a numberof tore idands whieh ether peoteted mointand foudsicads ot themssiver provided sft port. Zansibar is bod the Jasgest ad moat important of these ands, but ochere of fea sigulcanceinchade the Lay etchipel, where Pte was ihe main town, Membusa, the Slatin Isao, Kilo Kishen the Kevinba Lands, Mossmbigne lan, Angextc, and the Insinland ott of Sota, Before the eel ofthe fifteenth centiry Mier dete would te comnered ont of the Aff same heaton whe aes became ese Seah ce Chapters Roinfhildougiont East Central Aven ted to 2 single rainy tenn spantiag about bn he yea, wall ora December to Aga wt local variations‘ fst the yeu each by fisogle dry scoun Gsing hil all ajo scl sot, most point the ccast wok place. Iti ompetant to note thatthe tiyseacon on the content oleic oth he anc est enson {nbc oceans ohn there ws fly lay coordinated rye, tLamiving corwans tn cepts vetels ding the month of fugu Sepismiver, an Oxicher atthe conte. Bseep or parts of the extreme woa-easeof Tanzania, she meth ofthe Livia Rive, fi te lowlands of the Site Rive valley where annual ood {gis compensating factor, he level of annua nfl slaty quate for stable wicca fo the ave, Rel i generally nore sna he wet of he Tajonda River snd tothe south of the Lurioy Tei heat fn the highland stearayeand Lake Nyssa and the mountains te the nort-est ofthe eonfuence of the Shin with the Zambet River Nevertheless Inthe lower usa! plains[eanging np 9 abst 5 mete iy ade). ane Invinnch ofthe gent eng plateau te gre mete, pera Slorige of rap ue to metenoogien vacates, run, and traporeton impues lear tha ies! conditions on ast Alfican livers ate ume or another ebermor, sr most AB, shu are gemerally poor sad aly leas though all sothor those tt clint ime more portant factor as sl Tiie predominant vegetation of Eat Contra Aca woodland svaindy both dy and moi ets de latter predominating. The Foit wood savanna sane. aloo eracteried By hontant Beh styin aad Fllusnaria, Near the Kilwa eos, this vegetation hecomes xed eth the more humid costal forest hile smch of he consti tharseteraed by mangrove 4 ich are particulary sigan s¢ the deka of the cid Zanes River Nosy all of hs eeuaty, then, ie ‘elusely open to travel by foot The interior al penetra by major atennay. the Ruvunte River supportsenal canes Is a far asthe confuse with fe Lajetdy Bvt ot mel dr aver became s major artery of inertial tad Tie ines on the ster had navigable by loge canoes tom hieoetes ancl fats Tote hile the Sie ean Tec this Gaff ¢60 tomes north to Chikwawa, where ‘he Studion False late Above thee carer however fe tralis again esomes pombe, and abe Nyasa bas Supe |v aconierable ctmoe tae for ees. to ie nite iy Sool eders tho intraduced ow tie wees the we ences of he Ink There his probably sen Hille fundamental change in the sionmae of Bast Cent Aiea dung the pod of this Is ht change hat taken plact selves arty dhe ‘Luftman eather shan natare. Ona lee level, eve ceanges Irie have been quite igiiant, a ty sem to bave been in ineteeth entry. Tn general these cane would or emoaraphie, ented either by the sing pager of sore or by laggerecale gration. Indeed, dauiog the vee consideration there were 4 number of ery in ‘an igen thin ds part of Aico, each of which ae edly payed role in shaping the twvicoment of the iy some cies sc ak the movement of the Monde Wut egeo on tothe pltesox Aarking the saouth oF the cna Rivey and that the Maks i the wtetendh entry Macross the sme rove ata sutheeasten Tanzania, these sine involved the opening of previously uninabied Tn others ah an the sisternth-eentory ovason of te ‘nia cota Hite MakisLamve eourey and that of ‘an ino touthemn Mle Inn sgt 2869, they meant ‘ine sudden incresee population in ares which were lrexdy ti hy ageeluoal peoples, In he nineteenth century, 00, wa considerable Weal migration 3" people alempted co Styl he rea of Ngo nd saveatdng partic’ Tt yh seem thatthe extensive henting ont of @ephant it seal inerand whi was noted in the nineteenth cents fave had ame efet on the local vegetation pater inposible tad more ha speculate sna the demographyof ast Cee Alen srng ths pri in any able seas, But it ser mest ly that in he psy today, both te const ail southern Malo were relaely yore deep pope Ind than thereto he region, Inger the cane pod southern perso the egion whch afc me deny puede tne Stain ad Tari River and narh nen te Ravan, upping 3 population of les than we pecans pee swat Serta ine tiesne th middeof he neces canary sec ily tats pace of te counlly has been eseey Uncerepilted for some staple crops in this tegen belong to the American complen ‘Maize, which guna exten nthe Yao highlands tte os of Lake Nyasa, mats out Maly an other ie Tan areas of Eaat Caneal Aric as eetnaly knows by a mid-cighienth century and probably eaten although fu wir ici oven more wadelycalvated ww only ntedsced te Zhatland ope Mombigue snd n 708 maga hy Have spre ino the region om other etecfons a well Rice Malian cop which important in the er eda cathe tout, however, iu the Zanes ley and delay and sound Sal, i wa Bing gone rogulay By abe no ce ato eur? Of the Alcan create peal miler importante ‘ipa inthe lls of wouter lala ane a de Za vale. The dns igenons cecal shin, ei he {apt cop inthe casters Ball the eon ead ely roa Alwhere Hunting and hing yore Serer: dpe Gat pleating eat rts, but the ctsbnion ef we By ot alist te ene savanna region mace it impose Er exe to. be hee excepe in southeta Malay along the cast aad Se the With the exception fe Saat he cout a the intsive gon group of the nineteenth century, al tthe mejor eto linguistic groups of Eat Cental Aiea Inlong othe coal selted matilinealeutrof Cental Bat speakers The Salah, $s Mosiins ahd te goa, ah thet Sothern Haaempecdig Instground tee their inheritance patiinealy, For the ses incase b'2 major tne of 9 woud cultural slaty gull of em, Pato! mariage, wilh erreconsts beng i aul of rsidence, which evevehengly matellocale tr vomnen droughout chi ave. Succes w plied ofc ions reckoned thru the mothers ine, with the preerenes Ting for ater’ son tn aoeceed maths brothe, TotBonal tae st and perpetaal Krvhip tlio ace ale common is aoag he matical peoples of Eset Coniral Ale yy auc) selatons ane characterised bythe ston of generations and the close ileetRcatien of alerting, rations. Another compton sicloplieal intimation ke ssa afdabte by pawn Soria teste mt cen tae Hs elf Groughout tise in ser of witeheraft ecu Hi eaftta unity of East Contra Aiea Seale astd toi nila sade of religious practice sang the three major peoples I when tistady fs eoncernd, Dele in tng Hhgtn God "alk ith che predominant fem of invoeaton being cone ‘htt by thesenio ember athe maeiined! group tough twsliun ofits dead anestan. On thee eceasons the uty of the Lrvaeenp i try enpaaze, ane he forms of fering othe nvctsbalspias ave everywhere sina The lpplog (pelo as ily a muses more wicely dsperaed forsee aon Wi the past dam i teiay, when The ected tome Iignallgcorentee Mlakinde women, Elaborate eiatrzation is to have been mote widespread fazed, lve it coneeneated.prncilly among the peoples of erie bique. At the ae ton, dre fe sing evidence of Iy rated masked anes comple among the Maken ud Maras Sian the dfeences between vases viet may yh rly genetal undevsing Hinge opie gett on Une bats of thie general commeneiy Forte Vista che combined eticets of ceasou, scaly and politiad Woniaton suing Cree entases of far greats igieanee Inn dae underying soca and curl ato that exstea, One jsvilly vivid eof hie shenomenene fe te bighly elt je teminalgy wed hy india roupe "isn fom al other groups with whens they aight come into Wc eantaet, The ese knows example ste discon mae Pall oftheseby the Swahili hetwsen wemguene or fee, civic peo 12, Maslin an suet or barbarians Dut the same tee of ‘peor fe he fn inthe Yao ae of sla fr all Malte Lime spears ad inthe Mara ne of ang co ndeste all peopl living fo their ens Sirah, there are sbaep diinclions Eke beoreen grup within the eonder “racodingulte Jomeration; so that northern Maton ele tothe southern sfonce a Afsw iy while hse i tonnell henaetve Malone, Int seer co the Makondle ofthe Salemi Plates st ea the ashe Mab and Lome” ay ha the ditinedon denn between, Maks Co ae totes the dancdons degen em the hai of een, flan, and Tigeage membership, the problem of eoming co grins ‘SN the particular pature of ese stallacalesoities he Coates even. The Matwa-Lonive The MakuacLemwe people speak 8 umber of very distinct dialects of tho ame Rnaguager some of which ave sti) 10 be ‘natn wnllgbes Tir Adame oxeine ave saved t0 the Numil Moustsne qhish nee to. height of more than 2.449 inet and ace usally idetined ae beng in Lome, rates Ca ‘Makes, sous" Inthe pie covevea by tia study they have been gest infueneed by the Maras eee Chapter a), whe the evr allnonesan idence ata muah ever date resin tbe investigated. Although they Inve bern ageealtarlite foe ce thie, Willey wae inform! tant they ormerly seem (0 have ‘usted slovenly om Hunting. One ot the reasons given fr fhe name Aras, hy which the Veo are aor, i that they ere ‘he pec who ae this own ied” (one ey aa opponed {0 the Main obo had to go out and nor see Peshaps the uation encousters gaa by Vineet among te Lone of Namal bore shere had eta ay penetration by the Portagucte administration when nota single trading store Tha jee etal yt cu ake oe ouehiprepreeenatee fihesiaicef MaksacLrye eeannny before the eeene ot iter Malla ade. Vineet lence! that nes fe ado be eles ier about go to shee planting seasons The sgh head as fut jt elo i pened ancl ater drying war hrsed With 8 8 as ne ‘Bren fiaeis laing the dey seis th the entire ibe feed forthe cextnition ef the ove ant fa telung incor the dizcton et cele the great sh ‘The hat sep feo eect vast, nctvure of clay set sbi the che anges space to ch mun womany aed hi wheve they wl eume to dopa ‘tere hi rep all the vient. Alea, there Ent wad and ale chara tes peo sacks his ove the ‘Shad, whicty be tbe file with Chaya ‘The entice Fotis Covered ver wich ion bate aad eat, aiangiog openings tron place to place serve as ehizneys finally the hide ellos the bellow pipe are tonnerted to the Sasi ne, ad the ie ighted ale having Foe hs m nira The eentest activity then regs among the sah Titles perot,Wde have no espe ether doc mah, i i ieee net thane a 3 ts ctl that the melting i opetating propery Aer 4 ote wii f ince work, tg eb sasanees iat he a mired The furnace ir exingited hy throwing water oi Tie worker goto bathe; the marvel un rj thei eves ashe ie ated de ot sopucash ve funy iettite the presses all nsng n't sce of funy ny ete ore vaniteor change nto wees rocks, Pinal the tare e-anconered and tach. perm comes to alle th ic tf ht ore The blacks SF etavon age broken no mae lamp of iron and cael to individual oege ior heal smithy manufacture ae knives, ebook seat Tron, miskat balls, sega ete, wl ar then eebanged wi i ghouring people fo sha, onder, cod ca, 1 is lear that the proce decibel at a remove by Fobevill ‘ery lage costal uoeetaing. Inthe twentieth con vy Vincent witaesed Lone ion eg hh es J in notes bu ext Jest af es he aking Wbasdclonh Teele et the large sate, higlly organized vi Hitaala system devrited by akerole may. ae been iseel witha Bly powerful hielo, Indeed, there ae sles in Mfakua elephant ting ft this st of commana cording to Frobeeville, the Maka bad seer socities fr the ning af both elephants nd buat, Each member of ther the Tact that thee was dint sucey fr hang ul in ie reat depenience athe Maun oj brtng fr ny unmade tothe com I this were ten ee pelea vzatin and peste of hinting among the Stale beers th ofthe ory tad wl have es si iting this ab to spr to that dems oe appens vee the cave alo amon the Kimbo, Kamba atBy the midonineceth century, atthe latest, de technology of ela hung, as domisated by reams, Tideedy 4 ‘ent evi at eat one obuerver noted the se ithe hte. {Ent of Moraibicc, but in view af ou avester browledge othe iveaponry of eighleenticceaaay Main wariace tis as very Bey rerent novation In tha respect the. Nal also rvebled de Cokwo, though 10t the Kamba, who preted to Tut with poisoo Aroter pet of Maks Jung which nes upon this sty isthe tle which groups af hunter played in opening up new tert fo vetntat ined, boners appear io have beta th {eonth century By about gg Naboo hunters had extablshed themselves a far nto Tansania as western Usoge, snd the creole of elon nd bythe lst decades ofthat century poteuinat elephant hunters througtow tke intetior of Tang Ba Given = range of thr activites athe exp fensive documentation of Maks iory tadine from te cightentl entry, ie taboo on cay cepa tans whieh Camara Rei ‘ito the Mata of Mogorln in she hineriand of Angoche was poobably a lated ps * Teappons thatthe sonst dvkn Tabor n Mab soci nade pole for men to be absent fom thie homes Sr ln Prtede af Time duct the dy segon, since thet prt in th ring the hea isk But thee abaence 8 i nthe potential tal in socal feson ane deg ‘isin che vag 18pl Camber encountered 2 group of Miku hunters to th ona of Morogoro, eastern Tawrana. thes bunts bed Tove dat when one of them Mlle or wounded in one of the Teng and peso expeditions, eens hi ee has fo fotian her conjugal dates daring bie astace and has thereby tine’ sive a well ater supped paramour, eter having Foon idenied by the "Sorere™ 01 Whale Cambiers aecoung Eebtence ofa ss append te the eke econo, ples aise by the prolonged sence of me copant hunters om {he dome contest of Maka fie othe vast majority of Sak ieiculiwrl productive eyele wot Usted {o sizats was the wile, wich wee Sate rceat ripe several tosesgeneratonal goes et eof hich ideally eluded @ woman, her mate Inoults and Qe eileen, and ber soa? Ue average son Woo ws mane taser ts, while ages of mare chan fy conta Fry oF more tutes Vilage by sae pevinanen however, sted sparation general ook \iage government usually conisted ofa cief and n coun of iru The ciel wae reported with conlderable epee, 38 he iad aden, principal judetal nhariy and che toe steal termediaey with the aceon of he ve Funders, vis wk a ancestors a is ows sake The grave of «former Tin sau eeganded with veneration and according to Vincent 38 say eplensbied stk @ supply of beer nd od. Te one Ihe he ited ja Naw ay agerosaded ya eee and Tal the he? stool, "The prefered auction wat Sem e's other to site's an, and falling tbat ine toa bether T de decened hice ie togehe 3 tcalpobien unit the many Makes Lame chetdone hpeened Tate ineeetbecatury outsier Testy OFNedl at numer of petty despa, but atthe vw tinte i was allo lear that there were “a number of ou Itodous of pen ehietions7 fat, all whe have wet sine MataeLamepeaples age tit nga point, ta inl abe the lnalierdvilage chieldon here were por Uspertuctaresdeniated Dy pateulely powerta hie in mates of staal defincer move than alias ee nanded s following well beyond heir daly autbenty. ing toaccounta the Maks of anon, this rahe ning based upon lan authority, without gard to ter nat thew atone kh peta the Mkt nuh Uosowe of Mozambique place move enshasis om Uae trees) of thie fem of gent plies enganizstion Cletiy te ‘Sivan interrelated, sce the cans cheer scem to ae iv Mosambique. Until further clarifration ean be achieved by fled sexeacly ove mist be tae to recogaize Hat the Iial peincipies of iahip sod tenon orgasiation ere at inshapig the development of thew rlstonshps Te wae pole for such & grouping to lake shape at acy plin ime, with onsanding plc edenbip eg the main yes hacia tegen when der ecto a Cieag es) f appr at sushi econ ated ghing een tok pace tain tee gowns aight tnutt cc it icems Hot to Rave dir the structure of Ge Seinen, teow es te vtec ery Sinucn gensa ine in coun and be het Atte sane ing no sccm were Fike pre trac by Bon f penpals wh geealy wee nite he fnporcan role which he orligereny of he Miita ved nthe con a ptt! hoy sorte Momuniige din the pred ci yw ade ‘oh aout Sun ae Alhengh impel ean evans Eien potent ater she mallee tne geet evar itp fy amare weapon coined Toe seedy. Reta te Ske the Sates ere tps Ko rn iy ohne pe Bie ay Seca fb pacts ness 1 al oa Be Taicbctes nectar dom i ceeraon nd fo ppepte te fice Thipeprnin ale ile Er he adtrn of ey opt them a bats al oF ple he busy any. Eon the noncombat ornate bod wu gett se th pean Pm cl nari: On se wears ards St huis by aris wh on sles we wae efiialy Sine by ing 2 peel cy mmo) he Bghicasenny wey veld ely be feted arin ‘ree ttc nc aden Ite patton st mom ile ener weve Besuemlydeenpat ant swonc aa Mien taken cape aces Robotics dat is {Eat ie ten body coms umown the Maken ‘gat gotten apne the Mahan-Lome which we poteatlyofery pal imparance nt derepnet of ote Arson ocusigne as de natn of pra clan rs 4 Wiley sats that this celaionship in ng the Malu Cat exsted only between pe of ‘ity wae recoyaieed iw aman, while muta sid in Hsin was expected and mauel abuse was enjoyed. Two decades vit Tangata the Mahon ditioguiied. between tert Mls che and thew external fing elton in una between all Makes and the Ngont and Nein sere Whiteley id nove that a full wre elation Wietwcen the blakus Keown to his aid the Mara 4 Prviisiy which ay posit we Sr onigin to thestteent and dhorscves, ‘Whitley has stggetal that elan ware rl to nortalze ats alters ‘was the lending he Ve he os in norte Mowamigu toon Rivers Lucheringo te the wer, Hinbuts tthe south, Lujends ee een Raia he I lake the AfakeaeLomwe peoplen the Yao seo chim 4 shosyin fs one of che many prominent poaks dt flea, Vn il alle “Cao the plural fora af whic mle themselves, Ya Wl a never jwatentyeiton fn Vo mytholegys™ At the sme ie, how ine is anagram of Ya teaien wich clea an in Lake Hangweuhy alchough thir may well be ‘Maal tradiionse wig Abdalla reconds rt foun Wao hl thee wae eng aoe oper Van sore sates was eased bythe fact a ty ough land far gudent—ol the eleven akin grup until the Yao had setled the greater par Toanteqest Meaambique and the Miwers or Chiang a0 Hire torical thi pes aye, Seems cena hat hy date cri noite tha the begining otha entiy-the Yao had ocsupied an exten tclofteriory extending frm the suth-e Tle the days of wading to tho coase dhe Yao were primary wgriealtralst who were able To provide their own nets {helen ‘Tei staple crop wos wtghin,althaogh both masizn sad mavioe were wel tabled by the third quarter of the hiner eentary ino earn, According Davi Livingstone, Edging to prevent saturation uf ere ass common fesse of ‘Yao agrcatares# A developal drainage and iigaton system svat also a promiaene feature uf Mere, the great tov of Mataka 1 Nyantbis the most powerful of tbe late nineteatie feniney Yao chiles" ‘The erty of the eounty around th ‘ental Loja valley enabled it fo euppert an pecially large fopulstion inthe aimeteenth eentury, ahd one traveller atthe Frginning of the twat ceatury noted thal wo crops of mes ‘were ried anny Tine ao supplerented tir dee cousiderably by hunting and utheinge They hunted with both bow and arow and dogs and Fit Uy alse tapsand da pis flag game Bo ing td fshingcoold be pursed by individuals but in recent ne the banter aves divided hi il with is chief and headman, bhewaseuppoted to gives parcof hit esteh tthe lca eadmsao Hunting ad Uihing asthe work a he men, wie the women Aid all the village work, Women alo did mow of the clteating For the early period Abdallah makes no mention of domestic livestock but By the second allo the eineterath cetury there trereaheep, goat, and at Abyembea small reed of amped eae which we nk Salt was proud fon a variety af grass tnd barkeloth was manufacured fr clothing. Leal tae stag ‘he Yao rai to have been very ken pareve ‘allah ao implies that the Yan persed knowledge of ironsyeking atthe hesinning of their Moonen history. Ion one abla easy worked, ad the Yau were acormplihed ithe But Abdalla’ account of how the Chis Yao ‘tated biking fnges,uroaces and work, aod manutactoring rm tool sets that the Chi may have bee iomigras coup tho insvodaved this vial il tothe Yao The Chis ere speek Tealy blacks, “ae dey dele in Van county, beanie ad ‘hey hot stare forging the county would have Been devastated ‘wth fine. Av cotuoguence of tei technologies sil the of Lake Naan actos Ohi were eld in reat ester’. Whatever thee origin dhe ‘tthe Chi wat no ee danste a thet sconce shi, they wavelet in every eeuty peddling hoe and let hen any Wahi arrived sea lage everyone came Noo the egbouehood 5 twas fal yp, and the daa lo iy they had seve woe hacky low. He would tu font sie and tlKing everybody, "The Wachia are 1" Inte end however, raion se ha this eaten Wis tie het, the quay of hee work desined ad shi : ‘ronsnthing ws loa the resto te Yao I do tie on work" Not al of this secu of the a uty be steely Beet, trl nenes both the tio ol om fecbnoloy to stage pple se the Jorvval for socal seadtcaton in a smallveals, erature "yh scl sis ze the exelgaveponesdcn af owed le lie egal trade th he Ming's al was on ucts sought hy the Yao a¢ ti coat! Toe, it Diy thatthe predominane role aber 1700 ofthe Ya Nivsstonal trade of Fast Central Alea nay well hate Ia their tradition of ative intersal ace ae the av iyo eter quay lees thee county than they col Meter Sor hentlve Whe te Va yet at drawn tothe ait of itematn Int yasioory which overwbelegly cup the steaton the yauth of the sve tate Stam the ater eighteenth stint cams to challenge is saprermacy i the mle ieentury Bephaate seat to have anand in ‘wee ll ely namerou a he begin Elephant bontng aniong the Yao I apeisized ui tit as anny the wr noms eben ted to the pole stuctne ef th gral eildom. Before seting outta tating exelion ern nolo ould go to the shit on head ta ei the Infor such am uderaking The chief would sue Mtg vl srg fu atthe wl nee hve he sppoaebed ‘oi IE the sages ware good, on the fallowing doy the Sev nk se Hemel rate to whieh were aed wre which they he golletedtheales inthenth Peis att there were prerted by the apples: tion an the hovel a smal ofthe agro, whe Sanat mention that a specie hunting rede contig of lees food thrended on a ring oe a deed nal blo al ea foalvas ted to the gon learel, Stannur alto see that every fie in the hunting prey would have medicine rubbed into smal Scions on te nen Moulder, an essonally om Ue bay Whew hunting was dowe eel, he ad the ground sk of he fephaat, Lethe kon the underside af the sin lephont, wa fhe property ofthe ee. Buty hunting pates involved long Desde of separation ftom the vag, the men Went fsa athe ot thiatsaon, aeonag © Sino, "he hater Samguneng x fant ea the st shot a a Clephont, and alla ivory wa il scl at he cet, the {ollewers got sheir proportion of eslca broveht back.» The hit bas chai of fe igget turk on the resem ofthe party 10 the vile which sugges that tie ae dome normally bore hinge to tad tthe cone Tt evident thee the to main guce a Yap leptant hunting were the principal huoter nd his ek. Moreover, ii pos qo sce tha an entering young ian could rapidly acer hire through ning and tran any Stanners comet, ccm date aaron wesih which he con these to ep to exis lel ae eto his ne. Tt 3 possible to projet the ac ass of Peirone und Stamina back ton fe brsond the ft na the Yau fee efi seem resonable to sogzer tha hi ‘mode ef organization might have boon opertive ad tc pce I iallag wae well aided rte wider personal pial ulborty. any tentative content sta be dram wit he Maku, Se would be that the ermal onganization ot Maka hunting dns many hove ren slic than ee hae of the Yoo “These i however, one striking similty betwen Maku snd Yeo elgphant hunting, ths bang the shared concern for the ravntenonee of the exiting vocal order ding the lengthy hurace ofthc men, Star ite shat Showa the wie of any ae of the espeiion cont sltry her ars ght we lle ena ing t hone oil never have fnteneourse with tw the night before ctherite he wou be unscest al? Peon foo emphnacs the eieal signifeance ef val lanl, 8 sing hat the role ofthe wife of the main hunter we ike nt i queen is the reineermagion ceremonies whieh we ily the Sturn of de pee to the village Cone iV te cana, the feof the man veh elled the beast ‘po the tos young boys ete the skin of the dee itl et dhe beads ane cee arn the ies the hater ese af tae elephant wth ae hid fo the acca Ponda of chante! pace af anbigeing Xt Riel Hv shite hunter tok he tsk othe ese ae then washed Inger with hie ef inthe specially prepared mistare of water nt aes hereby encng the celebration. Thin was her chad tining eaibaey dating hee utband’ aires” sipared ithe ckely related Intion of caravan trad iv Samus bidet may reasonably be rogarded aa ex hol clphant hung terms of Sts oc tnlestons for " linge. Yas earsvane wre ofeh vy fv tht howe Fors ory ng times eny Sale mer Van trades atthe Moss Vie sen aBoy wha had aleeady been gone fr fe and tee rf aldingh one. Yao said that the journey to the coast, 1 he agcomplihed a hte moe than sx week Tha the Vos-at Gime ar of no great comin Yo tae eso ithe Yaa ean weiesed by this waver proverbs Inveatecpllar’letred st / He doesnot seach bis fea 1 iy haste nnseemiy Wilage heacmen of the eich alld the eigptchingef caravans, while protective mes, Wit sblains, andthe avoidance of adutery hy the wives Ite easels were eens to their wellbeing Tes marta Ussimpize, oweves, at noc all eravats sine the iver I ater ative By fiting oF raiding. Ty tne perkape meet te hea primal trates, pefeeig to let hers do the 1 proscmimnt of the goo for export to thes east Ty the bt quarter of the minetennth cen, Fmson finn tha vy ma had gest aration to buy aa ees’ ark ane ri to enry sic ty to the const? After expedition as over rian woul date hie estat sa ee tsa fine espe os ue ol says My Mthes, you sett & tak and hays rhea sa ti or ehvee Reg AF enone, such and soe tiwcapa, so alan baer ofr such nd such good lot Wiis they ceded de gods are ook aoe the weavesofthe village: some cloth to prea oe Des aad some sale opt ead ete dene tied sl, Rey as PUR set buy motets or ne trading By this date, and surely mach evi, the Yao ea develops a tery clear bine sense when came tothe Snaneing of he Salt was a staple of eoa rae al tata soueeofeapital- thettuaiesareouncing the maintenance othe uiy ofthe mat Tenge whi ay atte core of Yoo soiopoivealengaivai Yeo LE eenred on the village, vith at isemale a a spatial Srlatumbe: Tr ilge adamant bea of the uta ht war unally the eldest feig brother of the core sorority freup, Fiparation was marked among the Yao, Frods alays ansios to take adage of tensions wid the ring mntnenge ao tut they could move sway wit Ce Thete was thus highly devenped mystique sronndine thiemttal concep asthe Yap etn « dead Gm cE edema alld dae Acer to Mitchel, fits ffcted sextally inactive peop ‘Ret which ear couche, afer having interes Th anal itis ef aaa wer tne young athe erly, but sexual cx Toe adulo were vanurthe during prolonged absence fom th torn setvl partners To poteet themes, pele i ths lt tied of oe." The grat danger at ome vitinerd by mdse were the members of hs oF be oe ult aypenes to ve been regarded a0 & parte sry potent vehicle forthe tani of ean ad heefre Thre mystical relatossip ol sal nd afta Yo the wx at of Were expres fotien to ake aly rv though Rl Mico In extension of the soil nit eth sages” Sis the pov ero dete as an expen of cal cootol males it ate the presuus wih ne placed on confogel ove whe vemained the aluence ob ing or tang expedii mimla'wae comparable to the MaksacLezae alas, ou You slfages nore edly oaspeaed of 9 sagle oot ii aveaye size tending tovaids about « dozen hts ; lowever and perhapsesler, Yao resend tis were shactsaed by the gr of age ew, afte htt ten ce ar tioee ened authority withoxt cooling 1 Muss mocedare whieh he tendency towoede fragmenta "yg encourage for anyone who sagt to mints is The poles tract an adriniteation che eos chien ofthe Later alnetezth century base Mo desl eewlacre aud do uot hear rteraton here Por the ater pesto a Wao fist its imposbe to do mare dha peste tr whether oe nt sich larger poi units exited Wn Huo’ emu of his rave #616 and the sizeof Yao ssn spat st Moztmbigue Mand frm the middle ivinhveothceatay Sadia tata evry le th table degree of ecsapmie cooperation between smaller ta silliges aod ehielom Henly sneer sal strtication among the Yao inthe wii ine the Inter nineteen cents, wen satBexdon il explained tea of Une Snpact of To es ci ee of iuvre ty Abul Hut Aba wae very mich an araocrat ‘ fa his festimeny on this wove le weated ith fnustar st Tine eto be lieved the Gui eve perhaps Tie cy tao Sriaceuy? anon ike Va, but they were nt the iy opto sectve spec eatment within Yar soviet lel msl ete wretch, eller, and other promi Voie we ding hy thei exclave right wear Ti and leopard skin wile others wore batkcloth and tine Hides [spose den, ata deve Tk direst bad tae pce wil Yaa socieey Tete thease ef teaing tothe roast Aevotlnly whem ne ianeinge the obit ofthe Wap, people aay Kaew how situ aut difxcate taenseles fone theats real of the sory flows. Abdallah proudly proctins id dave trade ve that of te many ees bo heworn by common fll fo eho they ae arbilden, but cay by nobler ond tele fue, Antang thse las the most highly pzcd as bright ted lth of goed quality called Neds Int whch people sang Nal, Nabule, Naeule Niele ea lovely cat When T wear everyone kag Ate lord a ena 1 pos eet lovly ely Nada Again, ony the women of chiefs coud er bras wire7® Ber ips Abwalasowrn rene of aristocracy le him to exaggerate bout there seems itl ut that ee Fao ere» people wins were nove then prepared to acknowledge ether seiptve or al ‘ected leadanhip wen they encountered en thle mit final lista of this expec of Yao mca strate inthe prostonia era # the disproportionate sccalvaloe which wae Bion} en trade st joueeying othe eos fn 2 wckey whl teas al esetialy agrarian, Abia quoten several ong hil Ike the eitineln busweon the welhtnvlled ava nd ¢h ‘Pomdes of beats abundantly clear. The mot poignant of these uns The roel’ In aeren l, Cite Dds fic Fut the ctl him Who barelok ay Gales "Tap, ap, tap? jou go! deeds Abdallah aot he ide ie for & Yao man wa hae af azover, ‘Should auybody my, Tamas Yao", no having ved fier senate, he ie ot 2 Veo at all and everbody aris a In syne, This ra woman, nota man" The Meravi he 1 image of the Yao a eving oravancers stands in marked conto that of Ghe Maras peoples, most importa or ths dy The Mangan ad Chest, whe more ‘han vther the Yao or the Mawa-Lomve were a people we tual within thecondineef er ove county das that pied tr Liniutone observed ofthe Mangan of the Shire valley more Kd of the ome poesite of spinning ins steking Seon, ai eltvating theo shat of Foreign (Ghul ive posed in iter ecnteat ote Yao, whe be believed hl ile ofa mechacical tray and aot much Tove Tor cr, bot weve very Keen traders and travel? athcenry European tovellr nthe Shice valley Jr inpresel hy the frtflpes oe eoonry, Livageone foulatlupon the abil of the Marat eullvate enormous {houorsand to prseve hea isthe gruel for moat bs ign 9 yt and uryng them therein need in woah’ ‘ling Rik, howeven, wha served a botanist on Living ‘antesi expeaiion in the Inte 1930 srghasm wat Sul i uyie trp io mest ates with hae lng gaown exesivls ‘he highlands and manos ako havisg a wide dvtbaton ol oily ya, bung, bes aod round-nat were ae fi Lsingtone adds that mee we growl year to Morgan, Mang'anjaagrewhure ie marked by the ich depends on annual ris, as in most pats of Fast ‘lie dndnaredryseacn gurens chow essence ie by annual long tn the lowland Te apes ut wb sctenge eae mich more extensive in the nner ba ude toeneh centay, aad proxided the Mang’ena with vane proeston sqaine dependence on rainfall and crop Juin. Cneeeing eh dvsion of labour in Mangan elie mit, Livingsone ha i 10 59 He of a village torn ont to tnbour nthe ld I ihng to eoe men, weaney te children hae iy with the baby sing els by Howat shady ash vor e pce of mud to be cleared the West ‘issn wid ese fst nate rn ean Vina ane pled up ad burnt. aad the sea gpeead onthe 1 "Vie cons planted sous the standing eu which ae sins If gots Idi he nosh unde ence a ll grasa he labourer can conveniently ny hol aft icin ogee and Gel te kot le then ses eh ihe ts to ever. the ont and esving a tingproceeds unt che whole ground sstimes the appearance of [Sd covered with Ge steve otegm mn hasvek Ashore ne ihe he in bg ce gr vd calsed al Sou beng to feria te round Altuough i stil remained for he women todo mst the har Sd celtcating marked Many anje ageuture of om tnt ef the Yao und Mkuneamnwe™ Ta thee ccmstanes, would ttave ben diet fr Sang anja men to aben theme rom Howe lng ped of tie at were pac by elephant hhansog and eatsvan wading, Thos ie may wll he that the Epicultrl production onthe Mangstja and thereby cent a {an marked divin of labour between the axa inthe ane. ‘Avid ustatonn apport isargunent comes Eom wt kink says about the calvaton and peoceng sf cotton inthe Shenae, where Sad been itralced by the Ars dre the anal othe Pangan the sxteenth cen. Atle fn Attilio ctlen were neon Se mose common bang te foe len Toe Mga an the Sudigesous Toye Raum Aone sins «perennayb equedseplating afer thes years, Te Shore sae Tine ie Be oo repla Torin the igh lta coon wero genes half ancora find Maka hunters aud traders would hive been many were {vay lem home, Bik wdieu egg ote foenctton op at village i the mile Site valle Ta cop of eotan wit nw coming nl clas fom he poe than tothe chit ork te cot ‘The proces i labosona Ths eel after beg clene f eu nd weed, tbe eptan: Thecciton i pieted oat ripen Tho Togs Fig achering ‘lately tothe sed, requires muck abo in soparaning ad the isis sll compared seth that of the Tome Neto [i Fea Tote Meng), Once cleared dus al cote araned wi the hands pce by pecs of sashes and spun one sot of bobbin, Tile agzil change to author in which proven St ceive at néinl tie, The weatg is shples The dead ported in the ground. Thee thus double yee cf thread Theaier one wre athe Ip Bawee er Mast Co lead ‘ibe But] hrendeto sn upper ich ac serves fo bing thea vy oe dowa above the others, while « shutle conssing of a Wt jv tule longer tsa the breadth ofthe cot ad ovezed iu celtoa thread, is posed om sie to side, the thtead ag tps The reaulng abn hcoune and ca attent stand again sonign mamofarennes. No We'nme st dyeing, Sat while f yematna of 8 wh ‘Necwaersenusery proud hework exept the alae "tt sven 8 good deal of thu, i done eae i he mes Jt Mang anja men were mach more clcely inveled with the ‘load pootuction of tele ocety than were thse ofthe el MEtbus-Lonwe sete evident, Further, the Pac, i coane lth which they wove was all ial production i ie mile of the wlaeteuch century eoquettly gives the Int: asain that it could not stand the prestare of feign ions Livingunns remarked approving that the 7 Mind we coed eel ta the best New Oreste tM Iver but elo obaeved the Tone Hae tha tbesouse fe es seenger cloth, any ef the people peter i to ce feign “esd the Along ans eaaas cloth or mari, 0 ths dlisty threatened ly the Inca trace clas eh ba inated inland trade fr entores precy because i as 5 tre and tough. The Portuguese wed (foe their peronal lin ich ete ap eld milan and prodaned tir oe Vt the cade wae expusing some of the wiler Zara sit om the eat dorable sd mone enpensve Indian lt » prsctieal point ef view, thew, mail was well wort thi les pris than the amore elsberste trae ela Hiss was lage saltexteactable pln athe sos end f Lae lh war ace) exploited ithe 2860 and there were valle loexton ia the Shire vey a slong evan Fiver Ions ot Yas te sale ye ued (Lost? But the major source of le fn Marae county the westesn shove uf de shally se sine Lake Chia, 10 Iv rac Ua Shite valley. Aw account Lom cB51 melons tat Invi wot thee vets of sl to be ha i southern Mal