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Destilao
O Aparelho de Destilao
- Colunas
- Dimetro de uma coluna
- Nmero de pratos
- Condensadores / trocadores calor
- Controles
- Operao
d = 0,149 . (V . T / p . uv)1/2
(frmula 3-39, Billet, Distillation Engineering)
d = dimetro da coluna, m
V = vazo de vapor, kmol/h
T = Temperatura absoluta, K,
p = presso absoluta, mm Hg,
uv = velocidade do vapor na seo transversal livre da coluna, m/s
Nmero de bandejas
Depende:
- Equilbrio lquido-vapor, que depende da presso
- Razo de Refluxo
- Concentrao da alimentao
- Concentrao do destilado
- Eficincia de separao nas bandejas
- Espaamento entre bandejas
- Produo desejada do Aparelho
Nmero pratos reais = Pratos tericos / Eficincia
RRmn
xD y F
y F xF
xD = 86,00
xF = 3,31
yF = 23,00
85,0
80,0
75,0
70,0
65,0
60,0
Vapor gerado
55,0
50,0
45,0
40,0
35,0
30,0
25,0
20,0
15,0
10,0
5,0
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
35,0
40,0
45,0
50,0
Lquido gerador
55,0
60,0
65,0
70,0
75,0
80,0
85,0
90,0
Lm1
W
xm 1
xw
Vm
Vn1
Ln
D
xn
xd
Vn1
Vn1
Mtodo de McCabe-Thiele
O balano de massa mostra a relao entre o
vapor que sobe para a bandeja e o lquido
contido nela. A relao entre o lquido na
bandeja e o vapor que sai dada pelo
equilbrio.
Estas equaes so a base do mtodo
grfico de McCabe-Thiele.
Linhas de operao
Determina-se primeiramente a linha
de retificao:
L R D
V L D ( R 1) D
yn1
R
1
xn
xD
R 1
R 1
xD y F
y F xF
H f hF
H f hf
q
x
x F
q 1
q 1
Flegma de vinho a 10 GL
Hf = 617 / hf = 106
Lquido saturado
q = (Hf-hF)/(Hf-hf)
y = q/(q-1).x xF/(q-1)
q = (617-106) / (617-106) = 1
Lquido insaturado
q = (Hf-hF)/(Hf-hf)
y = q/(q-1).x xF/(q-1)
q = (617-90) / (617-106) = 1,03
q/(q-1) = 32
Mistura lquido-vapor
q = (Hf-hF)/(Hf-hf)
y = q/(q-1).x xF/(q-1)
q = (617-120) / (617-106) = 0,97
q / (q-1) = - 32
q = (Hf-hF)/(Hf-hf)
y = q/(q-1).x xF/(q-1)
q = (617-617) / (617-106) = 0
q/(q-1) = 0
85,0
80,0
75,0
70,0
65,0
60,0
Vapor gerado
55,0
50,0
45,0
40,0
35,0
30,0
25,0
20,0
15,0
10,0
5,0
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
35,0
40,0
45,0
50,0
Lquido gerador
55,0
60,0
65,0
70,0
75,0
80,0
85,0
90,0
90,0
85,0
80,0
75,0
70,0
65,0
60,0
Vapor gerado
55,0
50,0
45,0
40,0
35,0
30,0
25,0
20,0
15,0
10,0
5,0
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
35,0
40,0
45,0
50,0
Lquido gerador
55,0
60,0
65,0
70,0
75,0
80,0
85,0
90,0
Regio de alimentao
20,0
15,0
10,0
5,0
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
20,0
15,0
10,0
5,0
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
20,0
15,0
10,0
5,0
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
20,0
15,0
10,0
5,0
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
20,0
15,0
10,0
5,0
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
85,0
80,0
75,0
70,0
65,0
60,0
Vapor gerado
55,0
50,0
45,0
40,0
35,0
30,0
25,0
20,0
15,0
10,0
5,0
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
35,0
40,0
45,0
50,0
Lquido gerador
55,0
60,0
65,0
70,0
75,0
80,0
85,0
90,0
85,0
80,0
75,0
70,0
65,0
60,0
Vapor gerado
55,0
50,0
45,0
40,0
35,0
30,0
25,0
20,0
15,0
10,0
5,0
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
35,0
40,0
45,0
50,0
Lquido gerador
55,0
60,0
65,0
70,0
75,0
80,0
85,0
90,0
85,0
80,0
75,0
70,0
65,0
60,0
Vapor gerado
55,0
50,0
45,0
40,0
35,0
30,0
25,0
20,0
15,0
10,0
5,0
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
35,0
40,0
45,0
50,0
Lquido gerador
55,0
60,0
65,0
70,0
75,0
80,0
85,0
90,0
85,0
80,0
75,0
70,0
65,0
60,0
Vapor gerado
55,0
50,0
45,0
40,0
35,0
30,0
25,0
20,0
15,0
10,0
5,0
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
35,0
40,0
45,0
50,0
Lquido gerador
55,0
60,0
65,0
70,0
75,0
80,0
85,0
90,0
85,0
80,0
75,0
70,0
65,0
60,0
Vapor gerado
55,0
50,0
45,0
40,0
35,0
30,0
25,0
20,0
15,0
10,0
5,0
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
35,0
40,0
45,0
50,0
Lquido gerador
55,0
60,0
65,0
70,0
75,0
80,0
85,0
90,0
85,0
80,0
75,0
70,0
65,0
60,0
Vapor gerado
55,0
50,0
45,0
40,0
35,0
30,0
25,0
20,0
15,0
10,0
5,0
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
35,0
40,0
45,0
50,0
Lquido gerador
55,0
60,0
65,0
70,0
75,0
80,0
85,0
90,0
85,0
80,0
75,0
70,0
65,0
60,0
Vapor gerado
55,0
50,0
45,0
40,0
35,0
30,0
25,0
20,0
15,0
10,0
5,0
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
35,0
40,0
45,0
50,0
Lquido gerador
55,0
60,0
65,0
70,0
75,0
80,0
85,0
90,0
85,0
80,0
75,0
70,0
65,0
60,0
Vapor gerado
55,0
50,0
45,0
40,0
35,0
30,0
25,0
20,0
15,0
10,0
5,0
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
35,0
40,0
45,0
50,0
Lquido gerador
55,0
60,0
65,0
70,0
75,0
80,0
85,0
90,0
85,0
80,0
75,0
70,0
65,0
60,0
Vapor gerado
55,0
50,0
45,0
40,0
35,0
30,0
25,0
20,0
15,0
10,0
5,0
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
35,0
40,0
45,0
50,0
Lquido gerador
55,0
60,0
65,0
70,0
75,0
80,0
85,0
90,0
85,0
80,0
75,0
70,0
65,0
60,0
Vapor gerado
55,0
50,0
45,0
40,0
35,0
30,0
25,0
20,0
15,0
10,0
5,0
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
35,0
40,0
45,0
50,0
Lquido gerador
55,0
60,0
65,0
70,0
75,0
80,0
85,0
90,0
85,0
80,0
75,0
70,0
65,0
60,0
Vapor gerado
55,0
50,0
45,0
40,0
35,0
30,0
25,0
20,0
15,0
10,0
5,0
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
35,0
40,0
45,0
50,0
Lquido gerador
55,0
60,0
65,0
70,0
75,0
80,0
85,0
90,0
10
90 GL
60 GL
56
16
20
Vapor
Coluna D Eliminar!!!
Coluna B
Mesmo dimetro da Coluna A
Seo esgotamento (B1) obrigatria para reduzir
volume de vinhaa e obter maior capacidade
Espaamento 400 mm
14 ou 15 bandejas
Condensadores
Realidade:
Baixa eficincia
Alto consumo de gua
M eliminao de gases nocivos ao lcool
Muitas chicanas / defletores na parte externa dos
tubos, no necessrios e somente criando perdas
de carga (Reduzir de 5 para 2)
Desenho inadequado das garrafas e suas
conexes
Ausncia de um critrio no dimensionamento das
superfcies de condensadores em srie
Condensadores Coluna B
E1 = 50%
E2 = 15%
Condensadores
Coeficiente de transmisso de calor em funo
da velocidade de circulao de vinho / gua
K = T (3,5 + 3v2)
v, m/s
0,1
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
K, kcal/h.m2.C
282
290
318
366
434
520
v, m/s
1,1
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,5
K, kcal/h.m2.C
570
626
686
750
820
Condensadores cont.
Sistema europeu:
Toda gua entra no ltimo condensador,
entrando depois no outro condensador
O ltimo condensador esbelto e com tubos
longos (3,0 m a 3,5 m) e vertical, passo nico
O primeiro condensador horizontal, com
mltiplos passos para fornecer velocidades de
+/- 1,5 m/s
Superfcie Condens.2 = 0,20 x Sup. Condens. 1
A gua controlada na entrada do vertical,
tomando a temperatura na sada do horizontal
Condensadores
Superfcies:
C2 = 0,20 C1
C1
C2
C2 Vertical, passo
nico
C1 = Horizontal,
multipasso
gua 50 C
gua fria
De preferncia calotado
Coluna B/B1, para reduzir vinhaa
Aquecido com vapor vegetal (0,6 kg/cm)
Bom controle de presso na A e B1 (Set-point
remoto)
Baixa perda de carga
Aparelhos no novos
No se recomenda instalar mais bandejas
Para aumentar a produo operar com Coluna B/B1
Colocar os Condensadores E / E1 em paralelo para
baixar a presso no topo da B
Automatizar injeo de vapor, utilizando o sistema
de set-point remoto para a coluna B
As vlvulas de injeo de vapor devem ser
razoavelmente bem dimensionadas (abrir mais que
25% e menos que 75%)
Os ajustes de controle devem dar velocidade de
correo rpida (Kp da ordem de 4 e Tr baixo)
Operao
Operao com condensadores quentes
na coluna B
Operao com presso muito alta:
perdas na vinhaa e flegmaa
Condensadores quentes
B.Vcuo
Obrigado!