Universidade Federal de Roraima

IGEO - Instituto de Geociências

Nível: Graduação
Curso: Geologia

Aula 2 - Raio-X da Indústria Mineral:

Brasil x Mundo

Prof. Bruno Cesar Mortatti

E-mail: bruno.mortatti@ufrr.br

Boa Vista-RR
2021.1
 Entidade privada, sem fins lucrativos,
com autonomia administrativa, técnica e
Conhecimento
geológico financeira concebida em 1996 por
empresas do setor mineral,
universidades e governo federal.
Setor privado

Atração de
investimentos
Eficiência na avaliação
Inovação da prospectividade de Aperfeiçoamento
tecnológica províncias profissional
Mais reservas e minas
Otimização de recursos

MISSÃO: Promover o
desenvolvimento técnico-científico e a
Formação de capacitação de recursos humanos da
Recursos
Humanos para a indústria mineral brasileira,
Pesquisa Mineral
contribuindo para seu avanço e maior
competitividade.
 MINERAL RESOURCES
DEVELOPMENT
CYCLE

Exploration Development Initial production

(8 – 10+ years) (1 – 3 years)

Production
Closure and reclamation (2 –
(10 – 30+ years)
4 years)
https://www.miningglobal.com/operations/gifs-5-stages-mining-life-cycle
RESOURCES AND RESERVES

Resources are estimated and

have not been subjected to
economic evaluation (may be
eventually extracted!!).

Ore reserves: is the economically extractable

part of the mineral resources considering, grade,
tonnage, costs, demand and commodity prices.

Reserves are part of the resources.

 RECURSOS E RESERVAS

A CBRR tem a missão de promover as melhores práticas na

elaboração de relatórios nos termos dos códigos do Comitê de
Reservas Minerais e Padrões Internacionais de Relato (Committee
for Mineral Reserves International Reporting Standards –
CRIRSCO.
 MINERAL COMMODITIES

(1) minerals that have useful physical and chemical properties;

(2) are produced in large scale;
(3) globally commercialized;
(4) prices defined but the international market (supply –
demand).
Mineral Commodity Consumption per year
Stone 4.3 t
Sand and Gravel 3t
Clays 65 kg
Salt 153 kg
Fe 110 kg
Phosphate 88 kg Mankind uses 40 billion
Al 13 kg tonnes of aggregate/stone
a year x2 the yearly
Cu 6 kg
global erosion rate.
Pb 5 kg
Zn 2.7 kg
Mn 1.8 kg
Petroleum 3,520 liters
Coal 2t
Natural gas 2,487 m3
Uranium 90 g
Ores supply the minerals and metals that are needed by
society.
Most of the things we use directly or
indirectly in our lives depend on ores in
some way.
ORE MINERALS IN OUR DAILY LIFE

Over 66 individual minerals are used

to make the typical computer,
including silver, aluminum, copper
and gold.

Energy-efficient light bulbs

use europium, terbium and
yttrium.
ORE MINERALS IN OUR DAILY LIFE

Nearly 40 different minerals/metals

are used to build a car.
>World population 🢣 > industrialization 🢣 > standard of living 🢣
> consumption of energy and metals.
Mineral Resource Demand
 Mineral Resource Demand

There are more than 3 major uses for many elements today.
 METAL SUPPLY – DEMAND – NEW
TECHNOLOGIES

For the World Bank, a low- carbon

future will be very mineral
intensive because clean energy
technologies need more materials
than fossil fuel-based electricity-
generation technologies.

This is also why any potential shortages in mineral supply could impact the
speed and scale at which certain technologies may be deployed globally.
METAL SUPPLY – DEMAND – NEW TECHNOLOGIES

Currently, less than 5% of

cars on the road are
Battery Electric Vehicles
(BEVs). However, by
2040, Bloomberg predicts
that 50% of all new
vehicles will be BEVs.

Visual Capitalist, U.S. Global

Investors 11 kg

50 kg

75 kg
Mineral Resource Demand
 IS MINING AN ESSENTIAL SERVICE?

Essential services: those of daily activities essential to

preserving life, health, public safety and basic societal
functioning.

The following are examples of these services: (i) mining

operations, production and processing; (ii) mineral
exploration and development, including sand, gravel and
aggregates; (iii) mining supply and services that support
supply chains in the mining industry including maintenance
of operations, health and safety.
 2020 Global Project Spending Outlook

T= 15.2%
 US$1.2 trillion Expl =
T= 1.5% 10.7%
Expl = 21.5%

T= 3.4%
T= 6.3% Expl =
Expl = 19.6% 17.6%

T= 25.1%
Expl = 30.3%
T= 4.2%
Expl =
T= 16% 11.8%
Expl = 5.6%

https://www.e-
mj.com/feature T= 9%;
s/2020-global- Expl =
project- 3.1%
spending-
outlook/ T= 9.2%; Expl = 21% T= 2%; Expl = 1.3% T= 8.1%; Expl = 0.1%
 INVESTIMENTS IN MINERAL
EXPLORATION: nonferrous + precious
metals

Global exploration budget for nonferrous metals increased to an

estimated US$ 10.1 billion in 2018 from US$ 8.5 billion in 2017.
INVESTIMENTS IN MINERAL EXPLORATION:
nonferrous + precious metals
 INVESTIMENTS IN MINERAL
EXPLORATION: SOUTH AMERICA

Data as of Nov, 2017

S&P Global Market Intelligence

In 2017 305 companies invested US$ 2.38 billion.

 INVESTIMENTS IN MINERAL EXPLORATION
(2020): nonferrous + precious metals

US$ 4.3 billion of the total

budget; several months >
US$1,900/oz

US$ 1.8 billion of the total budget

US$ 8.7 billion in 2020

US$ 9.8 billion in 2019
 INVESTIMENTS IN MINERAL EXPLORATION
(2020): nonferrous + precious metals

Latin America remains the top region for exploration.

 INVESTIMENTS IN MINERAL EXPLORATION
(2020): nonferrous + precious metals

Major companies account for the largest share (53%) of the global budget, followed by juniors
and intermediate companies, and government.

Pandemic restrictions made large-scale grassroots efforts more difficult (e.g., trips and field
work).
1. Exploration
(greenfields) =
US$1.7 million

2.Discovery +
advanced exploration
= U$5 million

Costs up to now!

3. Mine development
= US$ 5 billion (more
costs!)

4.Mine operation –
now the company
may have profit with
extraction.

5.Environmental
costs = US$ 150
million.
 THE ODDS OF MINERAL
EXPLORATION

Courtesy of Douglas Kirwin (2018)

Exploration involves an element of risk. The odds of exploration success are

improved when explorers have an understanding of the mineral systems present in
a region.
 MINERAL SYSTEMS APPROACH

Scale traditionally
Available geological data are
used in mineral
poor at this scale. exploration
targeting  wealth
of data (e.g.,
geochemistry,
geophysics,
remote sensing,
mapping, etc)

Wyborn 2005

Ore-forming processes produce zones of anomalous mineralogy, geochemistry and physical

rock properties below or laterally away from mineral deposits and at different scales  large-
scale footprints (relevant to mineral exploration targeting), district- to deposit-scale
footprints (relevant to compare with deposit model analogues).
 DISCOVERY VERSUS
INVESTIMENTS

World Class deposits are rare, and typically
only 2-3 found each year. Over the last decade
only 12 were found.
~70-80 Moderate-sized (or larger) deposits
were found each year in the World.
Only 04 recent world class gold
deposits discoveries compared to
the average of 10 until 2012.
Tier 1 = company making mines = > 20 years, > 200Ktpa Cu ou 250Koz pa
Au.
 METALLIC SUBSTANCES IN THE
BRAZILIAN MINERAL PRODUCTION
Metals correspond to 80% of the total value of the production.
Fe, Al, Cu, Cr, Sn, Mn, Nb, Ni, Au, V and Zn = 99.6% of the production of metals.

Metals
Iron – 71.1%
Non-metals

Copper – 7.6%
Mn – 1.6%
Gold – 8.9% Sn – 0.9%

Al – 3.7% Nb – 0.7%
Zn – 0.4%
Ni – 2.5%
Cr – 0.3%

others – 0.4% V – 10.2%

(ANM 2019)
 O SETOR MINERAL DO BRASIL

IBRAM (2019)

72 commodities: 23 metais, 45 não metais, 4 minerais energéticos.

A indústria da mineração é predominantemente formada por micro e pequenas empresas

(87%), embora os gigantes do ramo sejam mais evidentes junto à opinião pública brasileira.
 A SNAPSHOT OF THE MINING SECTOR IN BRAZIL
9,415 mines, including
quarries and garimpos
2.44%
0.5% of the GDP of the
Brazilian extractive
territory industry
> 2 billion
PRODUCTION tons REVENUES
US$ 38 billion
of ore per (2019)
year
36%
US$ 37
+ 2.2 million Brazil´s
billion
jobs balance
of export
Modified from IBRAM (2019) and of trade
ANM (2019)
 MAIN MINERAL COMMODITIES IN
BRAZIL
Export Export Self Import/ External
Global player sufficient Producer dependence
Nb - Ta (1º) Sn Limestone Cu Metallurgical
Fe (3º) Ni Diamond S coal
Vermiculite (3º) Magnesite Ti
Mn

Bauxite (3º) Cr W P K
Graphite (3º) Au Talc Diatomite
V Zn REEs
Kaolin (5º)
Ornamental
rocks

Modified from IBRAM 2019 and ANM (2019)

 Ages of exposed crust: 7% Archean (3.6 – 2.5 Ga); 19.5%
Proterozoic (2.5 – 1.0 Ga); 11% Neoproterozoic (1.0 Ga – 540 Ma).
Rodrigues da Silva - CPRM (2021)