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Apostila Protecao SEL354 2003 PDF
Apostila Protecao SEL354 2003 PDF
PROTEO DE SISTEMAS
ELETROENERGTICOS
Bibliografia Recomendada
&
&
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Protective
relays
Application
guide,
GEC
Measurements.
&
&
&
W. A.
&
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&
&
Consideraes gerais
SEP Proteo eficaz e confivel
Atributos cada vez mais exigidos crescimento,
complexidade e interligamentos dos SEP
II
Rels de proteo
III
Descargas atmosfricas
Surtos de chaveamento
IV
Exploses
Efeito cascata
DEFEITO (%)
Linhas areas
31,3
Proteo
18,7
Transformadores
13,0
Cabos
12,0
Seccionadores
11,7
Geradores
8,0
Diversos
2,1
TCs e TPs
1,8
Equipamento de controle
1,4
BPA
SSPB
defeitos
500KV
400 KV
200 KV
Fase - Terra
93%
70%
56%
Fase - Fase
4%
23%
27%
2%
Trifsico
1%
7%
17%
VI
tenso,
potncia,
freqncia,
presso,
temperatura, etc.
Aplicao:
geradores,
transmisso, etc.
transformadores,
linhas
de
VI
10
I cc min
K=
I pp
K fator de sensibilidade
Ipp valor mnimo da corrente de acionamento do rel
Valor usual: 1,5 a 2
Seletividade:
11
12
F e > Fm
Se
I > Ia
Fe @ KI 2
Fe
fora eletromagntica
Fora da mola:
Fm = Kx
H, pois, no rel:
Elemento sensor
Elemento comparador
Elemento de controle
13
Ia
Id
Ii
t1
t2
t3
t4
t1
I comea a crescer
t2
t3 - t2
t3
t4
magntico
Relao de recomposio:
Id
Kd =
Ia
( Kd varia na prtica entre 0,7 0,95)
Fr
Fora residual
Fr = ( Fe - Fm ) > 0
Feo
Fmo
IX
+ Fmo
14
15
1,0 pu
3,5 pu
6,5 pu
12,0 pu
56,0 pu
56,0 pu
16
\ se Id = (Ie Is)
XI
17
D12
D23
1-
Disjuntores (D)
2-
Transdutores (T)
3-
Processo
18
~
Zona 3
Zona 5
Zona 1
Zona 2
Zona 4
Zona 6
19
Exemplo:
a) Consideremos o sistema de potncia mostrado na
figura abaixo com fontes geradoras alm das barras
1, 3 e 4. Quais so as zonas de proteo nas quais
este sistema poderia ser dividido? Que disjuntores
operariam para falhas em P1 e em P2?
b) Se forem adicionados trs disjuntores no ponto 2,
como seriam modificadas as zonas de proteo?
1
P1
3
P2
2
C
B
4
20
5
F
2
A
B
T
R
4
Outra opo:
Funo de proteo de retaguarda remota
21
Outra condio:
Outra opo:
Sistema local de proteo de retaguarda: B, C e E
(barra 1). Tambm chamado de sistema de
proteo de falha de disjuntor.
22
F1 = f1 sen wt
F 2 = f 2 sen (wt + q )
df1
if1 @
@ f1w cos wt
dt
df 2
if 2 @
@ f 2 w cos(wt + q )
dt
23
24
Fora lquida:
F = F2 - F1 @ f 2if1 - f1if 2
Substituindo:
Simplificando:
F Kf1f2 sen q
de
entrada
sejam
senoidais)
25
1.
T = K1I1I 2 sen q - K 2
2.
T = K1V1V2 sen q - K 2
3.
T = K1I1V1 sen q - K 2
26
Fmx sen q = 1 q = 90 0
F = KI1I 2 sen q
Para o rel atuar em conjugado mximo para qualquer q:
Posio de I2 p/ Cmx
+C
Filtro defasador
I1
I2
-C
t
I1
q
f
I2
I1
I1
Ref.
T = KI1 I 2 sen (q + f )
O processo mais simples de alterar o ngulo de mximo
torque inerente, num rel de duas grandezas, inserir entre
qualquer das grandezas atuantes e sua bobina de operao
um filtro defasador.
27
Tmx sen (q + f ) = 1
q + f = 900
q = 90 0 - f
1424
3
t
Tmx cos(q - t) = 1 q = t
Tnulo cos(q - t) = 0 q = t 900
Finalmente:
T = KI1 I 2 cos(q - t )
t denominado ngulo
rel.
de conjugado mximo do
28
T=
K1I 2
{
K 2V 2
123
K1I1I 2 cos(q -t )
+ K3VI cos(q - t ) + K 4
K 2V1V2 cos(q -t )
Descrio funcional:
Im(I)
If
T1
T2
Ip
Bloqueio
Disparo
Re(I)
If > Ip disparo
If < Ip bloqueio
29
b)
30
Proteo de Sobrecorrente
31
o Fusveis
Proteo de LTs BT e transformadores distrib.
o Rels sobrecorrente
Dispositivo mais comum para se lidar com
correntes excessivas
Devem operar em situaes de sobrecorrente
e sobrecarga
a)
b)
c)
t1
32
so
usados
como
nica
proteo
de
restantes
so
acionados
33
tempos
de
acionamento
menores
34
com
caractersticas
diferentes
35
36
ZAB
ZS
ki =
x
50
I pickup
I end
I pickup =
kS =
Z source
Z element
V
Z S + XZ AB
Onde:
V = tenso no ponto do rel
ZS = impedncia da fonte
ZAB = impedncia do elemento a ser protegido
X = percentagem da linha protegida
I end =
V
Z S + Z AB
Z S + Z AB
=
k
e i Z + XZ
S
AB
X=
Z S + Z AB - Z S k i
Z AB k i
ZS
k
=
S
Mas
Z AB
X=
37
k S (1 - k i ) + 1
(*)
ki
Exemplo 1:
Se ki = 1,25 e kS = 1
Ento X=0,6 ou seja, a proteo cobre 60% da linha.
Exemplo 2:
O efeito da reduo da impedncia da fonte ZS na cobertura
da proteo instantnea pode ser notada, usando-se um
valor de ki = 1,25 na equao (*):
Zs (W)
ZAB (W)
IA (A)
IB (A)
% coberta
10
10
100
50
60
10
500
83
76
38
Margem de
Discriminao
B
A
39
t=
k .b
I
IS
- 1
40
Tipo de rel
Inverso
0,02
0,14
Muito inverso
1,00
13,50
Extremamente inverso
2,00
80,00
41
T = K1V 2 - K 2
42
T = K1I12 - K 2 I 22 - K 3
43
K3
K1
I2 =
I1
2
K 2 K 2 I1
K2
I1 =
I2
K1
K3
I1 =
K1
(limiar da operao)
44
I1
T+
T-
k3
k1
tg -1
k2
k1
I2
Bobina de corrente
I
45
Bobina de tenso
Iv
I
t
q
V
a
IV
T aumenta
T diminui
Conj. positivo
Conj. negativo
90o
I
q
Imnimo
a
IV
T = KVI cos(q - t )
46
t = 0, Iv
I
Imnimo
Iv
C-
V
C+
Bobina de corrente
Bobina de tenso
P = VI cosq
Se alterar t para 0:
47
sua
operao
durante
as
momentneas
reverses de energia.
14.7.2 Rels direcionais para proteo contra C. C.
Ia
Ia
Ia
Vac
Vbc + Vac
Vbc
c
90o
30o
60o
48
a
Ia
Cmx
c
Ia
Vbc
C+
C-
Vbc
XV
49
de tempo e auxiliares
2 tipos:
- diferenciais amperimtricos
- diferenciais porcentagem (percentual)
de
sobrecorrente
instantneo
conectado
If
Elemento
protegido
I1
I2
I1 I2
Bobina de
operao
Elemento protegido:
Defeito interno
Defeito externo
50
51
Elemento
protegido
I2
I1
I1 I2
Bobina de
operao
Bobinas de reteno
ou restrio
I1
Elemento
protegido
I1
I1
Bobina de
reteno
I2
I1 I2
Bobina de
operao
I2
N2
52
N1
K3
53
Se I2 = 0
Reteno: I1/2
Operao: I1
\ o torque de operao ser o dobro
do torque de reteno
I1 + I 2
2
C = K1 (I1 - I 2 ) - K 2
- k3
2
I1 + I 2 K 2
I1 - I 2 =
2 K1
(equao de uma reta na forma y = ax)
54
k1 ( I1 - I 2 )2
( I1 - I 2 )2
I1 + I 2
= k2
+ k3
2
2
k3
k 2 I1 + I 2
=
+
k1
k1 2
Se
k3
I1 + I2
0 I1 - I2 =
k1
2
mostrando o efeito da mola apenas para baixas correntes.
I1 I2
+C
OPERA
-C
NO OPERA
k3
k1
tg -1
k2
k1
(I1 + I2)/2
55
Ajustes:
a) valor inicial:
k3
k
1
tg -1 k 2
k
1
Exemplo:
40 A
50 A
10 A
I1
I2
F
Elemento
protegido
1000/5
(TC com erro)
1000/5
If
56
Rel percentual:
Operao: 10 A
Reteno: (40+50)/2= 45 A.
Considerando
curva
caracterstica
do
(declividade de 25%):
I1 I2
(operao) 10
+C
8
-C
6
25%
4
2
10
20
30
40
(I1 + I2)/2
rel
57
V
R
IS
IC
circuito oscilante
paralelo
quadro mvel
F
indutor fixo
IE = IS+IC
indutor varivel
58
f xL xc IL IC
f xL xc IL IC
IEf
IEN
ISf
ISN
IEF
ISF
ICF
ICN ICf
C = I S I E cos( I S , I E )
C = I SN I EN cos 90
Rels de tempo
Funo: definir a ao de outros rels
Valor de retardo regulvel
59
Bobina do
rel
Mola
Contatos
do rel
60
destinados
principalmente
61
16.1 Introduo
Recebe
este
nome
porque
mede
distncia
ou
inexistncia
de transposio dos
62
Erros
originados
pelas
variaes
de
temperatura
ambiente.
Ser
usado
para
mostrar
as
caractersticas
de
P
Q
F
ZF
Zl
Zl
P
Q
P
Q
ZF
R
Para curto-circuito:
VF e IF medidas do rel
qF ngulo entre V e I
P
Q
P
Q
VF
= Z F q F = RF + jX F
IF
63
64
K3
65
Equao de conjugado:
C = k1I 2 - k 2V 2 - k3
Para passar de uma regio de conjugado negativo (nooperao) para uma regio de conjugado positivo do rel
(operao) passa-se obrigatoriamente por C=0 (chamado
limiar de operao).
Para C = 0 vem:
k 2V 2 = k1I 2 - k3
2
k3
k1
V
2
k2 I 2 =
k2 k2 I 2
I
k3
V
k1
=Z =
I
k2 k2 I 2
(*)
Z=
k1
k2
= constante
k
V
=Z = 1
I
k2
que da forma
V 1
k2
I = = V =V
Z Z
k1
ou tambm y = ax
k3
k1
tg
-1
k2
k1
V
66
67
Z
q
Regio de
operao
Limiar da
operao
dispara
R
C+
C-
+ figura =
anterior
68
Mx.
torque
no dispara
R
no dispara
Unidade de
impedncia
Unidade
direcional
T = K1VI cos(q - t ) - k 2
69
X
+ torque
- torque
t1
t3
t2
t
t3
t
-R
Z1 Z2 Z3
t2
t1
l1
l2
linha
Unidade
direcional
-X
Admitamos
Z1 = 80% do comprimento;
T1 = 0
Z2 = 120% do comprimento;
T2 = 0,5s
Z3 = 200% do comprimento;
T3 = 1,0s
70
Considerando
t = 90o, temos:
( k I )
2
k1 V
= sen q = Z sen q = X
k2 I
ou
k1
X = = cte.
k2
No plano R-X representa uma reta paralela ao eixo R.
71
X
No atua
Atua
-C
R arco
k1/k2
+C
Z
q
R
torque positivo
X > k1/k2
torque negativo
72
90 na
X
C+
C-
R
C-
C+
t = + 45
Para
t = - 45
73
C = k1VI cos(q - t ) - k 2V 2 - k3
C = 0:
k 2V 2 = k1VI cos(q - t ) - k3
( K2VI)
k3 1
V
k1
= Z = cos(q - t ) k2
k 2 VI
I
k3 = 0
V
k1
= Z = cos(q - t )
k2
I
k1
Z = cos(q - t )
k2
A equao representa um crculo passando pela origem,
com dimetro k1/k2 e inclinao de
t.
74
k1/k2
no dispara
Z
dispara
t
R
C+ Z cai dentro
C- Z cai fora
V
0 o
I
75
X
Z3
Z2
Z1
R
A zona Z1 instantnea.
Z2 e Z3 so temporizados.
76
Conjugado:
C = k1I 2 - k 2 (V - CI )2 - k3
Artifcio de compoundagem: faz com que o rel de
impedncia tenha sua caracterstica deslocada no plano
R-X, de modo a oferecer resultados semelhantes aos do
rel mho no que diz respeito acomodao de certa
resistncia de arco voltaico. Isso feito polarizando-se a
bobina de tenso com uma componente CI proporcional
corrente aplicada no rel.
k1 I - k 2 V - CI = 0
k1 I 2 - k 2 V 2 - 2CVI cos q + C 2 I 2 = 0
( I 2 )
V 2 2CVI
C 2I 2
k1 - k 2 2 - 2 cosq + 2 = 0
I
I
I
k1 - k 2 Z 2 - 2CZ cosq + C 2 = 0
E como
Z 2 = R 2 + X 2 e Z cosq = R
k1 - k 2 R 2 + X 2 - 2CR + C 2 = 0
k1 - k 2 ( R - C ) 2 + X 2 = 0
2
(R - C )
k1
+ X =
k2
2
k1
k2
77
78
Rav
Z
79
Vantagens
bsicas
com
relao
rels
eletromecnicos:
Alta velocidade de operao
Carga
consideravelmente
menor
para
transformadores de instrumentos
Menor manuteno
80
C = k1 I 0 - k 2 I r2 - k 3
Escolhendo-se
convenientemente
tape
no
81
X
Zc
Z
q
K4K3 K3
2K3
U
a) Rel de impedncia (Z), se K4=0 e K I
3
U
b) Rel de condutncia (G), se K4=1 e K - I I
3
U
- K4I I
K3
Uma
soluo
intermediria
caracterstica
82
83
Consistem
em
circuitos
transistorizados
que
ENTRADA
84
SADA
6ms
9ms
Funcionamento:
Se uma entrada de 6ms ou mais se apresenta ao rel
ocorrer uma sada. Alm disso, mesmo depois de
removido o sinal de entrada, o sinal de sada permanece
durante 9ms.
Se o sinal de entrada tem durao inferior 6ms,
nenhum sinal de sada ocorrer.
Todos os tipos de caracterstica (ohm, mho, reatncia,
etc.) so obtidas medindo-se o ngulo de fase entre duas
tenses.
No interior do rel as correntes so transformadas em
tenses por meio de transactors (transformador com ncleo
de ar que produz uma tenso secundria proporcional
corrente primria).
85
ou
de
atuao
dos
temporizadores;
so
as
86
87
Caracterizao de um TC (ABNT)
Corrente e relao nominais
Classe de tenso de isolamento nominal
Freqncia nominal
Classe de exatido nominal
Carga nominal
Fator de sobrecorrente nominal
Limites de corrente de curta durao para efeitos
trmico e dinmico
Freqncia nominal
50 e/ou 60 Hz
88
Classe de exatido
Erro
mximo
de
transformao
esperado,
Z1 = K2.Z1
I1 = I1/K
Z2
I2
IO
Zm
E2
Vt
ZC
Onde:
I1 = valor eficaz da corrente primria (A);
I1 = corrente primria referida ao secundrio;
K = N2/N1 = relao de espiras secundrias para
primrias;
Z1 = impedncia do enrolamento primrio;
Z1 = idem, referida ao secundrio;
89
10% EPJ
Tenso de excitao
secundria
EPJ
50% IPJ
IO
IPJ
Corrente de
excitao secundria
90
deve-se
especificar
tenso
Carga nominal
Zt = R + jX , Zt = ZC + Z2 + ZL
Catlogo Z2 e ZC
Deve-se adicionar a impedncia dos cabos ZL
91
por
enrolamento
tempo
determinado,
secundrio
com
curto-circuitado,
o
sem
mecanicamente,
eletromagnticas resultantes.
devido
foras
92
referida ao lado
primrio
e) Obtido um ponto da curva IL X IH , repetir o
processo para obter outros valores de IL e IH
f) Depois de construda, a curva dever ser
checada para confirmar se a mxima corrente
primria de falta est fora da regio de
saturao do TC. Se no, repete-se o processo
mudando o tap do TC at que a corrente de falta
esteja contida na zona linear da caracterstica.
93
94
TPs capacitivos
Tamanho do TP proporcional tenso nominal
TP capacitivo soluo econmica
Menor preciso que o TP de ncleo de ferro
Divisor de tenso capacitivo
Impedncia XL varivel
95
C1
VP
XL
T
C2
VC2
VS
VB
ZB
GE Power Management
Marzio P. Pozzuoli
UCA Version 2
EPRIs UCA Version 1 protocol was introduced in
1991 and represented the first comprehensive suite of
open communication protocols to meet the specific needs
of the electric utility industry. In 1997, the new UCA
Version 2 standard substantially expands the versatility of
UCA by including internet compatibility and specifying a
common interface standard for electric, gas and water utility systems.
UCA2, in being able to provide an interface to different vendors products, ensures that equipment from multi-
ple sources can interface. In addition, it can support existing and future network protocols.
EPRIs work to date in this area has established that an
open communication protocol allows utilities to improve
operating and business decisions based on real-time availability of data, combine different local and wide area
media with minimal modification costs, reduce system
implementation time and cost through using standardized
utility devices and eliminate redundant storage, since information can be accessed wherever it resides.
With communication protocols well on their way to
becoming standardized, a major stumbling block to the
Universal Relay has been removed. It is now time for it to
move from the drawing board into the hands of the utilities.
Development milestones
One key contributor to the feasibility of the universal
relay design has been the advancements made in digital
Modularity
On the hardware side, modularity is achieved through
a plug-in card system similar to that
High-Speed Data Bus
found in programmable logic controllers (PLCs) as
well as PCs. A key
P
C
D
D
A
C
element in the
O
P
S
I
N
O
successful perforW
U
P
G
A
M
mance of such a
E
I
I
M
system is the highR
O
O
S
speed parallel bus
which provides the
LED modules
modules with a
common power
Display
connection and
module
high-speed data
Keypad
interface to the
module
MODULAR
HMI
master processor
(CPU) as well as
to each other.
Figure 1 shows
POWER = Power Supply Mode
such a system with
CPU = Main Microprocessor Module
all the core funcDSP = Digital Signal Processor & Magnetics
tional blocks
DIGIO = Digital Input/Output Module
implemented as
ANAIO = Analog I/O Module
modules.
COMMS = Communications Module
Figure 2 represents a physical
Figure 1 - System configuration showing a high-speed data
realization of the
bus and modules with a common power connection and highmodular architecspeed data interface to the zcpu.
Modular Software
Scalability and flexibility issues are not exclusive to
hardware.
Software must be able to support the same features. In
fact, the software has its own form of modularity based on
functionality. These include:
* Protection elements
* Programmable logic and I/O control
* Metering
* Data and Event capture/storage
* Digital signal processing
* HMI control
* Communications
Protection
CLASSES
Metering
Control
HMI
Comms
DSP
Application Software
scalability and
flexibility: scalability in that
the number of
objects in an
application are
scalable (e.g.
multiple IOC
elements); flexibility in that
objects can be
combined to
create custom
combinations
to suit the
application
(e.g. TOC,
IOC, Distance
TOC
IOC
Distance
Differential
Frequency
Volts/Hz
etc.
Objects
Protection Class
Common
Core
Software
platform also potentially reduces engineering and commissioning costs through simplified wiring diagrams, reduced
drafting expenses, simplified commissioning and test procedures, as well as reduced learning time when applying
the device to different applications.
The key element which results from a common platform approach in simple terms is that of a common look
and feel across the entire family of applications - the ideal
scenario for substation automation.
The Universal Relays role in substation automation
As mentioned earlier, utilities worldwide have been
clamoring for a standard that will allow different devices
from different manufacturers to communicate with a common protocol and to interoperate. Now that the standard
issue is being resolved, one can look to add value by networking protective relaying devices. This is achieved by
leveraging their ability to communicate among themselves
(i.e. peer-to-peer) and to the station interface.
Since the Universal Relay offers a modular hardware
and software architecture that is scalable, flexible, and
upgradable, as well as advanced peer-to-peer communications, it can accommodate the requirements of any substation automation proposal.
In addition, the configurable object oriented software
can handle both new and legacy communications protocols, which means a Univeral Relay can coexist in todays
environments, as well as handle any future migration to
Ethernet or other future technology without incurring the
significant investments normally associated with system
conversions or upgrades.
As performance and functional requirements evolve to
take advantage of the new possibilities brought about by
high-speed peer-to-peer communications the Universal
Relay can just as easily evolve to remain in-step with users
requirements and budgets.
The benefits
Overall, the
ability to standardize on one hardware configuration that can
address the majority of specific
applications is a
major potential
benefit to users.
As a common platform, the
Universal Relay
can be used to
run any variety of
the appropriate
application software.
Standardizing
on a common
Fiber
Optic
Hub #1
HUB
BRIDGE
Fiber
Optic
Hub #2
OTHER
VENDORS
IEDs
LINE
DIFFERENTIAL
DISTANCE
RELAY
TRANSFORMER
FEEDER
CONTROLLER
ROUTER
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coury@sel.eesc.sc.usp.br2
RESUMO Este trabalho apresenta uma implementao de proteo rpida para linhas de transmisso
de alta tenso. O algoritmo proposto calcula a distncia em que a falta ocorreu na linha atravs da
equao diferencial da mesma. A determinao numrica da distncia da falta feita pelo clculo dos
parmetros de linha, ou seja, a sua resistncia e indutncia. Para este esquema, as tenses e correntes
trifsicas foram empregadas como entradas. O software Alternative Transients Program - (ATP)
usado para gerar os dados referentes a uma linha de transmisso (440 kV) em condies de falta. O
objetivo dos testes foi demonstrar que o algoritmo converge em menos de dois ciclos e que pode
analisar corretamente vrias situaes de faltas sobre a linha de transmisso protegida. Os resultados
utilizando-se da tcnica proposta demonstram que o mtodo apresenta bastante preciso e rapidez no
clculo da distncia da falta para efeitos de proteo.
ABSTRACT - This work presents a proposal for fast protection of high voltage transmission lines. The
proposed algorithm calculates the distance that the fault occurred in the line through its differential
equation. The numerical determination of the fault distance is made through the calculation of the line
parameters: its resistance and inductance. For this scheme, the three-phase voltage and current signals
were used as inputs. The software Alternative Transients Program - (ATP) was used to generate the
data related to the transmission line (440 kV) in faulted condition. The objective of the tests was to
prove that the algorithm converged in less than two cycles, analyzing several situations of faults
correctly on the protected line. Results using the technique demonstrate that the method presents high
precision in the calculation of the fault distance for protection purposes.
Key Words - System Protection, Digital Protection, Differential Equation.
1 Introduo
A funo do sistema de proteo detectar faltas ou
condies anormais no sistema eltrico de potncia, e
remov-las o mais rpido possvel. Este sistema deve
retirar de operao apenas o elemento sob falta, visando
a continuidade do fornecimento de energia eltrica. A
interrupo no fornecimento de energia eltrica deve
ento ser minimizada ou, se possvel, evitada. Dentre as
caractersticas mais desejveis de um sistema de
proteo
destacam-se:
rapidez,
seletividade,
sensibilidade e confiabilidade.
O rel o dispositivo lgico do sistema de proteo.
Este detecta as condies anormais, e inicia sua operao
para a abertura ou no dos disjuntores adequados, a ele
associados. O rel deve ser capaz de estabelecer uma
lgica entre os parmetros do sistema e tomar uma
deciso correta de abertura. Os parmetros que mais
R+ = 0.03852
L0 = 2.23 mH
L+ = 0.741 mH
A topologia utilizada nas simulaes de um
sistema de transmisso perfeitamente transposto.
A falta foi aplicada entre os terminais P e T da linha
simulada e os dados foram obtidos no terminal P do
sistema. A topologia do sistema estudado e apresentada
na Figura 1.
80 km
Q
1.10o
9 GVA
R
1.120
10 GVA
0.910o
9.5 GVA
150 km
100 km
di
dt
(1)
(2)
Rm
Rs
Rm
Rm
Ls
e
L = Lm
Rm
R s
Lm
Lm
Lm
Ls
Lm
Ls
Lm
(3)
3Lm = L0 L+
3Rm = R0 R+
i0
i0
i + k L0 L+ d i
l
0
0
dt
i0
i0
(6)
(8)
(9)
dil
dt
v = va
(10)
ir = R ia + (R R )i0
+
il = L+ ia + (L0 L+ )i0
(11)
v = k r ir + k l
(12)
dil
dt
Onde:
v = v a vb
(13)
ir = R + (ia ib )
il = L+ (ia ib )
(14)
)]
i a
i a
v a
v = k R + i + k L+ d i + k R 0 R +
b
r
b
l
b
r
dt
i c
v c
i c
di
di
va = kr R + ia + R 0 R + i0 + kl L+ a + L0 L+ 0
dt
dt
Onde:
(7)
va
v
= M vb
v
v
c
onde
M=
2 1
3 0
1
2
3
2
1
2
3
2
(15)
i
v
d i
= kr R + + kr L+
i
v
dt i
(16)
n 1
n 2
n 1
(
(
n 2
n 1
(
n
n 1
n 1
n2
)(
) (
)(
(15)
Resultados obtidos
0,206
0,202
0,200
0,198
0,196
0,194
0,010
0,015
0,020
0,025
0,030
0,035
0,040
0,045
Tempo(s)
KR
Filtr
0,210
0,208
KR - 20% da linha
KL - 20% da linha
0,204
0,206
0,204
0,202
0,200
0,010
0,015
0,020
0,025
0,030
0,035
0,040
0,045
0,050
Tempo(s)
KL
FILTRO
KL
Filtro
0,94
0,58
0,56
0,92
0,54
KL - 50% da linha
KL - 70% da linha
0,90
0,88
0,86
0,84
0,82
0,52
0,50
0,48
0,46
0,44
0,42
0,80
0,40
0,78
0,010
0,76
0,010
0,015
0,020
0,025
0,030
0,035
0,040
0,015
0,020
0,025
0,030
0,035
0,040
0,045
Tempo(s)
0,045
Tempo(s)
KL
FILTRO
0,98
0,96
KL - 90% da linha
KR
FiltroR
2,25
KR - 70% da linha
2,20
2,15
0,94
0,92
0,90
0,88
2,10
0,86
2,05
0,84
0,010
0,015
0,020
0,025
0,030
0,035
0,040
0,045
0,050
Tempo(s)
2,00
1,95
0,010
0,015
0,020
0,025
0,030
0,035
0,040
0,045
X axis title
kl
Filtro
0,32
0,31
KL - 30% da linha
6 Concluses
0,30
0,29
0,28
0,27
0,26
0,25
0,010
0,015
0,020
0,025
0,030
0,035
0,040
0,045
Tempo(s)
Agradecimentos
Os autores gostariam agradecer ao Departamento de
Engenharia Eltrica da Escola de Engenharia de So
Carlos /Universidade de So Paulo (USP/EESC) pelas
facilidades proporcionadas quando do desenvolvimento
deste trabalho, bem como ao apoio financeiro recebido
por parte da CAPES Conselho de Aperfeioamento do
Pessoal de Ensino Superior.
Referncias Bibliogrficas
Phadke, A.G. e Thorp J.S. (1988). Computer relaying
for power systems, Research Studies Press Ltd.,
Taunton, Somersct, England.
Johns, A.T. e Salman, S.K. (1995) Digital protection for
power systems, Peter Peregrinus Ltd., on behalf of
IEE, London, United Kingdom.
ATP - Rule Book, 1987, Leuven EMTP Center (LEC).
Mann, B.J. e Morrison I.F. (1971) Digital Calculation of
Impedance for Transmission Line Protection, IEEE
Transaction on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol.
PAS-90, No. 1, Jan/Fev., (1971).
.
Smolinski,
VF = A(d)VS-B(d)IS
IFS = C(d)VS-D(d)IS
I S
S
V S
I FS
V F
I R
V R
I F R
RF
I F
IR
S
VS
R
VR
(9)
(10)
VS
F
IS
A(d)VS-B(d)IS=-RF{1+K(d)}{C(d)VS-D(d)IS}
IFS
IFR
IR
RF{1 + K(d)} =
IF
VF
(1)
I" FR
I" FS
(2)
(11)
o que leva a
RF
K(d)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(4)
(5)
(3)
A(d)VS B(d)IS
C(d)V"S D(d)I"S
(12)
Imag[
A(d)VS B(d)IS
]=0
C(d)V"S D(d)I"S
(13)
V (1) + VF ( 2) + VF ( 3)
=0
Im ag ( j) F
( j)
( j)
( j)
C (d) VS D (d)I S
(14)
j=1,2,3
(17)
VF VF
Im ag ( j)
=0
( j)
( j)
( j)
C (d) VS D (d)IS
(2)
( 3)
(15)
j=1,2
As tenses modais em F so estimadas pela equao
(16).
(16)
VF(W) = A(W)(d)VS(W)-B(W)(d)IS(W)
W=1,2,3
3 - LOCALIZADOR DIGITAL DE FALTAS COM
DADOS PROVENIENTES DOS DOIS TERMINAIS
DA LINHA
Ser descrito a seguir um algoritmo para localizao de
faltas utilizando dados dos dois terminais da linha de
transmisso de alta tenso, representada pela Figura 1(a). O
algoritmo baseia-se na utilizao dos fasores fundamentais
trifsicos de corrente e tenso de ambos os terminais.
Portanto, a existncia de um mecanismo de comunicao de
dados entre os terminais e o processador se faz necessria.
Deve ser ressaltado que a abordagem desenvolvida
utiliza os fasores fundamentais obtidos de ambos os
terminais, assim, estes valores devem ser sincronizados em
relao uma referncia de tempo comum.
3.1 - Deteco do instante de ocorrncia da falta
Aqui a deteco da falta introduzida com o mesmo
propsito do mtodo utilizando dados de um terminal, com
a diferena de que so determinados os pontos iniciais da
ocorrncia da falta em ambos os terminais. So ento
obtidos dois conjuntos com um ciclo de dados de pr e psfalta relativos a cada terminal.
3.2 - Extrao dos fasores fundamentais
O processo idntico ao descrito na seo 2.2, sendo a
filtragem efetuada em ambos os terminais.
3.3 - Sincronizao dos dados
Como o algoritmo envolve utilizao de dados dos dois
terminais da linha de transmisso, de extrema importncia
que os fasores de tenso e corrente em ambos os terminais
estejam relacionados por uma referncia de tempo comum.
Uma sincronizao para a referncia de tempo nos dois
terminais pode ser conseguida atravs de um canal de
ligao contnuo entre os terminais, mas esta soluo seria
muito dispendiosa. Na prtica, os dados de pr-falta de
corrente e tenso em um dos terminais podem ser usados
para providenciar uma referncia comum (sincronizao)
com relao aos dados gravados no outro terminal. Por
exemplo, a tenso pr-falta no terminal remoto pode ser
(18)
(19)
(20)
Ya
Y =
b
Yc
M a
M d
b
M c
ou
Y=Md
(21)
onde:
ji Ri
(22)
i=a,b,c
ji
( I Si + I Ri )
(23)
i=a,b,c
p/ j=a,b,c
com Zji = matriz 3x3 da impedncia srie
A equao (21) representa trs equaes complexas ou
seis equaes reais para uma incgnita (d), que a distncia
da falta em relao a um terminal da linha.
OS
L = 200 km
1 10
1 0
20 GVA
5 GVA
tenso nominal - 400 KV
-2
-4
0
20
40
tempo [ms]
(25)
fase a
fase b
fase c
400
200
-200
-400
0
20
40
tempo [ms]
O passo final foi a aplicao do Mtodo NewtonRaphson para a obteno da distncia da falta em relao ao
terminal local. O mtodo foi aplicado utilizando-se as
equaes (14) e (15) descritas anteriormente. Para a maioria
dos casos, as solues convergiram em 3 iteraes. Um
processo iterativo mostrado na Figura 4 para uma falta
AT a 122 km do terminal emissor, para a linha considerada.
Distncia Real
km
Dist.Estim.-km
(%erro)
Faixa de
Busca-km
Tipo de
Falta
05
05
20
20
40
40
85
85
99
99
135
135
160
160
180
180
5.205 (0.10)
4.922 (0.04)
20.998 (0.50)
20.278 (0.14)
38.946 (0.53)
38.802 (0.60)
85.510 (0.26)
85.521 (0.26)
95.234 (1.88)
101.00 (1.00)
136.64 (0.82)
142.24 (3.62)
161.90 (0.95)
153.25 (3.37)
173.29 (3.35)
184.71 (2.36)
0.20
0.08
0.99
0.27
1.05
1.19
0.51
0.52
3.76
2.00
1.64
7.24
1.90
6.74
6.70
4.71
AT
ABC
BT
AB
CT
BCT
ABT
BC
BCT
AT
ACT
BT
BC
CT
AC
AB
RFohms
Dist. Real
km
Dist.Estim.-km
(%erro)
Faixa
de
Buscakm
Tipo
de
Falta
30
30
30
30
10
10
10
10
20
65
115
160
20
65
115
160
30.98 (5.49)
99.88 (17.44)
120.34 (2.67)
209.91 (24.9)
26.575 (3.29)
52.931 (6.03)
133.11 (9.02)
204.23 (22.1)
10.98
34.88
5.34
49.91
6.57
12.06
18.11
44.23
AT
BC
CT
ABC
AT
BC
CT
ABC
Dist. Real
km
Dist. Estim.-km
(%erro)
Faixa
de
Buscakm
Tipo
de
Falta
50
10
5
50
10
5
50
10
5
05
05
05
99
99
99
195
195
195
5.136 (0.07)
5.329 (0.16)
5.569 (0.28)
94.57 (2.21)
94.24 (2.38)
94.50 (2.25)
193.91 (0.5)
193.6 (0.70)
193.12 (0.9)
0.13
0.32
0.56
4.42
4.75
4.5
1.09
1.4
1.88
AT
AT
AT
ABC
ABC
ABC
ACT
ACT
ACT
Dist. Estim.-km
(%erro)
Faixa de
Busca-km
Tipo de
Falta
05
4.83 (0.08)
0.17
AT
05
5.87 (0.44)
0.87
ABC
20
20.60 (0.30)
0.60
BT
20
19.11 (0.44)
0.89
AB
40
40.93 (0.47)
0.93
CT
40
40.86 (0.43)
0.86
BCT
85
85.52 (0.26)
0.52
ABT
85
84.61 (0.20)
0.39
BC
99
99.31 (0.16)
0.31
BCT
99
99.12 (0.06)
0.12
AT
135
134.90 (0.05)
0.10
ACT
135
134.63 (0.18)
0.37
BT
160
159.17 (0.41)
0.83
BC
160
159.06 (0.47)
0.94
CT
180
178.81 (0.59)
1.19
AC
180
180.88 (0.44)
0.88
AB
Tabela 5 - Efeito de resistncias de falta de 30 e de 10
RF
ohms
Dist. Real
km
Dist.Estim.-km
(%erro)
Faixa de
Buscakm
Tipo
de
Falta
30
30
30
30
10
10
10
10
20
65
115
160
20
65
115
160
15.38 (2.31)
56.53 (4.23)
117.97 (1.48)
176.11 (8.06)
18.02 (0.99)
62.23 (1.38)
114.39 (0.31)
164.89 (2.44)
4.62
8.47
2.97
16.11
1.98
2.77
0.61
4.89
AT
BC
CT
ABC
AT
BC
CT
ABC
Dist. Real
km
Dist.Estim.-km
(%erro)
Faixa
de
Buscakm
Tipo
de
Falta
50
10
5
50
10
5
50
10
5
05
05
05
99
99
99
195
195
195
4.84 (0.08)
4.88 (0.06)
4.36 (0.32)
101.82 (1.4)
97.89 (0.55)
95.9 (1.53)
194.7 (0.15)
194.25 (0.4)
194.12 (0.4)
0.16
0.12
0.64
2.82
1.11
3.07
0.3
0.75
0.88
AT
AT
AT
ABC
ABC
ABC
ACT
ACT
ACT
AGRADECIMENTOS
REFERNCIAS BIBLIOGRFICAS
AGGARWAL, R.K.; COURY, D.V.; JOHNS, A.T.;
KALAM,A (1993) A Practical Approach to Accurate
Fault Location on Extra High Voltage Teed Feeders.IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,Vol. 8,N
3,Julho.
5 - CONCLUSO
A correta estimao da localizao de faltas nas linhas
de transmisso importante para auxiliar na rpida
restaurao do sistema e anlise de faltas, resultando na
melhoria da qualidade na continuidade da potncia
fornecida.
O artigo em questo apresenta um estudo comparativo
de dois mtodos distintos de localizao de faltas, tendo
como diferenciao a procedncia dos dados: de apenas um
terminal e de ambos os terminais da linha de transmisso.
No que diz respeito ao mtodo implementado que utiliza
dados de apenas um dos terminais da linha, efeito das
diferentes localizaes, tipos de faltas, resistncias de
faltas, capacidade das fontes e taxa amostral utilizada foram
testados. Nos testes realizados considerando-se faltas
slidas, observou-se que as estimaes mais precisas foram
encontradas para faltas entre o terminal local e o meio da
linha, com erros ao redor de 2.5%. No entanto, foi tambm
observado que para testes com a existncia de resistncias
de faltas (10 a 30 ), o algoritmo perde esta preciso,
culminando em desempenho altamente comprometido para
resistncias de faltas mais elevadas (100 a 150 ). A maior
vantagem associada a este mtodo que canais de
comunicao no so necessrios.
O mtodo que utiliza informao de ambos os terminais
da linha foi testado para as mesmas situaes descritas
anteriormente. As porcentagens de erro mantiveram-se em
um limite de 2.5% para a grande maioria dos testes, mesmo
M Oleskovicz1
D V Coury1
R K Aggarwal2
1
INTRODUCTION
Protective relaying aims to safeguard expensive
equipment such as generators, transformers, cables, and
also to maintain the system integrity that is necessary
for a continuous and economical supply of electric
power. If a fault occurs, it should be isolated as quickly
as possible to preserve the stability of the rest of the
system. Protective relays for transmission lines
normally use voltage and current input signals in order
to detect, classify and locate faults in a protected line. In
the case of a disturbance, the relay will send a trip signal
to a circuit breaker in order to disconnect the faulted
line. In an interconnected system, the rest of the
network can then continue working normally or at least
under close to normal conditions.
With the recent advances of Artificial Neural Network
(ANNs) techniques, different architectures have been
suggested in the literature to solve problems related to
power systems. Neural networks are useful for power
system applications because they can be trained with
off-line data. An overview of the application of ANNs
to power systems can be found in reference (1).
Concerning the application in the protection field, some
pattern recognition approaches to fault identification
should be mentioned such as (2) and (3). Moreover,
references (4)-(6) show some approaches concerning
fault classification using ANNs. In (7), an ANN
approach to distance protection is also proposed. It was
shown that this scheme improves the protection system
selectivity, adapting to the actual power system
condition.
This work presents an Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
approach to simulate a complete scheme for distance
protection of a transmission line. In order to perform
this simulation, the distance protection task was
subdivided into different neural network modules for
fault detection, fault classification as well as fault
location in different protection zones. A complete
integration amongst these different modules is then
essential for the correct behaviour of the proposed
technique. The three-phase voltages and currents
sampled at 1 kHz, in pre and post-fault conditions, were
utilised as inputs for the proposed scheme. The
Alternative Transients Program (ATP) (8) software was
used to generate data for a 400 kV transmission line in a
faulted condition. The NeuralWorks software (9) was
TL2
TL1
TL3
Relay
1.050o
10 GVA
0.95-10o
9,5 GVA
80 Km
150 Km
100 Km
TL = 440 kV
ANN1
D1
D2
Fault
detected?
CLASSIFICATION SCHEME
No
Yes
Last voltage and current samples
used in the detection module
ANN2
C1
C2
C3
C4
LOCATION SCHEME
Phase-earth
faults
Phase-phase
faults
Phase-phaseearth-faults
L1
L2
ANN3
L3
L1
L2
ANN4
L3
L1
L2
ANN5
Three phasefaults
L3
L1
L2
L3
ANN6
D1
0
1
0
ANN1 (24-9-2)
D2
0
0
1
CLASSIFICATION SCHEME
ANN2 (24-16-4)
C1
C2
C3
Fault situation
A-E
1
0
0
B-E
0
1
0
C-E
0
0
1
AB
1
1
0
AC
1
0
1
BC
0
1
1
AB-E
1
1
0
AC-E
1
0
1
BC-E
0
1
1
ABC
1
1
1
SOME RESULTS
SCHEME
FOR
THE
LOCATION SCHEME
C4
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
Fault situation
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
L1
1
0
0
L2
0
1
0
L3
0
0
1
ANN3 (24-48-44-3)
ANN4 (24-44-40-3)
ANN5 (24-44-40-3)
ANN6 (24-24-20-3)
PROPOSED
CONCLUSION
The use of an ANN as an alternative method for fault
detection, classification and location tasks for
transmission line protection was investigated in this
work. The approach uses voltage and current samples as
inputs. This study took into account phase to earth
faults, phase to phase faults, phase-phase to earth and
three phases faults.
The results obtained show that the global performance
of the ANN architectures was highly satisfactory
concerning precision and velocity of response for all
modules described. Considering the tested cases for the
detection module, the ANN outputs converged to the
correct levels very quickly after up to 5 ms of the fault
occurrence. This module also works as a direction
discriminator recognising between reverse and forward
faults on a transmission line. The classification module
was able to discriminate correctly the phases involved in
the fault in between 4 and 9ms after the fault
occurrence. Finally, considering the three protection
zones, the results clearly show that this approach leads
to a reliable location of the faults considering all types
of faults (with times between 8 to 15 ms after fault
occurrence). It should be pointed out that the ANN relay
estimated the expected response in approximately 98 %
of the 4,050 patterns tested considering changes in the
operational conditions of the system. The total number
of errors observed corresponds to 2% and they are
relative to incorrect responses that are situated in the
ANNs transition zones. An extension of the relay
primary protection zone to 95% of the line length was
implemented, enhancing system security and improving
the performance considering ordinary relays.
TABLE 2- Correct answers and processing time for detection, classification and location modules
Percentage (%) of Correct Answers (C.A.) and processing time for each module
MODULE
Proces. Phase to earth Phase - phase Phase - phase Three - phase
time
faults
faults
to earth faults
faults
C.A.
100
100
100
100
Detection
2 ms
71.94
75.97
82.14
84.44
4050 patterns tested
3 ms
23.29
22.96
16.79
15.56
4 -5 ms
4.77
1.07
1.07
C.A.
99.92
100
99.26
98.52
4 ms
24.20
5 ms
37.94
4.36
6.18
Classification
6 ms
31.36
18.96
12.92
4050 patterns tested
7 ms
5.60
17.53
31.28
30.37
8 ms
0.58
35.23
35.48
26.91
9 ms
0.24
13.33
10.54
24.70
10-17 ms
10.62
2.86
17.54
C.A.
94.65
94.00*
95.97
92.84
8 ms
0.61
0.31
9 ms
4.12
5.00
6.50
10 ms
14.10
11.00
15.53
5.03
Location
11 ms
19.60
21.00
27.01
17.61
3240 patterns tested
12 ms
21.13
21.00
23.46
21.07
13 ms
17.39
19.00
13.89
28.63
14 ms
12.34
10.00
5.02
13.59
15 ms
4.42
3.00
2.76
3.72
16-18 ms
0.94
4.00
1.49
3.19
* Preliminary results. Phase-phase fault location are still in tests
J S Thorp2
K M Hopkinson2
K P Birman2
INTRODUCTION
The protection of multi-terminal lines is not as simple
as that of two-terminal lines. They usually experience
additional problems caused by the intermediate infeed
from the third terminal, an outfeed, different line
lengths to the tee point, etc. The limitations of nonpilot distance relays for their protection have been
acknowledged for decades. These limitations lead to the
traditional distance relaying approach to experience
severe underreach and overreach problems. The relay
first zone reach may not even extend beyond the tee
point in some underreach cases (1),(2).
An approach based on adaptive relaying to face such a
situation and some fundamental concepts concerning it
was presented by Rockefeller (3). Horowitz et al (4)
define adaptive relaying as a protection philosophy
which permits and seeks to make adjustments to
various protection functions in order to make them
more attuned to prevailing power system conditions.
An adaptive setting concept for two and three terminal
lines, which can respond to changes in the network
conditions, was proposed by Xia et al (5), (6). Stedall et
al (7) also proposed an investigation into the use of
adaptive setting techniques for improved distance backup protection.
This paper discusses the adaptation of the settings of
distance relays for multi-terminal lines employing
agents. Agents are software processes capable of
searching for information in networks, interacting with
pieces of equipment and performing tasks on behalf of
their owners (relays). Moreover, they are autonomous
and cooperative. Very few publications concerning the
application of agents in the protection field have been
reported in the literature. Tomita et al (8) proposed a
cooperative protection system utilizing agents. Relay
agents were constructed, and the cooperation of the
main agents was simulated for primary, backup and
adaptive protection.
Results illustrating the improved performance of the
adaptive method proposed compared to conventional
fixed settings are presented in the following sections.
AGENT TECHNOLOGY
A software agent is a computer program that takes
independent action based on events in the surrounding
environment (Genesereth (9)). Under the control of
some application that owns the agent, it is sent forth or
placed at some site within a network where it takes
local actions on behalf of its owners. Agents are
dynamic entities. For example, an agent can exhibit
dynamically changing behavior, receiving updated
parameter settings from the owner or from other agents
30km
100 km
100km
~
1.0 /_0
Terminal 2
0.9 /_-8
400 kV
80km
Terminal 3
1.0 /_ -5o
Distance
relaying
techniques
have
attracted
considerable attention for the protection of transmission
lines. The principle of this technique measures the
impedance at a fundamental frequency between the
relay location and the fault point, thus determining if a
fault is internal or external to a protection zone. The
relationship between voltage and current is used for this
purpose. This relationship is disturbed when there is
infeed or outfeed. As mentioned earlier, this can make
the relay experience severe underreach or overreach
problems, especially considering non-pilot protection
schemes for three terminal lines. Another situation that
has to be taken into account is when the tap is not
working for some reason. The setting of distance relays
must reflect all the situations described earlier. Fig.
3(a) shows the typical non-pilot distance protection
with the first zone for a three terminal line at the
condition represented in Fig. 1. As shown in the figure,
only approximately 20 from 210 km obtained
instantaneous trip from the three ends of the lines in
the case of an internal fault. Fig. 3(b) illustrates the
improvement that can be found with the adaptive
scheme utilizing Agents that is proposed in this work.
The instantaneous trip area increased to approximately
67 km (more than three times the non-pilot condition)
for the same situation. As mentioned before, the
proposed adaptive scheme can alter settings to ensure
better performance over a wide variety of operation
conditions.
Clearance Time
First
Zone
Agent
COORDINATION
AGENT
Breaker
Status
Operation
Agent
Agent
data
request
CONCLUSION
An application of agents acting within a
communication structure to adaptive relay settings for
multi-terminal lines was presented in this paper.
Results illustrating the performance of the new method
proposed compared to conventional fixed settings were
shown. The new approach based on agents was divided
in an adaptive pre-fault approach and a post-fault
transfer trip action. In order to test the proposed
scheme, a digital simulation of a faulted transmission
line was performed utilizing the PSCAD/EMTDC
software. The protection system associated with this
configuration was also simulated both for conventional
non-pilot protection as well as for the Agent based
relaying.
20km
Terminal 3
REFERENCES
~
(a) Non-pilot protection
Terminal 1
Terminal 2
67 km
Terminal 3
~
(b)Agent Technology proposed Adaptive pre-fault scheme
Figure 3 Distance relaying of a three ended transmission line
Average clearance time on the three legs
(msec)
Terminal 2
Terminal 1
0,4
nonpilot
0,3
traffic1
0,2
traffic2
0,1
traffic3
0
1
2
TL leg