In t ro d u o s R I

O p a p e l d a s o r g a n i z a e s I n t e r n a c i o n a i s f a c e a o t e r r o r i s mo

I nt r o d u o

O no s s o t r a b a lho , O p a p e l d a s O r ga n iz a e s I nte r na c io na is fa c e a o te r r o r is mo te m c o mo o b je c t iv o r e f e r ir o p a p e l d e a lg u ma s o r ga n iz a e s mu nd ia is ( go ve r na me n ta is o u O N Gs ) q ue lu ta m c o nt r a o te r r o r is mo g lo b a l. A e s c o lh a d e s te te ma inc id e - s e no f a c to ; d e e s te s e r b a s ta n te a c t ua l e ta mb m b a s ta nte c o n tr o ve r s o , j q ue , e m p le no s c u lo XXI , a s o c ie d a d e e o p r p r io Es t a d o c o nt in u a m a e r g ue r o s s e us p r e c o nc e ito s e a ig u a la r a p a la v r a t e r r o r i s m o a m u u lm a n o , e ta mb m p o r q ue no s le va e p e r c e b e r u m p o uc o ma is c o mo lid a m a s gr a nd e s o r ga n iz a e s f a c e a o s a ta q ue s q ue s o le va d o s a c a b o c o n tr a Es t a d o s , N a e s e a t me s mo Et n ia s .

I ma ge m 1

Fo nte : http://www.spirit21.co.uk/uploaded_images/cartoon_student-719597.gif
1

In t ro d u o s R I

O p a p e l d a s o r g a n i z a e s I n t e r n a c i o n a i s f a c e a o t e r r o r i s mo

Te r ro r is mo S e g u nd o Ad e lin o To r r e s , h mu ito q ue o te r r o r is mo u m fe n me no fa mi lia r 1 , is to e n te nd e - s e , e m c o mo a p a la vr a e o a c to d e te r r o r is mo s o t o c o n he c id o s e m to d o o mu nd o . F o i d ur a n te o s c u lo X XI q ue ho u v e u m ma io r imp a c to d e s te na s s o c ie d a d e s , a f e c ta nd o a c o n f ia n a e a c a p a c i d a d e d a s f o r a s d e s e g ur a n a d a s me s ma s . Te mo s c o mo gr a nd e s e xe mp lo s o s a te nta d o s d e 1 1 d e S e te mb r o d e 2 0 0 1 ( EU A) q ue d e r r ub a r a m a s to r r e s g me a s e o P e nt go no , e o d e 1 1 d e M a r o d e 2 0 0 4 e m M a d r id . A mb o s t ir a nd o a v id a a c e nt e na s d e p e s s o a e c a us a nd o mi lh a r e s d e fe r id o s . A p a la v r a te r r o r is mo te m v r ia s fo r ma s d e s e r e p a r e c e r , c o n t ud o , a q ue ma is s e a p lic a no s c u lo X XI a a q ue la q ue no s d iz q ue te r r o r is mo s o a c to s d e v io l nc ia f s ic a o u p s ic o l g ic a , e m q ue o s e u p r inc ip a l o b je c t iv o e s p a lh a r u m c lima d e te r r o r e in s e g ur a n a c o ntr a u m Es ta d o , na o e /o u s o c ie d a d e s . C o mo c o ns e q u nc ia , a p o p u la o r e me te - s e a u ma in s e g ur a n a p r o vo c a d a p e lo me d o p r o vo c a nd o a s s im u ma d e s mo r a liz a o e f a lta d e c o n f ia n a no s c o ma nd o s q ue te m c o mo f u n o p r o t e ge r e s ta s me s ma s . I ma ge m 2

Fo n t e : h t t p :/ / an a l is is in t e rp ret ac io n .b lo g ia .co m/ u p lo ad / 2 0 0 6 1 0 1 1 1 9 3 7 2 6 - ca rt o o n . jp g
1 A d e l in o T o r r e s , Te r r o r i sm o , 2 0 0 4 : p a g . 2 4

In t ro d u o s R I

O p a p e l d a s o r g a n i z a e s I n t e r n a c i o n a i s f a c e a o t e r r o r i s mo

A l ut a c o n t ra o t e r ro r is m o

M u ito s s o a q ue le s q ue a c r e d it a m q ue o te r r o r is mo s e a f ir mo u no s c u lo X XI . Ac r e d ita m q ue o s e u tr a je c to c o mo u m p e r igo g lo b a l e min e n te , q ue v ir ia a ma r c a r tr a g ic a me nte o in c io d e s te me s mo s c u lo , fo i no d ia 1 1 d e S e te mb r o d e 2 0 0 1 . D ia e m q ue a s To r r e s G me a s , s it u a d a s e m N o va I o r q ue , e o P e n t go no , na V ir g n ia , s o fr e r a m a ta q ue s te r r o r is ta s p o r p a r te d e u ma o r ga n iza o f u nd a me nt a lis ta is l mic a , a A l Q a e d a . C o mo fo i p o s s v e l q u e u m Es t a d o t o p o d e r o s o , c o mo s o o s E. U. A, n o p r e v ir u m a c o nte c ime nto d e s te s ? A q ue s t o c o nt in u a e m a b e r to c o m in me r a s r e s p o s ta s . P o r m a lgo mu it o imp o r t a nte s e te m a r e t ir a r d e s t e a c o n te c ime nto . F o i a p a r t ir d e s te a ta q ue q ue a s o c ie d a d e in te r na c io na l s e a p e r c e b e u q ue s ur g ia ma is u m in im ig o no p a no mu nd ia l o te r r o r is mo . O s p la no s d e d e fe s a in ic ia r a m- s e . N o liv r o T e r r o r is m o , c o o r d e na d o p o r A d r ia n o M o r e ir a s o c ita d o s a lg u ns , Os E U A , h u m ilh a d o s e o f e n d id o s p e la A l Qa e d a , t r a t a r a m d e r e v e r , e m c r is e a p o lt ic a d e s e g u r a n a , a s s in a n d o a 1 7 d e S e t e m b r o d e 2 0 0 2 ( ) a n o v a e s t r a t g ia d e S e g u r a n a N a c io n a l c o m p le m e n t a d a ( ) p o r u m a E s t r a t g ia N a c io n a l p a r a c o m b a t e r o t e r r o r is m o ; a F r a n a d e c id iu r e v e r o s e u P la n V ig ip ir a t a d e 1 9 7 8 , p a r a e n f r e n t a r a n o v a a m e a a ( ) ; a N A T O, n a C im e ir a d e P r a g a d e 2 0 0 2 , e la b o r o u C o n c e it o M ilit a r M C - 4 7 2 c o m o m e s m o o b j e c t iv o ; e a E s p a n h a ( ) a p r o v o u e m F ev e r e ir o d e 2 0 0 3 a Re v is o E s t r a t g ic a d e D e f e s a ()

In t ro d u o s R I

O p a p e l d a s o r g a n i z a e s I n t e r n a c i o n a i s f a c e a o t e r r o r i s mo

Ga le r ia de I ma g e ns re la t iv a a o s a t e n t a do s t e r ro ris t a s c o nt ra o s EU A e M a dri d

I ma ge m 3 W o r ld Tr a d e C e nt e r N I

Fonte: http://atlasshrugs2000.typepad.com/atlas_shrugs/images/world_trade_center_1160603_ 1.JPG

I ma ge m 4 P e nt go no V ir g n ia

F o nte : http ://ima ge s. goo gle .p t

In t ro d u o s R I

O p a p e l d a s o r g a n i z a e s I n t e r n a c i o n a i s f a c e a o t e r r o r i s mo

I ma ge m 5 C a r r u a ge m q ue s o f r e u o a te nta d o b o mb is ta M a d r id

F o nte : ht tp ://c o is a s d o d ia . b lo g s . s a p o . p t /a r q u iv o / Ate n ta d o % 2 0 d e % 2 0 M a d r id 2 . jp g

I ma ge m 6 O r e s u lta d o d o a ta q ue a u m c o mb o io d a lin h a d e M a d r id

F o nte :h t tp ://c a c h e 0 1 . s to r ma p . s a p o . p t/ f o to s to r e 0 1 / fo to s / /a b /1 9 /7 e /1 8 1 8 6 0 1 _ e TH6 9 . jp e g

In t ro d u o s R I

O p a p e l d a s o r g a n i z a e s I n t e r n a c i o n a i s f a c e a o t e r r o r i s mo

Alg u ma s o rg a ni za e s t e rro r is t a s

Ap e s a r d o s a te n ta d o s a Es p a n ha , E UA e a t me s mo a o Re in o U n id o ( Lo nd r e s , J u lh o d e 2 0 0 5 ) , t e r e m s id o v in c u la d o s o r ga n iz a o is l mic a , A l Q a e d a , n o q ue r d iz e r q ue o te r r o r is mo g lo b a l s e ja to ta lme nte p r a t ic a d o p o r e s te o r ga n is mo ( e r r o q ue a s o c ie d a d e c iv i l c o s t u ma mu ita s ve ze s c o me te r ) . E x is te m mu ito s o ut r o s o r ga n is mo s te r r o r is ta s , c a d a u m lu ta nd o p e la s ua c a us a . Te mo s c o mo e xe mp lo s b a s ta n te c o n he c id o s , a E TA ( E u s k a d i Ta As k a ta s u na ) q ue lu ta p e la lib e r ta o d o P a s B a s c o a t r a v s d e a c to s te r r o r is ta s ; O I R A ( I r is h Re p ub lic a n Ar my ) q ue lu ta p e la s e p a r a o d a I r la nd a d o N o r te p o r p a r te d o Re in o U n id o ; a s F A RC ( F o r a s Ar ma d a s R e vo luc io n r ia s d a C o l mb ia ) u ma g ue r r ilh a q ue a tr a v s d e a c to s e xtr e ma me nte v io le n to s c o mb a te p e la imp la n ta o d o s o c ia lis mo na C o l mb ia . C o mo p o d e mo s e n t o o b s e r va r h v r io s mo t ivo s q ue le va m a a d e r ir a o te r r o r is mo . E p a r e c e q u e o s ma is c o mu n s s o a lib e r d a d e d e u m p a s e a imp o s i o d e u m r e g ime .

I ma ge m 7

F o nte : h t tp :// g r a o d e a r e ia a tta c . we b lo g. c o m. p t /a r q u iv o / ma d r id 1 % 5 B1 % 5 D. GI F

6

In t ro d u o s R I

O p a p e l d a s o r g a n i z a e s I n t e r n a c i o n a i s f a c e a o t e r r o r i s mo

O pa pe l da s O rg a n i za e s I nt e r na c io n a is f a c e a o t e rro r is mo

P e r a n te e s ta no va a me a a g lo b a l d o s c u lo XXI , a s o r ga n iz a e s e x is te nte s ( c r ia d a s a o lo n go d e s te s a no s , g r a a s a a c o r d o s e a o b j e c t iv o s c o mu n s ) s e n t ir a m u ma ne c e s s id a d e d e c o mb a te r e s te s o r ga n is mo s te r r o r is ta s , q ue t m v ind o a e s p a lha r o me d o e o c a o s e n tr e a s p o p u la e s . A lg u ns e xe mp lo s d e o r ga n iz a e s in te r na c io na is q ue lu ta m c o n tr a o t e r r o r is mo s o : ON U O rg a n i za o da s N a e s Uni da s A O N U u m o r ga n is mo in te r na c io n a l in s t it u d o c o m o p r o p s ito d e ma n te r a p a z, a c o o p e r a o e a s e g ur a n a in te r na c io na is . O r ig in a lme nte c o n s t it u d a p o r v in te e no ve na e s , ho j e e m d ia a O N U a c a r r e ta c o m 1 9 2 e s ta d o s - me mb r o s e a ind a c o m o ut r o s o r ga n is mo s in te r go ve r na me n ta is e O N Gs . E m 2 0 0 6 a O N U a p r o vo u a E s tr a t g ia G lo b a l C o nt r a o Te r r o r is mo . O s e u o b j e c t iv o p r inc ip a l r e u n ir a c o mu n id a d e in te r na c io na l e m vo lta d e u m c o ns e ns o g e r a l p a r a c o mb a te r o te r r o r is mo mu nd ia l s o b a s a lva g u a r d a d a s N a e s U n id a s Re c e nt e me n te , n u m e nc o n tr o d o C o ns e lh o d e S e g ur a n a d a O N U s o b r e a S e g u r a n a G lo b a l e Te r r o r is mo I n te r na c io na l, r e a liz a d o no d ia no ve d e De ze mb r o d e 2 0 0 8 , Ba n K i - M o o n ( S e c r e t r io - Ge r a l d a O N U) , d e f e nd e u q ue a lu ta c o n tr a o te r r o r is mo d e ve s e r a p r in c ip a l p r io r id a d e d a c o mu n id a d e in te r n a c io na l e e xc la mo u q ue a lid e r a n a p o r e s s a lu ta c a b ia s N a e s U n id a s . A s N a e s U n id a s t m a r e s p o n s a b il id a d e d e l id e r a r o s e s f o r o s d a c o m u n id a d e in t e r n a c io n a l n o c o n f r o n t o c o n t r a e s t a a m e a a , q u e n o t e m q u a lq u e r j u s t if ic a o" .
2

C o m e s te s e s fo r o s a O N U e nc a r a u m p a p e l f u n d a me n ta l p a r a a u n i o d e to d o s o s Es ta d o s c o ntr a o te r r o r is mo .
2

C i t a o d e B a n K i - M o o n n o e n c o n tr o d o C o n s e l h o d e S e g u r a n a 0 9 / 1 2 / 2 0 0 8 r e t i r a d a d o s i t e :

http://www.unm ultim e dia .or g

In t ro d u o s R I

O p a p e l d a s o r g a n i z a e s I n t e r n a c i o n a i s f a c e a o t e r r o r i s mo

OT AN ( N AT O) O rg a ni za o do T ra t a do At l nt ic o N o rt e A N ATO u m o r ga n is mo p o lt ic o - milit a r c r ia d o e m 1 9 4 9 , c o m o f im d e s a lv a g ua r d a r a p a z, a s e g u r a n a , o d e s e n vo lv ime n to d a e s ta b ilid a d e e o b e m- e s ta r d o s p o vo s d o At l nt ic o N o r te . O a te n ta d o te r r o r is t a le va d o a c a b o no d ia o n ze d e S e te mb r o d e 2 0 0 1 , c o lo c o u o te r r o r is mo c o mo a lv o p r io r it r io a a b a te r . S e g u nd o a Re v is t a N A T O o n lin e , ( w w w . n a t o . in t ) o s m e io s d is p o s i o d a N A T O f a z e m c o m q u e s e j a ( ) u m a d a s o r g a n iz a e s in t e r n a c io n a is m a is b e m e q u ip a d a s p a r a lid a r c o m a a m e a a c o lo c a d a p e lo t e r r o r is m o in t e r n a c io n a l A lg u ma s d a s va n ta ge ns q ue to r na m o p a p e l d a N ATO b a s ta nte r e le va n te o A r t ig o n 5 . E s te d e c la r a q ue e m c a s o d e a ta q ue a r ma d o c o n tr a u m o u ma is p a s e s me mb r o s d a A lia n a s e r c o ns id e r a d o u m a ta q u e a to d o s . O ut r o fa c to r q ue a N ATO a lc a n a u ma b o a o r ga n iz a o d e o p e r a e s mil ita r e s mu lt in a c io na is , ut il iz a nd o a c a p a c id a d e d e r e u n ir q ua lq ue r g ne r o d e me io s no r te a me r ic a no s e e ur o p e us . J q ue a ma io r ia d o s a ta q ue s te r r o r is t a s s e r e a liz a m c o n tr a p a s e s o c id e nta is , a N A TO mo s tr a - s e u ma o r ga n iz a o b a s ta nte r e le va n te no s e u p a p e l d e p r o te c o c o n tr a o s a ta q ue s .

In t ro d u o s R I

O p a p e l d a s o r g a n i z a e s I n t e r n a c i o n a i s f a c e a o t e r r o r i s mo

Alg u ma s ON G s ATI M E As s o c ia o do s T ra ba l ha do re s e I mig ra nt e s M a rro q u ino s e m Es pa n ha . u ma a s s o c ia o d ir ig id a p o r imig r a nte s e m Es p a n ha . L uta m p e la in te g r a o d o s im ig r a n te s , p e la c o ns e r v a o d o p la ne ta e p o r u m c o m r c io e r e la e s in te r na c io na i s ma is j us ta s . S o a ind a u ma a s s o c ia o q ue lu ta c o n tr a o te r r o r is mo . De v id o a o p r e c o nc e ito q ue s e e r g ue u fa c e p o p u la o d e r e lig i o mu u lma n a , mu ita s a s s o c ia e s c o mo e s ta s s ur g ir a m, c r ia nd o u m a p o io p a r a c o m o s h a b it a nte s mu u lma no s e m p a s e s e ur o p e us o u a me r ic a no s , ne s te c a s o e m E s p a n ha , p a r a q u e e s te s s e ja m in te g r a d o s na s o c ie d a d e .

A m nis t ia I n t e r na c io na l C r ia d a e m 1 9 6 1 na I n g la te r r a . O s e u p r inc ip a l o b je c t ivo o d e q ue c a d a p e s s o a d e s fr u te d e c a d a d ir e ito q ue c o n s ta na De c la r a o U n ive r s a l d o s D ir e ito s H u ma no s . Es ta O N G p r o v id e nc ia a d e n nc ia d e v io la e s d o s D ir e ito s H u ma no s , d ir ig in d o - s e a go ve r no s , o r ga n iz a e s in te r go ve r na me nta is , gr up o s p o lt ic o s a r ma d o s , e mp r e s a s e o ut r o s a c to r e s n o e s ta ta is . U ma d a s c a mp a n ha s f u nd a me nta is d a AI o c o mb a te a o te r r o r is mo c o m j us t i a . O s e u u lt imo p e d id o f a c e a o te r r o r is mo , fo i fe ito e m De ze mb r o d e 2 0 0 8 , a o P r e s id e n te d a nd ia , o nd e p e d ia q u e fo s s e m r e v is ta s e fe ita s e me nd a s le i a nt ite r r o r is mo ind ia na , p o is e s ta n o e s ta va a c u mp r ir o s c r it r io s in t e r na c io na is d o s D ir e ito s H u ma no s .

In t ro d u o s R I

O p a p e l d a s o r g a n i z a e s I n t e r n a c i o n a i s f a c e a o t e r r o r i s mo

Co n c l us o

Ho je e m d ia e x is t e m v r io s mo v ime nto s e in s t it u i e s in te r na c io na is q ue lu ta m c o n tr a o te r r o r is mo . C o nt ud o , a p e s a r d a d ur a c o nt e nd a , o e s fo r o p a r e c e s e r e m v o . To d o s o s d ia s o u ve m s e r e la to s na te le v is o , o u na r d io , s o b r e c a r r o s b o mb a , s o b r e ho me ns e mu lh e r e s s u ic id a s . S e r q u e o p lur a lis mo d a s o c ie d a d e in te r na c io na l, q ue p e r mit e a c o n v iv nc ia d e u ma d iv e r s id a d e d e a c to r e s , n o c o ns e g ue u ma ma io r in te r ve n o fa c e a o p r o b le ma d o te r r o r is mo ? A r e s p o s ta a e s ta p e r g u n ta , in f e liz me n te , n u nc a fo i r e ve la d a me d id a q u e in v e s t ig va mo s p a r a o no s s o tr a b a lho f in a l. A id e ia c o m a q ua l f ic mo s fo i d e q ue o te r r o r is mo a lgo p o l mic o , is to , o te r r o r is mo p o d e e nc a r a r v r ia s f a c e s u ns u t iliz a m- no d e v id o a o s s e u s id e a is f u nd a me nta lis ta s , o u tr o s c o mo o n ic o me io d e s e r e m o u v id o s p e r a n te a s o c ie d a d e in te r na c io na l. ne s te p a no q ue e nt r a m a s O r ga n iza e s I n te r na c io na is . C o mo p o d e m s e r ta nt a s O r ga n iza e s a lu ta r e m p o r u ma p a z mu nd ia l e ne n h u ma d e la s te r s uc e s s o . Ta lve z a r e s p o s ta e s te j a no p r p r io ho me m. S e g u nd o Ho b b e s , o s ho me ns s o p o r na t u r e za e go s ta s e t m p o r o b j e c t iv o a p e n a s a p r o c u r a d e m e io s q u e lh e s g a r a n t a m a f e lic id a d e , e a e s t e s m e io s Ho b b e s c h a m a < p o d e r > 3 .

J o o G o m e s C r a v i n h o , V i s e s d o Mu n d o A s R e la e s I n t e rn a c i o n a i s e o M u n d o C o n te m p o r n e o , 2 0 0 6 , p a g . 3 3

10

In t ro d u o s R I

O p a p e l d a s o r g a n i z a e s I n t e r n a c i o n a i s f a c e a o t e r r o r i s mo

Ga le r ia de I ma g e ns re f e re nt e s a o te ma do t ra ba l ho

I ma ge m 8

Fonte:h t tp ://p o p o lo n. o r g/ gb lo g2 / wp c o nt e nt/ u p lo a d /Te r r o r is m_ d e s t r o ys _ t he _ w o r ld . p n g

I ma ge m 9

F o nte : ht tp :// ww w. a nt iw a r . c o m/b lo g / ima ge s / up lo a d s /te r r o r is m. g if

11

In t ro d u o s R I

O p a p e l d a s o r g a n i z a e s I n t e r n a c i o n a i s f a c e a o t e r r o r i s mo

I ma ge m 1 0

F o nte : ww w. ta r ge to fo p p o r t u n it y. c o m/ is la m. ht m

I ma ge m 1 1

F o nte : h t tp :// ww w. b lue h e r a ld . c o m/ up lo a d s /Ba to c c h io / RW _ C a r to o n s / 2 0 0 7 /9 _ 1 7 _ 0 7 / Go r r e ll_ 9 _ 7 _ 0 7 _ Te r r o r is m_ . jp g

12

In t ro d u o s R I

O p a p e l d a s o r g a n i z a e s I n t e r n a c i o n a i s f a c e a o t e r r o r i s mo

I ma ge m 1 3

F o nte :h t tp :// ww w. t r ut hd ig . c o m/ ima ge s /e a r to t he gr o u nd up lo a d s /c a m_ UN _ r e p o r tC 5 0 0 . j p g

I ma ge m 1 4 F o nte : http://www.science.co.il/arabisraeli- conflict/cartoons/un-jacky-200309211.jpg

13

In t ro d u o s R I

O p a p e l d a s o r g a n i z a e s I n t e r n a c i o n a i s f a c e a o t e r r o r i s mo

I ma ge m 1 5 F o nte : ht tp :// ww w. t he a t la nt ic . c o m/ im a ge s / is s ue s /2 0 0 5 0 5 u/s s 2 0 0 5 0 5 - 1 3 ima ge . g if

I ma ge m 1 6 :

14

F o nte : www.nicholsoncartoons.com.au/cartoon_441.html

In t ro d u o s R I

O p a p e l d a s o r g a n i z a e s I n t e r n a c i o n a i s f a c e a o t e r r o r i s mo

F o nte : h t tp :// ww w. c ia r i. o r g/r e c o r t e s / u n_ c a r to o n2 . jp g

15

In t ro d u o s R I

O p a p e l d a s o r g a n i z a e s I n t e r n a c i o n a i s f a c e a o t e r r o r i s mo

B ibl io g ra f ia

Moreira, Adriano (coord.), Terrorismo, Livraria Almedina, 2Edio, Setembro de 2004, Coimbra Cravinho, Joo Gomes, Vises do Mundo As Relaes Internacionais e o Mundo Contemporneo, ICS, 2Edio, 2006, Lisboa

Sites de pesquisa: www.google.pt ww w. na to . in t ww w. yo ut ub e . c o m ww w. a mn is t ia - inte r na c io na l . p t

16