1-Consideraes

Bsicas
Sandro R.
Lautenschlager
Mecnica dos Fluidos
Aula 1
Mecnica dos Fluidos
Definio
Estudo dos lquidos e gases no qual no h
movimento (estticos) e naqueles no qual h
movimentos (dinmica)
History
Faces of Fluid Mechanics
Archimedes
(C. 287-212 BC)
Newton
(1642-1727)
Leibniz
(1646-1716)
Euler
(1707-1783)
Navier
(1785-1836)
Stokes
(1819-1903)
Reynolds
(1842-1912)
Prandtl
(1875-1953)
Bernoulli
(1667-1748)
Taylor
(1886-1975)
Weather & Climate
Tornadoes
Hurricanes Global Climate
Thunderstorm
Vehicles
Aircraft
Submarines
High-speed rail
Surface ships
Environment
Air pollution
River hydraulics
Physiology and Medicine
Blood pump Ventricular assist device
Sports & Recreation
Water sports
Auto racing
Offshore racing Cycling
Surfing
Aplicao em engenharia
Computer Simulations Save US
$150,000 in Commuter Jet Design by
Reducing Wind Tunnel Testing
Aplicao em engenharia
Aplicao em engenharia
Aplicao em engenharia
Propriedades dos Fluidos
Peso especfico
g =
Onde:
g-gravidade local (9,8 m/s
2
);
-massa especifica (kg/m
3
);
-peso especfico (kg/m
2
s
2
) ou N/m
3
Propriedades dos Fluidos
Densidade
gua gua
S

= =
Temperatura de referncia 4
0
C
Variao de com a
temperatura
e
( )
180
4
1000
2
2

=
T
O H

( )
18
4
9800
2
2

=
T
O H

Massa Especfica
992.0
993.0
994.0
995.0
996.0
997.0
998.0
999.0
1000.0
1001.0
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Temperatura (
0
C)
M
a
s
s
a

e
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a

(
k
g
/
m
3
)
Massa Especifica (H2O)
( )
180
4
1000
2
2

=
T
O H

) 4 ( ) 0 (
0
2
0
2
C O H C O H <
9720.0
9730.0
9740.0
9750.0
9760.0
9770.0
9780.0
9790.0
9800.0
9810.0
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Temperatura (
0
C)
M
a
s
s
a

e
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a

(
k
g
/
m
3
)
Peso Especifico (H2O)
Peso Especfico
( )
18
4
9800
2
2

=
T
O H

Massa
Especifica
(kg/m
3
)
Peso
Especifico
(N/m
3
)
Densidade
Ar 1,23 12,1 0,00123
gua 1000 9810 1
Nas condies Normais
Some Simple Flows
Flow between a fixed and a moving
plate
Fluid in contact with the plate has the same
velocity as the plate
u = x-direction component of velocity
u=V
Moving plate
Fixed plate
y
x
V
u=0
B
y
B
V
y u = ) (
Fluid
Some Simple Flows
Flow through a long, straight pipe
Fluid in contact with the pipe wall has the
same velocity as the wall
u = x-direction component of velocity
r
x
R
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
=
2
1 ) (
R
r
V r u
V
Fluid
Fluid Deformation
Flow between a fixed and a moving
plate
Force causes plate to move with
velocity V and the fluid deforms
continuously.
u=V
Moving plate
Fixed plate
y
x
u=0
Fluid
t
0
t
1
t
2
u=V+oV
Moving plate
Fixed plate
y
x
u=V
Fluid
Fluid Deformation
t
t+ot
ox
oy
oo
oL
t o
oo
t
Shear stress on the plate is proportional
to deformation rate of the fluid
V
L
t
o
o
o =
y
L
o
o
oo =
y
V
t o
o
o
oo
=
y
V
o
o
t
Shear in Different Fluids
Shear-stress relations for
different types
of fluids
Newtonian fluids: linear
relationship
Slope of line (coefficient of
proportionality) is viscosity
dy
dV
dy
dV
t
t
=

Viscosity
Newtons Law of Viscosity


Viscosity

Units


Water (@ 20
o
C)
= 1x10
-3
N-s/m
2

Air (@ 20
o
C)
= 1.8x10
-5
N-s/m
2
Kinematic viscosity

dy dV /
t
=
2
2
/ /
/
m
s N
m s m
m N
=

v =
V
V+dv
dy
dV
t =
Flow between 2 plates


u=V
Moving plate
Fixed plate
y
x
V
u=0
B
y
B
V
y u = ) (
Fluid
Force acting
ON the plate
2 1
2 1
2 2 2 1 1 1
t t
t t
=
=
= = =
A A
F A A F
2
2 1
1
t t = = =
dy
du
dy
du
Thus, slope of velocity
profile is constant and
velocity profile is a st. line
Force is same on top
and bottom
Flow between 2 plates


u=V
Moving plate
Fixed plate
y
x
V
u=0
B
y
B
V
y u = ) (
B
V
dy
du
t = =
Shear stress anywhere
between plates
t
t
Shear
on fluid
m B
s m V
C SAE m s N
o
02 . 0
/ 3
) 38 @ 30 ( / 1 . 0
2
=
=
=
2
2
/ 15
)
02 . 0
/ 3
)( / 1 . 0 (
m N
m
s m
m s N
=
= t
Flow between 2 plates
2 different coordinate systems
r
x
B
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
=
2
1 ) (
B
r
V r u
V
y
x
( ) | | y B y C y u = ) (
Example: Journal Bearing
Given
Rotation rate, e = 1500 rpm
d = 6 cm
l = 40 cm
D = 6.02 cm
SG
oil
= 0.88
v
oil
= 0.003 m
2
/s
Find: Torque and Power
required to turn the bearing
at the indicated speed.

Example: cont.
Assume: Linear velocity profile in oil film
2
/ 124
2 / ) 0002 . 0 (
) 2 / 06 . 0 ( 1500 *
60
2
) 003 . 0 * 1000 * 88 . 0 (
2 / ) (
) 2 / (
Stress Shear
m kN
d D
d
dy
dV
=
|
.
|

\
|
=

= =
t
e
t
m N
d
l
d
M
= =
=
281
2
06 . 0
) 4 . 0 *
2
06 . 0
* 000 , 124 * 2 (
2
)
2
2 ( Torque
t
tt
kW s m N M P 1 . 44 / 100 , 44 1 . 157 * 281 Power = = = = e
Compressibilidade
T
T
T
T
V
p
V
p
V
p
V V
p
B

c
c
=
c
c
=
A
A
=
(

A
A
=
A A
/
lim
/
lim
0 0
Mdulo de elasticidade volumtrica
Mdulo de elasticidade para gua
B=2100MPa ou
21000x atm
Mudana 1%
O H
2

21Mpa (210atm)
Lquidos podem
ser considerados
incompressveis
Clculo velocidade do som

B p
c
T
=
A
A
=
Exemplo para gua c = 1450m/s (condies normais )
Data da Provas
P
1
17/08/11 Cap. 1 e 2;
P
2
05/10/11 Cap. 3 e 4;
P
3
21/11/11 Cap 4 e 6.
Exame 5/12/11
final avaliao realizar Dever 0 , 6 Mdia
direta Aprovao 0 , 6 Mdia
3
NP NP NP
Mdia
3 2 1
<
>
+ +
=
Avaliao final Cap. 1, 2, 3, 4 e 6