ESCOLA NUTICA INFANTE D.

HENRIQUE
DEPARTAMENTO DE MQUINAS MARTIMAS

Engenharia de Mquinas Martimas

ORGOS DE MQUINAS

Dimensionamento de molas helicoidais

Victor Franco Correia (Professor Adjunto) 2005

Molas helicoidais
Para este tipo de molas, em regime elstico, aplica-se a Lei de Hooke e vlida a relao,

F =k
A deformao da mola, , da mola pode ser calculada atravs do teorema de Castigliano, obtendo-se

F 8 F D 3 na k Gd4

e a constante da mola , k , ser assim dada pela expresso

k=

F d 4G . 8 D3na

Em que G o mdulo de elasticidade transversal do material da mola, na o nmero de espiras activas ou teis da mola, D e d so, respectivamente, o dimetro mdio do enrolamento e o dimetro do arame. O nmero de espiras activas igual ao nmero total de espiras nt menos o nmero de espiras terminais n* que efectivamente no contribuem para a deformao da mola,

n a = nt n *
O valor de n* depende do tipo de acabamento das extremidades da mola helicoidal. Na figura seguinte indicam-se alguns valores de n* :

Factores Geomtricos
O ndice da mola, C =

D , pode ser usado para exprimir a deformao, d

8 FC 3 na F = Gd k

A gama de valores usuais para a constante C de aproximadamente 6 a 12. O dimetro do arame, d, deve respeitar os dimetros normalizados. O comprimento activo do arame, La = D n a , pode tambm ser usado para obter uma expresso para a deformao da mola,

8 F D 2 La G d 4

Tenses de corte na mola

A tenso de corte mxima na mola pode ser calculada pela sobreposio dos efeitos de corte directo e toro, obtendo-se

max =

Td 2 F + J A

A tenso de corte mxima ocorre na face interior do enrolamento (ver figura

seguinte). obtm-se

Substituindo os termos:

T = F D / 2 , r = d / 2 , J = d 4 / 32 e A = d 2 / 4 ,

max =
Substituindo o ndice de mola C, vem

8 FD d 3

4F d 2

max =

8FD 0.5 1 + . C d 3

Alguns autores apresentam a equao de tenso de corte mxima, sob a forma alternativa

max = kW
em que kW

8 FD d 3

o designado factor de correco de Wahl que pretende ter em

considerao o efeito da curvatura da mola na tenso de corte resultante, sendo dado pela expresso

kW =

4C 1 0.615 + . 4C 4 C

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Tenses de corte devidas a toro pura. Tenses de corte devidas a corte directo Sobreposio dos efeitos de corte directo e toro pura Sobreposio dos efeitos de corte directo e toro pura considerando o efeito da curvatura da mola.

Instabilidade de molas helicoidais

Quando a mola submetida a foras de compresso podem ocorrer condies para instabilizao como a figura ilustra, que se caracteriza pela ocorrncia de deformaes no axiais:

Uma vez que a instabilizao se inicia, a deformao lateral progride rapidamente e ocorre a falha da mola. Assim, fundamental que o projecto de molas de compresso tenha em considerao a probabilidade de ocorrncia de situaes de instabilidade. Basicamente, o processo de instabilizao de molas de compresso similar instabilizao de colunas estruturais. Na prtica, quando o comprimento livre da mola (Lfree) superior a cerca de 4~5 vezes o dimetro nominal do enrolamento D, a mola pode instabilizar sob a aco de uma carga suficientemente elevada. As condies de instabilizao da mola dependem do comprimento livre, dimetro nominal do enrolamento e ainda do tipo de extremidades da mola e do tipo de constrangimentos que estes impem sua deformao (pivot ball permite a rotao; ground & squared no permitem a rotao). Um mtodo rpido para verificar a instabilidade da mola consiste em calcular a relao entre a deformao da mola e o seu comprimento livre (/Lfree) e utilizar a tabela abaixo para verificar se esta relao excede o valor mximo admissvel:

Molas de traco
As molas de traco tpicas tem usualmente o seguinte aspecto:

As molas de traco so normalmente fabricadas com uma traco inicial Fi que pressiona as espiras umas contra as outras no estado livre da mola. Este facto tem como consequncia que a relao fora-deformao no seja verdadeiramente linear, quando medida a partir da posio de repouso. No entanto uma vez que a traco inicial seja ultrapassada, a mola tem um comportamento linear.

Tenses de corte
Dado que as molas de traco tm uma traco inicial na sua posio de repouso, tm igualmente uma tenso de corte inicial instalada nas espiras no estado de repouso. A tenso de corte mxima (em repouso), i ocorre na face interior das espiras, e dada pela equao,

i = kW

8DFi d 3

em que D o dimetro nominal do enrolamento, d o dimetro do arame, e kW o factor de correco de Wahl . Uma vez que a traco inicial ultrapassada, a mola de traco pode ser analisada como uma mola de compresso com uma fora negativa. A tenso de corte mxima (max) na mola aumenta com a fora e dada por,

max = i + kW
A deformao da mola dada por,

8 FD d 3

8 nt ( F Fi ) Gd4
nt o nmero total de

em que G o modulo de elasticidade transversal e espiras.

Concentrao de tenses nas extremidades

Consideremos o arco tpico que normalmente existe nas extremidades das molas de traco. A geometria do arco frequentemente causa fenmenos de concentrao de tenses que podem originar a falha da mola. A ilustrao seguinte mostra a geometria tpica das extremidades desta mola e define os parmetros radiais r1 e r4,

A tenso mxima em flexo no ponto A e a tenso de corte mxima no ponto B podem ser expressas pelas equaes, respectivamente,

Coeficiente de segurana nas molas de traco

Quando ocorre a rotura de uma mola de compresso, a falha catastrfica de todo o mecanismo onde a mesma se insere, normalmente evitada porque os componentes que suportam as extremidades da mola, na pior das hipteses comprimem os restos da mola em rotura. Com uma mola de traco, no existe este tipo de segurana de carcter geomtrico uma vez que a mola est em traco. Por esta e outras razes, as tenses de trabalho das molas de traco so normalmente limitadas a cerca de do valor correspondente para uma mola de compresso com geometria similar e do mesmo material.

Fadiga de Molas helicoidais

O fenmeno da fadiga constitui um problema em molas sujeitas a cargas cclicas, em que as foras variam entre um valor mximo e um valor mnimo. As molas do sistema de suspenso dos veculos, por exemplo, esto sujeitas a fadiga. Um nmero excessivo de ciclos de tenso originar a falha da mola por fadiga. As tenses de corte mxima e mnima, , na face interior do enrolamento da mola so proporcionais s foras actuantes na mola, Fmax e Fmin,

em que D o dimetro mdio do enrolamento (medido entre os centros da seco transversal do arame, i.e. dimetro exterior do enrolamento menos o dimetro do arame), W o factor de correco de Wahl que tem em conta o efeito da curvatura da mola nas tenses, e C o ndice da mola

A tenso de corte mdia na mola mean, e a tenso de corte alternada, alt, so dadas por

Critrio de Soderberg
Os componentes sujeitos a carregamentos alternados (mean = 0) falham quando o nvel de tenses atinge a tenso limite de fadiga do material, fatigue, que se obtm atravs dos ensaios de fadiga. Quando os componentes esto sujeitos a uma dada combinao de tenses mdias mean e tenses alternadas alt , o critrio de Soderberg permite prever a falha em fadiga. No grfico abaixo, tenso mdia vs. tenso alternada, est representada a linha correspondente ao limite imposto pelo critrio de falha por fadiga de Soderberg, que representado pela recta que une os pontos, mean = yield e alt = fatigue:

Se no grfico acima, o estado de tenso corresponder a um ponto abaixo da recta de Soderberg (linha a azul) o critrio de Soderberg fadiga verifica-se. Se o estado de tenso corresponder a um ponto acima da recta de Soderberg, ento provvel a rotura por fadiga. O critrio de Soderberg pode ser verificado analiticamente, atravs da equao,

Ocorrer falha por fadiga se a tenso alternada for superior tenso limite imposta pelo critrio de Soderberg, ie.

Frequncia natural fundamental das molas helicoidais

Quando as molas helicoidais so utilizadas em mecanismos com movimento, o seu comportamento dinmico tem de ser considerado. A primeira frequncia natural (ressonncia) de uma mola helicoidal dada por,

em que d o dimetro do arame, D o dimetro mdio nominal do enrolamento, nt o nmero total de espiras, G o mdulo de elasticidade transversal e a massa especfica do material da mola.

Deduo da expresso anterior por analogia

Uma forma fcil de obter a equao anterior consiste em usar a analogia entre uma barra sujeita a uma fora axial e a mola helicoidal. A analogia vlida uma vez que ambos os objectos possuem uma rigidez e uma massa uniforme ao longo do comprimento L.

Tanto a mola como a barra obedecem Lei de Hooke, em aplicaes estticas,

em que L a variao no comprimento da mola ou da barra. A rigidez k para a barra dada por,

em que E o mdulo de Young do material, A e L so, respectivamente, a seco e o comprimento livre da barra.

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No caso dinmico, a variao do comprimento da barra pode ser dada pela expresso,

em que o nmero de onda n dado por,

e f a frequncia excitadora (em Hz). Para verificar a validade da equao obtida, notemos os seguintes aspectos: A equao dinmica para L satisfaz a equao diferencial do movimento para a barra e no limite para o caso esttico (i.e. quando f tende para zero) a equao para L no mais do que a expresso da Lei de Hooke,

Para obter as frequncias naturais da barra procuramos as condies para as quais a variao de comprimento da barra tende para infinito. Isto ocorre quando nL no denominador igual a: {, 2, 3, ...}. A primeira frequncia natural ocorre quando,

Resolvendo em ordem a fres e substituindo na expresso de krod e notando que o volume da barra (A*L), vem,

A massa especfica multiplicada pelo volume igual massa da barra. Assim podemos simplificar a formula da frequncia natural, obtendo-se,

Por analogia, a primeira frequncia natural da mola, ter a mesma equao,

em que k agora a rigidez da mola, e M a massa da mola.

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Frequncia natural da mola em funo de parmetros geomtricos

Podemos exprimir a frequncia natural da mola em termos dos parmetros de carcter geomtrico e do mdulo de elasticidade transversal (em vez da sua rigidez global k e da sua massa). O volume material da mola dado por,

e notando que a rigidez da mola em termos da sua geometria, mdulo de elasticidade transversal G e nmero de espiras activas na,

Substituindo estas duas equaes na formula da frequncia natural, fres , obtmse,

Se a mola for constituda por um nmero elevado de espiras, podemos assumir que o nmero de espiras activas igual ao nmero total de espiras (desprezando as espiras terminais). Podemos tambm assumir a seguinte aproximao numrica,

Estas duas aproximaes permitem obter a expresso para a frequncia de ressonncia da mola,

Para utilizar esta formula necessitamos de conhecer o modulo de elasticidade transversal da mola e a sua geometria. muito mais fcil utilizar a frmula da seco anterior que apenas requer o conhecimento da rigidez e da massa da mola, especialmente quando se trata de molas das quais se desconhece o material.

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Referncias: J. Shigley, C. Mischke Mechanical Engineering Design, McGraw-Hill 6th ed.

Anexos
Materiais para molas

13

14

Spring wire

Sandvik 12R10/gusab T302

Sandvik 12R10/gusab T302 are general purpose steel grades which meet most requirements with regard to mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Service temperature.............................-200 to 250 C (-330 to 480F) Chemical composition (nominal) % Steel grade 12R10 T302 C 0.08 0.07 Si 0.6 0.5 Mn 1.2 1.3 P max 0.030 0.035 S max 0.015 0.015 Cr 18 18.5 Ni 9 8

Standards

Sandvik Grade: 12R10/gusab T302 ASTM: 302 ISO: X9 CrNi 18-8 Grade 1 NS EN: 1.4310 NS EN Name: X 10 CrNi 18-8 NS W Nr.: 1.4310 JIS: SUS 302/304-WPB Product standards EN 10270-3 ISO 6931-1 ASTM A 313/A 313M JIS G 4314

Mechanical properties

Mechanical properties in delivered condition Tensile strength and proof strength, MPa (ksi) Wire diameter Nominal, Rm1 mm inch MPa ksi 0.15 0.20 0.0059 - 0.0079 2365 343 >0.20 0.30 >0.0079 - 0.012 2310 335 >0.30 0.40 >0.012 - 0.016 2260 328 >0.40 0.50 >0.016 - 0.020 2200 319 >0.50 0.65 >0.020 - 0.026 2150 312 >0.65 0.80 >0.026 - 0.031 2095 304 >0.80 1.00 >0.031 - 0.039 2045 297 >1.00 1.25 >0.039 - 0.049 1990 289 >1.25 1.50 >0.049 - 0.059 1935 281 >1,50 1,75 >0.059 - 0.069 1880 273 >1.75 2.00 >0.069 - 0.079 1830 265 >2.00 2.50 >0.079 - 0.098 1775 257 >2.50 3.00 >0.098 - 0.118 1720 249 >3.00 3.50 >0.118 - 0.138 1665 241 >3.50 4.25 >0.138 - 0.167 1615 234 >4.25 5.00 >0.167 - 0.197 1560 232 >5.00 6.00 >0.197 - 0.236 1505 218 >6.00 7.00 >0.236 - 0.276 1450 210 >7.00 8.50 >0.276 - 0.335 1400 203 >8.50 10.00 >0.335 - 0,394 1345 195 Flat wire 800-2200 116 - 319 Other strength levels
1)

Nominal Rp0.2 MPa ksi 1890 274 1850 268 1810 262 1760 255 1720 249 1680 244 1635 237 1590 231 1550 225 1505 218 1465 212 1420 206 1375 199 1330 193 1290 187 1250 181 1205 175 1160 168 1120 162 1075 156 0.85*Rm 0,85 * ksi

On request

tolerance on tensile strength + /- 7.0 % in accordance with EN 10 270-3 (ISO 6931-1).

By tempering the tensile strength can be increased by 150250 MPa (22 - 36 ksi). The tensile strength variation between spools/coils within the same production lot is maximum 50 MPa (7ksi). The proof strength in tempered condition is approx. 85 % of the tempered tensile strength. The tensile strength values are guaranteed and are measured directly after production. At storing the strength will increase somewhat due to ageing. Depending on storing condition the ageing can increase the stength with 0 - 50 MPa (0 - 7 ksi)

15

Shear modulus, MPa (ksi) as delivered ............................................... approx 71 000 (10 295) tempered ................................................... approx 73 000 (10 585) Modulus of elasticity, MPa (ksi) as delivered ............................................. approx 185 000 (26 825) tempered ................................................. approx 190 000 (27 550) The strength will decrease by 34% per 100C (184oF) increase of service temperature. Straightened lengths After straightening the strength is approx. 7% lower.

Fatigue strength - tempered and pre-stressed cylindrical helical springs Whler diagram, mean stress 450 MPa The curve is valid for springs coiled from wire 1 mm in diameter and represents 90% security against failure. Shear stress range = double the stress amplitude. To reach 99.9% security against failure the curve must be lowered to about 80 % of present values.

Stress range for different wire diameters, mean stress 450 MPa Shear stress range at 107 load cycles as a function of the wire diameter.

At elevated temperatures the fatigue strength decreases at: 100C (210F) by about 5 % 200C (390F) by about 10%

Heat treatment

By tempering the springs at 350C (660F)/0.53 h, the tensile strength will increase by about 100-250 MPa (15 - 35 ksi). If a shorter tempering time is used the tempering effect will be lower. In continuous conveyor furnaces, where the holding time at temperature is very short (min. 3 minutes), the temperature can be increased to about 425C (780F). In the as-delivered condition the ratio proof strength/tensile strength is about 0.80. After tempering the ratio will be about 0.85. Please note that tension springs coiled with initial tension must not be tempered at the same high temperature as other types of springs. We recommend batch annealing at 200C (390F)/0.53 h, or continuous tempering in a conveyor furnace with a holding time of 320 minutes at about 250C (480F).

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Spring wire

Sandvik 11R51
General description

Sandvik 11R51 in comparison with standard grades Sandvik 12R10/gusab T302 these grades have: higher tensile strength and tempering effect higher relaxation resistance, especially at elevated temperatures higher fatigue strength better corrosion resistance thanks to the molybdenum addition

Chemical composition (nominal) % C 0.08 Si 1.50 Mn 1.80 P max 0.025 S max 0.015 Cr 17.0 Ni 7.5 Mo 0.70

Standards

Sandvik Grade: 11R51 ASTM: 302 ISO: EN: 1.4310 HS EN Name: X10 CrNi 18-8 HS W Nr.: 1.4310 HS JIS: SUS 302 Mod. Product standards EN 10270-3 ISO 6931-1 JIS G 4314 ASTM A 313/A 313M - 98 Mechanical properties Mechanical properties in delivered condition Tensile strength and proof strength, MPa (ksi) Wire diameter Nominal, Rm1 mm inch MPa ksi 0.15 0.20 0.0059 - 0.0079 2530 367 >0.20 0.30 >0.0079 - 0.012 2470 358 >0.30 0.40 >0.012 - 0.016 2420 351 >0.40 0.50 >0.016 - 0.020 2365 343 >0.50 0.65 >0.020 - 0.026 2310 335 >0.65 0.80 >0.026 - 0.031 2260 328 >0.80 1.00 >0.031 - 0.039 2200 319 >1.00 1.25 >0.039 - 0.049 2150 312 >1.25 1.50 >0.049 - 0.059 2100 305 >1.50 1.75 >0.059 - 0.069 2040 296 >1.75 2.00 >0.069 - 0.079 1990 289 >2.00 2.50 >0.079 - 0.098 1880 273 >2.50 3.00 >0.098 - 0.118 1830 265 >3.00 3.50 >0.118 - 0.138 1775 257 >3.50 4.25 >0.138 - 0.167 1720 249 >4.25 5.00 >0.167 - 0.197 1670 242 >5.00 6.00 >0.197 - 0.236 1610 233 >6.00 7.00 >0.236 - 0.276 1560 226 >7.00 8.50 >0.276 - 0.335 1505 218 Flat wire 850-2400 123 - 348 Other strength levels
1)

Nominal Rp0,2 MPa ksi 2150 312 2100 305 2060 299 2010 292 1960 284 1920 278 1870 271 1830 265 1785 259 1730 251 1690 245 1600 232 1555 225 1510 219 1460 212 1420 206 1370 199 1330 193 1280 186 0.85 * Rm 0,85 * ksi

On request

tolerance on tensile strength + / - 7.0 % in accordance with En 10 270-3 grade 1.4310HS.

By tempering the tensile strength can be increased by 150300 MPa ( 22 - 44 ksi). The tensile strength variation between spools/coils within the same production lot is maximum 50 MPa (7 ksi). The proof strength in tempered condition is approx. 90 % of the tempered tensile strength.

17

Shear modulus, MPa (ksi) as delivered ................................................. approx. 71 000 (10 295) tempered ..................................................... approx. 73 000 (10 585) Modulus of elasticity, MPa (ksi) as delivered ............................................... approx.185 000 ( 26 825) tempered ................................................... approx. 190 000 (27 550) The strength will decrease by 34% per 100C increase of service temperature. Straightened lengths After straightening the strength is approx. 7% lower.

Fatigue strength - tempered and pre-stressed cylindrical helical springs

Whler diagram, mean stess 450 MPa The curve is valid for springs coiled from wire in size 1.00 mm and represents 90 % security against failure. The shear stress range = double the stress amplitude. To 99.9 % seccurity against failure the curve must be lowered to about 80 % of present values.

Stress range for different wire diameters, mean stress 450 MPa Shear stress range at 107 load cycles as a function of the wire diameter.

Heat treatment

By tempering the springs at 425C (780F)/0.5 - 4 h, the tensile strength will increase by about 150-300 MPa (20 - 45 ksi). If a shorter tempering time is used the tempering effect will be lower. In continuous conveyor furnaces, where the holding time at temperature is very short (min. 3 minutes), the temperature can be increased to about 475 (780F). In the as-delivered condition the ratio proof strength/tensile strength is about 0.85. After tempering the ratio will be about 0.90. Please note that tension springs coiled with initial tension must not be tempered at the same high temperature as other types of springs. We recommend batch tempering at 250C (480F)/0.53 h, or continuous tempering in a conveyor furnace with a holding time of 35 minutes at about 300C (570F).

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Spring wire

Sandvik 13RM19
Sandvik 13RM19 combines high mechanical strength with a non-magnetic structure. This combination of properties has previously been found mainly in expensive Co-Ni-base or Cu-Be-alloys. The steel has very good corrosion resistance comparable to that of AISI 302. Sandvik 13RM19 is characterised by non-magnetic structure in all conditions very high mechanical strength in the cold drawn condition. The strength can be further increased without any effect on the non-magnetic structure by a simple tempering operation high elastic limit and energy storing capacity in the cold drawn and tempered condition Sandvik 13RM19 also possesses good fatigue properties and exellent ductility, which makes it a most suitable choice for springs and other high strength applications where ferromagnetic materials cannot be used. Service temperature ...............................up to 250C (480F)

Standards

Sandvik Grade: 13RM19 EN: 1.4369 For Sandvik 13RM19 is the standard EN 10270-3 valid excluding chemical composition and mechanical properties.

Chemical composition (nominal) % C 0.11 Si 0.8 Mn 6.0 P max 0.030 S Max 0.015 Cr 18.5 Ni 7 Mo N 0.25

Magnetic permeability

From a magnetic point of view materials can be divided into three groups, para-, dia- and ferromagnetic materials. For many practical cases para- and diamagnetic materials will however strongly interact with the magnetic fields. In some cases the ferromagnetic properties are desired while in other situations no interaction with a magnetic field can be accepted. The magnetic properties of a metrial is expressed as the magnetic susceptibility, permeability

, or often as the magnetic = 1 + . By definition the magnetic susceptibility is put to 0 for vacuum from which is follows that

vacuum=1.
The magnetic permeability for a certain material is expressed as value of the material. Most types of high strength steel are ferromagnetic in spring hard conditions. The spring properties are achieved by hardening, e.g. carbon and chrominum steels or by cold drawing as e.g. for AISI 302/304 (W.Nr 1.4310). The origin of the properties is the martensitic structure. Higher alloyed steels e.g. AISI 316 suffer, side from being more expensive, from the difficulties to reach a high strength by cold working. If high strength is needed together with a non-magnetic (para-magnetic) material the option has traditionally been expensive Copper-Beryllium or Cobalt base alloys. Sandvik 13RM19 is alloyed in a way that the structure is very stable against a martensitic transformation but still allowing a strong work hardening effect at deformation. Thus it is possible to obtain mechanical properties similar to the ones of AISI 302 but maintaining a non-magnetic structure. The following diagram shows typical values for the maximal relative magnetic permeability for different stainless steels.

, which is its relative permeability versus vacuum. Further, as , may vary with the magnetic field strength the maximum value of max is often given as a representative

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Mechanical properties

Mechanical properties in delivered condition Tensile strength and proof strength, MPa (ksi) Wire diameter Nominal, Rm mm inch +/- 100 MPa +/- 15 ksi 0.15 0.20 0.0059 - 0.0079 2200 319 >0.20 0.30 >0.0079 - 0.012 2150 312 >0.30 0.40 >0.012 - 0.016 2100 305 >0.40 0.50 >0.016 - 0.020 2100 305 >0.50 0.65 >0.020 - 0.026 2000 290 >0.65 0.80 >0.026 - 0.031 2000 290 >0.80 1.00 >0.031 - 0.039 1900 276 >1.00 1.25 >0.039 - 0.049 1900 276 >1.25 1.50 >0.049 - 0.059 1800 261 >1,50 2,00 >0.059 - 0.078 1800 261 >2.00 2.50 >0.078 - 0.098 1650 239 >2.50 3.00 >0.098 - 0.118 1650 239 >3.00 3.50 >0.118 - 0.138 1500 218 >3.50 4.00 >0.138 - 0.157 1500 218

Nominal Rp0.2 MPa ksi 1760 255 1720 249 1680 244 1680 244 1600 232 1600 232 1520 220 1520 220 1440 209 1440 209 1320 191 1320 191 1200 174 1200 174

By tempering the tensile strength can be increased by up to 300 MPa (44 ksi) without deterioration of the magnetic properties. The tensile strength variation between spools/coils within the same production lot is maximum 50 MPa (7 ksi). The proof strength in tempered condition is approx. 85 % of the tempered tensile strength. The tensile strength values are guaranteed and are measured directly after production. At storing the strength will increase somewhat due to ageing. Depending on storing condition the ageing can increase the stength with 0 - 50 MPa (0 - 7 ksi).

Shear modulus, MPa (ksi) as delivered ...............................................approx. 69 000 (10 005) tempered ...................................................approx. 73 000 (10 585) Modulus of elasticity, MPa (ksi) as delivered ............................................approx. 180 000 (26 100) tempered ................................................approx. 190 000 (27 550) The strength will decrease by 34% per 100C (184oF) increase of service temperature.

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Fatigue strength

The Whler diagram is valid for spings coiled from wire 0.5 mm in diameter and represents 90 % of security against failure. Mean stress = 450 MPa Stress range = double the stress amplitude To reach 99.9 % security aganist failure the curve must be lowered to about 80 % of present values. At elevated temperatures the fatigue strength decreases at 100oC by about 5 % 200oC by about 10 % Cryogenic properties

13RM19 has excellent properties by means of magnetic and mechanical properties at low temperatures. The diagram shows the magnetic permeability down to 4.2 K (-268.95C) for a tensile strength of approx. 800 MPa (116 ksi) at 20C (70F). Tensile strength values at different temperatures and material conditions.

Heat treatment By tempering the springs, the tensile strength will increase up to 300 MPa (45 ksi). We recommend 350C (660F)/0.53 h for batch tempering. To obtain best results when tempering in a continuous conveyer furnace, where holding times at full temperature are very short, the temperature can preferably be increased to about 425C (780F). The holding time should be at least 3 minutes as shorter times might result in uneven tempering. In the as-delivered condition the ratio 0,2 % offset proof stress/tensile strength is about 0.80. After tempering the ratio will be about 0.85. Please note that tension springs coiled with initial tension must not be tempered at the same high temperature as other types of springs. We recommend batch annealing at 200C (390F)/0.53 h, or continuous tempering in a conveyor furnace with a holding time of 35 minutes at about 250C (480F).

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Strip steel

Sandvik 15LM and 20C

General description

Sandvik 15LM and 20C are characterised by good properties in respect of:

Fatigue strength and wear resistance Hardness combined with ductility Dimensional tolerances Surface and edge finishes Shape

The materials also have good blanking and forming properties with retaining shape of the parts after the blanking operation.

Chemical composition (nominal) % Sandvik 15LM 20C C 0.75 1.00 Si 0.20 0.25 Mn 0.75 0.45

Specifications Sandvik 15LM 20C AISI 1074 1095 W.-Nr. 1.1248 1.1274 SS 1770 1870

Dimensions

Sandvik 15LM and 20C are available in a wide range of sizes. The following chart indicates the approximate stand-ard size range.

Figure 1 Standard size range

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Mechanical properties

Nominal values at 20C. Thickness Tensile strength, sRm* inch <.005 .005-<.007 .007-<.009 .009-<.011 .011-<.015 .015-<.017 .017-<.019 .019-<.025 .025-<.032 .032-<.039 .039-<.062 .062-<.098 .098-<.118 Sandvik 15LM Sandvik 20C MPa MPa 1950 2100 1900 2050 1850 2000 1800 1950 1750 1900 1700 1850 1700 1800 1650 1750 1600 1700 1550 1650 1500 1600 1500 1600 1500 1600 Proof strength, Rp0.2 Sandvik 15LM MPa 1750 1700 1650 1600 1600 1550 1550 1500 1450 1400 1350 1350 1350 Sandvik 20C MPa 1900 1850 1800 1750 1700 1650 1600 1600 1550 1500 1450 1450 1450

mm.......... <0.125 0.125-<0.175 0.175-<0.225 0.225-<0.275 0.275-<0.375 0.375-<0.425 0.425-<0.475 0.475-<0.625 0.625-<0.825 0.825-<1.000 1.000-<1.575 1.575-<2.500 2.500-<3.500

Blanking & Bending

Blanking In order to achieve optimal blanking results tools and presses must be accurate and stable in dealing with hardened and tempered strip. A lubricant is recommended to minimize tool wear.

Clearance between punch and die A radial clearance of 410% of the strip thickness is recommended. This will give low burr height in combination with long tool life and a sheared edge with a narrow shear zone and a wide break zone.

Tools Tool steels of type AISI D2 or D4 with hardness about 63 HRC can be used except where thick gauges, slender tool sections and small corner radii are involved. In that case we recommend high-speed steel, type AISI M2 hardened and tempered to about 63 HRC. Carbide tools are recommended for blanking in very long runs, unless the strip is too hard and thick or the shape of the items is unsuitable. More detailed recommendations will be furnished on request. The corner radii should be min. 0.25 x the strip thickness, but not smaller than 0.25 mm (0.010 inch), and the diameter of the punch not smaller than 2 x the strip thickness. The risk of the hole slug or the blanked item being carried along with the punch on its return stroke can be lessened by using a die without a taper, i.e. with a straight section starting from the edge of the tool. The straight section should be at least 5 x the strip thickness or at least 3 mm (0.118 inch) in length.

Bending Table 6 shows average values for the least bending radius, r min . These figures refer to strip with a nominal tensile strength as per table 5. The bending tests were carried out according to Swedish Standard SS 11 26 26 method 3, i.e.in a 90 vee block with a 25 mm (1 inch) die opening, the blanked test pieces being 35 mm (1.38 inch) wide and turned so that their burr edge was facing inwards in the bend.

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Applications

Sandvik 15LM

Springs in general Spring washers in cars Scraper blades for the pulp and paper industry

Sandvik 20C

Washers in automatic transmissions Lapping carriers and cutter blades for the semiconductor industry Coater and scraper blades for the pulp and paper industry Springs in general Doctor blades for printing processes Knives A document from the Sandvik Materials Technology web-site.

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