PL4 - "Modelagem e Migração de Dados Sísmicos Usando o Método de Expansão Rápida"

IV SeGef - IV Semana de Geofsica da UFRN
Modelagem e migrao de dados ssmicos

usando o mtodo de expanso rpida (REM)
Reynam Pestana
1
1
CPGG/UFBA and INCT-GP/CNPq
reynam@ufba.br; reynam@cpgg.ufba.br
IV-SeGef - IV Semana de Geofsica da UFRN
22 de outubro de 2013
Natal, RN, Brazil
FWI - Introduction (FWI - Inverso de Forma de
Onda)
FWI - Introduction
FWI Introduction
FWI Introduction
FWI Introduction
FWI Introduction - Summary
Overthrust Model True model
FWI Overthrust initial model
FWI Overthrust Inverted model
FWI Overthrust Test
FWI Overthrust Test
Cycle-skipping
Cycle-skipping is an issue for single band FWI
Multiscale FWI
Multiscale FWI Initial model
Multiscale FWI Inversion at 6Hz
Multiscale FWI Inversion at 20 Hz
Multiscale FWI True model
Multiscale FWI
Multiscale FWI
Multiscale FWI - Velocity prole
Marine acquisition ( Seismic modeling )
Summary
Introduction
Wave equation solution
Classical nite-difference (FD)
Rapid expansion method (REM)
Laplace evalution
FD solution - Special case of REM
Cosine approximation
Numerical results - Modeling and migration
Summary
Introduction
Laplace evalution
Summary
Introduction
Laplace evalution
Summary
Introduction
Laplace evalution
Summary
Introduction
Laplace evalution
Summary
Introduction
Laplace evalution
Summary
Introduction
Laplace evalution
Summary
Introduction
Laplace evalution
Summary
Introduction
Laplace evalution
Introduction
The numerical solution of acoustic and elastic wave equation
is routinely used for generating synthetic seismics surveys.
These simulations are also the basis for reverse time
migration.
The accuracy and efciency of the numerical simulation
depends on the method used for approximating the time and
spatial derivatives in the wave equation.
Introduction
The numerical solution of acoustic and elastic wave equation
is routinely used for generating synthetic seismics surveys.
These simulations are also the basis for reverse time
migration.
The accuracy and efciency of the numerical simulation
depends on the method used for approximating the time and
spatial derivatives in the wave equation.
Introduction
We consider here the nite-difference (FD) and
pseudospectral (PS) direct methods for the numerical solution
of wave equation.
In this work, for reverse time migration problem we address
the following topics:
Time integration,
Calculation of spatial derivatives.
Introduction
of wave equation.
Time integration,
Introduction
of wave equation.
Time integration,
Introduction
of wave equation.
Time integration,
Acoustic wave equation
The acoustic wave equation in a source free medium with constant
density is
2
p
t
2
= L
2
p; with L
2
= v
2
2
(1)
where
2
=
_

2
x
2
+

2
y
2
+

2
z
2
_
is the Laplacian operator,
p is the pressure,
v = v(x, y, z) is the compressional-wave velocity.
Equation (??) is a second order differential equation in the time
variable.
Time integration
The FD methods replace the partial derivative by approximation
based on the Taylor series expression near the point of interest.
Methods:
Explicit - waveeld at present time is computed from the
waveeld at past times
Implicit - waveeld at present time depend on past and future
values.
Implicit method are unconditionally stable but leads to great
amount of computation ( large matrix inversion);
In general, the wave equation is solved with the explicit
method - time step is determined by stability criterion but
should be determined by accuracy as well.
Time integration
Methods:
values.
Time integration
Methods:
values.
Time integration
Methods:
values.
Time integration
Methods:
values.
Time integration
Methods:
values.
Classical nite difference
Computing the second time derivative in equation (??) at
(n + 1)t and (n 1)t by Taylor expansion and summing both
expressions, yield
2
p
n
t
2
=
1
t
2
_
p
n+1
2p
n
+ p
n1
2
l
t
2l
(2l )!
2l
p
n
t
2l
_
(2)
For higher order time derivatives, we can use the following
recursion:
2l
p
n
t
2l
= L
2
2l 2
p
n
t
2l 2
(3)
This algorithm is often referred to as Lax-Wendroff schemes -
higher-order time derivatives are replaced by spatial derivatives
Classical nite difference
Computing the second time derivative in equation (??) at
(n + 1)t and (n 1)t by Taylor expansion and summing both
expressions, yield
2
p
n
t
2
=
1
t
2
_
p
n+1
2p
n
+ p
n1
2
l
t
2l
(2l )!
2l
p
n
t
2l
_
(2)
For higher order time derivatives, we can use the following
recursion:
2l
p
n
t
2l
= L
2
2l 2
p
n
t
2l 2
(3)
This algorithm is often referred to as Lax-Wendroff schemes -
higher-order time derivatives are replaced by spatial derivatives
Traditional Wave Equation
For seismic modeling, we usually use the following acoustic wave
equation:
1
v
2
(x)
2
p(x, t )
t
2
=

2
p(x, t )
x
2
+

2
p(x, t )
y
2
+

2
p(x, t )
z
2
(4)
where P(x, t ) is the waveeld and v(x) is the propagation velocity
in the medium.
The stability condition sets a limit on the size of the time step,
which for a 3-D problem, using a 2nd order scheme in time and
space, gives:
t <
min(x, y, z)
v
max
3
(5)
Explicit nite scheme
Using the 2nd order in time and higher-order nite differences, the
forward propagation can be calculated as:
p
n+1
i ,j ,k
= 2p
n
i ,j ,k
p
n1
i ,j ,k
+ t
2
v
2
i ,j ,k
_
(
2
)
M
_
p
n
i ,j ,k
(6)
where,
p
n
i ,j ,k
= p(i x, j y, kz, nt )
and t is temporal step size and x,y, z are spatial sampling
interval.
Explicit nite scheme
The Laplacian with Mth order of accuracy can be given by
_
(
2
)
M
_
p
n
i ,j ,k
= w
o
_
1
x
2
+
1
y
2
+
1
z
2
_
p
n
i ,j ,k
+
M/2
m=1
w
m
_
1
x
2
_
p
n
i m,j ,k
+ p
n
i +m,j ,k
_
(7)
+
1
y
2
_
p
n
i ,j m,k
+ p
n
i ,j +m,k
_
+
1
z
2
_
p
n
i ,j ,km
+ p
n
i ,j ,k+m
_
_
For example, second derivative of f(x) approximated with 4th order
accuracy:
f
(x) = w
2
f (x 2x) + w
1
f (x x) +
w
0
f (x) + w
1
f (x + 1x) + w
2
f (x + 2x)
Stability condition
The stability condition for isotropic modeling is as follow (Lines et
al. 1999)
t <
d
v
max
2
(8)
=
m=M/2
m=M/2
_
|w
x
| +|w
y
| +|w
z
|
_
where d = min(x, y, z) and v
max
is the maximum velocity
in the medium.
The grid spacing is governed by maximum frequency or,
F
max
=
v
min
Gd
and G is the number of point per shortest wavelength
Normalized phase velocity versus wavenumber for
nite-difference schemes of different orders
( = 0.2)
C
p
= /k
x
is the phase velocity and = ct /x.
Grid scheme
1D grid scheme (left) and 2D grid scheme (right)
3D Grid scheme
Snapshot of waveeld
Dispersion problem
Syntethic seismograms -Two layers model
Modeled with different FD schemes with F
max
= 30Hz, x = 20m and
2.5 points per short wavelength. 2nd order (left), 4th order (center) and
14th order (right)
Synthetic seismograms - Two layers model
Modeled with 2nd order (left) and 4th order (right) with F
max
= 30Hz and
x = 5.0m.
Acoustic wave equation - An exact solution
Taking the wave equation (??)
2
p
t
2
= L
2
p; with L
2
= c
2
_

2
x
2
+

2
y
2
+

2
z
2
_
(9)
Initial conditions:
p(t = 0) = p
0
p
t
(t = 0) =

p
0
Solution:
p(t ) = cos(L t ) p
0
+
sin(L t )
L

p
0
(10)
The waveelds p(t + t ) and p(t t ) can be evaluated by
equation (??). Adding these two waveelds results in:
p(t + t ) + p(t t ) = 2 cos(Lt ) p(t ) (11)
2
p
t
2
= L
2
p; with L
2
= c
2
_

2
x
2
+

2
y
2
+

2
z
2
_
(9)
Initial conditions:
p(t = 0) = p
0
p
t
(t = 0) =

p
0
Solution:
p(t ) = cos(L t ) p
0
+
sin(L t )
L

p
0
(10)
p(t + t ) + p(t t ) = 2 cos(Lt ) p(t ) (11)
2
p
t
2
= L
2
p; with L
2
= c
2
_

2
x
2
+

2
y
2
+

2
z
2
_
(9)
Initial conditions:
p(t = 0) = p
0
p
t
(t = 0) =

p
0
Solution:
p(t ) = cos(L t ) p
0
+
sin(L t )
L

p
0
(10)
p(t + t ) + p(t t ) = 2 cos(Lt ) p(t ) (11)
2
p
t
2
= L
2
p; with L
2
= c
2
_

2
x
2
+

2
y
2
+

2
z
2
_
(9)
Initial conditions:
p(t = 0) = p
0
p
t
(t = 0) =

p
0
Solution:
p(t ) = cos(L t ) p
0
+
sin(L t )
L

p
0
(10)
p(t + t ) + p(t t ) = 2 cos(Lt ) p(t ) (11)
Standard nite-difference schemes
p(t + t ) + p(t t ) = 2 cos(Lt ) p(t )
Taking the Taylor series expansion of cos(Lt ).
Second order: (1
(Lt )
2
2
)
Fourth order: (1
(Lt )
2
2
+
(Lt )
4
24
)
We obtain:
p(t + t ) 2p(t ) + p(t t ) = t
2
L
2
p(t ) (12)
p(t + t ) 2p(t ) + p(t t ) = t
2
L
2
p(t ) +
t
4
12
L
4
p(t ) (13)
Standard nite-difference schemes (Etgen,1986; Soubaras and
Zhang, 2008).
p(t + t ) + p(t t ) = 2 cos(Lt ) p(t )
Second order: (1
(Lt )
2
2
)
Fourth order: (1
(Lt )
2
2
+
(Lt )
4
24
)
We obtain:
p(t + t ) 2p(t ) + p(t t ) = t
2
L
2
p(t ) (12)
p(t + t ) 2p(t ) + p(t t ) = t
2
L
2
p(t ) +
t
4
12
L
4
p(t ) (13)
Zhang, 2008).
p(t + t ) + p(t t ) = 2 cos(Lt ) p(t )
Second order: (1
(Lt )
2
2
)
Fourth order: (1
(Lt )
2
2
+
(Lt )
4
24
)
We obtain:
p(t + t ) 2p(t ) + p(t t ) = t
2
L
2
p(t ) (12)
p(t + t ) 2p(t ) + p(t t ) = t
2
L
2
p(t ) +
t
4
12
L
4
p(t ) (13)
Zhang, 2008).
p(t + t ) + p(t t ) = 2 cos(Lt ) p(t )
Second order: (1
(Lt )
2
2
)
Fourth order: (1
(Lt )
2
2
+
(Lt )
4
24
)
We obtain:
p(t + t ) 2p(t ) + p(t t ) = t
2
L
2
p(t ) (12)
p(t + t ) 2p(t ) + p(t t ) = t
2
L
2
p(t ) +
t
4
12
L
4
p(t ) (13)
Zhang, 2008).
p(t + t ) + p(t t ) = 2 cos(Lt ) p(t )
Second order: (1
(Lt )
2
2
)
Fourth order: (1
(Lt )
2
2
+
(Lt )
4
24
)
We obtain:
p(t + t ) 2p(t ) + p(t t ) = t
2
L
2
p(t ) (12)
p(t + t ) 2p(t ) + p(t t ) = t
2
L
2
p(t ) +
t
4
12
L
4
p(t ) (13)
Zhang, 2008).
p(t + t ) + p(t t ) = 2 cos(Lt ) p(t )
Second order: (1
(Lt )
2
2
)
Fourth order: (1
(Lt )
2
2
+
(Lt )
4
24
)
We obtain:
p(t + t ) 2p(t ) + p(t t ) = t
2
L
2
p(t ) (12)
p(t + t ) 2p(t ) + p(t t ) = t
2
L
2
p(t ) +
t
4
12
L
4
p(t ) (13)
Zhang, 2008).
The Rapid Expansion Method (REM)
The cosine function is given by (Kosloff et. al, 1989)
cos(Lt ) =
M
k=0
C
2k
J
2k
(R t ) Q
2k
_
iL
R
_
(14)
Chebyshev polynomials recursion is given by:
Q
k+2
(w) = (4w
2
+ 2) Q
k
(w) Q
k2
(w)
with the initial values: Q
0
(w) = 1 and Q
2
(w) = 1 + 2w
2
For 3D case: R = c
max
_
1
x
2
+
1
y
2
+
1
z
2
,
The summation can be safely truncated with a M > R t
(Tal-Ezer, 1987).
cos(Lt ) =
M
k=0
C
2k
J
2k
(R t ) Q
2k
_
iL
R
_
(14)
Q
k+2
(w) = (4w
2
+ 2) Q
k
(w) Q
k2
(w)
0
(w) = 1 and Q
2
(w) = 1 + 2w
2
For 3D case: R = c
max
_
1
x
2
+
1
y
2
+
1
z
2
,
(Tal-Ezer, 1987).
cos(Lt ) =
M
k=0
C
2k
J
2k
(R t ) Q
2k
_
iL
R
_
(14)
Q
k+2
(w) = (4w
2
+ 2) Q
k
(w) Q
k2
(w)
0
(w) = 1 and Q
2
(w) = 1 + 2w
2
For 3D case: R = c
max
_
1
x
2
+
1
y
2
+
1
z
2
,
(Tal-Ezer, 1987).
Laplace evaluation: L
2
= c
2
2
Pseudoespectral operator:
2
P
x
2
= IFFT[k
x
2
FFT[P(x)]]
Finite difference:
2
P
n
j
x
2

2
P
n
j
x
2
=
1
x
2
N
l =N
C
l
P
n
j +l
Convolutional lter (FIR):
2nd order derivative on regular grids is replaced with a
convolutional Finite Impulse Response lter
FIR(l ) = D
2
(l ) H(l )
where H(l ) is a Hanning tapered version of the standard
operator D
2
(l )
nite-difference schemes of different orders
( = 0.2)
C
p
= /k
x
is the phase velocity and = ct /x.
Fourier method
For 2D case, using also a plane wave solution, the dispersion
relation is given by:
2
ct
sin(t /2) =
_
k
2
x
+ k
2
z
(15)
For x = z the stability region is = ct /x <
2/ as
compared to 2/ for 1D.
A similar analysis for 3D would give 2
3/3.
Fourier method - 1D case
Finite-difference solution - Special case of REM
Using the REM approximation, the wave equation solution is given
by:
p(t + t ) + p(t t ) = 2
M
k=0
C
2k
J
2k
(R t ) Q
2k
_
iL
R
_
p(t ) (16)
The Bessel functions are approximated, considering the argument
z sufciently small, by the following relation (Abramowitz and I. A.
Stegun,1965), as:
|J
k
(z)| =
|z|
k
2
k
k!
(17)
Finite-Difference solution - Special case of REM
Considering only the terms in (w z)
n
for n = 0, 2, 4, we obtain:
p(t + t ) + p(t t ) = 2
_
1 +
z
2
2
w
2
+
z
4
24
w
4
+
z
6
720
w
6
+
z
8
40320
w
8
+
_
p(t ) (18)
where w =
i L
R
and z = R t .
Now, considering using only terms up to t
2
, and substituting w
by
iL
R
and z = R t , we get:
p(t + t ) 2p(t ) + p(t t ) = t
2
L
2
p(t ) (19)
This results is the second-order nite difference in time scheme.
Finite-Difference solution - Special case of REM
In the same way, for the 4th order approximation we have:
1
t
2
_
p(t + t ) 2p(t ) + p(t t )
t
4
12
L
4
p(t )
_
= L
2
p(t )
(20)
The term on the left is the fourth order approximation for the
second order derivative in time (Dablain, 1986). Then,
L
4
p(t ) = L
2

2
p
t
2
=

2
t
2
(L
2
p) =
4
p
t
4
(21)
So the L
4
operator term has been replaced by
4
/t
4
.
Thus, REM is also a Lax-Wendroff scheme - higher-order time
derivatives are replaced by spatial derivatives
We approximate the cos() by the Chebyshev and Taylor series.
The term is dened as = Lt
max
= c
max
t
_
_

x
_
2
+
_

z
_
2
To plot we consider:
x = z = 0.012km
c
max
= 4.480km/s
t = 2ms
Thus,
max
= 3.3rad.
Cosine, Chebyshev and Taylor expansion (3 terms) -
[0,
max
].
Cosine, Chebyshev and Taylor expansion (4 terms) -
[0,
max
].
Error in Chebyshev and Taylor expansion (3 terms) -
[0,
max
].
Error in Chebyshev and Taylor expansion (4 terms) -
[0,
max
].
Chebyshev polynomials
Q
200
(top left); Q
400
(top right); Q
600
(bottom left); Q
800
(bottom right)
Chebyshev polynomial Q
200
400
600
800
Snapshots computed by REM
Snapshosts at: 1.0 s (top left); 1.2 s (top right); 1.4 s (bottom left); 1.6 s (bottom right)
Snapshot of the waveeld at 1.0 s
The goal of seismic migration
SEG-EAGE salt model - Velocity
SEG-EAGE salt model - Zero offset section (8 ms)
REM results for the SEG-EAGE salt model
Data resampled to 2ms and using 4 terms
Data resampled to 4ms and using 5 terms
Original data with 8ms using 8 terms
BP 2007 velocity model - Modeling
BP 2007 Dataset - Kirchhoff migration results
Velocity model
Minimum time Kirchhoff
Maximum energy kirchhoff
Kirchhoff migration method: Pre-stack case
Kirchhoff methods versus wave equation methods
The 3D seismic imaging processing has been dominated by
the Kirchhoff methods because practical issues
But ... the Kirchhoff methods use only rst arrivals.
Kirchhoff methods:
More energetic arrivals (Nichols,1996)
Multivalued traveltime (Becv, 1997)
Gauss beam method (Hill,2001)
The Kirchhoff integral is also a solution of the wave equation
but the Greens function is build using the high frequency
approximation (ART method)
Prestack migration - One way method
Wave equation methods are based on the solution of the one-way
wave equation
Motivation:
The computed wave eld has all traveltimes providing better
images compared with kirchhoff methods
More popular methods (why?) :
Better algorithms (intelligent algorithms)
Fast and cheap computers (Clusters of PC - GPU)
Two-way versus one-way
Wave propagation is modeled with the two-way wave equation (right)
and the one-way wave equation (left)
(From O. Pedersen, 2010 )
BP 2007 model - Migration results
Split-step method
PSPI method
RTM with rapid expansion method (REM)
Reverse time migration (RTM)
In RTM, the cross-correlation imaging condition, which is
given by:
I
cc
(x) =
_
P
F
(x, t ) P
B
(x, t ) dt (22)
is used in practice and is often preferable due to stability reasons.
Forward propagation Backward propagation Final image
+
cross-correlation
Reverse time migration
History:
1987 - Hemon stated the idea of RTM by solving the wave
equation by FD - But not emphasized the potential of the
method.
First RTM used in seismic exploration was in 1983 (Baysal et
al., 1983) - pseudo spectral method;
Loewenthal et al.,(1983) (F-K approach); Whitmore (1983);
and McMechan et al., (1990); - All these methods were used
for pos-stack RTM
The expensive calculation cost and the mass memory demand
limited the popularization of the RTM - not used in the industry for
a long time.
Reverse time migration
The Kirchhoff integral method and one-way wave equation
(OWE) method were widely used because of the advantage of
the cheap computation cost and smaller memory demand.
In recent years, the computer technology is developing fast
and the demand of accurate imaging for complex structure
reservoir is increasing day after day.
Recently, RTM has been developed from post-stack to
pre-stack, from 2D to 3D migration, from acoustic to elastic
wave equation and from isotropic to tilted transversely (TTI)
media migration.
Marmoussi data - RTM pre-stack results
Parallel code - 248 nodes
Velocity eld
FD operator 10th order - t = 1ms
REM with resampled data - t = 1ms
REM with original data - t = 4ms
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by CT-PETRO/FINEP/CNPq and
INCT-GP/CNPq. The facility support from CPGG/UFBA is also
acknowledged.
References
Time evolution of the wave equation using rapid expansion method,
2010, RC Pestana, PL Stoffa, Geophysics 75 (4), T121-T131
Decoupled equations for reverse time migration in tilted transversely
isotropic media, 2012, G Zhan, RC Pestana, PL Stoffa, Geophysics
77 (2), T37-T45
Rapid expansion and pseudo spectral implementation for reverse
time migration in VTI media, 2012, RC Pestana, B Ursin, PL Stoffa,
Journal of Geophysics and Engineering 9 (3), 291
An efcient hybrid pseudospectral/nite-difference scheme for
solving the TTI pure P-wave equation, 2013, G Zhan, RC Pestana,
PL Stoffa, Journal of Geophysics and Engineering 10 (2), 025004
Pseudo-acoustic wave equation for modeling and reserve time
migration in tti media, 2013, DF Barrera, RC Pestana, FA Vivas,
Journal of Seismic Exploration 22 (1), 33-48

PL4 - "Modelagem e Migração de Dados Sísmicos Usando o Método de Expansão Rápida"

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Título original

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

PL4 - "Modelagem e Migração de Dados Sísmicos Usando o Método de Expansão Rápida"

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

IV SeGef - IV Semana de Geofsica da UFRN

Modelagem e migrao de dados ssmicos

Você também pode gostar