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ESTUDIANTES DE TRUJILLO
Sonia Judyth Cabanillas Aguilar
Jhoan Alfredo Tello Chávez
Edinson Martín Pérez Linares
Daniel Enrique Lázaro Valverde
Instituto de Investigación y Capacitación en Detección de Mentiras (IICDM S.A. C.)
RESUMEN
La investigación de diseño experimental tuvo como objetivo determinar la efectividad del Registro de
Actividad Sintetizado Asociativo, en sus siglas R.A.S.A., en una muestra de 40 participantes volunta-
rios, 27 mujeres y 13 hombres, de una academia preuniversitaria y una universidad de Trujillo, divididos
en dos grupos, de control y natural, seleccionados por muestreo dirigido. Se determinó la efectividad del
instrumento R.A.S.A.; concluyendo que ante la exposición de los estímulos, el tiempo de latencia, la res-
puesta verbal y las micro expresiones faciales se registran directamente incongruentes, conformando un
método no tradicional para la evaluación del prejuicio inconsciente denominado también como racismo.
Palabras claves: Racismo, prejuicio inconsciente, discriminación, microexpresiones
Tabla 1
Leyenda general y de microexpresiones
Representación Abreviatura
Procesamiento de Información PI
Neutro N
Sorpresa S
Tristeza T
Miedo M
Alegría A
Ira I
Desprecio D
Asco A
RESULTADOS
Los datos del primer grupo (Grupo Natural) El grupo natural tuvo un promedio de tiempo de
muestran que es más frecuente el prejuicio in- 0.04 centésimas de segundo para responder a los
consciente sobre la “categoría social”, en esta estímulos, en comparación al grupo control cuyo
categoría se encuentran los participantes de nivel tiempo promedio fue 1.3 segundos, la tendencia
socioeconómico “conservadores”, mientras que indica que el grupo control muestra mayor pre-
el segundo grupo (Grupo Control) muestra mayor juicio que el grupo natural, así se deja apreciar en
frecuencia al prejuicio inconsciente sobre la “ca- la cantidad de categorías que el grupo control es
tegoría etnia” en la que se diferencian aspectos más frecuente en prejuicio que el grupo natural
relacionados al color de piel. (Figura 1).
Como referencia, se tiene los resultados obteni- representativas del tipo de prejuicio que podría
dos por uno de los participantes con indicadores entenderse que se asocian al nivel socioeconómi-
significativos, mostrando un tiempo promedio de co “sofisticado; además, las micro expresiones
demora o latencia ante un ítem de 2 segundos; de que demostró fueron Sorpresa (S), Tristeza (T),
esta manera, el prejuicio inconsciente en el parti- Miedo (M), Alegría (A), Ira (I), Desprecio (D),
cipante está orientado a la “categoría poder eco- Asco (X); este participante mostro entonces ele-
nómico” y a la “categoría origen”, dos categorías vada y variada emocionalidad incongruente a sus
respuestas verbales, pero que reflejan el prejuicio a personas o grupos de ciertos rasgos característi-
inconsciente manifiesto en la dificultad (mayor cos físicos. (Figura 2)
tiempo de latencia) al entregar atributos positivos
INTRODUCTION METHOD
Prejudice shares both emotional and cognitive Participants
aspects, both of negative connotation, this leads The sample consisted of 40 participants, 27 wo-
to the formation of hostile stereotypes in relation men and 13 men, from a pre-university academy
to a person or a group, based on baseless con- and a university in Trujillo. The intentional sam-
cepts. The most known prejudice is the one that pling was used, according to Hernández, Fernán-
makes a lower categorization of a race conside- dez and Baptista (2010) “the choice of elements
red superior over another considered inferior, this does not depend on probability, but on causes re-
is called racism, this is a voluntary act; however, lated to the characteristics of the investigation”
this variable has changed, the new face of racism (p.176).
today is the unconscious prejudice, defined as
discrimination without discrimination awareness Thus, some viable characteristics considered were
(Greenwald & Banaji, 1995). They investigated by cases or units of analysis found in the envi-
the implicit prejudice of individuals in relation to ronment or context, voluntary participants, maxi-
diverse categories such as ethnicity, origin, reli- mum variation and opportunity; which are part of
gion, profession, among other categories where the characteristics in medical and social sciences
the implicit or unconscious prejudice was asso- research (Hernández et al., 2010; Alarcón, 2008;
ciated with negative responses of the participants Chávez & Yamamoto, 2014; Greenwald, 2012;
in their interaction with people in these catego- Lindley, 2008; Sánchez & Reyes, 2006), since it
ries. generates or confirms a theory by having a rigo-
rous control of the variables.
Thus, this research innovates the procedures pro- The sample was selected in two groups (control
posed by Greenwald & Banaji (1995), since it group of volunteer participants with a “sophisti-
adds a relevant factor that is the recording and cated” socioeconomic level) and a natural group
analysis of micro-expressions as a confirmatory of volunteer participants (group on a “conservati-
variable of the unconscious prejudice, variable ve” socioeconomic level) in order to find signifi-
scientifically studied very often by the afore- cant differences in their type of verbal response,
mentioned author. For this investigation of micro delay in their average time of latency and type of
expressions, an analysis of comparative identi- micro-expressions, the three variables according
fication, identification of the same and correla- to the presented stimulus.
tion with the verbal response together with the
latency time is carried out. This evaluation tool is Instrument
innovative because it is not a traditional method Associative Synthetic Activity Record - RASA
of exploration such as psychometric or projecti-
ve tests, we add facial analysis and latency time Process
analysis in a procedure of targeted evaluation. With the purpose of questioning the new cons-
The objective was to determine the effectiveness truct, the opinion of research experts on research
of the Associative Synthetic Activity Record) was asked, who unanimously appreciated this
for the analysis of verbal responses, as well as new construct of investigation of the unconscious
latency time, with the appearance of facial mi- prejudice that includes the analysis of micro-ex-
cro-expressions in positive congruence or in in- pressions. The targeted evaluation instrument
congruence with the two initial indicators, verbal was designed under the title A.S.A.R. - Associa-
response and latency time. tive Synthetic Activity Record, in which the re-
searcher proposes to the participant the self-per-
forming of the premises by using a laptop, while information of each participant was analyzed in-
his facial and verbal responses are recorded by dividually as follows: The register of micro-ex-
a video-recorder; the researcher accompanies pression was done along with the verbal respon-
the participant sitting at a distance of 1 m (per- se, specifically to a relevant word; and the latency
sonal distance according to proxemics) on the time was counted in each response.
right side (avoiding the direct position and thus The answers were placed in categories, from
the risk of stress influence decreases according which we obtained those that were most fre-
to the principle of uncertainty); in addition, the quently biased. For this, the method of Scientific
researcher used black and white clothing (avoi- Content Analysis was used; in which the resear-
ding red, yellow and green tones that according cher does not propose categories a priori, but the-
to Luscher and color theory stimulate the CNS se are based on the frequency a posteriori of the
and its responses emitted). It was asked whether analysis of results.
they had ingested food (to avoid physical stress Then, for the analysis of the data collected, we
due to dietary deprivation) and the time span cho- proceeded with descriptive statistics, for which
sen to carry out the research was between 9 am we made the percentage frequency distribution,
and 12 noon (a period of hours where the blood also the measures of central tendency as the
circulation level flows with greater stability so a average and mode; in addition, the measures of
kind of attention and physical calm are conser- non-central tendency as the maximum and mini-
ved). In this way, the variables in the execution mum, organized into a set of custom bar charts
of the research were controlled. for research.
Subsequent to the execution of the research, the
Table 1
General legend and micro-expressions
Representation Abbreviation
Information Processing IP
Neutral N
Surprise S
Sorrow So
Fear F
Joy J
Wrath W
Contempt C
Disgust D
RESULTS The natural group had an average time of 0.04
Data from the first group (Natural Group) show hundredths of a second to respond to the stimu-
that unconscious prejudice is frequent on the “so- li, compared to the control group whose average
cial category”; in this category, you find the “con- time was 1.3 seconds, the trend indicates that the
servative” socioeconomic level participants. The control group shows greater prejudice than the
second group (Control Group) show more often natural group, so it is possible to see in the num-
the unconscious prejudice about the “ethnicity ber of categories that the control group is more
category” in which aspects related to skin color frequent in prejudice than the natural group (Fi-
were differentiated. gure 1).
As reference, the results obtained by one of sociated with the “sophisticated” socioeconomic
the participants with significant indicators are level; besides, the micro-expressions shown were
shown, with an average time of delay or latency Surprise (S), Sorrow (So), Fear (F), Joy (J), Wra-
in an item of 2 seconds; in this way, the parti- th (W), Contempt (C), Disgust (D); this partici-
cipant’s unconscious prejudice is oriented to the pant then showed high and varied emotionality
“economic power category” and to the “origin incongruous to his verbal responses, but reflec-
category”, two representative categories of the ting the unconscious prejudice manifested in the
type of prejudice that could be understood as as- difficulty (greater latency time) by delivering po-
sitive attributes to individuals or groups of some in prejudice than the natural group (Figure 1).
characteristic physical traits. (Figure 2) frequent
In the graph, the example of a participant with of latency and the recording of the face of the
significant indicators is shown, the average time person, but we find facial micro-expressions, the
of delay or latency to an item is 2 seconds. same that Ekman (2009) puts to consideration of
the scientific community. Micro-expressions turn
DISCUSSION out to be the confirmatory variable of the partici-
This research stands out because it innovates pant’s emotional state. That is, if the participant
Greenwald’s (1995) postulate that to analyze the gives the positive attribute (leader) to a character
implicit prejudice requires the association of an that is shown on the screen, it compares both the
attribute on two elements of marked psychogra- latency time it takes to grant the attribute to two
phic difference; in this case, the author selected characters with different psychographic charac-
samples of participants and assembled them into teristics (African American / Caucasian), with
two groups (African American and Latino) and the facial micro-expression that evokes at the
on these two groups the attribute was considered moment of attribution and the verbal response is
(leader, honest, etc.); this attribute, according to analyzed. This is how micro-expressions become
the author, would be granted by the participant to confirmatory variables of the authentic emotional
one of the two characters and the tool to confirm state of the participant and if this emotional state
his postulate was the latency time that the partici- is congruent with the granting of the attribute. In
pant delays in granting the attribute on the person this way, the type of prejudice of the participant
shown. The innovation of the present research is is deduced.
centered in that we do not only analyze the time The innovation rests in the inclusion of the fa-
cial micro-expressions as a confirmatory varia- different fields of human behavior.
ble, a question that neither Greenwald nor other Thus, implicit association theory is transformed
authors have considered to date. The results of for the interest of this study into the theory of
the study in contrast to Cvencek, Greenwald & unconscious prejudice with micro-expressions
Meltzoff (2016) report substantial differences as a confirmatory variable, its social applications
in implicit measures for preschool children, the respond to the conjuncture of the closest environ-
authors investigated with the aim of confirming ment, cases as unconscious prejudice by ethnicity
the role of self-esteem in maintaining a balanced tend to be transcendental to study scientifically
identity, whereas it is the implicit association the and understand methods of approach that are cu-
basis of their study, in this case applied to chil- rrently applicable; Uhlmann, Dasgupta, Elgueta,
dren. In another research, Greenwald, Banaji & Greenwald & Swanson (2002) emphasize the
Nosek (2015) measured the statistically small need to study this social phenomenon based on
effects of the Implicit Association Test and repor- ethnic prejudice, which would be universal from
ted that the results may have broad social effects; the point of analysis. Finally, Greenwald & Petti-
this is important in the sense of the present in- grew (2014) reported a study in which discrimi-
vestigation, since it also points out an innovative nation is the result of the activation of prejudices,
aspect for the study of the new scientific facet of which go unnoticed by the lucid consciousness
racism, unconscious prejudice, tackled in clinical of the person; this premise is a base reference of
practice and social projection. Besides, Cven- this study.
cek, Greenwald, & Meltzoff (2011) conducted
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