· 1.

1

.llnguagem

demaquina

ASSEMBLY z-,_'

/fi:;;;;} Rossini - Figueredo

· linguagem de maquina

.

as Autores gostar~~m ~~ ~grad,~er ~ prof.

Ricardo 'Iltre dl E~~'~~a H~d'rna. 0 Eng. H't~~ F'~mer

~1!l1 (I SIUpO rt>l!! Ut n j' ·C·OI, Mil hlln IM!a, I~ dlllloalliO Jr. ~ e ~ Qi p:r 0-

Pfogf3ma Mo~itor. 0 Eng. Marls I'~~tti da Grf~~ent~ ~llo apo g. a S~e~~ ~8fAru. f8rna~da Cha~' Pet.o~i pela ~to ~a" ~ iQS ~~itl~$ ~i~a ~Ds~j,a~io d~ F~'~IQ ~ al Sj~'t I I' ~~re~ p~la ~o Henriqui.

Iinguagem de maquina

1'~ edic:=.ao 11881

.~ I

.,..;:Edlfol'.

Aleph

,® 19181 - Eldl ~ iI;'liIliI' 11 A.lllIlD h EXP'IEDIENTE

Goordena'~G f4ftDr~al Ceorde~ajio Did't~ei Produ~io E~lta,raW fJllUlr aeio

Alb" r tlU rils

~1~strritSeS ~ I.te

- PJERtU~61 PIAZZ~

_. Blf.rTYFIOMfi:11iI IP I AZlIII - iii OSA KrO:GAIN f'liIOM EA'

- IRIEiNAltO' lOlA. 5; I tL V'A OL II VE.I lilA

ru ~ Z TA.RC ~s ~ 0 IDE IC.MilV'ALHO JIR ~ 0[1 II un~ D. N II CO L Ell I

AINIA - I[ ue II A .ANT I GO

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A'epll.

AtlEPH

Pobllca~5es I Ass~s50r~~ Pedsg6gf£i L'~~ Ca~xi P~stal 28.781

CEP e1~9a S~~ Paulo SP

ill'll II ~. 811 ) B4a~a2:e,2

Dl!!dQ' d'I!! Cata!'c.ga ~IID na P~l!ltl'hl:.!JCjSo I(CI'P'} 1,ll\jll!lrna.c ~on,~,1 (C:lmlilfu Ilr,ilt;il., ~r:i! do LJv,flil"SP'" IBJ.(I$i I)

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(Ser ie rilidiii'~i~lI)

1 •. UIl&lI.9i8:~n~, dl!: prognllLll,!:io {Ca:lllll:lc,,!':lcl'res}

2. i'liGTD'~,;Jg:Jpl.ludioru - r~OIT~,iG J. MSll:: [C:OO:P\l,U~CI'~li!!l j - J'~O&'l:'·~tio 1. luz!, llen:d,qJue d!~ Fisue:r:e!l!io,. 19ifi·,·_·n .. 'thloll0. Ul.Serie.

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2' ,. :MSJ.: : ~QIIIFue,I!dCllE'e ~ : r!l"QI!l~,<ilmII ~ii" ~ I"I'Il>!" ~ ~a_ fit o il~

dI.a.dlOi QOll..~~~ -

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;,

SUMARIIO

NO'i',a. DOt ED I TOR' ,. ,. , •• , ., ., ., ., ••••••• ' •••• ' •••• " '. " • 6

ICAPiTULO l

CrOiNHIEC:ENDO MELHCIR 0 Z'-S8 , .•••• , •••••••••••• ' '7

CAP' iiTULO :2:

P'1ii IIIME ~ ilUIS H'1~!::nFlUt;;r5E5, •••• , ••••••• ,. , .••• , ., • • • 12'1

CArPiTULO 3

fN5TRU;6ES AR.1M~TICAS ~1

CAP :f'TUrLO <4

DIESllOCAM,ENTO DIE Slloeos ,. ,. ' ... '" .• , ., ••••• " • • • .51

CArP'iTULO 5

SAlTOS E SUB-RDT~NAS ....................• 61

GAP fTULO ,6

W IIHH,RUI;:6IES lGi611(;A,S iE, OP'~Fi',II~ri5E6 COM B ~I 19 • '. 91

CAPiTULO '7

- firiALI1ANDO A5 INSTRu~mES .........••••••. 181

CArP i. TIULO B

INSTRUG6ES SECRETAS DO I-Be ..•.••.•••.... 127

CAIP iTULO '9'

PRmMEIR~S APl~CA~aE5 .....••••••••....•••• 137

lAP e:ND:I elE: i

I[;ON'N$EIR5i,l;O DE 5 ~ 5TIEMAS DIE NUMEIR,lU;;IO .,...... 119

APi;NID.I:CE :2

-- TABELA DA5 'NSTRUCOES DO z-ae tS~

NOTA 100 E:DITDIR

D Bra5~rn ~ reaEmante ~m pars HS1j ge~lrls~.

Enqua~to qUI. de urn lado. tamts uma PGI~'lcl 'it~pld8 na irea de inform~t~ca. qUI $6 e$t~m~tl a pirltlr~1 e a plearetagem. do ~utro lada lemns uma mu~t~'io de u9uirlas e~trlmamenfe Intellgentes Que. ~a blse do auto-dldatlsmo. adqulr~u um nrvem de conh8c~m'ntos Inegivel. Estl trme de autQ-d~datas leva ad~ante 0 d~5~nvllllm~ntQ do ~ars na Iraa de miero-CQm~U'IQi' ape5ar ~a p~~rtlea ofieia~ (melhor dlz8~~O. ~I r8~eIlaN) que parBee escolher i dedo as medi~15 a serem tlDlliIllldljl S III a r il, IiIlsest I mu ~ ill' 0 d as Ie n ~O'. V' ,!m!8Into t,e'l: n'll!Il'&llc~ ~o Brasl], ouma 'rea tio crrtiea e tio ~arente.

Pari ~tloder ~stes auto-dldafi5. sedelto5 de ~ n hnmilllih s" lS'tamos I iii n·u:l'II,dl0 esh ob r,a 'II'U Ii !ll!lllnS 1'5 t II os r"la~ora~io. 3mpllatil 8 a~ap'aeio de ~m dos best- 51111fS da mlcra-c~mputa~il. a br~111 dos 9~nc~ljri5- ta5 ,scrlta arr~rna~mentl pel~ fLAVIO ROSSIN~. N~sta ~OVI ver5io toram ~nclurdas as ~nstruc6es ,ecretss do l-98 ~aUge"tes ati no pr6prlo m~nua~ dOG falr~cante9 do ~blp~, conflg~r~m~5 0 Ilvro para B ~berdeiroN ~I S~NClAIR lotre os U9~'f ,~ Intellg~ntes~ D MSK.

Esperlm~s sinceramente que Ista Ibra possa s.gn~f.ca~ ma's um impulso ~~ ~e5envolvim'ntl do ~~Ito ~ardware que pr8t~Si sIr est~mul~~Gi 0 cirlbro do tlsu.:ir' i 0 ..

Clrtamente. I tlrtD~a ~este IJvr~ ~i~ seri da5 mals f~clis. m~smo pari p,olrimadores c~m m~it8

1,IU!"r i ,hie i a IRIl BAS ~ (j. Uma Rill '111, m 1llIlgl!I,}!JIGim SIB r',6 I illS I nJlllda

e -allm da partl 16s~ca. que Cln5t~tu~ proprlamente I prog'ama~io. ser' n,cIS5'F~Q a aq~~s~;aD de urn no~o IiII e lib u Ur .111 e die! non's nOI't8IjOeS ,. lJhn 1IIlIllmiP 11111 iii I SSQ Ii ,0 USI frequlnte ~DS slst,ma, dl numeralio hexadecimal e b I nla!1!' III. Se ~lIlci' nio In 16 11' IHI'II i II a r i .zaCio 'com' III es. lie II a antes I apiR~.e6 1.

Carrliidls de rlzio SiD 05 que d~zlm que 0 Drastl si ~II para trentl dl me~1 nmi'~ i5 51115 da manhaJ qua~do os po~ft~cos e 09 miraj's 15t30 d!!lrm.~do. ~cr'gelntarr8m051 ~~ qDand~ &5 apaIK~n~tos por micros ,stio s'ntl~~5 ~ frlnto d~ SDIS miq~~na~Nw

s

1

U~ mi~rocomp~I&~~r t0n,Ia de d~as N,a~tes~ prlnQlpalsJ H,rdWlrl e Software. 0 H~rdware 6 farmada ~am~$eirt~jtij5 eletri~~eas interRGS e ~lr~f~rlco5 ( li,mplr IElSSQ r' ii, dill' II n. It! '1lliIliI: 1elf. I!ltll!:. J. 10, Serf twa r"~' f [I ~ ~ mladlol pi el OS IP r' IlHIr' aml~ul( ~H!i, 'I: lima DIUI ra c 1~1iI n i I. Ill: mm:i!I ~ W a UIl!lllr • p'ograma~ 'Q~tet que sin elef~tldos p~lo hardw~re.

Vam.s ~presB~t~', nlstll Ci~rtula. as aG,315 s~~re I &~stem~ MSX I as ~aratllrr5ti~a5 .~ l-ge ..

N~G ~ na55~ tnt~~,i~ 'Illr uma deseri~iQ mlnucWosi ~I tada ~ !stfutura d~ mitraprlcrssador, mas mG5Irar-~~' que Q I-Ie ~ii' 1m bl~~Q de 7 eabi~as. Durl~" I lelt~ra ~este li~ro vm~i Vlr~ q~e 3 LJngDaSlIm Idle IMlill!l~ I M ~i0 ~I ill I gO f'les err nlila som'B n te~ ilil'S el'l~m,ades u~e~lcis da t.m,~taeiij~.

~ V~lilm~s . ~a. f~9U~i 1.1. a estr~tura ~'s~~~

de tD~~ mlerQaam~utador.

7

0,. ;~ulh. pan luml I I u'cu:omIUl'i,.,dlollr flun: IGln,ln' If' precl!l. no m/~~m~d~s s~gulntls Plrt~$1

• GPU - UI~dl~1 Centrll ~Ireultl capl! de ab.dlcer a 0 ~ II rm'u lUI lid 19, nIIl I rm61r 1'8 ,II de Inl'llii a,r ~ils de OUt'08 cltcutt~,.

,III i! P Ir' 0 CI 5 1,,1111110 to" sir •• de .nstru;6es • paclDer .nfo~ml-

• ROM - CJ,cu~to ~ue cont'm pr"~lmentl 9'1- vldm m Sl!t~ma Oplracto~al I 0 ~nterpr.tadlr Diste.

* IllIlH - M!lIlllth ,I i '~1iI11 "t 1I1I de Illt!1I! r,., II: Uil!:,r 1- tl. Ne~1 sio Irm8zanldo5 as prQg'~m.s. vl~I'~.ii: vart've~s de s~9t.ml I bbffer dl Drqulvos.

• ru '5,11"'019 ,I t I :VI'S dill [In t r' lull - Qui 'III r -:11: hi

q~1 fO'RI~a didos pari I ~PU prOCISSlr (tl~ri'l. dlst lit r I Via, j lo,-sf I',e k. 9:"n90 r 1111 '5 • Imilluse. I I gill III en, etc.'

* D.s~~s.ttvo de 5arda - OUI~qu'r mlio q~1I reeeba 85 Inflilrml~ils pracl~sa~as mostran'o-Is 10 ~,u"r I 0 DIU a rm',11 Z,II n:illlill,iD1Ii1I'-as •. 1£1 II' III 0: 01 r do lum II f u 11l1,,'io clo ,d' ~5,pnlfl'ljllll,.

o CLOCK DO HICROPROCESSADOR

~ertlm8~t8 ¥oci j6 vlu. ~rine~palmenI8 nl p r ID'!IIa,:g' II nl,jll ii' dlol 1m i e Ir Q • '. ,GIll rcal it e I' hi Ii aa 1~'1iI1 MSI(, d ,8 fa:, 1.1 m ~Io~tde 3.5 MHz.

- - - - IM'IIS II f il nlall 0 ''1111'8 ~ e:nl t iill h hd'lll C I oe t 'jI'

o cllllct , pratlcamente I ·c~raeio~ ~o miorot~mp~t~dor. A cadi! ~tlc~ do Clock. au se~l. I cada lJa~Bee.8ee 5e,~ndo!. um9 Instr~cio (ou partt de ~m~ ~mst,~,i~~ em ll~9uag~m ~I M,qU~~1 , ~leeutid8.

o MICROPROCESSADOR z-se

o l-BB. , ~m micr~p,oce9sador dB 8 bits. Du seja. e~a , capaz dt manlpular ape~a5 um bJtl (9 bits) a ~adl ~tlc~ (1/3.5'I.ee. s,gun~o,) do clock.

PIFI armaZB~~p daaos. 0 z-se P08Sij~ I~g~mas mem6rla, Intermas qUI SiD cham~~as rlglstros au r~gI5- trl~OV~S. Al9~ns rls'stpms sio Npr~~~1e9Iado,u. imls Il~stem instru~5ls 1m LI~guag'M ~I H'qulna 8Spet~flcas ,ara ern,s. Gada rig~itro P09Sij. e ~it~ {1iI~ sejl, 11m IIIUe )'.

a

OS REGISTROS DO Z-S8

I figurl 1.2 IP~ls.nt! I t0nf~gu'llio de rl.glhtUlsi do Z'::'iBI,

I III ~I f • II I' .ILr\! • I II!; 'I
~I II ~ , II I~III !.-. ~ II • I I I •
Ie: I I • I .'' I Iii' I' i! Ie .1 ~x ,
I l. I I (lr j I , I I I
1M L' PC 11111 A tada 'lgL5tr~ , a9S0c.i~1 uma •• IFi. Por6m 11gU~9 rlg~stros sio Ibrtgatorlamsote ~~o.ldoSH formando um ~n~co rlg~s1'o ae 16 ~tts. f~s~s regLstrls nu:elUm u'm, IiIlllmlll de dUllS, Ie tr as UiP. HI. lilt c. ).. -

Podlmas d~¥ldlf GS r!glstros ~m dols 9flftdes gru~osJ prin~iPais e aUIII~iFes.

05 nghUn IPIlII n€: IIiH1115 5,.10 III K~ IHIt. Ii. f.

PiC·, SP III I.

K - Rlltstro OD~' ~io eolat.dos. 8 tada Otic" ~I c~otk 09 d~'os ou Im5tr~;6,s que ~Issam do Z-Bt para Rforl~ [m~m~r~a e/Q~ ~Ir.ltrfeos' DO Vl~i-Vlrsa; ~ u.nvtsrvel" ao us~ir~Q mesmo em Llnguagam ~I "'quina. OQ seia. n~n~a ,~dl sar acessado ou ma~ltleado d.rl'aml~te P€!r' '!iillUWi8IUi.

1!9!I ._ Reg l st fitl Idle Ui iii II U tamb,lm i nile e'ss hi'. ao usn- 6,r III OJ. 0 .... co n t Iml 5le'fnP r'l(I 10 Bli'liilfl r II;ilI die mem6 r' i allilil PI-' ,If'titO a se~ acas51do a cada Ht~c~ do Glock. Como 0 mlior n'mJro repre58nt'vel tom '6 ~its , S5536. 0 l-B@ 96 111111 Idi e' IlIi:lSiSS,a r 61i Kbl.r tIS Id 8 Il'fU!lmlilr la. N'1ii C also de PI rr' 11- firtcls. soment' me'ada dlsse weglstra 'atlvo. Por ~5,S,DI iii 2-18:8 516\ IP Q,dle r .'iIl D b EI'r !!l/ou ,e n '"' II!U' dadas (8 bill ts ,gr VIZ) a 256 ~ar~f~'I~o,.

A - Tim a t.ft~.'dad, b'~lta de a~m~zel,ar 0 r~5~ltado d8 wml opera~im 16gl~a 0U aritm6tlca '1111~a~a pe~B mlcr~proeessador_ No rntlnto. pode sIr ~SI~D eomo um rig htrl(ll "'comum" PUll tlilrm,EI.Zlenarr eutrus d.BllUIIS IhUid,8 'II,UI mi~ s~Ja rlal~z8~1 ums IP~~a~~1iI 169~~a D~ arltmit~nl.

PC (fir 09 f.!tm (;IO'UUIi'.~ - SIO r VI eomo "IIUIIRlh I r 0 ". , II nidi II CIUIdo 0 Indere~~ ~a Instru~io a sir r~ecutada ~a'i CPU. 0

PC, 6, ~ nile r I!m:II'n t,iIIldlOI 1:li!lis ,II II,X,llllcuQ;iadl Iins trIUlc"illlll eLI Ilnti~ 'a~t!r~da p!ra ~m ffi~~O va1o, ~mm Wft$tr~¢6Is t~po G("'l'm IIU GDSl!IEi Idl!lll lD'iS, re.

F lf~lgJ - R~g~'t'D B~de C&~I bit Irmll'~1 uml tond~~iB de statu! dl CPU. gora~mtftte em r.flri~c~1 IG flgil!l,tu A., PQIr'I!:IIHDP I Q, :98 101 nOlllullI In'a, r'119Ii9;tro A I' Zlll~ ra au nia. EJ, i fundam8ntl~ Plra as "~Ias ope,a,6" dl CPU, priffiaWpl~mlmtl ~al!'l IS Jn$tru~i.~ de eond~cio ~ 1ft.

SP ~Stlel Polnter~ - Ao IllfICDtlf tertas ~R't,~~5es. III ~!IIUIIil!i1 liIIili!lU Um '111111181 sellr IIU illr"ldildiIllSUmll'lil!l·r,!I:1:" ~ amenu n~ma r~9lia de m~m'~la dlnGm~mlda sta~t (~~ p~tha). 0 ~II!II diU:UI re9l110 (lia Imll!mlilr I,a I IIII'G Ii I sterna llllFO ~ ~' I!.ast In first Out) I sir' vista 1m det81hes mils pl~a 0 11- RI~ dO ~~vrD. Essl rlststradlr I,onll s'm~re p~r! a topm ~I p~~ha. au sill. ~Q pr6l~mQ enderlll desta reI~io de m~~trtl sIr' ~ft'lrlda um ~ovo valor.

~ C~~te'r~peio) - A~guft' dl$Pls~ttVD9 eltlrn~s t~!b!~hlm d~ m~~j~'1 ~lftde~I~~lnteH I ~Ivlm lelo~ar rot~nl9 ,iI!i:I!'fr'I,m 1.1!.llll:uhd'ilS pia II ill 1[iIPU Ina mOmlel'lltol em qW,llll III ~ liS IS .. r IUIIU il :5 ii till r Il!Imi'" • Par' ,II II 5 5,1111 • I I' III '5 1!l1'1I1 'I 111l'1li1 I ill t u' r IlIm:lUl1!' 01 1-,.11 " 18'S'U: II" IIII sUaa ,jl !!IUI I (lOI fldl'l! PJIIIIl' !l!1551!1 Ili!r!lInCIIII'S;SIIiI. fie fOtftlti Q Olt, ma~, stg~lfltati~D Gm emdlrl.o dl r'!II t i.na dll j He r Ii' u'p;.io. Mal hUII~ dilltil Illh,u 5;IU'ia '¥ II'sit,ol'Si ~o fi~al do I~¥ro.

Os 'll~~trOt IUltllsr8S sio 0 B. G. I. E. H. 11.. a', G'. D "" IE ". Iii'. il·. :A'. f'. 11K. n. e IR.,

B. C:,' D. IE" H I' L ,_ Ilhlg hnus uti II Ii z·aldlOIS em ap'l! rltlljl~'IS geraiS, Pnd.m s~r ~t~llzados em parl5 ~Ira oplra~il~ (II 16, til 't'S. 'fa rmlalhdlil Ob r il :gl III t 111111' Ilment'l! lilI!ii; Ip!ans BG, iD,E II InlL.

Eli'. G'. D'" IE·., H". Il·, A' I!' F'. -, Fhll!l ~ 5 itt us a I till' nlltU ,v@s (sirl8 dO~ Nfr~me~~ .b5~1~taml~tl s~m~~arls iDS rI915Ir05·8. G. D~ E. H. l. A I F. f5S~5 1'~~lst,as niO pedam ser manlpuI8~~~ dlfltlml~te. 0 qUI ~G~e aeorr,r ~ a trota dt '~d~5 os ,a~orls d05 rIS~5"OS ~am s~u 1~~Jvale~te na s'r~8 dQS "pr~m.M.

1]( I I '!( ~. I mCIis,III,iICil) -~ CPU ut ~ III n ISSIIIIi r 191 Stir s 1~1te 18 b~ls ca~i cema po~tllras ~al'i e~l~a~fi85 ruo m~ Q dl '~~~~~'lImlnto ImdIJad~. fi~r~lti~~a a minipU~I~i dl tabe~ils .e dm~~s.

R ( Refres~) - Estl rI9~5'ro' ~s8do para fae~~ltar 0 P" IlIlillUiO dill '" r'lI'" r l~cam'Uo" ,dlel ImWflfilr 1,8 Fi4:M UI 5 III S'II Istlll [a IU'511 mdl'II1 mem611' l:a R'A" II Ii nimllutl. IE's,S,'II' it II po dl, lIiIAH: ~

ma i 5 bar'atlo ,QJ UI II' I IRAMI "ICIQII]V8I'1e I III In a II'" ~ tilmbl~m el'l,i!lm,lld II

dill III'S '~U ~ CI,~ ,mas Pili r,de: ssu 1!lI~mtIIQldlllI ap65 um e IIlrt 01 tempo me·snUll cu:m i I I mill n tal,c"im II Ii t r' 11,1:1,. III [me~05 ql~JilI se.~ II N""~'Clda~ par ~m p~~so ~~~tr~c~~ dess, mo~~ G l-Se tae~~~tl 0 usa da RIM dtnim~~a.

E1nIUr',a 101 2:-IB'8 sil p'liIlssa IlndlnlGIU' Ifj.;j, lUI, tes

de mtmir' il a, ,III Si II stem,a IMEl)! plIFm I t,e 'II U!!I III I spolnlh,lIm,us, de !II,a i, '5 mam&1l' II ai, embo r ill mallil p0551!m,IIi'S 81!::U:S,8 r 1 IO!,dl 81 a! [I al t~UI pmde chegar i 1MbJtl} al m~~mm tlmpm.

, em sua ~oru'tg~ra~~a ~~~ctll. ~m M5X ~QSSUI 4

s II (US (,~ I ~ til rna'S e 2' uNI r n,D"! ]'. Urn !lOS s i 1(1i" 51 Iinte r lOU CIDlnl'Um a memO r la FI'I" ~.Il·\H( ~ II 1111 IlILltII'O ,( 'S I to t Ill' ¢:anUm lUi :a,~K dl AI"'!.

o p~~rim MSX roio 0br~g8 .UI I mem6r~a RAM 15tejl 1m um dl'e~ml~a~Q s~ot. Essa ~~~isia , Ixc~as~¥~ d~ f~brlelnte.

(I fllU!lrl 1. '11 [P"IlISSU la mllil'!'tillll' [1111 llUI... niDI ! m '1!I1i!: ,2 IfliulliI,aMIQ qlUll!i Ill· li'UlITO rr ~ .: ~ ill pOSSU ~ 11J11i1 51 II ot ;iI:.

Cada sl~t i ~tvld~do !!1m 4 plglnls ~e 16K cadi umt. Observe a f~gulI'a '.3.

FIGURA 1,.:3 - S~lt d ii \I'li d i dill e.li !~,jg hi"'!! .•

RAI"

100e0IH .. ~---

PAGI,NA 9

CI000H ..... · ----

1 + FFFFH~ l......... -'

11

Quando 0 m~cpo est' QP'rl~~~ em BAS~C, 0 z-ee eS1~ Icessando as pigl~as 9 • ~ ~Q slot 8. ,Gis i nU'SIIi I 1119 !I r 'Ill! II fica ,iI mllmmlP I a IiIOM ,CIIlm lUI B I lOS e III 111111- t8r~retador eA5~C.

Uma ~"~~i de mBm6r~i , semPfi '~ll. au 51- ja, SI els for uma ,Jglna 2. POP e~Bmplo. ,~a niu pode,' sar acessada G~m' p'glna B.I eu 3. Ell ~oss~lr' III S,I! U II n,dlg r B'Q arr:iIIHltllI f I.u. el 1111 'U eBee"'H I! IBFF'F\loW.

VRAH - HEHdRIA PARA ViDEO

'.

A I,t.m dos 84 IKblrtes ,ols' R,AM., u.1,tll III Ima'molr I a

par a v r UIO. f'o r'm'iI'dlii' p'o'r 16, IO! ttl$! de USIlI 8 IIC, tus I 'lJO do prmeessador de V~dll. Ou ilJa. 0 Z-8e nio ~~d' ~ce55'II iii I u,hmell'lU l!llmO' 81 IliUI,. Il<ID,rlmall. Otla hUller ~ald(l dnl SIP ~re~~am~nt' envla~m au so~.c.t~~~ sci proctSSi~or de vrdtO ~U8 se In~8rregar~ de reaJizar 8S o~er~iBe5 AliI IC ,II '5 'IIi r In.

o PROORAHA MONITOR

No MaX 05 Pflm8~ros 32 Kb,tl~ ni~ ~mdem ser operado5 palo 8AS~~. Os ~ro~rlmas em BASIC sio armaZIRldo5 i ,irt.r di IR~~t8iQ a"'H. As Var~'vl.s do S~ s,Um'SI UCU'Ip'iI'l1!I (I f I,n.a II ~al RlM'J ell' ulh I ntlrla'C:ilIl OU tartut~Q ~n5lamldm ,arda-se alguns b,tes antiS das V,iri, ¥!Ii,s Idlll Slis:hma ..

Dast! modo '~Qamos mej~ "clrcados- ~~~os programas 1m BASte Q~ POl' ~uf'!rs de Int8rflce5.

lim !bom II UIIIIU' p.ar ii' sa co 1I111~.ar 0'5 IlI,ugnmn ,811n L~~9UI!lm ~e Hiqulna , 0 Infc~o da "1118 tris. bssim. 05 prG~ramiS 1m BAS~C I 9~a, ~Br~lvlls padarim Bcupar ,aU Hi K'brhs e s,Gbura Ustalllt'll mllm~,r llii pa,r,iI bufhlrs e ¥arl~vels 18 slstlma dr ~m ~Irfuc~~ ~u Interface. OD5er~e a flgura rn.4.

P~ra ~mpBdlr que G p,ograma 8ASIC ultrilpassa ~ e~dere~m OleiN basta af'trar vsrl've. dl sI5f~m~ iii ,I MEM ~. i'N ghn t ,aV!I II ~ IIlb II MEl~n J _, fD4A;H) Iiii' 8i 0 "a II iIl'r dl I 'sa j a"ill' IDlbl 81UIU t.a r Uim CL.EAR do II!UI.S IIIC.

C~m m eomput~dlr ligado dlgltll

PRINT HEX~CPEEK(&HFC4A)~256.p~EK(aHFC4B»

SII nl'llnihuma I UerUn 1St iV'lr iI,~ II va 'l/iillGI IDlb'~ 'leii''' cOImo Ir ISpOS t I 10 IInde,rIQI!;,' FICaStil,. Ga5a C,lIlli11tr it' I CI 10 re5ultado podl ser 0 mals rlF~ldD posslve'. dependeodo do ~lmlr~ de IntstficlS bsadas. -

oa,c~;;s i" ve' I. 'lgl JAISIe

1 8@001IH ..

aces:siv~l 10 BA'SIC

2

ceelHI.

3

FF'FF H ... ~==::::!JffI'"

GU::AR 21010, is;HC000'

Vo~te 0 cursor ! 11~~as ac~m~ e o~t8nfta Q ~ola Ja~ar di vir~'~el H~MEM. Coma ~Iderli SI Is,srlr. d1elilda 80 GllEAR 'I!IX,I!!cutada ~nlll~ IBl5H::, iIiI I!milil!llu'io aibU~m fol GlelH. IW! !er' 0 1~d1ewe,o mais ~~tl!l mo q~aW 0

IPFI11Jl!!IF ama BiA,S, I G PI!I~I!IIi" !lIh,,!!!!! r •

.. A~ln~~~hlmms 0 i~G ~! programlS A55lm~fers , HOll'I,iU r e!$l t I ~:IiO S nlilP t. e AS'MJ,.MONG: liN .11I0T.6.5M. ~ 5MGOGAFi' • SIU.. 0 q~lJiIl hie: ~ ~ HUa 'lilli'll ImUI,!'to 0 ,lIlII r e nidi I! :ZidO ida U nl-

g~agem de M,q~tna. .

Caso ~&ci n~o P~~~~i um, ~ig~tt iii pr9gram~ IDlUllini II tlllilll' !:Ia "19~ r'iI 1.15 ,.

nSURA 1.~ - PROIiRAKA K&NUOR •

•

- Ii I Ii

II 0, II

I .1 I

I Cli

I - II II J: '18 ~ I ,01 ~'

-- ~ O~

I

,8 I

I

e 'I e

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I -

01 - ~

_m .' II

~ ., II

I;

1190 f _

SEPIAR.A l!lifinJlPOS

, . II

• Ii Ii

- II

• I~ II

• :1 II

Ii D I~ I~

•

i 2'0 01 IF ~0' :; r F C~;2,21 l"HEIKI IF ~ i, EILSE I IF C~ 2'51 :3 THENI F~2

1210 CS(2)=#HLN=IF F=i THEN CIC2J~NIX~ ELSE If F~2 THEN CI(2)~·IyH

:1.22'0 IF C::;;:;:203 THIENI 1740 ElSE IF f!=23;7 T IHEiNI :1 80,e,

i23~ IF F)e ANO PEEKCE~I)=203 THEN 174. i240 IF F)0 THEN C=PEEKCE+j>

1250 ~--------------------------------

ICO,i!1IIi1'1NiO'OS D] R'Elr'OS

°1 !

°1 !

G~ II 03, II II 0, i I .1 I , I Qi

~ $

.1 I .1 I

I 81 II

• ~I I~

,CI!'

1390 X~PEEKCE~t);IF X(129 THEN Y~E.X+2 ElSE'I'::;;:,IE1':X ~.254

140e PRINT MID~(Sr~$'Y)~2~5);;r~2=IETUR N

1410 IF C)i27 AND CCi92 THEM .~C\9-16IY ~C MOD e;PRINT AS(X);=IF X~0 OR X~, OR X~3 THEN PRINT U A,u:ELSE PRINT - n:!LS E 14:3:01

1420 PRINT Bi(Y)::I=I;RETURN 1430 IF C'64)0 THEN 1570

1440 IF C~34 THEN IE==,E+SG,ri'UiF)~p'RI:NT ~"lJO' (U~. = GOSIlJ9. :13,601: PR liNt '$) ~ u; C$ (2:)1 ,I: IELSiE I F C~42 THEN E~E.S6N(F)=PRlNl =LD -;CSC2 );n~C-~~GOSUB i360~PRINT -,n;=ElSE 146_ '450 E=E-S6N(F'=RETURN

i460 IF C~St ~HEN PRINt HLD (-;~GOSUB I 360;PRINI H),AU;ElSE IF C~5BTHEN PRINT

NLD A~(H:;GOSUB 1361:PRINT U)N:;RETURN EIkSE:li480

1470 1=3::::: RlE1flJlRN

1490 X=C HOD B=IF X=4 THEN PRIHY-INC-;E LSE IF X=5 THEN PRINT~BEC·;ELSE 1500 - 1490 '=C'B~PRINT· ~;B$(Y);~I=i~RE N 1500 X~C HOD i6=IF 1=3 THEN PRINT He u ~[LS[ IF X=ll THEN P~INT-DEC --ELSE IF i~9 THEN PRINyuADD lj;C$(2';~.H;~Lj~ 152 0-'

15it X~C'16;PRINTC~(X)~;I~i;RETURN

1520 I If C HOD :8!:":G AMID 1F~'0 THiE:t<l "I:INT ""il D N~B~(C'B)I-~N~=GDra l~i@

i~a~ IF t HOD 16=1 THEN E~E+SGN(FJ~PRIN TULD U~C$(~'16)p"fN~=GQBU8 1360 ELSE 15 ':510

1540 E=E-SGNCFJ=RETURN

:1 '5'501 I r t HOlD :16= 2' THIEIN IF'R un ~lI'l 0 ( .In :~ C!I CC'16J~U)~A-;ELS~ IF C ~ao 16~le THE~ p RIMT nLD A~'~;C$CC'16J;~J~~ELSE 1570

1560 l=i=RE1URN -

15~0 IF C\32=1 AND C HOD SDO THEN PRINT

.rJ"JR'~ IF I[)$ ( (;\111-4); n ~ ~.;; ; GOrO i :19:10

15S6 IF C\64()S THEN 16B0

1590 IF C M~D 8')6 THEN 1620

1600 1~2:X~C'B-24:PR!NTA$(XJ;# ";~IF XC 2 OR x=s T~EN PRINTNA~N;

:16,1,10 PIR INT r~u:os (S'fR'!H P'EEIK I( IE'" 1) )r2', 3) ~ ; IR ETURN

:16201 ,X=IC MOtDI B::.I IF X ~i, THIE:INI IP R I Nil up OP'" ;E~CC'16-i2)~EL5E If XeS TH~N PRINT ·PU 5H -;ES(C'16-12);

•

.' I

I

• I, II W .11 'I

'. I

I

. ~.

• I

'. I I

- ~

•

'.

'.

i6~e IF Xci OR X=S THEN I=1:R£TURN

16418, IF X=7 THIEN f'R 11\111 .... 1. en ~~';I HEXS 'e IC-19S" J;uHu;:I;1;RETURN

i650 IF X=0 THEN PRINT ulET N;DSCC\8-24 ) ;' =1,= 1 ~ HE TUIRN

1660 IF X=2 THEN PRINT NJP N:ELSE PRINT "CALL "";

1,67'0 ,P'R I Nt' DI (IC\8,~24 ) ; ".~R; = 13:010' 13,6'0 1680 IF F~~ AND C\64~1 THEN XQ(C-64)\8; PIRINt NlD "':;lB'I·( X),; IC'Xc'(IC-04), HOD, IB:IPIRIN'T UrN~I'(X';II~t=IETURN

1690 I=2=C=PEEKCE+l)IIF F)0 AND C HOD e =6 AND C)63 THEN PRINT NlD -,BSCC\8-S); " • ~'~~ ;'Clt2' ; "'." ~ ;:(:=1£+1; aO'S;1LI11 i4i,le:;IP,R IN1lU )J'; E'L'SE 17U',

1718,0, E;::E-l·: RETURN

1710 IF C\B=14 THEN E=E4i:PRINl -lO (N~ C$r2'rB~";=GOSUB 16i0=PRINl n)~~;BS(£-i 12); ELSE 1730

1720' GOr'D 170101

1730I~3=IF C~54 THEN PRINT ulD (U;CSC2 );h+uF=E~E.i;GOSUB i~10;PRINT U)~";:E=E +1;GOSUB 1~i0:E=E-l:BOTO 1720 ELSE 1960

1740 ~--------------------------------

COHANDOS APOS COW

i7S& Z=1;IF F)e THEN Z=3

1760 1=2;C=PEEK(E+Z):IF CC64 AND F~0 1M tN PRtNT F~(C'B)p" "~8~(C HOD a):=RETUR N

177e I=S:IF C(64 AND F)e AND (C-6'HOD B~0 'HEN PRINT F$(C'B);~ (~;CI'2)~_+fl;= E=E+iIGOSUB 1610=PRINTH)";=E=E-1~RETURN 1790 C=PEEKCE+Z);JF F=0 THEN PR1HTGS(C\ 64-1);N N;CHRI(4B+(C\BJ MOD 8),~~n;BI(C

MOD B)"I~2IRETURN

1790 IF (C-6) MOD 8=0 THEN PRINTG$(C\61 -i)!" N;CHRS(~e+(C\B) HOD B),"~CN;C~(2) ,n+~;=E=E+~IGOSU8 16i0:PRIHT"'"i=E~E-i; RETUIRN ELSE 1.960

1000 ~--------------------------------

COH,ANDOS AIPOS Emil

--------------------------------------

.1 I - I III

I

'. 'I II

II Q'II

,.

'.

I

01' il 1 I II .~

I

1820 IF C=70 THEN PRINT ~IH eU;ElSE IF Cc86 THEN "fUNT ",1:1'11' i,#:EILSIE IF i!::::;9'4, TIHIE N PIINT NIM 2NrELSE IF C=71 ~HEN ,RINT dRETI";EL5E IF C=69 THEN PRINT uRETNN;E LSE IF C~103 THEN PRINT "RRD"pELSE IF C =lii THEN PRINT ~RLD~,ELSE 1840

1838 RETURN -

19:48' ]'F le!::::7.! TH'EN PlfUNT t"lD I :pili'" rlElSE I F C=79 THEN PRINT HLD R~AuiElSE IF C=87

THEN ,IP'R nn "ILID' AI, I"':; ELSE IF t='95 TIHEN PRINT NlD A~R";ELSE lB6.

i 950 R'E1URN

18,&0 Hi (3:)'='~'OUTu!! IF IC)I:7'5 THENI Hit, (3 )''''''''0 TI:;

1,IEi1,7'0 IIF C,) 1,5' ~IHID Ie MOD :8(4 TIHE'1\II1 "1 :INTIH' $(C HOD 4)~I$((C HOD 16)\S);JtCCC-160l' 16,); :RETURN

iSS6 IF C'64)1 THEN 1960 ELSE IF C MOO 8) 1, THEN i 9,~e

1898 IF C~i12 OR C=t13 THEN 1960

1900 IF C HOD 8=0 TH.~ '_INT NIH H,B~(C \e-B)~n~(C)N'ELSE PRINT ·OUT (C)F~JSS(C

\8~EUr; -

i 9:10 RIETUR,NI

1920 X=C MOD 16:Y=C'16-4;IF X~1t THEN' RINyNADC HL~nFC~(y),ELSE IF X~2 THEN PR ENT aSHC HL~N~CS(Y);ELSE 1940

19'30' RETURiN-

19'40' IF X:;3 'THEN PR un NlD (,""I IEr=E+f :::60 SUB 136D.EcE-l;PRINT H)r·~CS(C'16-4):EL SE IF X=ii THEN PIINT ~LD ~iCS(C'16-4); n,(N,=E~E+l:GOSUB i3&eIE~E-'='RJNTN)~;E

l:StE: i '9,6,0 "

i'9!5" 1=4: R'E1URN

1961 PRINT -ZSG 7N=:RETURN

1,97'9 iF _ ....... ~ ,-,~ ...... ~,_, __ ,_, , .... _~

DAIDO'S Difl HATR: IZ ALlFA

- __ ~' ' ' '-=~~""""' -.;;!~&;r~ _

o monitor P055UI 3 ,omlndos D, H e L. 0 C~m8ft.~ 0 reallzs um d~mp dl m~m6'II, ~ S~a s~ntall i i 'sll!!ISujlnltlh

D xxx>:

a nd,e UU. II III em:lrllrl8 ItiOI I n I e I ,a' diD dump. Sill! IIJ' IiIlndenc:o IS t i 'VII! r em hlUllIIElIi: i mill ~. ~elVIIi r'rA S'II rr IP'II' I!lced i rehJ lIH~111II19 ur'ill!: t lI'r II:S1 "'Iltll",

o camando H plfm~tl a altlracio de b,tls da m,l!iim,6Ir Ihl. pOflStil neli BI segu lin t II 5, Illltan r

ande «xxx, III endere~o dD prlme~r~ bIte a sIr Iiterado. 51 I ~n~ere;o for dado 1m hexadecimal e', dover' sir plI'lcldido par N'H~.

Ouando niD tor desl~ada a ~.ttri~io de um brt~. dlv, SIr prIS~.Qnldo RETURN.

o nlllloU!' ,BI SIB r ill ,I tilllir ado Id'lI 'II e ilsta:r siempir II em liIe!lII.adee I ma I .

o CO'IIIIIII<lO L rea Ii iUI urnl ,U silsumlb II 0:" lillilsclidigGS cont~dlS na mlm&lI'la. Sua 9~ntl~e f ~ $egu~ntl~

mnde .II~ 6 II BRdereoo ~~jelal a ~Ir ~~sa55ImD~I~'. em dllclmal,.

Pari ene8rrar gualq~er aDrnando. basta pres- 5~Gna' ESC II I cursor 4~ monltmr vo.tar' i t'~I.

Ex,erlml~t'. entiG, CO~lclr alguns n6meros hexad~~lm~W5 nl mem6r'l dO micro. i partir ~o ender8~o CI'illerH. L l!IiIllbrll' 1-'518 'que' eardalllMI18r e;D d,a mBm~'1i I a co r' r'18'S~' ~liEln',d8 iIIl lI:m b.ne die ,dI81d10!l ..

[Xlcuts m mQn~fD~ com RUN t d~gite~

lH SHe00'"

C0'II0 e. C00! 01'9 C002~ 0'01

'" ....... [;'0'031 '0'0

. C9'0'4 0'0 C'0'0!5 '0e ce06, o,e C·0e'.7 0,e ce'0B: ,0,0 Ci0.'~ ,0'rIi ce.A lee

19

I ~!gu~~~ dlg~tl ESC.

19011',11 ~ "IiII'I VIII' t , I cn s _ a nmndo 1M fU1nil1 ~ 111- ODU mDrrltlmlnt.~ a'gttlJ

61 loci dlgltoQ tudo CD'rlt~mentl. 05 didDS dl flgura 1.& ~e~"iD aPlrl~er na fe.8.

) D &11·U::;,0e0

C000 A4 B7 04 i2 06 71 FD Ai C0eS 00 CE 00 ~0 00 00 00 0. e010 00 00 00 00 00 ee 00 00 eelB 00 0,e, 'iui, 8,0 ,ee 00, 09 '0e IC020 00 €II 01 00 1010 00 0,0, 00' '010' C02B 00 00 00 &0 00 00 00 ee

N~t8 gUI ~stlmo, ape~ls ~olocan~o es c6dlg~~ ftexadlcjmt~s ~I mem6rla I. m~!ml ,ue asses e6dl~G' (A4~. I~H. 110.) slgnltlcasslm wm prDlrama 1m Llnguaglom Id,e ~'Ii6qU jl n 8,. plr'ov i ,dO !ilIQ I as III 'S,IIUIC ~ alii S Sill I' i"aml nJICI'!Ii'r~at ~Irt t~eG~tlr ~ prDgraml.

fs,as c6d19~5 podem rlpr~&entar um Irograma ~m llng~a9lm I "6qui~a co~ocadQ II pl't~r do IInder"o CII'H. Por alampl,. u C6digo i4H pod. slgntflelr N~O~_ Plilr e I) Ir esu I t ada coml U P rl6,x mlm.O bJ"tll ,( El7H)" iii 8nl,m ,',Dlr ,dIUiUe •••

Note gue niu e~i5t.m nOmeros dt ~Inhas dl

pragrama c~m~ ~m BAS_C, mas 89 .~5trueaIS sj~ IXBCU-

tad~5 RII ~I,uincla em qUI estio ~I mem6fla.

A grande vantagem da Linguisem dl "',uJoa esU Ina gr'8,ndl'lI' u~11 oc I dads' I em i!iIBl'ftllll t II II' ~ma m,ll ~'D'r v lUi liz /lIdo e ICOln t rililill Ell so b r 81 iii mi,e 1'0. P,Il'r im ,!!'!I '511 illS, Initru~5!1 siD mIls slmp~ls e Ilml'a~as 'IAlglm Dm m~~or cu~dldm ~8 ~Ira da programacio.

IRIESUMO

Vimos. nestl c8pft~to. emmo ~ig as Instru~aBS em LI~glil!em de M'qu.nl Csempra am grupos d, 2 dfg.tos). a €I I 'SPD n lib •• i !hldie de m'II,[1J1fi1r la ,nlD IM6X 81 0 nlllli c:ull OU rio's prugramas em llngu~glm de "'quina.

Fa i a:p'l" B:S8In t aldiiOI 0 ill r'ilJ:!1'r amnII MO,N 1'1"0111' ~,em

BA5tG) ~~B parmltR c~lo~ar ,rQgrama9 e.,borados em c6- dlsos helldl~ima~s na mem6r~a R~M~ vertflear , c~otl~,~ 'a m.mj,ta e disissemblar ~s D,t85 da m~m6rla.

28

'1' Jt..' ,_,'~I ~ '.,,- ~

• - L - I

2

REGIST~OS ~NTERN05 DE S B~TS

~R~eJlrlmos D eap~tuto el~lo,aftdl 0 emneelto ilIe .. r eg Is tl'llIl"'. te:lrmo 111!nIPII' egada iii r'IIIIP'lliit'!i, II it'adam,!! n't II na eaplt~Jm IRtlriar gUan'D '~I~m~5 5,br~ ~ mlm6r~~. U~ reg~9tro , ~m cl~c~ltm emetr8nltl GI'll d, m8mDrjl~r bitS ~olta~ ~G roesso '8~.~. podlndl r~,rlslntlr 8 Ifmalenar ~~m'rl~ de e a 255 (tIM a fFH1.

o mieropr~CtS5ido~ dl M5X tl~9t) ~'SS~I vlrlO$ rlg~stro$ ~n'lrnos m~lto ~ti~~z~~~s nos programS$ em l~ngijagem d~ M,q~~nl, dos qua~1 sete serio eituda~os ~este caprt~~D. fst&s ~e9Istr~s n~~ fa21m 'I~te da memti r' Iii F!'.II!!'\!JI!I: 5;i~ elll ilill'l,illl!lla5. Irl!lSIP,eC itt II nlm!!'Jlliit'lll Idll!l IA. ,U" G. O. E. H, l. AlguW5 d~ll~ tim ~ propr~8~.~1 de

"'51 j IUlnta fl!ll!llll"'. gj!JIllnd~ nI!1!I1C:1!I1556'r 1m., 'ti,IlIIF'mindo lUll'll Qln I eo

rl~l~tro de 16 blts~ a~~~m. podlmQ' fu~mlr 05 ,aft5 de rlQlstrl1 aGo Of. HL {56 e9t~s ,afes sio pU5srve~sl.

. PIDlr Q:X.I:rrlP I 0 .Sil' III If n i st rl(l! II en t,em Ill' niu'mero

Ui"H (1118 8il'lll diU: I ma I J II G UI!1 i st rlllJl Ie, cOin Urn 6t!HI U 7B' em d~£~ma~l. Q par Be tO~t'm-a n~m~fl 1ABaH (251. 161 • 179 ~ 41138 em dlc~m~I}.

C~mG vlmos no cap~tufo ant~rlor. ~5 ~nstru!toes 1m il il nl9iUII:91l!1m liIe M!61'IIIU I~ IiII 510 rliliP 11' !I!I!lI!I'~t,i!!d,!I'5 IP',Olr cfi-' d~J~~ ~e dais b,tl~ cldl. Is10 'feita par~ evltar a ~anr~5il q~e paderil 5111' crJa!d1 w5~ndo aplnas 05 nOmerDS 8 e ~. Mesmo a5s~m. tlml5 a~~ra ape~a5 18 srmboros ICI i'!lpl!lI'nf vel! S (18!. 1. 12. iii. oq,S. 61 .• 7. 1.9. A. 8 •. 1[;. O. E 'fl I. "" program~~ r8lo8~e~m~Ate grand,,_ mesmo

~5tO pDd! trlllr canfusim. DIS'I farml~ pari tlc~m~fair!! 'llII!lmprll'81I1isillli do PCI'nltIJ d~ II sf,1 II IUIllInIOI,. cnhmll-s'8 8ssoGlar. a ~Idl ~Rstru~i'. 9FUpOS dl letra, em fDrm~ -mnem8nlea~ ,arl IUillfaf -a progrlmlCia. cbamamos

-~6dtgm! de oplr;~io~. qUI tim clmo obJetlvG I,socllr

Irma '''oll'dem'' ,I ,udal ~!Jrupo dill' utns. Por IUIIIII' .101,,, 5e 0 c6d~go tI11'1'1 slgnl'~clr -Ilme-, ~!U correspond,ntl '1111 hUIIU'C IIII llir III 17M I SII mnlllm6inii to poder' II II S,III' ADD. AS5im~ dl,lftdlndm da ~nstru,iQ 1m L~m9~!9Im dl ""quili. iuulll m,nle,lI'Iin I CI!I ,IDIIiI'1!'6 Sol gIl H n f ,0-111 DU ma115, 9ru~ms de e dfgltos blll~lclm.~s. Del&1 mall~ra. pari IP'r O'!n' a'm,1Ii' em 1IIn~!UUillllll'l dl "ii'qlu ~ 0111 ,de:Vllnmo'sIIIP'r tlnillr os m~~mlnicDs ~mrt,s~D~~'ntl' a ~I~~ ~~5t,ucio do ml,crOI"fIOI,ce'UI!lOIII' II ",_zn G plrogr,ilm:iI uf IIIII lando 09 me5-

~ . I'UJ' Unlll rn. emm 0 IIUIX f I I" dill lumll UU" a (JIU UIII

A ILER. subst.tulrlm~9 01 mOlm8nlcos PDr 9119 dIg I tIllS I'Iludl!IC I ma 119 81 ut II I' II,Z,II,r,1I11'fl11U, fI HOH I lOR' IP' al II' I Illm~OClf 0 plI'ograma 1m fOll'ma dl bEts ftl CDmp~tador. A tll!re'. II cam:p,llet I Us l'ln"s Iii' uUifiu lIS U, nliOI ill,plnd ICIII 2'.~ IliiJI entlnto. cad_ VIZ q~1 U~8 ~n5tr~~io fIr -prls8ntadl. dn II!IIIDIS, tll'llllm qUI I " 101 nil c6,d II glG' Ihl'I'. illdl,c I m:1!!I1 •

n&UlA: 2'.i ~. ,Pdm: ipiI,is r'~I~&tnJ inberrn(l' '~D' Z"D'.

I' I II , -
I' i c j II 11L_ I
• Ii i ,I II ~" •
H i L, 'I INn MSI!( as pug f,smlllS !111m 1I nglUI91sm de Miqlu hll sio tlra tado, IIHilmlil1 's,Ulbl-1' 0 t I U'§' de 11m pr ogum'ill I!'II'I IHil,EU C. ~s qDI~S sio ehlmadls pe~a funci~ USA (11m aAS~G. abrlv il,ada Ide Us.R).

Pari defjnlr iii pootD de 'ntra~1 ~I S~I 5ubrotlAI em LlngU8g,m de H'qu_nl deve-si usar 0 ~Gmandl!l.

OIEFUISR, y;:)XXXX

Indl XXXI' 0 ponto de 8Rtreda I , ~odl vl,lar dl • I I. U~ 5lja. uoci pode dlf~n~r at' 18 PGnl~s de entrada !!,11ra! S,ubi-Irot 11'I8S ,1m U [lgUiageml ,die IN'.II'" na 11m lum IP'UlgUirlill DAS II Ie •

'.re PISSlr m contrule do micro pa,a assas luD-rotlnas pu~, sir U51da U~I dliss, dUls 'orm~l~

PRINT USRY (n~mero DU ua~i~vel) vdr~a~e) ~ U5ftY Cndmero ou varj~v€l) nls qual! , pod, ,.r~lr dl • a I.

Ess. sinill. per.ltl lIe troqgemos valores de um. vu II 'VIii Wide um p l'iliJl~!l1i' Itll! lEI, A,S: Ie Icoml 11m. !Ullbrollne 1m ~.ngUlg!m de m'q~*~1 D~ qUe It&IS vllire! sejam Imprla~~s nD if~ID. veremo! como se processa I'SI troc~ mlts para 0 f~m aest, clPftumo. -

61 0 P riIiJl~9irr 1111111 em II ~ n,gilU al'911111'1'1 de mj'liI'u ~ !ill. ,

trltadG Plio DAS.~ camo uma sub-rltlnl , de 51 Isperlr ,qlUII li"~5taJ am,. l,nstnCio slm,~ ~111i' I'lil REfil.l'RIN Idlllli BA:SU], em L~n9~lllm dl M'~U~RI.

o c6d~90 ~,ssa .nstru~jG 'CD" '$IU mneman. elil lUI If fUDa nld aUI II IfilEI ,[ R'IETuli' n J.

11- lliu~' UJ d m RiEl I,D H n all dill II' r IIII,!U' Im,a I ill UI ~ h ImportaBle pcls. am CDDtli",to de um programs BASIC. I 11,11 II: I:UI I;,ilo de IlIm p I'III'~U lima 1m til 'n,gulllu!m de rU,qlu. (II oao ~i~1 nl 6ttlmi ~nstr~~ID. 0 m~'roP,oeessldo~ te(ltar' ~ont.nua, a 'I~tutlr 85lnstru$ies QUI sa siguem na

:e,1ll6"'1 I ¢1l1Ii s,u, BlU II to ut r,1I1 nl bias '1IlI'lrio ICIUlitlCl r' •

o ml:S1IJlO IPod'I"1 '1II'Il'Dlll' Ii'!U 51 ~'lliIIU 'IIIU' - U'CI dl

16gtca no prO."MI I ~Ici (Iota,' qUI ft.m as t,cl~s IilONTROL/SrOp luuleri,lol U~I dlla 11'lIn 101 nntro I'll Idllill mill C:lr a ,.

A Gftl¢8 manllra dl fazer IS eolsa. volta~lm II n~~mll seri dasllsar I Fel~gar 0 computador, ou Clus.r um RfSET tltll 01 m'qU~nl.

E~.nlullmlntl vo~1 padlr' usar ~m PIQUIDI Mtruqu.-. AntiS de IllCUtl1i' 0 programs 1m L~ngulglm de "iqlu Illnl,l. Clomlrlde ,I

0111

,P'OKE: ,IHF8 8 0 ~ 2551

A'I~m~ s,m"e (au q~15e) Que loci p,.sslo~ar Ii ilmlilll hOl!ilmllnt,l, IS, tiC tas Cl'RttSIi'IIII FT+II.IG'RAtfl'GRA ilIfl IEI-' IP'lrt au cnl'UltUIFT+ICODEfG,R'AP'H nllJ HDLlt. 101-1 Jen wol-' tlr' a o,.rlr em 8ISiC.

AI INSTIRUI;!i5'Q l.D

A .ftstrueio LD plrmlta cO.ltlr n~mlros deltto dl5 reg~9'ros ~nteli'nms do mtcfo.rmeeSSldor fa~l~im~wtl estes nOmeros ~odlriiIiJ sir de 8tH i fFH

n'D mh: Ilm'D II iI r iI Il aida Ir leg 1st 1'101) • tOP I ,III r !ii'S ,dlil,di'DS d. um r,g~5tra 1m aulrD au em i~gum IDdlrl~o ~a m~m6rll 8 vice-versa; asslm. ex~stlrio ¥'r~as Jnstru,i.s LO. elida UII'I'a, c:om $ell P r6 riP' i '01 c:6d I go hu a,d,II'C: I am I. 'e lUI I' Ibre~~acio ~i L~ID ~ CI~l'es~eJ.

Vamos au II ~ n, In Iii: I ,II ~mcI!R,t I c:omo ICIO' i IDleall'

nQmerBs diretam~nt. DOS ,'riDS reg'stros.

A Ill'Ist,r l.Ieio. ,dill InlJi~!!I geln,~ r i IIilO., IP'IiIS5U I ,aSUI'-

g~lntl Istruturat --

LD r€g~stro~ d~do Parr alll,lmp I II I

L,D IE i' 2AHI

(que ~qulvall a d~zt' LD E. 12l. coloea,' 0 "6mero 2Afi (42')' iii 01 , elil ,Is t rill E. E5t<a Iln:s tr U Q,i,D C',IJr r ISIiI(I,n,d',. II ,2 bytas I~ c6d.io- hexadlc.mal. 1m ~ara I e6diso dl

'i!I'IP 1:1" allQ,jlllJ' ~ lniill £:alSO. Ca'l"ra'gue n ,r"ISI '!ltra Ei LD If. , ,8 D'

outro PI'I 0 dado (n~m"o) qae 51ra camonado, Ass~m. para ~'s d,r 1iI)1'9, 1\'11911 stra'!i.hlnmll"5 '1115, SISU iillltlS e6d isu ~8 oPlra~io I c6dlgos hlladlc~mal91

FlUI, 2'.2' - III iR'!;lt!"I,!,~ill i!'lD~ nl9 istro"lfido (B bns).

• NSTRUiC 10, I C'iUiII G~O
tD A" d,adllJl aEH + 1 b,,'tlll 'HIII'II (I, ,lIldlll
lD B. da'd"ll' ISH + 1 Uti paN! In dldG
loDI C. dado IEM 1" 11 b,tlll piara 0 (I ,I ,d 'D
LIIJ 11). dado '~IBH t , UU IpaiUl 01 dado
LD E. ,d~1iI1!I I: _EM l' , bYU PUll I) dlCiO
LD H .• lido 218M 1'. 1 Ibrf,e, IIUlrl1 I) dado
U) L. dlililo 2EH .. 1 Ib,t,a IPIiII rill QI dado
I fa"mos entim um ~rl~raml que elrl'lg~ iii rig II sh 0 lEI com 8eH 'II 'II n:g II s t r'o C e,II.· 2AtlIII

HGIIIRA, 2\3 - Pngrili e~rl~'l'lI.

'i::000 ,0<6.'0 I!...II)' e, .'.~HI ~ C;alr,.. C'_:a g: cam "
C'00~ Q,E:2A LD C,.2AH ,Car-r-E!!:!'lIIi c: ICDgl 2AH
1:'010'" C9 R 1Ir : I" I!'t Dr-na aCI I!;!A,SIC ,2'4

Po~emD5 Intiu e~~~c'-Io. ~or Ixemplo, a ,artlr do Indereeo CellH (E~m~r~-~e dl rISlrv&-la). vsando G i fi'CO ¥ e Z 8:5, InI pmu:. OIUI eo tio. IU'5 iii n"d·ill III plr IiIS rami KONil rm! par,iI, htr'lui!liIIz I r as ti'h IllIstr'uleliill!!i, ..

elm G pr09rilml mo~itQr. b~~ta dI9it~r;

) H &HC0101~ < 'E ~ ETUR N ),

Ce0',BI 00' 06

C,C1H?U. ee 00

C002 ee' 10E

C003, 0'0 2A,

Ce'0'4 0'0 1:9

C00::i 0'0·

I tl~~~r ESC para sa~r do modQ M.

S8 ¥~ci ~~Is~r ¥Ir~fteat SI 0 programa f~1 .fttrl~~zldo cGrretwmlote. um dump pode ser fello. MIs Ui 'll'od dig i hr

l &HC0'0~1

~a~i ter', al'm dos co~tl~d~9 dos ~rtls I ~a't~r do Ildereco Cea'H. 0 c6digo mOlminico corres~.mdlnte • Gad.-Irupo dl bytes qUI form~m ums ~n5tr~ei~. 0 pra~e,so de decod.fltl~io do. bvles os m~m'rll

em mnmllin ~ 'C,IOS lila III n,glUiBlgem A'5'9Jlm'b II :1 II Id I nom Il:Iado

' •• d II s ilI5,'5, lI:m bill In Ill' •

Ao ug~r 0 ~amaR~o l voei dIve ter ubti~o I tlla d8 tigura 2.4

fI'SlJIiIi ,2. 4 ~ Prugrilfi 10 i dsseI1l1ido,.

~IL. ~H" •••

1!:__'i,.~B4 LD •• Ii

Z-I,II!:I!II'l!! 11,;0' C. OIl:!' 11-&"__ .IET Zl-16:!1!"-" 01

.-'. p:o'lIl llidll MI. .• ·6i2·'1.~. :11-'" 63!7~' .JR' ..... 3~·.

'Il-'. ~~'~I l.1I HI... ilJ2'·~ 6C1 11:-·1,&:117. 'C[lltI,;L ~;j,~ !!-.~. "".:ttl" LD IDE. ',:1147.' _"43114 LO "I:.~

1!':-~ 6>31U !>.ip ~ .• ,

• -'~.4l!i~. .'E~· Z-S6lJ:!'1l1 lUi .... iilL~'

:tIihUit3S::!" .4111:1' i'!

X-i63~6 IiIL.' Z K_i63~5 c*w~ ~42 ~- ~.".'!li2 I'~[l i'lL

l~;&i!J~~a ~ ~":l,I'~B

2-u.3'1" 1.111 HL .. ,2" •• "'" :1:-1.1<346 'I:",LL ~l!/j9~

:::: 'J

[;7'

.. 3

!!'I. fTe 1'")1 :U~ '6\~

!n .1 r. i!;1ll1 ~:::! •• II .6 ",'!! '." .11 .. lED ,.' •

le!l'

71:

iii:;;;

c.II

CD ,,~ •• 1 !la.

II ... 7

iZ!II is. 7"1 CII' ",,", 7'·.,

IESI'M!TE: 1M 1'IEi1lDR,IA ~ UXO )

ao 1~1i_INa1I III fiiDSiW,

25

DEF USR=&HC000 I A=U9R (0)

, f~n~i~ DEFUSe def~~'~ 0 po~to de entrada 10 programs 8 a fUR~io USR IXltltou 0 prQgrama em Lln- 9ui~em da M,q~ina.

At' agara pode pareetr m~io io~t~~ e sem S II nit .11111(1 II L i 1iIIl!lIIIIIilillim ,liIe IMalqUi i lUI. mils illi'liIs ,ap r'llI n,i!I'lIl1'm:~5 afgumai outres Instru4ies poderlmG~ filler algI m~~s

pr'tlc~, .

No programa lfit rior n6~ cirregamo9 0 rlgl5- 'ra a cmm um vllor I ~ C eom m~1rQ. Por6m. os rellstr,lIS III e Ie IlHllijem ser ~untldos.h'lrml,nl~1l IiIm ,ar die' 1B It! I t s .

Por .5'U ~, tamb~~ i Posslbifidadi de tarf8- gar dlretame~te Pires ~I rlglst,os. N'~t' ~a~~. I I~struei~ ~OS$~. 3 b,tls. ~ Pili 0 c64*&D ~I I05tru~iQ , 2 psra 0 ~amlro que teri 16 b~t~. Notl que ~ ~'Te menos slg~lfic8t{¥1 do n6mlro ~I 16 bits ¥~m intI' ~, brte mals signtrtcat~vo.

A'5tm. tBm~s ~I f~J~rl 2.5 as lnst,u~6ISf

11N1:nRU'(;'ID C6[1< 1 16'0
IlD Be .• iUliGi 81111 + ,2 b,yt,es ~nral [I d,liIli:I!IJ
ILD D,E.'~illljiil 11,M f 2 IiIIJt8'!i ~afa 01 iliad"
U IU,. dado l1H f a blJte5 pa,r,a a ,0,810101 o lIIr,llgll'lIlm,B 1~,liI f UUII'8 2.,2 I!u.'delr' ,i a 91er 5,~11fl:- 1II11ficado ficandOi como most,. a ftsura 2.6.

fIOORIl 2.,6 - P,l'logrililili qUE' C3rlrif!g!i u par BC (0,14<3,.

[;""'00 '0'~ ~D'00 11.0' B'I[: ~ ge~B'"

[: 9'0:3 C'9 R' 'f

; C. I'" Ir 'E!.91 a Be: !E!;!!II ~1D1fl ;: ... e·t Or-In"" .0 IBASU~

NU,! ,II I 'Allersilll!! 2,8'11 a co I iju,dhOI anus chI 81H lUI IIlemoIi' I 81 I

A TRANSFER~NCrA ENTRE REGISTROS

Yerlmos mgGlI'a com~ passer ~ime~os d~ um r8g~stro PI~a 0 jutll'o. T~mDS tadas as emm~lni;ie9

LD r~mj5t~o~re9~stro

Essa ~n5tru~io ~op~~ 0 cDnteOdo 10 relistrQ lila d I'f II til n'!Ii' r !I!:g1115t r 0 ,111]1 e:s:qloelr de. Inia 11111 t 1!:lr Imido 0 canteOda do r,g~5tro da d~rlltl~ Issa l~&I~~cia eq~lvall ,aa~le nlilll9, um !!iI' hi ~~ulli S AiB u: I glea II.S:P'IC 111,ciutao de n 11fI1I)ii!lm da:dl,QI. 'ail' a file ~ ~ Ii tiU cOlllt,f'IU I r,lIm,!:i15 IiIm~ ta[b'lIla Que oss~~ I~~~s as ~amb~mi~BI5 P05~~~I~' dests Ins'UUIC 0 .•

ill) Ii! B Ie D 'E 1t1I[ IL
:A '7 Fl![ 18:1'1 191Hl 1AH 71BHi 7'CiH :1 1DH
EI q1H[ o!I8H olI1H "12H Q31'1 <1"1'H I 151'1 I,
(i qFH[ 4BH 4:9H 4AH 4[0111 oIICH 4DH
D !Si7IH S8H I 151111 521'1 5,31H 5411 551H[
E 5lFH 58HI II 591'1 !!:),tiHI !E;,BH 5GH !50H
8]1'1 81elHI 1 B1H IB,2~[ GEM Bitt II 1)'51'11
l 16FH B:ElH IB:9H Ei,AIH IBM IfiO]H I SiIDH IP,alr a ut I~ 11112'-1 a. ,us,a umpire Ii! r jlm:e' i r OJ a to-

I' IU nliJl alii VI€!Ir t I, ea I[A, esqlll!ll r Illil ii' e. a SIgilli H • &i I i nllla

~Ir~zo~tal superior, ~o, IXlmprnO~

fCOip11 a ~'ntl&~~ do r~g~s'rO D. s~m Iltlr'-~m. nl fr'!91Istlro G)

L'D' E ~ E: €<I:1II~J iva 1 ~ a 5E1IHI

(Gopll , c~Rt~Qdo dG reglstro E nD ~IS~5tro fl. 'emo vati ~~~I pBde notar. 15sa In,truci~ mia tiZ Ib&m~u-

urnl n '8~ ttl[[hl!d:~.. .

E~p,rimrfi'l 8glra i Ilg~lote prQgram~. ~ml eQP~a I tonte6do d,s ,egistros H I E.' prlv~8m~.'8 'Iff I gl.al,]jj[!II1s· • IiIII!1S fIg 1st rlU, lei I C;,' r'18SIIU:ct' IllII'amllnt'l •

27

'Ctl'!i:H' ~600 11:002 'IE2!i!1 ICfI'04 .4 C685 40 C.'96 [:9

1..0 H.,e.H

LO E .2~H'

LID B rll-!

LID C.IE

RIET

Ii ~1i1Jr·re!!JI'., IH it"OIli e' ~~~rrES. E CDM 2AH .~Dpi~ H .~ D ' ,CIDP' II it. t;; .111 C

~Y'lilIl ta, 01,0 !:!A,5IC

Utilize 8ntio 0 man~tor para colo,ar os c6- III II gost dOl PI' OgJlf ama Ina m:l!lmlilr I a,

Pli~eba q~1 est~ pro~rama Hcarre91H 0 r6!~$trl H c~m "H II D regJstro E eom 2~H (42) e. a s~~ulr. copl; 0 raRi5trD H ~m a I 0 rlglstro f 1m C. fallndo BC~882AH. D8~51 mo~~. vm~t ubtlr' ~ovam8ntl 42.

OBSERVA~IO, Nio existl Instrucio Plra coplar de ~ma $6 rll n6meros de um par ~I reQistros ,ar~ outrl plr ilIl ,egils'tns. fOlf uilmlill,lli• a I nstlruda LEI BIi.Hlt Inao , Ii',i•• d~. , de¥e ser subst.tur~8 pori

LD 18 pH
i'i
LC' 11:" L 111m d.sso, nio' possf,e. tentar coplar iii cmnte~do ~I! ~m rlg~st'o para um ~Ir m~ vlcl-~e~51~ povtBntD. ~nst,u~aIS ~o t~po

LD BC.,A LID IDrHL

IN.a 18Iii'5,tl!!l'1I III

A trtulo de astlaflClmlnfo. ,adamo9 a~orl f liZ ar IIm'SI 8IIllillili 1])91 a cOlm IDI BAS lie. As j ,n t r u hs ILD r,BSI. Sl~ fro.dldo de 1 b,tl ou LO par d8 reg~stros.~ado de 2 brtl' padem ler assoc*,das i ID9tr~oio LET Ilr.'Ii".= ft6m,r01 por Ilem,lo. LD B~1' eom LET X~16. ~ Instru~io lD rlg~'trQ.r8g~5tro Plde sar asso,jad8 ~ lEI varl6vll- v8rl'ilWJ POf 111m,., LO H.l com LET X-Yo

ENDERECAMENTO DIRETO E INDIRETO

Alllqut, IPr,ndemol ~oma ~o~~tlr n6mlra~ dlr,tlmentl nms rlg'stros Int,r~os do mlcroprocessldar e eomo eopllr d~~os de um rlg'stro em Dutro. Vlrlmos IgG'1 c~mo coplar a conteQd~ d~~ rl9~5tros ~nte,nms

~05 rl~t5tr~~ da mlmjr~a. I Vlel-¥~r5i. Veja como Isto impt~a nDS5~ ~n~~IFS~1 at' aglf8 56 podlamo5 CD I oeu M!hlrdU IIml S,l!i hi r"I'!!1 ~ st'us mas. lUll'll eSS8$ mnl'ss ~lllis,'tr llIeiles. t,e renU!i!3, a d ISllilQS iIC:iGl tod,a mlm!" UI IIt,AM. Nat~,alml~tl. d8v~m~s tamar cU~~ldo para ni~ Int~rfer~rm8S cern os ~om~J6 program~~. por 'n~~i~'~ Iste p~~~llml ~ia RI~ atl~g, ~G~5 estamos ~tl~~z~ndo ums rt~'io de mem6rta rlse"ada nij f~m da RIM.

a~ ~Qci 8se,ev~, ~m e45~C~

D qU~ ~s,o $isn~'~ca ?

Or~. a ¥ar~iv'l K ir' Ilswmlr ~m vamor entre

8 8: 255:. qn ICIO r t I!I,SPOllildu" 1101'11 !1IIi11 IS U nliO! em:lerel;o

C181el9H "

IErn IL i' MI, II ill,!UIl'I d, Mil Iq III ~ 1111111 n: I s hi lum:1 II n s t r ILltdi I) ani~omi. mas gUI fORclo~a ap'n~s e~m 0 r,~~s'ro A. ius

fOMml JI~'rlea ,. -

LD A'~ '{'~ndel"€!;i:o'}1

'1iliU jl!ll c'DI,dlli !J11iI jl :::I,tIIH'2 blJ'tls p,a r' a IPI I: 1'1 iii n I~a .

Hotl q~1 os parintls~s ~ndleam i Sl~~~~tl Id'i8J CI,*, m~ reg~st~1 A a ~'nt!Q~o do ~ndlrl~e. 01 flto. a ~~stfucio lD A. !nderelo ~s!m pariDtese51 ~il i V'~~dl porQUI nio p~~emQs CQrnOtlf um nl~mll:r 01 mIll !lIlf q~,.!I!1 255 Ulmi t,r'!!! ·Idlll oUillll 61n I ~o res ~ s:trr iii.

(sse tigo ~e Instr~cio i ehamad0-,odereeamlnto dtreto. ~QlS ~G~emOs dtZlr dJretamtntt Aa Imsjru,ia lam ,qlU 8: [II Iflde,rlseo d a IlI'Il!Im6lr'I,i! 'liS n 01 que qluar ames eo I o~ ~ar ~I rlglstra A.

Obslrve q~e Ista inslr~~lo 8qU~Vi~1 i 3 b,tes~ um pira iii ~6d~~1 de oplr~;i~ (~a ca~o 34H~ I dot5 pari d~ler qua~ emdefl,a ~uJe clilntl~~. dl~lmlilS toptar ~I li'eg~5tro A (~embr'-" dB ~nvef5iat LSD M5Bi.

~ssim ~mmo I PEEK tim 5~a funGia ~nversl 10 POKEl I insttuiiQ que ~~Ib~rnl~ de vIr larnb'm tem

'~8 f~~,iG in'lr5~~ .

ESSI l~stru~iQ tam~6m I~~~vall a 3 ~JtIS.

PO~5 prec1samos farneclr aa m~c~GprOeISsa~lr 0 endere~o no '~il ser~ Inslrtdo 0 vl~lr do rlglstra A.

Essas dUii ~Itlmas ~n5t~~~5es ampm~im b~sta~tl ~ ~~§im ~nl'.rs~. pols agQri ~edemas a~tlr a cOin t 'II tIli dial ,dill ill iii I I QUill' by tIl da m'lIm,i!i'1t ~ III UI I Uila r I r ,nil I a

qua I glJU va I ar [nlo C:iElSO d8 mell1'lilf' Ii I R~M ~ •

Vum'llI S 811J1111i' eS!!!IO tar. ntal f I 91J1 fla! .1" um plr09NI~ Iml qtli 'ttron 0 ICO n tlJUldlll de dill ils biyhs da memidH' ill 3J.

FlWliIi 2,.8- l"oc:I de ~illIDiS di, ftll!!G:I' hi.

clee". :aA,OEIl:,0 U} AliI!' ( flICH0'EIH ~,
£:,11,.3' 47 LID D .,A
1~004 SA.Q,FI[!:Q, L.D IA~ ,(, e'1i:0,0FH )
Ca·.,. :1j.2e:ECQ, L.D 1(' ,e-c,ae'E+! ) !,!,AI
Ice,a~ :rIB IL.D A,.Iili:
C998 ~2i:Fce Ib.D' c 'ftC:'00'~IH l FA
Il:lel'H~: {:9 R:E:1i
1l:00,F IFF DID ,aFFH
C0i0 SA DB aR1e11 , ~ In'5,lIE!ll'''e :1 1Ol' tI"III, t ~ iE. ~

;' il pSJel!f' r.' IAl E·.I D ~ ~ n'5,1E',1"£" 2!?

Ibl!.!'t,~ ~.. lAo

~In •• r@ ~ ~g .~ b~tllE! ~~.rr.g~ ~ ~aM 8

rr ~ illl'!j'ere' A

I!1Q ~g b,~'t.

~Iil'"@'t 'DIF!1IiI .1:1 OAISlc " :II, lIl!Y;iIIj l!"1[J'"

IF: 2!$!' ... a ]I D~

AG ser e~e~~tadD~ m pragrama tr~ca a ¥a~o~ do, ~,tlS Cee'IEH 'I ICeeFIH.

IPr Imll, if IIm,IIIIUe !!I n ~ 1111 Ii' dill plr I m,1I il r 0' tI,t8 16

f:auegado Ino f'IIIUstn A., an s:IIIJIiII dl. nS:1I ¥!JIlIlIlr Ii ,U"_ m,lIi!:t!llnatd€l fiI!mp'IQlrr alii' t smeQ t e nl·OI r 1&1 1st flO e" illS!:! i IfI plldlellJ'U~ISI III I! r r'llg! r l!!I SI8~!JI,U nl<li1,QI b, h' nllOI all::loImu I ,ada r. 11 "pil!li:e'~ ~ Ill'" nlOI ~r~mll~r~ bIte. Ap6s "51 ope,a~io. c 1~'lgo va~Dr ~m prtmetra ~rtt j ,eeUgiri~D do fagl9trl 8 i Ift5er~~D n€l!lIIlSIU,U)Q Ibns'.

oeSERVACiO~ C~~Gelmo~ ~s ftameros ap~s G 8nde,e~~ ceeEH ~~r sero ~r~me~~e brte ~~v,e ap~s to ~ro!rama I. ~om~ eK~~~C&~~ Imte~larml~ll~ i neSSi re9~i~ ~ue ~1~OCiremas as ~lrWA~eW~ ~~I n~o cabem ~05 regtstrm!. Gu~dlde para ~~a tlO~aCIF n~merm5 d~rltlm.nt, 1m b,tes o~u~~4os pelo programl. 'D~S vo~1 estari 8It'ran~. IS Instru~ilS~

Y II m.U15 lUI 11 CI q IU·II. 8i P es 8 r ifJ III 'St6 1(1 ,old etr mu ,UUI r

tim,!! Iln!!t fIUI;.a,i(J.llllIli II !lI9SaiDI 'E!;I!ti: (lom m rlll, ~G;ifrO A. ts 1[101 II ~.n~Drft'¥'~ p~ls PQ'~m~s eoplar o. ~adBs de un '1- g~stro 1m ou'r~. eom~ ~o Qlempll ant!r~m'. NaIl ~m I~~ illUIOI lllUiil: nbs; f I nmas., co'ma lump ~ III. lima 111iI'S t rU'ljio dO t II 'Ill P'IEIEK. IliGI'I'IJlrr iii: 15,1 • t I ZI~5i!lll!lmll!l'5 PiEEK nr I hlll~. pelr IK8m~~o~ LET ~ ~ Pf~K (If {andl' plde rller de I a 6'5i5~:5 ~'? . D'D ti 11111111• em IL illn:9IUill!illtm de f1h'u II n III I, p"'fI"lr VIII' i al Wn'lru~io 'G ttpo

LD re~~~tro~(p~r de re91$tr~J

q~e l~gn~'~cl ~eop~1 ftO ,eglstfl ~~d~CldQ ~i 19~~erdat o ~~llit~.~O ~I mltm6rla c~ja Ind8rl~o' ~ldO PI~O parr

31

de regl~trot IPtre par6Rteses {i dlrl~ta~. No Intanta. nemtodas ,U, clamb II nlcihl s siio pass ~ 'Inl i '5 • Ve' hi ,a "IS. 2. !iI'.

F.16URAI 2~.,9 - II iln;5tnf~ill LD regli'str'D', (par die rl~.!Ili,&tlr.DS)

I NSnUJC'i'O II (;60 II GO
,
ILIll 4. (IBta AH
1U1I1 A .• , ('IDlE) 11AH
lD' A. (HL ], '1!lil
I HI' BI. '[HL) 4l!iH
Ul' c, I[ Ht l 4EIH
I L:DI D. [HU '5BH
lO 11::. niL} 'SEH
lD IH,. ~ !riIL:t I liiilH
LID' l. e HL) I 6,IEH Estl t.po de Instru~io 'c~am~dG endereeamlntl i~djreta par pirlS dB regi~trQ PO.S 0 Indlrj~o da,q IU il hJI i1iUIl q u ar ,em:UI 5 €HJ I' ilJilliU 1'II1I S 11'1 Sl:s, 11': I" IllS ida Id 10 tnd~r'taml~tl atr,¥'s do! ,arls DC. DE 'HL. para 0 rl9~6tro A. I som8Rte do par HL para os dlm~~s rlg~!trl~ (S. C. D. H , tl.

'edema! peroebef q~1 0 ~Igistro J parlee

'selli' plr 1''1 I h!9111I,dl'lll e,m 1"111 Ble,illil aos Id'llm'81 ~ g,; die 'UI "01• el181

tem v6rlas 'Fopr~8dades que os ~o,'os nil lim. e tncluslvl um ~Dml Isplc~al. 'eumuW.~or (I~ pr&.Jmo ;ap~t~.o rePlmas com mals detaWhes sua, proprledades e'5pll!: I a ~;5 L

A~5~m como Ixlstem Instp~eies de t~~ere~a~ m~nt0 Indlrlto para sa ~btlr 0 valor de wm bytt. e.~~tem II Im!tru~lls ~I eodIP!;amentm Ind~reto pari ~~&,r H nilOUI5 In,ilI ml!lm:h hli .. , VII'h os SSIllS mn1e.m16nillcn 18 1:16,d~gos ~a ft9~ra 2.~e_

lniGDRA, 2'.,:11 - Trill!,&:fleir'~lif~il "£'Ii 'trill =) 'Plir i,I,.

I ------,
IINSTRUIijIO CI':I'DI II;ro;
tD (NN'.U.I S'aN ItfiNHI
to nUB.A 8'2M!
to [DEI'.,1 1'21'11 I
ILD Oilt ]1",1 771'11
LID Uilt LEI 'It;! mNsrRUCAO (;61D II GO I
lO HIILLC 7tHI
LI!l (HIL ). D 721H1
U) Ut!L,LE 73H
UI C HIL ).111 74M
U (HLJ'.IL ?5M 'IU' C:UII nO'¥,lma U'BI comm ill ,B'GUmlil ~ Ulmr " iii r il ¥ ~leglldD~ t~r , m 6ft~~o ~ue ~'rm~tl .mdere~am~ftto d~r'to~ cl~o~lnd~ 0 n'mlro ~egejadQ de m.m6rta '~IO eontrir~o 'IS dem.ls. ande,ecamlnto ~Rdireto nil ~, ~'ra¥'5 do par Hl ml5 taml'm ~m~ parl5 BG e DE.

Viml~ mD~tir 0 ,r~~riml para a treel dl 2 brtl~ us~ndo emdlrl~amlnlo ~ndlrlta (t~3uFa ~_11~_

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C883: :2 I ,.t:H'::,. loti IH L .' '.CeeDHI
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[:9'0<7 56 IbD ID~ (IHLl
Ice 001 77 L.D, U~L) ~A
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C'''.'A .2 ILl) (011::) ~A,
c:e!llD Ie? RET f * n C.,rl!;! :I ~ III: n,dl'Er"r.1t;: a e. a,e

,I~.~r~ 2~ ~nd~ ... ~t;:G

tt,!Ii! !HIL

~Insere '~~wt~ ~_ A J~nK~r~ 2~ b~t~ e~ D ~inA~~~ lQ byte n~

,:iI.a lIii!,ndlli!',,"'~~D'

• t,r •. n.'i'iI!'i". - Ii) pa.!,,:a ~ I~n.er. 2g but. nD ':I~ 1!!'1r!'!!!.'I'"'ECC' "r-I~t,'!'I:l"n... '011.0 IElA5IC

PIFClb~ que ~~5 progrlml5 Istlmo5 ~m~Ot~Rdo a~9u~5 oGme~t'riI5 para f~~~~~tl' I ~Qm,rlen~io 1~~mpr8 15 co~OelrlmG. IP6s am p~ftto e w'rgula (.11.

A t~g~fa 2.12 mmst,ar' ~~ •• o I paSS0 05 VIlares dos PBg~it'ms dUrlfttl a ell~9~io dG p,agrami.

Hliliito eu I d a"alill Clom as, ~ nl!iilif'uqoIU ,dil' 'tlpo
ILiDI ~ IIi 1'1101111 r Ill: Q: 11 L A. 5 UIP' IiIIl n amo '5 iIlIdU!!I' uti: tl!l~lh3
UJ. (4023) ~A
'5!!1U1 prr UDII'UO tlrU Idle;YB! 9U' 3eH. qlUl!li i! sao cUli9Q de apera~iQ .'9U~do dQ Indefeco Inv'rt~~m. OU slia. ,23:"UUiI. ClhllmllrrliGJi i a t'I'nIC,ii,Qi Plir a i!I f atol de qua tie 111- dln~ja ~at~rl~ , 85~rlver Ista I~str~~io 1m eant"r~a. o~ seJa, m l~d.~I~O antIs I I] ~~d~~~ depoi5. Para qUi~qulr l~stru~'1 1m l~n~~ms~m de H'~~~A~ , D~rWgat6rto simpr. se eotomar antIs 0 e6dJgI!!I d8 oplr81 iDa S,e n"iii'lli. VI,j amos ,il I'I ellli Olill rm'1!l15,. pililil' eXlmlD ~ ,III. :a'E4A " ~S$! ~equinl~1 &rFi ~~tlrprltldl pelG m~c,oprQ".slId'IIU' C:IO ml!i [[II (704AH 1'. I. lUI I' s 1111 ft Gme Ir' (I ·3 att ~ !,UUI cI 0 I ,n U II' ,pF8tado Gom~ ~RstF~~i~. Ordlftl Que Q m~trGProcl$s~dQ~ .~~tl 0 ~a~~I~'D dill 8~Um~~ldQr ft8 mem6rla tnd~Cidl IP'I ill!l!5 plrlhi: iml!!l'!i 2' bI,tes ( SII!I'I!p!Ui I U IUldlO em ICG n,'tll 81 1 In 'II 'II f"!iiilllil, J!.

j!I,Q ISU,IIIU' 4 til H .• 7CH II: 32~1. 0 mil,cnpron:s'slI,~or ~Aterpr8t~r~ 0 slgulntl~

4A,H LD C.I[) 7CH UD' IA.~ H'

32~~ L D (??''??~ •• A

Ind, 0 Imdlrl~a (7'??~~ seri tnterprltlldm Gom~ 51ndG os prbllmos 2 bYI&S da m~~6rtll

Llm~r,-,e sempr, ~tsso pa~a avlta, as J' 'tmeSIs "~a~i~6 Ist,an~as~ menclon~~as aoter~ij~meote. P.~ca'a ~ue 0 fat~ ~e um d&ll~mloada ~rtl slgn~frncir in.tpu~i~ au ~a~a ~ipin~1 ~PI~iS da SUi p051~io mo

lD r'IO! r 8'1'1:1111. [Po'r 18 IUlm,!I' II iii , ;!lllil a,b ilmllll,§ de '11,1'11 r qlule 4AM !fie'

~n'e,pretado ~Iml ~~str~~io '~~nlfl~i lD ~.D ; m~~ 58 'q,IU lis, n,mo sf a ,UIr' U) ~ 7'IMAH JI • A • [I liI!ft I '1AH ill"!!! r" Iii' ut e dos dados de ~mstr~~ia.

ClmDt~t~rlmIS igOra i ~~sta ~e Ift5~r~e689 LD uisando "n,dl r'8:IC.amlll:nto 1\11: il r e~hll pu',a ,at' IS; !ill Ir'IIS Ws,tns. 01 que VOl!:i!!:Clh al IIIUI! s i !:lIn jl f I~ 1::111 ill IlllIs t rlu~,iillil' Ulll1ll. ( FI[j4AH·~ ~ (l'OIl'rU)1 i POSS' '¥III ~I C,ClP 1 ,II r!ll C:Qlnteuch!l Idl tll'Il1Iu 11l1~1iiI FC4,iIlItli. Q~e tim 1 ~ytl &~enas~ ftG par d8 r89~st'Q I'll. q~1 tem I b,tes? Di flto. eSSI ~mitru~im rumctena da 5~S~I~tl mamelra~ ~'~~I no rlg~st~Q L ia m~mGS slgn~~~catllo)

m eo~118.j da mem6rtl FC4.~ I no reglstra H (0 ma~5

s I gIl 'f: II !Ila t il '1'111 J! I) COin till UIQ11!1i da m!!lm,i!i r ~ II' SI!ilUilln til!. FICi'1.BI1I.

~sse em BAS~C ~G~e'il ser IssQclado a

LET X ~ PEEK C&HFC4A) ~ 256 ~ PEEK C&HFC48)

Vtti sa Ilmbra q~al a var~lvel eanlWdi nlssa IS mil III r,lI ';1111 ,

U) Hl ~ 0'flC4AH L.D Hill, '{0FC4~1~1)I

, SI9Unda fo~ I que a~a~lml& ~e de$tr.~,r, a pr~metrl fol- ~I.C'~'I an"r~ormaRtl e 9tgn~f~tli

lea r r" 9 u e (I i!l1 r' H LCll!!m 0 ~i'lIiIlIU' liJl FIC:4:1H e I.!!l '''HI • I1IU

SIjl. H : FOH e L ~ ~IH.

- Hitura~mlntl. PI~a a !19Undl ~n~t~~~io.

1I15tl tlmblm 8 ~ua ~Bvers~~

!!lUI !!lOP I a CI Irlg 11'& t 1l'10! 11. ~Q 'undl'l!IlII' en FiC:4AItiI III 1111 Ittl ~o

1(llnclllrlCo IfG~IM iO 'i!lIIIJiI!I: ern IBAS II Ci ":'1110 ~ VIII er .1 a .B

POKE &HFC4Af X ~OD 256

POKE &HFC4B~ K / 256

'Dcl 5~ber~1 elP~telr porque?

Ass~m temos ~5 ~eg~lnt~s ~nstru~iISI

LID B(i. ( ,llIJlI1n !!!I !it 0 i UI II),!!:.. (flllaln eu ,t U'J HL. ~'I1IGhu leo) LD (1~4.rIGoJ~BC LID lln~.r~~~J.D( I lEll (In~lr.;oJ.Ml.

U141HI t EI:I51H + li!!'AHI + EI43H t iE,ElIsal'! t 22H t

~,! iI,tn (,2 IDr ties U~ Ib,t'8S ~: ,2 brt,lls ~:2 b.rtl1l5 ~:,i1! i!I.,'tn

lPillli',11 III pa,rlill P'lliI' II III p,iI,rillllIl p:lllr,1I1 'llil

II mI a,ar II 'C 101 )1· e In eller I •. 'Q 10' ) I Ilul I. r' 'B'G.'1II1 )1 IUldl!llr'III.IIj:III,I, endllllf'IIIICi'Il! ], I!iml:UJlrllll~ID' l I

M.t~ qUI IQul aparetem .~g~ma9 ~n.tru~ije$ Guj III aU 1190 ell ClP'1 r n; iii !lI tam 2 1b(1 tiS. 'ar atod,a;Si I: t IS. m pr~me~rm ~Jte ~Dr~lspo~dl a EIH. ~SSQ pDrqu.~ SI 1 (U~ Q, S ,01Si C 6G11 g I) S ell IDi:lliillflr iii d ot ~¥II'!ii!iII!lf!'Il iI'llI' I n :5,11 Ibl r tl • ur l[illl!'I,OI'SSiIO!'l'l18:IUe ,2;5:6, ,c,~,'dll! 1IlI~ d I: 'f,ul. n,t'l!!i. Par'tsln.'tl!l',. [p'l, a ,unp' ~ ~ ,IU' ~ numllro !dI'1! II nstlr U~il''§I~III!lIUll'l'liS Urn: III' !!'IIIS',mill clillillil !J11iI qUI as out'li" as. 1i!'~II!II:'I,d11 dl~ IPIIllI~ EIl:H I ID'un Ui. a l!IIda.. plr eud I' '~1iI IP'!!1r 1[jI!U'II ,., Par ,!.l.e,mlllJiII ,~. 0 Ic6,,~ II :91'DI 4IB~I .• so:z lohia, I!:Otrif espondil!l' I nst r'lul~i,'DI (U) e. E.~ I.·, UII,t,ld II do pair ED:H • Oll.l 1iJi11 jliill, EID40H" 'Cil:' r,I!!'s,p'llIl'1ll1el !eI ILD Bill. I !Inde,unl'.

IO,BlSlfiRVA~I,1 ~ N,i'OI n: I, UII Imderenmlllin tOI ~ IIId I rret'Q PiU,S

p~rl! dj rlglstros.

'11' I f IIn8 II i In. IPreSlln tllrllI!JDS iI iIIM:I,UIUIIeJ,101 cujo c6d~go.e operacio , 38H. a 5a'.'1

1L. EI HI L. ), ,f n ti M'~ r 0 ( 361H +1 b !;J t: e p' al~ a 0 n I.i1i Wtill>l~·'f' '!DII)

qUI perm~lt eo~melr um n~merm ~I 1 bJtl diret~mente

na 1II1111!61r' ~ ICllllj I!! .,n!!lIII'I'1;11!! II d,!u:lo IIH!l111!I Plir ltilil ~. ltJiiPenn

Q par NL ~I~mltl e55~ ~nstrucim). .

fhrh!ll ne 'ni,'ul IX I shl IlnUrUI.:io 111,11 r IiII Up:1 ar

li'lll n t am!lllntll!' ,g ml n Ell' '!It, 1'101 d I m,sm·g r ~ ·11 em Oll!l H 1111. ·1 S: S II m I!:omo ",lu:llm,1l!1 IJII!!~ Irlall 'stli' G!! I In till r'nIID"S: • IClamo '¥Iolei fair I a e~tia lar~ D~p~lr. joli' l~empIQ. 0 tonteGdQ d~ Inderl~o tln"M ~,O! IACh!ll'rllliQ "2\IH.

t nl~.t."lo qUI 0 dido slja amiss

n!luml r II:glli sU'o Ilnt'8'r' nlm dQ ml~ ICUllln' Ol!:lss:aiJiI!liIlr. de

riRC~1 B ac~mu~IiI~~r. ~Par qei'} Bastarta apr.senlide os fl~u~1 2.13 •

ICllIlpil a,dl'illl li!rlllh~ faz'!J'r '01

{::e 0.'0' 3A 1,. ~i.H:;'e 1[;083 3~ ::l!'01~el Ice'0~ C:9

IL.D iii • I( ,ece:t "H'I')

:1-10< ~ 0C 020j,.-1il' ~ AI

IRET'

TI~tl D pr~g~lma 'allri~~ ~ e~dlrl~~ Gil'"

CO~UI~ nH e niP' If Ii c:lndo iii CllIIlII'UCillilo clCI bl' ta GI2I,11I

antis a depols dl IK.~~tadD 0 prmgrlma.

A!!Itlll' ,I QIPml1 nlte d I, :55,'lmgl!ll1 Qlllle (I IU nl ~ u reg Is triO q~~ plrmtt~a um LD dtrelo de ~m .n~lreem di mlm6r~a eri D ac~mU~idor~

'md'mos~ com um p~~uenD fttrU~~I~, fillr a m,nmo' IP'iIIln IllS IriS! ~ :Uns C:., IE IUIUI L ObSlllr'II'1I1 lim 1IIIIIm.I!I' ~ lUI para 0 reglstio E mnde s~m~~aremo5 I l~stru~iD LD E.{e~~1~8~oJ qUI. ~I fafo. III'~ ell~'eE

~i~D'" ~1:ilO !I!;;'!!! IE '1:1

~~~ted~o d~ ~ge7H Z.T. 0 r~gl.tro 0 ret 'eI!'" !9!1!IJ 8,D' 1!1I~5I[; ,,"'iIo'!'" iiiivel

,ce,,,,,,,,,:!! ,6>1 10 1;10'0'6 C9 I~Q e.:ii" '0>0't'ifl'

I""D 1[;1',.'6

REII'

FA:: DEF'I!:! e,

D65ERVA;IOr 11mb,e-Se samprl ~~e e5t~mDS U91~do. para ~lf~C8r as var~'vl~s dlSSIS ~r09Flml9 em l~ngUllem ~I "~,u~na. a f89iio de mem6r~a iP6~ 0 flm dos mesmos e~- 11lI1'II,f'IUUIS .• P'EJr IS um,pl II o. oUt IIImiD program,s t hhQI fI Ibyts!! e. l~rtIPIQ. cam.eava no IIndere~a Cee'H. te,mlnandl no II nidi r'I~1iI GtIEiH,~ 1'!i,1 1m UIIIDIC amos a mln"a !f81r I hi I ":10 '8 nclill r'tU;1iI Cee7H.

TGme mwlto CU~~ldG para nio orrar nessl procedi mentlli. PO 19. t ,II'S '01 COlntlr Ii r 1111 ~ VII! C i podu' m,D,d U H:. r a pr6prlo programl OU f~Zlr um ~rl!llr~ma qUe Qse Instru~6e5 dele mesmo como var~~ve~5. e novamlRtl Irii aparecer 85 ~cols~s estran~as~.

Vlm09 af' agora qUI ~e~i Instrucia LD (LoaD) ,mdlmo! ~arrlgar os reglstras cmm valorlS dl mem6ria. transferi-Ios GI [m reglstra ~ir~ Dutro ou de,olvl-.~~ 1l11li r il iI mama,!" il a .

Perlm os HSX. dtivldo am sau ~rocessadar ~e Vr~ei. ~~ssu~ urn ~a~c~ de mem6ria R~M Ix~luslvm ,~rl estl. Ou sejl. , l-S8 niQ ~~~e aClssar dlretamenta 15- SIS ~yte5. 0 1-0e tern que sa camunlcar cam u procaS51- ollor dl! vlrldelDI pllu'a oUu I!I valor 1lI,I! IJm brle: na VflA!r1 illY pira Bscrevef em um byte da Mismi.

o PfOt~ss~ ~I~a 51 obter m ¥IIQr ~a um bftl ~via~ proe8ssador ~e v'deo niD 'm~ito sim,IIS ~pelo ml~as por iftqUanto). P8nsa~dD ~iSSO. 0 BIOS dQ MSX jA passul duas rotlnas PItS SI ~Od8' ler ou gri~ar um bytil! Ina WIiIIM~ Bi;io "W nil

1(IWRlte To VIR'i?l.M) O~ 'e.'aD PI"" om VR il.'t'D

Antis cle Ie hlilm8ilr iii I"~ t , n I NRTiJRH Id e 'Ie! S8'r

Cill"rl'!llilldIIDI IiIID Plir HIl 0 8rPIdeliriUll Ida VR',~H no qu,iilil VIII ,18" gravida 0 bite. 0 ,a~of dO ~rtl I sIr gravil~o dev,,' 89tar no r~9~strador A.

o 'IUIC lain amll'nrh d;a f'ID t jj nlill IRI[JiVIRM i m,u II t'1lI samelhante. 0 par Nt ~~¥er' ~oile~ I ende,e~o ~~ bftl a "r lido I tsse valor r8toFniri no rit~st~B I.

Nota ,~~ iii dadG ~ ssr grauado IU iii dado ~Idl astariG o~r~'itlilriam6nts no reg'stro 4. N~a IK~st~m rotlnas ,ara sa m" au Ifallr dados na VRAH com 05 O~UIIII'S r I!:g II st Ii' IllS'.

Is rliltl~a5 ,eriQ chama~as ~lm 0 eoman~~ C~lL (niD ~IRI~nd~ Cijm 0 comBRdQ CALL do BASIC) qUI' ijm equlvllente 10 605UB Ie 86510. 01 sejl. qUlftdo '$9a lostruQio , 8Xleutadl. a eXI~~~io val para um endere~1 lndt~ado I 1_lt~ta IS I~stru~~es It' IDcon1rat Ima Inltrucio do tlpo RET.

CALL (End~rccu) CDH+2 bytES p~Fa D endEr~~g. ~ 1mportan'~ ,essattaf ~U~ e valor ~, n'n~um dos o~'ros '1,~stro9 j afetado iD'S i c~ama~8 ~'$$I$ If ut i In ,!I 'S •

DbSlt¥1 Q 81'm~'D de 'Ig~ra e.12.

Apar enlhmretn t,e e ~ e: nia Um mu ~ fa !Jilt i I' i datU. Af~~aJ eJe 56 '~ansfere i ~y'e em CeeAH pa,~

Dt ell'l~e,r'tlh~a 6,91112 dial WIli.,.'. IMlatS, se f i :U)l'm(lt!iit n P I'ttil:9" amtl nt ht lit em BASIG da t~~~,a 2.14 ~0de,emGs tar algUm9 coJsa .Ut! ~.

Ice,,",,,, iil:iil0iB:

IC0g·3 3IA •. ~CI0

L.tD till!.. .·6'9 i. 2'

ILIt) A". C Bce AA!+t J.

; C'iiIor-"'I!!'~a IfIIt,"- CI!l!!ii1 .nd.r~~o da VRAH ~c.rr.g. A ~~~ Q ·cont .!l·do ,d~ ,.,(:,0eH: ·d'• IRAM

~ gill!"" iI!'V:i!i D tI'IY t'E nr!!! 'Ufl:~"

~~e~Brn~ ~D BAS~~

Il:le'N~, l);oe'9 e'" 1:''''09 (:'9

l:IALL we iflV~ ~t f;r~1i"

F.IG'U]A :2 .1~5- Pragf'ilillil jill); i 1 iiJJf el, BASIC,. :!\0 SCREIEiM i

• 20 D~FUSR~IHD000

30 S~Rlt£l~ij~C~R.(255)+ 5TRJNG~(6. ~11fI: l'00000·0t. ) '!·CHR $ ( 2.55<)

40 PUTSPRITE0~'128~'6,~awl

• ~ ~: ~g~EL;~C'~A~~5

~ .7101 ~~USR ( 10':>

• ~ B0 NEXT

. I~ 9'0' omfO 5121

• I~ 1. 01'01 END

IiIlhl~ !58) rrll'vel IM'IIIUI tllill

Au set Ixecutado. ~ prUlrlma 1m 8ASIC Ifi

1I~'r lin I r tuml S:ll1Ilrr I te II ItlD! Ill!!caJ-1 ~~.A nJIIl mil ,I g dB 1tte'18I,

Em S«!'!!IU i da ~. fe ihl tlllm IIUlgtp (,It Plilrif ~ w da II ~

g~, ~~~kila· nl endere,a CeeAH Q vallf ~I YSIL (8-255], till II: Ihiltllilli!1 III P r iii 9 ram!!t !111m II ngu 1I1~ll!Im 1i11!1! d,a. 'f I gtU r III 2.12 .. '

E s~m~lesmlnta III qUI a~on't' 0 sprite CQml~i I SI ma¥er VI~tJcalmBRtl plla te~i.

10 segtr,ll(io 11I1t!:sse mu ilm,elillitlll IS U nill ilt I tellr ac::ilil

de b ~ tie 6:911~' Idlill 'II!IUIML ~. I'IISSI 19 r til qJlIIl ,I ~gu iltli' IiIlilllD1ii1I' ilt eoordlnada Y ID1Il1 sprltl lD1a camada 8.

Varli~ets .mtl~,as - ~i '~~'re;a5 f7f8H e F1F9H ~~~tim ~a forma LSB ~ HS8 0 ~it~r da vari',e~.

TROCANDO UARI~VEIS COM 0 BASIC

elm ii'S hsU'udn IIhtllJ5 aU agora. lemolS, Uill voeabuli,lo em liftl~agem de M'qutnl que nos Dlrm~tl gravlliF • Fecuperar ~idi5 da mem6ria. ~6m ~sso ~odlmo5 tr~car "mores de var.ive.s com 0 BASIC.

V~ei ji dave ter rlParado q~e ~uiftdu' executad~ um c~m~Rdl do tipol

PRINT U5R(0) cu XcUSRCA)

a nimlra~ str~~9 au war~'ve~ d~ ~ar8m'tr' dill fun~io US,III " Imp r I!!JS'SIIlI nill tel a ell!l III r UHJ' 011 at Ir I tlu hlla,~ nil' 1've,l.

1&50 a~~rre porque ~ 8A51~ MSX Plrmlt. a troce lutom'tlea de valores entre ~~ pro~,aml 6ASeC e 1m pli'O!llraml ~m II ngllilgl8,m de Ma'l!lU II aa,

o vilor das virl'vels fica arm.llnado a gart.r do B~der~~o f7fGH obedeceodo a certos paii~ltros pafa Gada tlpo e varl~ve.1

Vari~vl~s ~I stmpllS

I dupJa ,rlc~siQ - IS ~alore& deS98s ua,~'¥ei5 fteam a~m~zenad09 a pa,tlr da enderlCo F7~6". QCUpando ~ b,tls p~rl IS yari'V8~S dl slmpfls prlclsio e 8 para as de dupl8 prl~lsio.

Virliut~s ~~'Ing - 0 In~e'8CO f7fBH I~ontar' para 0 ~Iscrltor ,~ str~ng_ o ~aStF~'or dB string t comflllIS tlQI de' 3 1)1 tes InmiOI 1I00str a a 'f~gluln 2.101 .

Pillr ill 'que a iii r 101 glr ami em III Inalu IlglSm de M,i,'qlulll na POSSI delectar a ti,o ~I Ilrl'~I. ~~e SirVI de par~mlfro ,ara a fum~iu USR. e~~s'l I varl've~ de sistema VIlT¥P (FSS3"' qUI contim,

2 - varl've~5 ~ntelras.

~ - varl'¥~m5 em 5impWes Pt8tisio a - vilrl~¥&~5 em du,W, pre~i~il

a - varl'veis tipo string

O~lndo 0 tlnt~m1e dm m~cro 'd8¥~~Yldo ao IntlfPt8ta'or BISIG. as valorls i Plrtir do b,te F7F6H sio atribufdos V8fl'v,. ou impress,s Oi tt~1 conflrme G comaodl ~~Io qual a USA toi ~~8ml~l.

~ va'live~ ~I sl5flm~ WALIYP tambim deve COfttff 0 tlpo do flfof dl r't'f~O. Isse svita ~~I I tnte,pretadlr IIRtl afr~bu~r I Vif~'¥!ts dl um certo t II PO ( st r' I,ng .' ViII II a I" 18 s jl ~U Ilf'OS. 'I! te, " um \II'allln' die retiJir'llIa dl lum tlj Ptil d i hrslnUI.

Por e~'mplo~~m~glnemQs ~U, toi felto um progFimi em LlngUagem de H'~u~~~ qUI rellFn~ uma ~IF~'~el tlpo string. AI ,erm.nlr I III~U'~O. ~ var 'vel de sistema VAlTVP (F668HJ ~eve ~aotlr G valor 3.

~sso Ind~cir~ ao InttFPretador ~ ~ue lazar ~Im os bftes I Plrt.r de "FBH J I 56 ac~.ta, Ilnhls com I $i~ut~te sintixe~

MS~ USR(A) au PH.NT USR{A) L ... u •• , 5t,I"9

Vejamos d.~s ellmpml~ de Garno trocar V8r~'vie II ~s C'IO I'IiII liIl IElitliS, Ie.

fxtstam m~ltas ~ir.Avei5 d. 5lstlm~ ~ue ,~,ntl. para cerlos I~derl.os de m'm~rta. E para tl~

sim arm,UI'n a ,iii iii'S lUI f'CU'ml!il1 L 5,9, 18 M'5I19. Par ,a ,c'lIllj1segljll'r

'HI,B,aIS, 8I1derl'I;IIiI'5, '11m IBA,Sin'; UlumO,g nrmu II ill

PRINT PEEK(~ndere~o).256*PEEk(e"d~~e'D+i)

o programa a segulr {flSUFi 2.15' fir' elatamnt'll ~ SSIiI. l Qg,a n,dlll'li IlII v,a I EJr' '!!I11'Il1 IiIma ,,:ar il,h,,,, lU'l II ra • S~F6 ~Ido eomo parimetro 0 endereoo a sIr COftsu.tldo (tembfm em ~m8 ¥lr.~v81 ~nle~ra).

Va~i dl~lr' n~tlr no pr0gram9 Ima lostru~iD

INC HL (cddigo 23H)

que ftada rna', fll do que .N~remlnta, em uma uRldade 0 va.or contldo no par Ht.

,F]"OOA'A 2. i1 - Pi"o!inm~ Ide t:!i!I!'5U 1 t:i d~vJI'" Ii be ts,

11:1 •• 8 ilii!AFBIF7 LID
v •• o3 71E LD,
£:' •• ,4 3,2fFBF7 U)
CI •• ',," 23 .lINe
&'.99 "IE LID
1: •• '9 ..... -.' LID
cloac ,e? RET NL '. ~ .,F7'F:BH ~ IlIilJp 01'11 t. :iiI, . HL II" II ... :. ,1IiJ Y'1ii!'F I, iii,,,,,,,!!!,'~

A,. ,ClHIi..:) I C:,II,jrr-IIl::Iii~ '-II!! ,A, u :12

bloilt'E d.. v .... II '.,VIII''1

( .F7FIBH ), • A :I .. r •• zen.. .., F,.'FIBH

lilt.. 'r~OIl!I. :1 ... HL

A~(HL) le.~r.g ••• A a 22

but: E di!!l va,. ~ .""" .. 1

«:8,1='71="'9) "A :'I:.ri!Ii!l!llcZiE"filill~. F7F'9

~retorn •• 0 BASIC

',",alma!; tesllJlr 81g:S81 p rOg rllmll C'IUirll a 'va r' I ,'IV!: I

dillS: ~!i, 1'.111'i11 ~nHlEM iH!l1 til ,n IdliOI ,

DEFUSR=8HD000 (RETURN) PRINT HEX$(USR(&HFC4AJJ

Vod IdllVI'Ii',i obhlr 1i!:,llIm,1II1 ruul tado 01 81ndenilUI

dB 1III1 lite PUB I:Im prllll:!IInma BASIC I: 5111as resp'8cth:als viPlliU1Is,.

3

~I

PrOViVllmente i~bs ter ~,rlndldo a cancelta de rl~~s'rl e as v'r~is tOmbtRaf6es da ~~st~u~io LID. ~oc~ devi ter ,ensado 51 serll '055rV~1 Ife'~lr cil~uI OSCII!lJiJII' 11115: ugl'st r iIiI' 5, ,. as's i m, ,cuml!! 'f'aZll!!mil!l5 !!1m BIASi I' (l IltIlirI as varl~v!~s ~e ~m ~rggrima.

A resposta ~Qfa e~~a pe,gunta miD e~,!~ a sIr mUlfQ a~im~~Gra PO~S a Llngu~g~m de Mi~u~~1 permlIe f~zer dlretamBnte apenas sima e 5ublra~io e. e~m~ v,~i .6 deve fir ~I'&do. ~Ida apenas ~.m ~~mer~s ~~~EI:llnls.

AS INSTRU~6ES DE ADr~~O

Vamo~ in~ci~r ~~m ~s instr~~iQ~ de ~~~~~~ ~~ re~~st'Bs I de pare~ dl rBg~strQSt

ADm A .• A

,~ID.D' A,. B

ADD ~,C

,A:DtD A. D

I ADID' A .• E

lUlU A.IM I ,ADID I.IL

B1H 8tH En"'i B,2!H

Bal1l1 e.qH BSHI

(j1~ID 100

'89:H '19H l29H

III[I,D, HI!. .• Be: tI.OID iHlL. [I E AIDDI IIU. Mt

ESS01S ImlS t r UI;:0e5 9 i s n ~I f :i C;81l111 sam,!! iii 1IlIIIIIIIUdidoi do rlSistro O~ ~ar ~I rlg.stro5 de dlrelta ,ara I ISquerdl. e dlixl ~ rlsultadQ no registro 01 PI' de re~19trQS da eSqUer~l. 0$ ~e~~stFos ~a d~r'itl. portanhi. IniQ s,am !I Itt e r IJI(IIOSi. IEnf IEUUiI C. !:1m,!! .an, a IllJi!!1 U pode r II a, 'S,in' le,il h cuml

N~Y8mentl ~otamos 0 reg.stro A. IU seJa. 11 aeum~II'~r. CGmo "ftdo p'IV~~eg~i~m: de fal0. ele , Q alva de tQda~ 89 QPeraCies Irltm'ti~i' entre reglstrls au e~tfe r8gi9trij~ e mlm6r~l. Plrmanltlnto oela Q rl- 5u.fado da oPlra~iD. No CIS" de par~! reglstros. , par iii r I v I I III:g II iull'l! , 0 Hl. Nio le,[l i 'shim. IIJIIII Ir ta In hJ " US~ t r u e,iil'8S, IdlOI t i 1lI'1i! AlDOl D., E 1111:11 ADD ae. DE. QUill Q~I r' 1IIiIIP'IU'I!i'-' lei,a 8'1"11 tmUa i:a dilve IUU 11112:llr iii jllC,Ulmu hdolr A GIU 10' ~1I'alr ttL.

liIam05 IlniU, sloma I" 10' CDlliltddu dOl ii'e191 st "'I D

Il:om III IUlg I 5 fir a E" U 11: i I I zam!l,ll ILma sulHro t II p,a, em L .iIIglJ,a!lIllm de "'hu I !1 8',

,1:.'8,0' :£ E~ ~ C.8·,i! 16,OIIlill cee4 ",iI!!

~ •• s; 03 Icee6 ~I f"6F7

IC08''j1l 36. e c'eeo ~'3 ceee 77

ce eD' :JIE'e~ IceeF Z163FF

t:e'l~ 77

IL.ID (HL) .,e

IN!: IHII...

!LO' (OL)I,.A

II..D Fh~

LD HL .. eFF6SJ.I

ILD '(IHL) ,.,f,!,

IR'IET

.c.r~~Qa £ cam 34 = C:lii.lI""·.'!!II. D cal. 66

~ e. .. rr.g,. ,PI c,a. c,unt ,.d.ell,a d. ID

~.a •• a c:ant«dd~ d~ E .!!!II fit

;'IIP'unt iii! HL p.r. ;!Ii

, Y:iiiJIi'" I 'ye'] !;!lte t· ... i!;u::a.

C:!D~ 10 IB'AS:J!C .~era D i{!' byt. <1'1'81:1::)

1'~'!!I.a. :1. ,.Ii, tiL,

I,"EDJI DC.a. 0 c;,ant:,.u,dlo d~ IA Inc, but '.

:JI'i::::ii.i"I ... ·g., A c'all' Z

~ .pcmt.. HI.. p'lIr!li IF~ii3H

• II Q5,er'~ 2' lilla, .n,id.!"'!ltIjO'Q IFF"69 P'.II"'. hUilm Ca'r" .,a· IEh1!l,I!UC vilJla,1" Ilrllt,.,I,,"'a

~ lI"'.t Clrlll'. .D EI:ASlI:.(;

Nltl ~~I a 5Dm~ nim poda Sir lelta d~'ltlmente. DlvemlS ~brlgltoriame~t~. USiF ~ leumU~i~I'. IC'IiIIII'IIIIIIIUI! 111' IP'Ii' 1Ii.9f ama llial I Imlfilr' II,iIi III e:ueUl'te-1!I (IU,'S,IIUIIll D Im,DlnI il1l:'l!Ilr ]1. \!Olc:i clen 1"' IliIl!ihi'r'!!I1 11i6mn Qi 1 el ,(=94 t IBB}., IPr onvelilimainte 11111 Idle VI II r 'l,ilIlrgll do a SlSJlllIi nit I Dlir !UIIIItl; !!II !UII 8i S,Gma for Imllll:u' q\l18' 255 C.-Dilll slj ,iI FIFH) QUI 16 D m'~lmo.u ~cabeH num r89~&tro7 E. no casu dl paris de n, 9 I stir os. !UI 11111 n~!:1i 1,8111101 flU ma I ilJ I' 'III II el ,B'BI6i2l5,

[ IFfIf'IFH ""

De f~to. ~m DA~IG. q~an~' wm~ v~riAvll ~15- 'm~ra· 0 IJm~I' m'~imQ d~ ~omp~tadQr. ~ pr~9rlml pira e a~ir'~' um~ m~n5a9'm ~e Irro.

'P'iH,aViIIr !II g~'I!I!MlI!llnIUICI!I 1m IlL I ng,U·ilI91iIlm (!leI Migui~a. fa,.mD5 um e~~mD~~. GSffigUI 0 r~~i~trQ 8G ~om

'01 val Q lr milK i mQeS,ll!me 1" -

€ii.elO iii!':l!el'.'eI LID'
'Ciliili3 '.lFif'·F LID
m:;J."'~ '.'" A'I)D'
,Il:!II,." 7C LID
Cfl'fHil 3ilIF&Fr'.7 L.ID,
Ic.alB 7£1< LID
1<"'.[; 3!Oi!iF7F7 ILD
I!:O'."'F'· aIE.'~ LD
[;1'::111. :3c263'F,6. !1".1!)
celli!" Ii: 9 RIE:T ..;.

. 4 {A.. .

tilL,. i o{ ~i !illl!.,e!",~ :II. '~Ii! H~

BC:"~~"i:;.rli'".!ilI. D,e IC:'I:IIM D I. III !I( ,i ml:l .... ,] ,DIl'"

HL ,. Bel .,dl Ilc 11:1 n,'.B:le ElM till. A~H ,i~ •• r. part •• It. d'E till!.. .,M A,

<: eF',"f" .6ltU ~ A ~I 1II'I, •• r!ll' F! ar' t. ..1,t ..

II:,!!!I F71f'!5H

A~L ,in •• rc .. part. - II,. ~ ~,. E,I!!! Al

'('elF7F,7JU ,.A II' ~ If!'5~!Ff!g 'II P'II!I'" t; '!Il' liP II! jMla ~'II!I f'7f'7t1

~.2 I~.rr~g~ A ~~!!! ~

~ e:F,6,6,:nll) ~ ,AI, iii II n Ji'l!r!El' Ol ':'111 1P",6~,1:I~

IP',.,i" la, II n"d I e;_,;afl'" ''''~ 1 '!;I'!,"

lint r i i" ill aill' 6A5{1[;

,'r'Rt Grill! Rei' BA'8:r[llr;

Vo~i Q~.~m ~omQ r&s~ltado Q n~me'0 B. De fahI', peuallll!Chll lu;n hi !1l1,(,S!clilJ C l~il'T1la, ,I , ,i!OSam,3 I' U~ ,ao n,QII'I'I.eli"!]1 FFFfH deverlamos o~ter ,llaSH ; mas Istu ~'tlmo dfg~IG mii,,1!1 "cabEl" Ino's PB.:glIi st r 0'5,. ijlllill'ldo I s filii '!lIC Glili' ill' I. 'iii Ii z,.,m:O'!i, 'qlUI!I ,h,GIUI~EI LIIm "'va i urrnl~· DiU CARR'.,.. ass 1m 1l!!lli[lG nen r'lr'Ii'1iI1 S 'IUIllil r mill S • po r' 'I!.X IBIIiIl.Jl' 11m ,I,

1'\

UI t lie

o m~troprm~essa~llIi11' 35slnama Iste acontlc~m~otQ em um ~~t ~hamada mARRY. qll far ~~iII'tl dl urn outro 'igistro ~~tlill'no. cbamado f •• U~ nio podl ser 1115i,!III'GI ,iii I II' etament;llI. E5te r'8"!!!1 ~ 51U (I !I rm'UU131 b I 1'5 PB ra' v,6~ r II as I ~:fo,rm,a,;,i.I!'s ~. IIISIJ,a Ilmelnt'l es t,IIS, II Ii ts sam ,cham:aitdiID's f mal!)IS; )1.. ,-',551 m. 'Sll!mp!rr' e q'UIIll' IU;,!I!IIC:liltamos ,uma, II n:t'tru!;io d'l! aDD. Q bit d. CARBY , ~a~CIII~i~Oi S~ ~au~1 ~val ~m~ III rlslll~t~ ~. ~150 ~I~'r'rt!!l. 8.

F
~L_ II rmmp
I I 1!:3'i II
oal"l"":jI
~ II II E •
IN il • Podemos usar 0 ,a~Qr des'l bit ~Irl fIler Clo'rn,til'Si ·c,om rnlGmlU'llIS m,iI illll,r IS QIJI ~55 11I'IU IIIU mumlll mlilili Ol~ rl5 qUI 15535. Para I~so, U~irlmos I tnstr~~iQ AD' I( ADd wi U! 011 r r r r. 1iI1~ 51 J :a.5'IlI.me com 0 CARRY. que 911111~ pllsml~te a~j~~lftl am rI5u~t~~~ IlIbtldo ~I ~ma soma 0 valor ~o C~IRY. TaflmlS e~til ~~ s~g~l~tI5 ~Rsl~~~ae$~

S:fiM 88i1it BBH 8AIH BIBH

AIDCi A.A ABC! A,B ADC A.I!; ADO A,[I lADe A"IE

SiGH 80:1'11 EO~t6H Ell]iS:IH EOEiIII1l

Allie 4,1'1 IDC I.IL ,A.I]IC 111I11.,Be ~ DIG II1IIL" liE lOG MIL.Mil

Vamos Iftfi~ Fefazer 0 ~relrama 3.a Plrl 111- tutlF urnl sorna cujo rls~ltado ~Ijl ml~or qua 255,

FIGtJtlAI 3:.4 - i~.1 d',~ ~ ~uleF~ !iii, i orqtl! 255.

ce,ene :1..IEeB Llil IE ~ "C:UH,

[;''''01~ I ,~<3~ ILD Ig ~ 'elJiA'H

!],;''''lI'~,7A U) ,A ~ D

Ice 851 0;;'1 A'!)o AI [I' E
ce.,!i!o 3:2F7F7 Il.D ,( eF7F7Hl' ~ A
e ••. '!Il' :~E.a, LID A .• ,0<
eeeD ,OF AD!: R •. ,A
':;.0'11:: S';;!F',sF,7 tJl < e1F71F'61'1 ) 'rJA
'Ca,eF' ::::U;:~'2 II-D' It!. .,~ - -
ceil, 3263F' IU), ( 9F,66~,",) ~ A
1::;>1':1(4 C"ll' RE:1i ~·t:,I"'.n"!I,f"."1! iii ,,,,on," e,.:J'd,I:I ,1:1 l1li' [II lI<.iFi!iJ A, ~.dlcrcn. £ ~. A ~ 9181i"". 'C~R'IR'Y

~~D~ac. 0 r •• ultad~ ",. 1!!!!E'.dil'" ~.. n ... 'SD)' p'lll,ir'.iiI, '" !it,"'Sl!:'~

• ZIi!'!" :I!J, U .~ '-liJ!!i;I.1. ,.d'I:!!!I'" ~t!l"'.".f.r. 0 CARRY pa' ... ~ g'!lCUll!IJul.dlol!'" Ical~c~ u ... ~~ult.dD "III !ii!JEIII 0:'1"1" ('.I"IS,!;!: ), P~'I"::i!J D t!i!:IiS:u::

'" I n~ .,!,,~ ,2 e:!II .~

~col g,el!! 2 '!!!'I!!I f'6,63" paiFi!I i In'f'!l:!I""!!!'~," ' .... 1,,1:11"" ~n~~1I"'Q .0 BASIC

~'ClU qlUl1I 3101 soma r ii.!18t18~' IC'BIH.~ e ft I'MI S:&I ~. :3~!i'l1)

obterem~' 258. D~ seja. A ~ 2 ! CARRY ~ 1. A segulr. 'S 'UI: C,IIARV Ii t r',!iI,nsf SI" il do ~ a r' a' 01 aeumu lado r ~',IIDC A,.o.) 'II ¢Ill I !!I IC,!JtldIIDI e,m F7'1F'6H,; ($estre mOI,Q101 tEllr emas F7FlEiH "" 11 '111 "F1H = 2',. 0lI :INI jl III." !5S I" 11 'it l ~. ,25:8.,

IPilr a Iii :K IOlml Pi Ii ft I ea r' 101 Ii' ac I o ill € In ililil ill Slir ,ada t iI'-

do. I~~~~te ~ se~~lfttij prBg,ama~ qUI soma 13t89 (318IB5H) CQIII'! :31 B9:7 (1IEH::7H).~

C::... :I::Il 015'33 ~.'.3 ,;Z'::Il C,.". c.e:& ,1'9 0.,.1," ,.11:

COII'B ~~f"f7 't:: •• :g: 7D'

1!l:; •• C ~2F&F7 1[;."1" ~Eet2 1[;911 3~6;aFti ,e.14 C?

C.I:51~'5i ,e.,,. iEEI'5 e:a' 9' 26710

C'<!l D ,:l;l,EC7 Ite'~ID 710 IC.I.E 1113

C.:I,IF 'F c.~,e 71:;: 11#0:21 IBIt!!

ce,iilll2 ~2F,' 71F" Celi!l5ji'ID Ii:::Bt2,6 ~2F,~F:? CGliI:il:9 QE;82 - C02D 3:2&:lIF"

LID

tD AIl:e

I!..~ lUll ILD LID l.P

DiE ~ ;3138i15:H Hill.. ~,"B !D:71H IHiL~D:E IA",H

'f 'IIF7!f'·"'" I."A

""" L_

< ,.F:7F,6H) r ,AI

A,r:~

~ .:F66,liIIIH piA

ID'~~IH

£., EI:'l'i*'l H.,7IBiflI

L,.8C,.tiI

A,.L

A~IE

L~AI If'II.HI IA~D

FIlET'

I.' ~ ",,, .. ,1",. i:al.B'" .. '" DE:

Ie I, IiIIcE'i'"e316:S7 elll MIi.. If .OM. IDE II: o!!!!,H'L 1"C.!i"!i"'e:ll.. Ii! lit!!!! A

F ~ n,'.,e'i'"'e iII, Ii!!' I!!I F7FJi'1H IF c .,'~" r,e:IiI:!!I! L e. A

:F ~ :n:ijl!l,e!l" 'R AI R,iiII F:7F 6Ji1 ~I Ii:. I'"'!" .:IiI,!!! :2 ,e. !A

'f ~ n'!ii'~,I"E' :I! ~'iII F,&6,aH 'I I!" f!!!' I!. grn,. ,.u BAlsI!!::

" ,n"Dt. '1:1"". 2!15,6,ii~" +- 133 - 1 ill UHi" .caloe. i31B? em DE Inot. ,gU,. ii\!,~,6.i23 '"

:19"1' ... -3160:7 sculuca 3~687 .~ HL .1 II In ce,re !;., Ii!!'M A ~~,!1!!e;; ~gQiIo E ~iI! AI • -1!IJ'~iF iii. ICARRY

~En~~~. 0 r.su~t.dD lIi!!i. L

= ~ In, •• Ir',. HI •• A, ~ad~clan. D CD. A e C::'C1'iiII ~:A,R'R 'I(

~ar.~z~na Q r~~ultRdo

E'. F7F7H

~'i:::jjij""t"~i!" !.. ellll AI ~.iiII"'i!I!il!z:e:,"~ lelll F7F'o!\oll1l ,carr~~a A ~Q~ 2 ~~~~er~ 2 •• F~&3H

- 11):11,,.. I, A,d I e air' va 1 en·I,mlt. II rD' aD B,AS,'EC

~ r".t OF",nl., .0 B~5Iti

Ciamll!l I!ISIiI'U ad,l!l., IiIIS: !liD I '5 !iii rl!!l!! Ii' amss P f'll) lHn: em !lI

m,8'Sm,g USIJII lada •. IUIUI sa ia. 44876 {~1S1 19 ,t318:8']'. DUilis tO~SIS ~evem 'Ir o~serva~IS~ ~nielalm.Rtl q~1 a~ ~~stru,i~5 LO nio afetam 0 va~or ~G GARRY ~o s. cas~ t~n-~ 'r6~t0. ~o s,sun~~ as in'tr~e5es de LID A ~ LID A.H enlre ~DD A.E ~ AIDG a.D a'~tarlam a ~QS soma fe~la

IPliOI r III ut tB $ Jilil 'lnl til s se, a ru'l me i NIStlII,I'lllill IInJIIIS I!IIIll,p r e

'!llr til hi Clam ,Ell illllS'tlfliltCil!l ,60:[1" PO I 51 ~alll 'lililil'·nllh,l:cemllls iii n II 1111 Ii' II ,n lie il ,8, ~ ,dIIQI 1(i,iAIRR Y. . N lilAC: a see S !I!I111IiIU;a '~i al II n ViII r sa a , j6 mlnelmnada ¥'r.as 'Il8S. p~,a IQmeras de 16 blti~

1m.'!, ,q.IIU! Ii sam:plfr' I!I: bllilm t'l! r em Imemu II IUlm~alr e as (U.I'EIS

IP'r I me Ilr IS I Iln~,n Idll!J PI" I mil! il rlOI IU'!!I9rama IUm'alS quat r 0

~'~ml~ris ~~nhi5 dill se9rurndo~ - -

o ~~I lemnteclr~a 51 no S,g~Q~G progr~~a a t~9tr~~i~ IIG A~D rOSIe ~Wb5tlt~~da Plr A~D 1.07 fa~a Isil ut~~~Zlmdlil POKE~

(82H i 0 ~ddi90 de AiDI!) A ~ 0 ), ~

EII,!I!IC:Uit'l 0 II rlll':glll'lml IP'1i! II Hi USI "Ii ~., 'WI]!!: B IliIlbl'itt'!I!',1446211., !lIue i tim nsul tacla ~ nIC:'IIiIU It III ,. Wdll' 1I!"OIIi'G)IUh DS CGnt8G~~~ d~s reglslros eram. res,~cttvamlntl~

D ~ aSH H = 716

IE II ,giSH IL = 1!:i71i'11

(ageSHIIi ~ 3119:9 .~ ('i9G:'1~ Ii: S111el}

IBSERVA~JOI Tint' fa~.r IS somas q~~ 51 5~g~lm ~m ~eXI~IC~lml~~ mio 51 I~queca .~I ~vlt um~ s~ D~orrl '1!IllUilmdllfll lOIS, ~ rg ,I tO$Sdlllml,d,oSrill'!lI1UI i tlli' em m,E! i ID r e:$1 IIJllle: Fill ~~~SJ I qUI para i~~ir a qUI ~f~cl~ dey'm~s spbtra1r '11 litH (:::'~ 16; J' 0101 II' ISU I tlll,d]'IiI. IC,aS!lI¥lOlc:8 llIi'G eou! il g,a" t, aas-

'f QllII'ml [IS numer'llI'S 'IIml !leG Ilmal ~., f an a 9Qm:a I ilIl segll!llr

~D~¥lrtl 0 resuJtadu he.~dl~.ma{. (18mp~O~

11 41H

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IIIIUemJIlIIS~' lb. ., C71H .. 851111 = "l0M [C:AIRYI!:~) e all I'fetl!l,a r ~

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ADC Ph£)

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Qbtemol~ H ~ JIM t 33" f 1H ::: AEH • 1" ~ IFH

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liil - i!l1F4CH OIU 9,8 jal, ,256, 'It 1175, +- 16, :: '44B711

S8' 'f 12i&ll'm,11'!1I, AD:D, A,. D. felf emos iii:; ,6EH C: QIJ

IH '" 114 ),; ID'UI s,elhi. IHIL :; ,1U~mH. illlUI' CllurespoRdlB I 256 :a: '111,4 t 76 = 44621.

Vamos .ulOln util II II ;UII I Iins t rlu'li,alllI A'DG Ipn,a, f·illZ'1!I1!' clHallos IUlml nCUYllrilll'S, I II ans iljU'1l 655a5. Ehl15U sl'gllll r Q mlll'5m.,DI I:' ae II ill!!: Ir n, ~ lUI III't I I I ;ullnda nlllli il 9 1111 'R ,diD' 'in' 111- ~!llramll. lUI !iiI j lEI., 5,lI!Im:U p'p r' P ,II I' 'hiS" VaaJoss,UIPlllr' IJlIIIIII!I ,qlUI il$t&sam09 somar IS Sigulntl5 ~~mero~.

1'12'S;EF'Iti! '€!!l te' ... 15I5i ,. 581 t 116!5 :II! £!56 i e3.g :: 113. 5'S;1 )

c: om IF4IDEHI (: !!!l2'44 'It' 256 + ,aa2 :: 62'.168U

( lOb S I nqJII~ ,iioll 165 • 536, ;; '25IB ,~2' ) • delumOis !lIt!'!'1 r r

173.5151+' 62' .181 :, 231.2'3'7'

V'ilmrlli!l, entlo ,dill iii' II Cllir os' nl,6,mlln' ~s am tr I,s 1:),I11r'-

tes, colOClndo 0 prlml.ro n'mero R~' r~116tros S. D I H I 0 segundo nos rlglstros C. f , L. 0 resultado seri CollCldo nos bJtes ,,6, a f.m d~~ prOSfamas.

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ND¥am~Ate nil ROS I~terlssa 0 rls~ltada f~~~~ d~S faslstros HG. q~1 ~~ caso , 6~4es. 0 resultado ,d'il n iii '5511 '!lll:Imll IP,gl r P ,8 rt 18 !9, 'IU,U no Iii ttl ~ rd ,e r U'ill S 'C'81 GH. Ce10H 8 Ce1EH ~~e est~o ap~s a Jn5trm~io ~ET. Port~i:ltllll., liI,au nm' I f: I C:1!Ir '~U!l! m nouulI r,IU;: iIIO"(: r 11111 01 as U corto. I:!I ill 5: 't'iIIl f IUilr:1

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~ mbt~rem~s e36.297. Note gU~ a ~r~m~~ra i~strUGi~ ~e u!mal dlelve, UillI' sempn um ,~m), lila lis n,a!lll! saJb8maS!il~u'a!1 0 ya I GIr Hl,i ci ad III 0 CAR flY II:. !iii P IHII C ill S:II' !I!IIII!IlI, 'f' (I r 11 .• , !lfl~ tre~U2~,emms urn Irra ~~ rlsulfadlil. Outrl coi~a ~~, • ~~m ~~SI~Vi~ ~ 0 fato ~e ~~e ap,~as ,IriS de r8g~slr~s p~~em ser ~lIIm~'~5 a pares de r,g~str~i. e QUI-apeftiS rtg~strlil5 ~ad~m ser !Oml~~. I flglstr,g, v~c~ ~iQ ~.4e samar um r.S~5Ir~ I ~m ,ar de fl9lstrls. O~ vl~~-verS~. ~55Im. ai~ Illstim ~n$rrueilt dO t~po ADD HL.A eu ADD A. m~. Perceba QUI ~'~tiljmQS ~s b~tes a part~r dl ~e1GH pari c~IO¢at QS res~ltadQs ,ar Istarem a,6s I !P' t'G!I r' arm iI •

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A~ ~~itru~ali ~I IOD I ADC tlm~im p~~'m set' ~t~liza~as ~iri ~mmar ~ons'l~te5 n~m6r~cl~ dir~taml~te aQ at~m~lador. Ass~m, tlmasz

~DD A .• IdIM"QI ADC A., t!1a,"G

C&H 9 1 bIte para a da'G GEH • 1 ~'te ~ara a ~ido

I ~ ~es~Jtado f~~irl ~o i~urn~~~dor. 11mbrt-se q~, esse reg~5t~~ , prlvlleg~ida I tld~5 a5 opera;i8S aritm6'~~as si~ rlflrid~s i ell. Obv~~meDt~ essls InS'tDe~es ii~~~~ a~~tam a flag de CARRY. Entretanlo. Aio padjmos S,01l'l131r G1adlos d I rill t ill[Illll~l]tle 'CIO!m1 P iU' es die r eg I~ 51 rr ns ,

5upan~a ~~e vo,1 ~'5~j~ som~r um ~Gm~r~ me- 1l1!J1!f' UI!!lle:56 i plO r eX.ell1p I a. 74} com III Cit! II ~ I~ dlil hum par 1111 r e'!lllllstr GIS; 010 r IU·lllfT1ifll (I. 163 em Hll)., IS!i"iiI podu'l iii S i!i r le1to como m~stra G pro!ram~ ~~ flgura 3.7.

C'0'e0 !O!t'0'0~0 LD HL " '10Q0W ; c;!,1"' 1i"',1t~ ~ ,~IIL CDm ~,639'0
't;'~~3 .~. 1 ~~00' l,O DE. ,q"AH ~C:il.rr£,gi!. DE C'OIIl'l 74
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iC01 :10. 3:<l 6311t 6 LID (0,1"6631"1) · &i ;;'E;~~ r~SI ~':l 1f6~3 e gEl' A
[:01.4 1C9 ~E'!I' ;FFto'Fna aD "'A,SH~ 10 I! 'II Il'i!' ll~m05 Ulblte ~ 16i414. O~sa f'!If (j g iii Ell t 1'!Ii',em'd!!i

de U"~~l~' 0 par dl reglstros ~E. t~~ltandQ e0N n~ reglstr~ D. f~'retantl, ~, o~as~ies. ~U~ vac~ perteber' ~ mt~~~a ~~e for pr@gti~ih~i. em Qij~ nio, fOnVt~i'ftt' de~per~l~ar ret~~'ros. VeJ~ Que f3rmmDs a mesma 51m~ antlrlor sim uSlr nin~um o~tro ~ar de registr~s~

'~10.0' 2180'48 ILID tiL I. 4e0'e<1HI
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~le:14 11:9 RET ~'C.,r"''''.'!lI., IHL Calli' '£63'9'0

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'I i""Ir,t cH" n iii, iii D El' A:!i:jIC

Hepar. tUI'~~~5ame~'1 ~o U~G ~I I~stru~io IDt A.I. ~~I f0~ ut'~tlada ap8RIS ~Irl samar 0 ~i~~F 1m'lIl ~AFlRY ao Ireg l st rill' HI" UUlndl 8IS,!U Ill'IlUlma III r'~JiI:'I!I,dl ~llrl\l:lI!lnlt~. tlntl agars $Imt, ~m ~Omero ml~Q~ qUI 2§5 31 '~F HL., !pm r I!lump I O. Hil ... 21818 (va,e Ii ,dill II II 1',61 "'~lJIlb ra r" '111' i1l61- m~rG 1m! bItes).

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bJ6'n'l1 'I!I'II!I n~a dlSle jamul'S, lilt I II!la,1' u,ml VlB!lr I bel ICllilm,!l1 CllllnlU~ ~@r ~lra-plll~lr fa21~ loops de ~Ipltlqla. HI~5 1~lamtl. apriru~arimlllS ~~m. laZI!' I~ses IOlilP5 1m l~~IUIJem dl Miq~t~lj por e~,~~ntQ~ VBIl'IDS I~tr~d~zlr I Instrulio ~Nt rel~~trl iU ~nc par de reglstras (lbrIV~I~~Q de ~NCremlnt'. ~o, &~~ctQma 1 (wmJ am valor da dlll~mlma~~ r,g~8tr' (,~ Plr) 9,m~ R~ e~ti~to. afa!lr G valar do G~R~Y. Asstm. por 'x~mplm. 51 ~m 1'~!~St~B eont6m I valer ~65. ID s~r W~crQmentadi eWe feri 0 va~lr'

,[ ,i!: II! r CI.~ ell Qi C;AIRIIiI Y lila rl!nlill fI e Ii: a,r' e !OlilliOI v: iii Il!Ilr Q 1IlI'I! ,as it ill II ill

i!lllllln i a rlmelote. 1(111:1$'9 ruel !lIllie pOIiJ,emO!i U5,iU' lita i n!iitt n!F"lii!IiI' ~om tO~QS DS r'9Istros~

INSTRUCID ~iD160

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INC B: 1,41'1'

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NllillliI.ml!liIlhl, r"!lf'lIr ~ ndll!~'51 811i! IAS~Jlj. liIma au IIID~ sta ~ara ISSII ~~str~~§a 5er~11

LEl x: ;:::: x ... 1

IL emb r i-5I!I: sImp r,e ,Ela 111:1 f'I fl8 n,~ a elflilr e ADlllIli I~ tU::~ pl!llr uempl I iii , .j!l1Ji1]i A, .• 1 se r lU" um 'II il' ~lllIlr IUllI'i III GARFl'lr (e eu 111 inQlUlall'l1'~ I Nt, die IX,iI r,' ,m C:I'RRY ii 1li811~ 'tu Ido. 1(11111 111101 Ii' II IlISi ~~as ~~stru~~~s prOdU2!m 0 ml5mG resu~II~~ 10 ~c~mv~atlIolr.

~~ml~. entia. ~'9~~~do os rnesmos ~a •• ~s ~~I ,~ emiS elm a Wmstru~ia LD. ~I~r ~m6 reglstrDs e Ir PI I a m~mil'~i.l~enas tr~s lfis'ru~ies 6io di5~~~rveis. e ~~s ma5lra~ t~iWamlnt! u pr~~~~'~~1 do atlmu~a'B' e ~~ pir ~~ reg~5Ir~5 HlJ

9:611 BIEH :34H

AlDOl A .• ( i'lL JI ,AlOe: A .• ( Hl ~ liNG (HU

q~e sign~f~cim. res~ict~vame~t't ~~me 0 comte~do CIa memo r Iii il nld' I~ e alG1al pe I iii pair itlt :aOilC umllil.l~ Ido r taem I(;AiIUILY I ~om CARRY. e Incrlmt~te 0 eonte6~~ ~a mlm6rt~ Indlcada por Hl. Isstm. ~8Jilrn~5 0 prlil(8dfm~~to nece55'~iG p·a r·a!!!~ma r 111:1'11 nGlme r 0 (,pll]lli' ellll8mp i e , Is·n ao IUIIiIUG'd!O do 18:lIIdle rle'GIO (je~ 4H (IU!r IU.II,inP' i (I .as ) ~

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arf~a. V~ci d$vsri tbt6r lee. I~is ir' rei~IZir a c~nfa &4 t 36 ~ 10a. ~ sempr~ bim recordar que as var~'viis ~ev~m f~car ap~s a i~str~~io RET. del~~~do ispa~a Ilvr~ na ~!~~ria. entre ~ flm ~a ,re~rama B is varl~vie Is, ~ a r iI eVIliI'l'tlili I s 1III.I!!IIlIII1' I ~'ilif;I~,e!ii mJI pr 09 r a:mHill qlM~ possam ea~5ar aumento da se~ tamanho.

V~ei sab9r~a 'alar ~SSi mesma ,r~grama de outra maRe~ri. utlr~lindo en~ere~~mento d~reto au Indrrel~ e i instru~~1iI LID? D q~1 a~jnte~lri~ 5~ 0 rl~~rt3d~ ~a smm~ foss, m~~~r do ~U8 ~55?

~s ~NSTRUC8£s DE SUBTRA~~O

Vamos agara i su~tracie. ~s InstrucBes s~o par cJdas ~om as de adi~~o, I 'am~lm geram C4iRY Q~aft~G res~I'a6i Ibtldo f~r menlP ~Ui lero. N~ amtant~.

pair le']W i t iii r COI'f]I!!' I i c!iI~!alliil !I!)I;II!!I!!'Si'!li III V ill , v,amQ's, JHllrr elnqu.ilI~-

!51

to. eSQ~ece' IS o~mlr05 negatlvos e utililsr m CARRY aplnas nas subtra~al5 per partes. Assim. temos~

~ NSTIRUI;AD (;OID'I G,(I
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VlmDS flzer agora uma sub-patina para zavar o par de reslstros Hl.

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52

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IN'STIiIUCiO CaDIGoQ
SUB .o..lI1ilOIOI D6:H t 1 b,t'l! "illl'aI 0 dal~IIJ'
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113.551 - 62.686 ~ 110.865 (02A5EFH) - (F4DEH)

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,.Ii, IC.1DtH
£:;1113 7,A l.~, IA II' Pi ~
&,e:14 99 SglC A~C ~!S.U1bt-!,,;w.1 'COli a t.':lliIIil'lty
ID 251' byt.,
ClefSl 321EICe LD '(''iU:::.tEtU .,1iI U:,Dloca a r ... u'lt:!!!dio
IBm Clei~H
ell'le 711: I!...D A~HI !:1
1[!'.i9' '9D SSIC A.,IL IJ' .,ubt,.-. i I;D. ICARRY Q
3!i!: b!lllt"
ICe'i.A 3l~lFC'0 LD c ,aC.1FH>'. A , II n.,el"'l! Q' r~l!i,g JJ t a,d'D
,~. c:'. 1 F ....
[;le:1,O, C9' IRE,T 53

[,rper Imutel colou,r ,'~ci mesmo GS dldl,19lDJ5 dill m'~ulna ut~l~z~ndm 0 a~end~c. 2 e Q 8lemp~o de 50ma (prQ~rama 8.8) p~wa Iju.'-~~. a seg~ir. ~cl~qijl a su~rot~na na mem'r~~. Verif'~~e 51 0 rI5u.ta~u Que est' 1St' nGs 3 b,'es a part.r ~e Cl1DH corrs,ponda ao '1- su~'a~o Isperado.

VI~~ I pe~a ~Im~rlr q~1 nil 61~ste instrueio ,ara subtralr dl,ltimlRII ~m registro de om par i yjci-verSI. P~,a Isso ~ neces5'rio usar um proced~men'tOI iJllllillllll!JO aliil ut III ndllill par,1I '!iIIlmllir U.LT1 1r189 HHrl1l II um dldQ pa~. fElperlman', f~!er um programs. ~a5el~o ~Iii~ el'm~los fornlcldos InteriormBnt8; s~btraia ~ ~6mlro 7~ do rellstro HL. ~rlvlamentl clrF~gldo com 16.398 e 266 de HL carreaada com 16.398. F~nalm'ftte. 'Ira 'Uli'm i Aliiii' 110SISS a h a II O:glill a eam 'iUIIIIIij,a'liIl. I otlr och,u: ~ r 11""11.015: as Instruc6es d, DEC (abrevla~~~ de DECrement). I a 9U~trauio utj~lzl~do 0 conteQ~~ da mem6ria.

I II N5TAUCiO, 1 een II GO
IDEII:: .1 3DH
IDEle lEI ISH
10 EI[l IG 8DH
II!JEII:; 1[1 15H
ID I:: (;, E lDM
DEC 111 25H
Df.C l 2DHI I NSTRUI;iO II (jODI'GO
D,e:C; lie I eBH
[life DE I 16H
DIEC HL 20H
IlIEC ,HL )1 1 aSH
sue A. ~IHU 916'H
SBle ,A, (IHL.~ 9EH A *nstrl;io DlG s~~trii 1 (um) ~Q valor de dada rlglstra (IU P8r) 0~ ilm afetar Q CARRY.

VIC! 51~~ria 'XP~~Ci' a dif9ren~a e~trl is In5tr~;61' DEC HL e DEC (HL) tou entre INC HL I INC (HL J J1'

P"a retar~ar 0 efllt~ ~a5 ~nstru~il' ~D~r' o ~m~, ~e ~ARRY. ,am~s supor qUI fueremos 5~~tr&~' 0 clnte610 ~~ par D~ do par Hl. sem IItlFlr 0 acumuWador (ou re9~5tro~ 8 e C). G'mplr~ 09 5e~ulntes progrima5.

INC [lEG lSiBC

A ,AI

HL.. [Ilf

54

A.DD SB,G

4.19

HIL. •. DE

IE 1,11'5 it ~:1'1:11 s I gin I' f I c:ado? 018 f ats, naG.. 1I.01i1S

~In~u'm PO~i aarl~tlr quam 0 valor ~, CAR~Y no ,r~me~~o prog,ama~ PQrtanto. eil p~4e,' dar ~m resultada errido (mo segundo pro~'lma. a CARRY sari garantldamente 8' [j!IIIIrO J di II: V Ulil i I n!i'~ r ulc:io ADO ,I. ,Ie ~., Lem:b r 8-s,e' qtle n instrlcil5 mNG e Dec nioafetam 0 CARRY •..

trem05 falar llera so~re umi varlj~el Ie sjsteml chamBda VARIAB CfIC2H~. fla 5lm,rl aponta ~ira o .nrc~o da Area dl varl've~t do programa BASIC. qUi ~ ju·s.taiI'llIS'IlI·h ti 'f I Qi I ,do IPlr on ama' OA,SI G.

ASS, I,m ','ann,dllh

PRINT PEEK C&HF6C2) + 256 * PEEK (6HF6C3)

tin IUiI'!UIS IiII ende r IlIliHll 'f I IIIUI I Idlu Ilu'oglr ama 'lim' IB,AS,I Ci .8 S e subtra~~mls 32761 (~ols a ~re8 P~f~ 0 pragrama BASIC cmm'll'liillli !!1m Blain'! f 8S7'IBB ,. fer emOI, 101 t am,i!I ,n lUI' IiIclupaldl,!il1 IU:I' a IUDS r·amal B.A,SI C ..

Podlmas filet. tfttio. a S1911~tl sub-rofWna*

IC ••• IIF!F7F LO' IPE.7FFFIH •• pon,t;. Ii),E pall'''ii!l
•. r- .•• dc, Ii AS.U::
,c:eQ'3 2A,C2F6 !J..'D HiL~ ~ "'F,611:!ZH J' ; '11.1'" a n"1I: : •. H,L p".!!"'" D
if II '. do, prg'$!,rOllIii~
C, •• 6. le6 •• ADD 'he I~~riil CI' 'CHAR'V
C' •• '8. 1:::1)·:;;2 sIn:: HI •. 0£ ,~y!I!:I·tl!"'. ~ DE de WI...
1:8e'I:II, ,7'0' LD' ,i!II~L iii::B!'"II'"E!!;II. W- .., A
r::eeB 3~1!JF6F7 LD <eF7F6H' .A ~ 'I::.!I'" r .9':. L ~iIII F7F.6H
l:eOE :rC LD ,1IIiI •. H' ;·c.rr·.g~ H e'- A
Ce'ilF :31IiZiF7'F7 I!..,D ( e,F7F"7H ) .,A, ;. 'I::.r 11''' .:!i! a. H ~ib F7'F7H
I:Qi~ 3:E'e2 !!.D AI •. 1iZ :."", ~r r III1g: •. ::il: li!. A,
ICtU4, 321oaF·1!lo U) ~IIF663tU IdA ;I"I;.r r I!II' 9' •. ::il .111 F,6~~H
ICiU:r [;9 R'IET Ifll"'~torn. .0 BAS,I.C L 8mbr a-9111 que III 1111115 t r'lu1I;.aIII IJ.D HL • ()()()()(Iti! t

flu nit 1110 nlll ,ae !IIfISU ~ RIUI fo 1'11:1111 co I OIC·II' '111 CllIliltIBI6,i1111i do ellcll-' Ir en IrlCl r'l1:a ~ Situ II. 18 101 con 118.6,,11,1) do Ilmll'IU'I:IIIiD (XXXXHit1 JI IIiIO lug I st rlDI H. \I(u:i IOlevl es,hlr. fllfl'Stl8 'mlDmll!lln II!II'. C"II,ml l!ill P'UI9!lI'8ima "ON i lOR r'liO mli '1::1\'01. UU ~ hll eS98 !S u bl-r'ot i In,!! 111·11- ra sabar ~ulntms bytes ele Gcu~at

RESUHO

Aprendlm05 a fazer ad~~6BS I suhtrl~6es am L. M. I qUI 0 b~t de CARRY do rlg~itro F serve pa,a tnlldl jc a r .. ¥'illll Ulmft OU "m!8InUlf QUI ... IP/ sl:lbtu~illl:s.

Alba r,dlamos Umb 611:111 lUi i ,n'S t r u lli6ill'lj, I NG 'II D,EIi:i ,UI

I In Ie r'em'llllnt,ilm, IIJlUI diu Ime nilltam 111m I'leg .$ t INII 0101 um IPlllr dil'

reg II B!tU15 ,. -

EXER C 'l. CI'IOS

1- ES"IV8 urn programl em L. M. qUI rstarn,

cam D ''118 IIOIJ' i Irl'lIl Ilr 0 '1' Ie ,ill ~u~ 0 S illnll!!ls I' iill;:: iJ S C28'8 H 81 -'C.2'1 H

fill' Dim' il!l u a III 5, aos alnchl r el;1!I'S G21BH I: ce81H.

2- f8ca ~m prlgrama qUI d'~le a fJag d8 CARIRi!( 191111811 a 1 'um IIllet,IH' nlBlllhllil'm ,r'leg I :sH'1I I! C OU 'S,(I'j 81. d,I~'nd~ seus tantl&dos lo.ctl.S Iglatt 80S flnall. J. Obs- Fa~8 19~D 51m utlflZIP a InstruCio ADO A.'.

3- E.iI~ore um pro-

Itama que sam" dljs m~mlr05 de 4 ~'te, tada colaaados ftas br'Is s!Ql:lintl5 ao programs (5~m~r! 0 men&5 1.1- n, ~ fie al'f j '1101 81n res I J. Palr'a ale'IlS~UI" ,a Il'M'smh II a. lJ Sill iii! ,arls DE , ac. apo~t8ndo para 0 coml~m de cada n~muro n& mem6,la. I ut~m~le INC DE e -NC DC P8'~ obtar os blte5 slcrsllvlllsl U~lltze entio 0 ~ar Hl ~omD 'PI~tldDr do Iffidereco ~o ~ull serio ~~slrld05 os re5ultl~~S. Par~ .neremenld-~o ~111Il' 8 inst rludo IINC Hil.

,INSTR'U~aiES V I5TAS ,N'ESSE CAP..r. TULO,

ADD A" r 81SII1 stn ADC A ... re':glu'tll',g

.N~ par d~ reglstrD AIDe A. ,[ HL ~,

SUB I,. Ir'19 II s t 1"0

sec HL.par ~I ,eg~5tro DEC par de rlg~stro SOC A.IIHl,)

56

ADD HL~ par de r'9~5tro fNC Ug, s,tu

aDD A.'(IHU

IINC I[INIL. ~

sOle .11.. Ireg 15 tt'r 0 OIE,G IUlg 15 f rlllli SUB ,A. ~HiU

DEC, ~'HI!.)

4

DESLOCAMEINTOI DE IBILIDCOS

De5~U~I' bl~c~s Slgolfl~a ~~~~ocar de ~ml 56 'o,II!I:Z Il'S len h~h101$ ch:! Iumltll gUlnde 'qlU ilIIU I.dladl!l Ide tllJ"tras '.' Sup._lllnlhJl 'US UIC:iji t I va sse lima 5 glb-r 011 I na '1','1 :iN} ilIU: I mll!lln till grande ("r elemplo. ~I 288 brfrS). colo~a~a ~ par'.r do 'nd8re~~ Ceee" e v~ci qU~5isse tra~sferr-Ia pari comecar ~~ emdere~o eeetH. S8 Vlcl tivisse bastante ~a£llnc~l. poderla fizer CDmo mostra a flsurl ~.1.

FIGUJiIi .,.1 ~ IP'r!l!Jfilli, pari il tii'iiUi!:i'fwin,c i:a I~~ bhu:t!s.

1[;... :I :I, •• ae IC •• '3 21,' •• !l:i. 011,1<6 7E

C •• ,jiI" 12' C00D: 23 va.51' 13

C •• A 7E

cla.,o: 1,;2'

C •• C 23 1:,8'0D 13: c.e..- ,ee •••• '

Ca'i:l '11 •• '.' •• ' Ice I ,4 '.'''.'.'0.'

LD loll)

LD INI!':

INC:

DE~,.B' ••• I'!I HL •• ceell,H:

A". € ttL) (IDE~ .. III NIL.

DE

A~ (:I"I!...)

'(iDE) .11 HL

DE

• iC.Jl"r.·Qa,D:E iC,e.

n ••• "'1 ( d, •• t II Ina ) l'c ..... r.'IiI'. HL 11:£1,.

- CII' •• I'II- ~ ,p'm,i'it ~,:~,

I t iF,.f1.,ifle!F~' "Pi'll'. '"

p.... dle.,tt ~ fi D'

IF • iii il:' .... '.Bn t.. P D'n't ~ I ,. as, I

; t r .,n,.,f'.,.., r'Dn, t I.' p'.,I"'. d, •• ,t I Ina,

157'

"'HL

,0."

15tl PO de ser amenilado Pirc.a.me~te com ii' hs,truQiilli un (loaD ",Uh Iil!Iil:ument L IilIUi hl' U,iltil~ mente a liIue as quatro Instru~ies que ter~amls ~~ 'epet~r in~ef~rn~~am~nte fazam. sem. no entaot~. a~terar 0 I~umuladlr: au seja, ela transfere 0 coftte6d. ~a memiria 'nd're~a~a p~~ H\ ao comleido de mem6ria !~derl~ada por DE I. a seg~I'. Intr~m8nta os pafl5 DE e Hl e dl~~lme~ta I ~ar Be emsls tar~e ¥~ce perceblr~ II utllidade dlssa~" Note ~ue essa Ift'tru~i~ 56 , v~lldB parI tvansferlr dados ~e b,tes endere;8~D5 por HL e DE. '~r ,~em'IQ. a trans1srincla dQS bytes 8~~~,e;ada5 ,Dr HL Plfl ~9 ender,~adms par Be ~io 'I~i sir fjita numa 6n'ca ~nstru~io.

o e6~igB de LD~ ~ EDA8H; asslm. I ~'ogtama amterlor paderla -sIr r88scr~tD dl segulnts f~rm~~

:1 :lUlIe'B'" LID 2'.:11..011:0 ,u)\

EIDRe LIDl

EIDIA'0 LE!:]!:

~E,!O! •• HFc~rr~g, PQnt~~~Qs Ht. ,. e£:,.e.,HI ,,",ill, !!iE_!n""I '.,

F t r.I'1I.f"!IIIlf'" I.' •

~' II ncl ...... !!!"ll'! t. ponl''',e il rl!;l'~'

... ~ a55im par d~ante 288 vlzas.

I Uo If'edllilZ bl8ls:hnte III 1H'lliIg'r ama. mas I'll! II il nih uma ma~elra melhar de fll~-ID. ~~ind1 a .nstru~io LDWR (Inde R slg~~flci Repeat). E55a 1~5tr~~~1 IXlc~ta replt~dim~rnte 0 Que a lDi flz atf qUI m va~or do par Be sala zerl (aqul podemQs var I utilldade do decremento d& DC pe'a ~~5t,ucio lD~ 1. ASSlm 51 qu.se,mos mower 2ee brtes, ~!~e~r~mos fizer,

S8

11\1:1., Ce0,e lL.D IU:; ~ 2,0111, ~ c:iIror i" Rg 'Iii, Ci' ,I: Dnl't a.d,ar

':!J, :1 '!ii' lo, DIE ~. ,SID II ,,"''''':=, c '.11'" t",.j,:. IP'l:ImI t,.' I 11"1:1'111

~& ,~LD HL~QCQ0eH

E~ ~ LDIR ,tran.r.~ ••

100 NO:P

Existlm tam~'m as tnstru~ies LDD (e6dlgo eD~IH) 8 lDDR (c6~lgo fDBBHI q~e. am VIZ 'e IfttrlmiDtlrem os par~5 dl rsgl5tros Df ~ Hl. 05 detrlmlntam (LDD jI:. ILailII wi tlill DIG rlllmBnt). ~Ie~~~m,a Idlln5,t Iii I ,!IS t r u 0,'6ie:5, aflta a ~i~GF dl filS dl ~ARRV.

. '

IDa mesma fl~mi ~~e el~5tlm IS rotlnas WITVRM 1(1 R'IDVfl'M ,P'i!lIU 9 r ,n,iI r II Ie r IUmb'J UI nl VR,I/ifl. s i my I I a~dO lum'8 ~I nlstndo em U 11I91i11gem l~hJ :M6IQlull M. EU s~em m,a I s ,iii uas rr iii tin 5 IL D II RVM ( rU:l5(iH l' e' L 1,'), IIiIH!J[ 11'1815 911fi1.~ Q !CU! '5 'I! 'I! lite iii' ngam die tran,!i,h r I r Iii II IDIC DIS, ant rea FiAM I a . VIU:MI .• vtstm qUI G I-II nio t9m iteS~o dlrerl lOS ~,t's ~a VA'AM.

A riot Ii 1lIi!! lD IFI'lJIMs,i! IiIlm::a r r"!11:9 a mlel cop i ,i! r urn'a

6 r e~1iJ dis I1IAMUI VFI'AM sa rllil,iI: i~ lUI LI]I I ~M.W IIj,g,P' II uma ,6 r I ill

daW11U11M na I1AM.

Os pires de resi5tradore5 deveria tjRre,~

Hl Imdere~o In~c·111 dO ~~I'. ~ $er tra~s'e'ldo.

DE eodiri~a de IDEstl~1 ~I ~IGto I ~8r 'fIrillrisfer 1.!'!Ii!l.

·0:[; n~6rmn () (liI.I Ely ~ e'G, La! sle f"l!ml 101111.1)11 ados.

TantQ ,ar~ uma ~~rn~ ~ara oltrl retina ~bservel IlJ UI e a, 'h.l ncii 0 ole cad ,ill II) fa r'~ Ell r I!I:!I i st r ,11115, ia m 85'1'81 III UI e:

~Irl i I~strucia LDIR. -

A'S r 0 ,t I nas Id'lI lIem SIU €:Inamadill, com Q C·Omllllll1Ja1C ~

CALL (ccldigo CDH)

S~9'l~~ ~t Indere~1 da rotina (~i~ as Isque,a de inverter ss 2 b1tes dl ~~dera~~).

V~j~mos. entia. ~m exernplo pri'ftG~ q~a~d~ t~i~ar~amos 'IPenas ~~m G gra~ad~r c~sslte mi~ ~ PO~slv'lI ~ I r nalli'1l10S osh' 11' es d,iiI lJ'FiA!~1 caillil !.1m '5 ~ llrn·iiH es ~om,i1!ln~ dlo.

S, form~s usa~ a furn~io VPDKf d~ BASIC. I ,rDcesso fiearia mllta IlntD.

[Alit. ~Brq~~ ~iG f~zlrmo, um~ ratina em L ,~ m!lI1U il1gem I~'I! ~iilq iii rna 'Ill ue r e'C6ltHJ 1(:1011110 IP il r IimliH rlill lum n-

Idle r lel~o 'r ,n,a "0 rm,1I r 111 te i r ,ill ~ e CIII p, i e di VR,IM fJlI r 8' ill IR,~H 255 b~tas a partir ~a~uele 8ndersQo. A rotina retoroiria uma STRING de 255 ~Jtes.

Efetua~do 8StS rotina um certo n~mero de lie ze 5 iP lui iii I' emlllS, 9 ta ViI r QUEll hllUH' iii iI r t!! d aJ iliUM em Uri' arqu~vl cmm maio, velot~d~~e.

Ve~a fia tig~ta Q.2 como flcarla 0 programa. Note qlB 1-5ub-rot~na LDIRMV do B'OS i~ncl~~a de forma m~lt~ semelhante i ~n5t'~~io lD~R do Assembl~ 1-88. Com~ a transferincla i da RA~ para a WHIM, Hl (orlglm) ~D~e ~pontar qua~~ue, ~nd~te~u ~n're ~ e FFFFH. 8 DE entre e e 3FffH.

ceee 2IAF'QiF7'
1[;003 mi,FF ••
CQ0t. 1 Ui8EH,
1::0,09 CD~;9'.U
C00'C ::IE"I::!.
,C4Ie,E :1,:2FBF7
caUl ji!'iF'F08
1(;91·4 ,ii:!2FElF7
c'017 1:9
C~18 F'F'"
C~l''i' 21
ellUl"A [;e
C!!l'~B "000Ilti0'
ce'~1E '8,e-6 e''-''i0 FlGURA 4.2 ~ lran~lIolidD Ib'l.Iil[lI~ di! _ Elgr i a

LD Ii<IL ~ (.',F.,"FBI'IIJ' ~ N:;;:III!U'''!I'" ~;lia IH!l... ,cq.' .nl'-

d'.'II'".·C:O od,D II n f iii: I, 0

,d .. VAlAlH

LID Dii:,~ '.FF~I • c:.r .... ga DC ICCI. ilj,

n~ die ,by t ' ••

Lb D,E~D .... H "C,arlr'"Eg. DiE e.GIliI ,i!o-

d~pe~g ~. DE.t.~o n~. RiI"

CAUL LD1JU1tI,,1 ~~.f'II!:1!:Y!j ~ ~r'"iil.!1U • .f.-

rene. W<!!!.

LD A".·3 ~ II nf'!lH·.a ""·iIlll'" illi'Y. ~

'I5itr Ii 'fill ,lio 6AIS:U::

'C 0F7F19U) .' B ;

tilL .leFFH - ~ .'" onl t!iil. g, II!I'! d,~1'"' .'1iO a 'f'.F7FI6~ ~ .ltU_ '~P;i"'FIElH IplII ... '. i:I de5lcrjtDr da .trin~

• _ ~~ IDI'"·'flliI. aa' DAIGle: ,d!!:-sc.r ~ t eI,1'" ,d'. c't Ii'" illln:; ~endur'"e~g do ~g C~~act~r~ d~ string

DEFUSR=-&HC000

OPEN NCAS:TELA* FOR FOR L~=0 TO 16389 -

A$ = USR' (II.. iO LINE PRINT Hi,~~ NEXT

END

L.P' LID LD

A,ET

D'EFD ef"F'I-I ~EIF"g 10.iiU .. ,H

OUTPUt AS tU 255 STEP ,255

ROLANDO A TELA

Ooa~do 15tamos trabafhando com 85 !eliS de t ex V Q (SICREEN e au 1 ) ell Is te 0 life j tlO dle:5GROU qiU'ei' Ie executad~ aUlomatlcamlnte ~elo ml~ra quando a tara 85-

t~ t~'ia B 6 Grdenada I Impres,S$ de uma ~Irn~~. D SCROLL ~ eXle~tado antes ~i Impr'5s~o. 'izend 11 lin~a ~ c@'i~ndo a 21 n~ 1~. a 31 nl ~I , eossi~amiRte ~t~ Q ffm ~~ tila e de~x~~do a ~ n~a ~m briRC~. O~5erVQ a figura 4.9 .

iL.Imill pass C~I!! II il'[lilIll'I~ Ilr a Idle 511 IlI!.iSICIJJ till' ill S!:;IRDILIL Ullr i aJ cop i a rmll!l 5 ~5, l:I~te5 01111 2iaU II 2"li Ii nha Inial RAM e I~ga ap6s cQpiarm~s esse ~Jt15 ~e volta A VRAM. Port~ ~le5 58rfi~ jag3~a5 ~ partir da ~~ byte ~iI ~~ Ii iii 1'1 a .

FUI!IR A 4.3 - iH "!lr,~I1/~, Iml!lSIl:ROll

l' L

~m~ I ' I I I' 'I
i I' I I
I I 'I I I II II I 'I
i-I' , I , II II II I II
II L L I I' I L
W I I I I I II
I I II II I
I I'
- ,: -'1 r I r
I I I I I
II I
r I
I r:
I I L
I
I II I
I· I I 11
I r , 'I , '
I I: I I I
I 'I ! 'I I J
Ii ',1-,' II I I I
r I I I 112'1 S!.I!!'l'!li lu tal 5S, i mill SIJIt irna II~

I I

1 1 - ~I

VeJamas n.91 ffgura 4.4 taml ~tcarla ~ pr~9r~mal ~e SCROlil.

fUUR!A ~'. 41 - ii, O!lr~.iI gDR'OLL.

C08e :i!!l26,0o. LID iii!.. .' ~g::ll,8H

1::'.""6 '0198'~'3 ,1:.'09 cDe'0'iI'e iI::eec 21Q'il'C:dL

!!..O ISIl:: ~ ,aa9BH

CALL LOIIII'I"""

LD "'1..., 91Cle'0H

~ tl!'"'illn5'fer-'c 1"."':. 'C:I,.,."Q'!',J D59,iiI!'D b,yt at::

~~ p~!'"tll'" do .nd~r.~G ,a~UH",~.~1 ~nh.) ,da '!JR,AI'!

~tr~fi~¥~re p~r~ ~ I~ 1 ~ n,h"" ,!:!:a !"IRAM

;920 bW~E~ a P~rt~!'" d~ ICltiJ'@,H dOl, rit~H

t:1"1~· el'9!!J'8<t L.D IDe: .103\l'B~" Ice I'::) CD0UiI'!0 t:AILL LD I Ri'VH

l)enU1I, C'7" RET

E~ecute eS5' rotina ~'m G programa em BASIC d'a f tS11Ui' 81 'o;j. 5, •

m)EFIli!:$IR ""&HC0'0"1 FOR' Ilu'0 TO 23 A, "'" IIJSIR (,0) NEXT l

EN'!)

51 t~dl tD~ filla GoP,etame~t~ YIC~ te,i ~

tesu~'a'G ~I flgura 4.1 . ..,.,'

n~[JR"'4!.6 - f'fl I, a,~p:tii.'!li f~llc\l,iD ~!II prlil!Jnlllll :SDR,OLt.

'::';.. .or ·'jIlJ .o -;:~(:. .:1,) ! .ll.3',:_. fun
!JUor' ~lJ.to ':."I·~tQ h~t t'v.,)
)J.I~r- .~l)1;.Q ":1O::lt'J I! r st r'un
corer ~dJ.tQ "~Qto h~t t'1J.()
~':O tor .sut o 'ilI"Jt;(J 1 ~. '.st r-un
::o!Ot' ;~I}.t., ~I'to li~t r~l!,P,rn
co lor ~I'JtQ gllJto 1 is+ r~.c.n,
::;0 lor' .;ijPJ.te< ')Qto:l. 1 i~t r'I,Jt1
X)JC)'l' .:lI',~.t,o:l ~ot~ICI 1 L5t run
co Ior- 3J1J.t~ 9[11:') list r'I'Jt"9
:;'0 J 0.1'-' ~~P_ll.tRJ ~()t'J 113t run
~Q1Qr' aJ1,c.toJ !:,tl·)t~l li.st r'·IU,rI!
:;(llOI" ,:lPj t.o 10001::.tolj 1 ~:,;;t t··tH'II
::cll~r" .~IIJ·tQ ()1:>i;.I.:;' 1 l~t r-un
':·,:.1 ()I'" .~IIJ·~ 'S ~,.jot~,~ Il~t. ,nm
~.~11..:·1.f' 31.J t ,:,. 'i:l1J'~ I.) U~t ('Hrl
:'I~ l r:lr'" ;l~lt,j ~Qt~ hst n~n
1:'1) l,:'r" 91IJ ·I~.'J «o t o list u'o..u.n
:;'(111 (',PO aut.o ~oto !ist~ It'Vt1
:; .:1 1 (II~-" i3lP:.'.J ~<.Jto It:::t r-on
": .:~ 1 ~:I~"'" au tl:- ~jo1';.o list l'QJil
: olor ~I.lti) ~':jt,j' 113t. r-un
:",:·l·:lf 31} 't. I.) ~.,otlJ' lis~ ~''l'1 n o que fa~'i ~@ pres ~m~ SCROLL 'ffgBri 4.4) ~ i '~m~el~ da ~Itima liAha d ~f~eD.

~sso podl ser tei 0 c~m 0 ~s~ da r '~~a IF'I il VR'''''' III UI!I ill!:' eenlcl'liEl ,umil .~ rr 1l:i!1 da VRAMuuiI1 IiII!I1I d!) t I'm ~ ~ ~ado valmr. Essa rotlna ~ede ~ue a par HL eGnt~ ~a ~ e~dere,o d, tnrcl~~ 0 par DC 0 n~mero de bylesj e q~, ~ regl~tro A ~onle~~~ 0 vallr i Sir p,eln~b~~G. t importents r8s,a~18r ~~e ISSi r~tlni alt~ra ~ valor ~~ ~edos @s reglstre5 •.

Pa ra ,ue 0' Ill' 0151 nlma ,iii II S~,~N}U 'f I 'I!! !Ie fllH rill ta

dlO:II'IUI'I.IiiI!iI. entio" l ns ar i r' os 'CIIlIIf:IHI III dlI'iHi I!I~ madJgluul1 e I !!II ~]~~e c~mm mostra a f~)~,a 4.7 .

EXlc~te 0 pro!rama a veja a d~f,re~,a. Ver.mas a~ara corn~ lazer ,efeito tln'r'r'~. 0' '~Im~dl ant~-SOROLL. ~~e rala i lil~ no enll~~ ~~ve'$o.

A Id~la b6sJca ~o p,og ama ~ a mesma. 56 ~us II ~nv~5 de tr~osflrinm&~ ~ ~I co da 21 II~ha a'~ a

~Itima ,lira a prlmllta r~~hl. Iremas transferir Q blo~o da 1i ~ 23i ~~~~a a ~arl~~ ~I 2i II~~I.

D~5ervl 0 Is,uernl da fig~r~ 4.8.

NOlte' ilIIlMI IUS iim:l!liS a ,IiIAfif '!llliilm'lIi U!'I1li ,sP elC i '8 Ide

buffer. ~~15 m~ollr5te ~ma rotlna ~D BIOS q~, f8;1 I trinsftr~ntli I~tre b~~t~5 dl mlm6t~1 ~e~trl ~a pr6- III r II iii VA,AM.

,[), P r 09 rilmll 1iI1!!!1 alnl i -SiCFI'OL L f:i cu I a CIDm,o 111110'9;-

tra a '~guri •. 9 .

nGU~A 4. 7 ~ Prllgr:a~ ~S~R:O!.L iIIperfe i '~Ollii:l'D

'C.118 ,01213'IIQ 'ce:l IE 3E2,!0

HL~~lgHI DE. "t!'1flI

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Ib.EH !iJ'

H L •. ,c;C:!"lBoelrl O:E.,e

10 ,[ • :a~BMI ,LDfi:IRYH It'lL."',"

lIi!1:~. 4'0

[if. IP til"" el~lfI ~ hiE ~!t:'D,. 4'11- iI!"SIP a ii"1:!'5

II a ,ll,l, t. .,.... ·11 i n,h .... d!IJte~,~,

.Iu p~~t~r ~~ 37~H ;i!lla \lIRAM)

ILD

L II! I R U'

I'll !lilli-111M'

R:AIIt'

1::'0'00 21 9,0'0 0J C'0,03 11 ee'C:1 (:906 6,1!N1I03 C'009 C10'00'00' C9,ec: .<! lQ0C~ e 6'0F :iI. 1 :i 1:'0'01 C612 '0'19'863 '[0:1 3 I!;:D0'00fl C,01(1 2UHb0'0, C0lB '!in ~a0'0 C'IiHE 3~ ~,tIi, t:''t 20 '1::[)90'9'0, 1::00'23 1::9

LO LD IlD CALli. ILl) L~' LID CALL LD LID LD CALL RET

• ~'II'" alll'l's'f':I"'1il:

• ,par'., Wo, R,~f'I

;: t Ir'.n. re:r..;p., ... a VR,AM

'. P'I'" Er!E!'nhr ,OJ; 1,~ ; 1 II nh. c,a'M

': 1EP"SP'aJct: g'''.

J~ ~ule: 0 uH -SCIROll' I ',beril III U Ii nha 'I!I'UEI

'~iI'll ~ iii c r emel1tumo5 10 P'I' (l1!U' ama de IIIW,g,OI que 11 ,iii r ~'X Illmo,

P~lhT seja fllto ftl'"

Isso ~ m~ito fic~W. D~st8 t~amar ~ rotl~a POSIT (88CSH) ~ue positlana ~ ~ursor ~m uma ~et~rminida linha GU CU~U~I.

o re~istro H ~8VI cD~t~r i C~muni e a regls-

trio l ii, 11111II1tH!1 dlels€! 1 a,d a • -, •

A rotina POSIT modifjca ~ valor do Pi' AF.

Com issa modiflcaeio 0 pr~grim~ flcarla ~mmo eiempllf'~ado na fllura 4.18 .

FiIlURi!! 4.lill - Ant i -SOROll nil LOCAlE",

LD LID I!.D' I:A'LL LI!)' LI!)' LII) [;,ItIiLL ILD LD ,-Ii)

Ci'rILIL LID ILD

P'OSIT e.,5'CIH ee5'9!H eeS6'H ee'C6H

IP'~S , ,t: II an • 'D n,lii c,alu'na :IL n,.. ] I nhi'iii, - I -

N~s.e caplt~~o apre~d'm~5 a ~eslotat ~IQtQ5 de m,m6rla USiR~~ a9 rnt'r~~~es LD~. LO~R. LDD e LDDR q~, ~ti~l~am como tant;~~ro par Be e comQ ~I~teires para a mim~rli ~s pares Hl e ~E. fssas Jostr~cies Rio afetam nlm i icumuladar ~am a flag de CIRRY_

V~mU5 is roltnas UOIRMV I LD~RVM d~ B~05 ~u~ 'tlr aJW:lshl r'!lm b 111iI11l 11115, ilia! flAiM ,1iI'alii' al a VA'l"'e 11 ,i ell-V!! r SiI, II' ilIl rotin~ FILV~M ~u, pre'n~~' ijm~ rl9iiu d~ VRAM ~~m am dltlrmfn3~s ~Itor.

A,re5~~'amo, um programa ~u~ pe~mt'e ~rIVlrmo~ tr"h~s ta 'RAM 1m e~s!~tl "m malor '8~a~I~I~e.

'1 - If'iu;a Ulilill P lUI glr ama lPill uf a :Z>IIr' Ulill ,~U:;IR DU.a !i!' III ill al 5 d ,a mlta~1 ~u~erlor da te~aJ. delxilm', m resto fnalterado. CI~I~U~-O ~ parttr ~o ~nderl~o Ce0e~.

2- f~~i ~m programa ,ira fazlr U~ i~tl-SCROLl ~pe~ils da meladll Jnferlor da tela. dl~Ki~~G 0 rest~ ~nilterado. Cal~~~~-o a pir'~r da I~dsrl~~ CeHe~_

~- FI;I um PfQ§rama qUI trl~s'lra 255 ~Jt~s ~, ~m~ st rill nl:9, ~ ~e IUIM) 'il r II Si WRA!M I III UI III r lato r' n'l! II ,U a ~ma var U I,\!'!U hlh i ra I u H:I mo IlInde r 8C.01 Ina VR:6JM . !'II(I Q~,a ihli lnserl~' um d~~o.

4- Fa~i ~m programa ~m BISIC pari eo~trolar Q programa ~G 1~lrcrclQ a de m~~a am~laal i~ da flauri 4.5 _

INSTRUC6ES VISTAS NESTE CAPiTULO UH

UHR

tOD

UIIDR

ROTINAS DO BIOS UTILIZADAS

LIDIIIIR'WM ILIDII IIiIMU' F'II tVIRM PJOiS:,IT

1135

II

5

SALTD:S E SUa·RDTIINAS

o STACK POINTER E 0 PROGRAM COUNTER

N~ ca~ltu~Q S fa~am~5 ~o~r' a flag de CARRY que fizla parte ~e ~m reglstro IntBrA~ do m~~rop,ocessad~r chamada F. Vamos a~or~ I,tudar mals dltalhadam~mte ~SS8 rlg~stro I d~is outrQs multo ~m,ortantls. c'lhamlillOi 01 !!I'I

SP (StStt P~i~tlr) PC (Program Cou~tir)

Estes .,~s reg~st~os tim 16 bits e. ~o tontr'ril 'IS Ji canbecldos ,ar!5 DC. Df 8 HL. ~il ~ii~m ser d~vidldos ~m dols res~stro~ dl e b~ts.

FiGURA, 5;., i - IA,~gl i st,ro5 i nt:W'Ii'I.I!15 do, Z,-se "
I, 'I
I A ,F
I B: f __C ~ I SP ~I
III • I 1£ - Iii IPC •

'I H III IL - 67

ICOIHOI NSAL.UIAIR ~~ R:EIS I:S·"fR OS

A p·a Mvul stelil:: ts Ii 1!IIi! If i u p I I th,a. Illmagl ria Llilil ealxa o~dl wotl ~o~oca II,roi Im,llhadas; a ~~Ic~ 1~~ ,rQ q~1 'Q~i ~ad~r' rlt~rlr ticllml~tl , 0 ,~e est' no tapa da pllha. As~~m. 51 ,m~t e~J~clr ttls ~~vros ~. B I G {~e55a ard~m}. yo~1 ., ~@~Ir' r8tfr'-W.~ ~a Qr~~m lm;relll'SaJ. au '511!!J:a.. G. IBI eA. Eml Qi~ tlrSSi pea I u r alGI, 0 ill, ~ ~ melra Illra g~~ 'Dcl POde rlftrsr da Pllhi Iml 0 ~Itlmo a ser eolcieada. Dests mlsma torma.-o m~erO~rQCI951- dar U5a uma .6re~aldi mllmir lUI IRAM pu,a 'am:llii IlllIalr CUUICll!ili ,. utlllza~do 0 rlg~Q'ro SP (Stack Pol~ter ~~o~tllro IB pll~a) para ~~~'tar 0 'ft'erl~a do prrml~rl ~'tl d~ pilna. Qu-seja. a tl~m da p~~b~. ondl IS'~ 0 ~~tlmo ~~'e q~, fol eQlac~'~.

lJI:mil dlIS, lilt I I Illdllllole'5 da"p I Ilha Idlel dadCl~s" rnal

mlmlilr I a Rlf!! l~ ""SIIIII va roo mlomalnl·tSII!ISamllllnhl III COlnteti!lcim dos, rlglstras ~~lndO nleess~'lmO$ u'lrf!'-~.& ~ara 8~gUmi outra f~n,i~. Po, e~lm,~o. supon~a que R~m dado ~~nt~ Id'lD' Iii' r m'!!!1 ra:nn:1I1 ., 01 c: ie p r 1(lIC jl 9, al ~t I I I :za rio's! r e'gll s tr iI:S m:i51 II!'U II III~ lit~j~m IOdOS OCU'I~~5 eom ~ad~5 q~e vo~i ni~ desle jl ii' ~II! fJ,tiI"e r. [Imi a It I r nJ ill I I va ,~ usa I' u:mal W Big I la Idlll RIM pa" ,Ill g~,a r'lIlIa r m!llmllll~l'Ita n'!!iI'IIle nitel 0 Icoln tlll:uldlD ~I~S IrlflS i '9 ~ flD'S nI8:e'Ui's6r ii liII'S II~. IPOS 'II ~I i1!S, t,lrlms ~ diu UIUI!l1IllS. IbIII '!·,(HU· ,dl,8 VIlli I ta nill Rlirt '1iII SIll! illnll'l: '!!!IIO \'!! 110 r • P'llr 81 talnUl.. ':1!1 II !ita ~ma. ~Rslr~qia para to~o~ir ~arls de regI9'r~~ RO tQPO da ~~~hi. chamlda PUSH. e ourra ~arl rltlr'-~IS, cblmalilli POP. P~r ellmpll. ~mI91~' que 0 ~~r HL tQ~tlnha ~ ~~mira 1BBfH ! q~1 0 r~9lstrQ SP clfttenha 'ft6mera IIXXH ..

A ~nstru,i~ PUSH Hi t~~Dca 0 ~Dntl~dQ ~a reS il'9 1f'!II H( UiH)' n: m e lu1 e r II' 0: 01 )( )!XXH-l (SP_i'1:~ iIlI iii ra·51 II s t nil L nliOI ellil~er lI:c:m '1()l1()(,H-2' (6IP-2). [lililm ,I SSG a rlll:!!1 II stili' aSI!" ~ ,iI'S!i ·aa II nl,tili ~ c. ill II' 'X)! 1()lIH-2' ~ IOlb 5" rv II 'iii U' I! I!' S S a i n'st rill Q: iii 0 •

iI'SIS, im IlIII 1'1'1 IiII iii lUll.. n:illllli a I tl ra '1iI1 P!!I11Ii' Hb. ·ann8JS eop I a

s~~s ¥a~or~s na memir~i. ~~a vet ~~pI8dos. ,.demos ut~~~zar H e L pari o~tras rtR~II~~~15 I. f8~tQ ISge. ID'II t er ,die V'IlII U~ 51(1'5l1lnll 1909 '¥·!U lo·r alS, jflS1zl~dQ PO, !rilL.. II! 5P vo~,~~, I Indtcar XXXKH. Essas i~stru~i8S s6 fu~c~oru~m ,IFI Pires de regl~'rlsJ ~Qci ~io ~~.! fallr PIU,SH BUI IPO,P IE, par illilli:IBmlill'D II Nmt Ell qLle. dilill'ill a 51 tuaCiD ~R~C~!~. au slia. ~Ot15 ~I '~l~r 0 PUSH (5P - X)()(I(H )1, s e: 1m VIZ ,till! PU:S~ 11111.. t ~ ds 5 emlil sf eJ I' tllli "UI" tilL. ~ ~Qftte'~o ~G ~ar NL siria plr~~d~ I s~~5tlt~r.~ pe10 QIiI8 Iistl vesse nlil~!i blr tn XX)(XHI~· Ir 19 i sttr!ll L ]11(J()I)lJI1Ifll ~. III' 1!I:!iI II stl!' IiII H'I. pas5!1n,dlllllfi,P :a I, nd I~ t:i8IrKKK)(Iti!t2 ,.

.B'YIE

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I :BF
11,
,
I

I~ Asslm ~oml ro~s loops FO~/NEX'. q~ln~~ C~!Dtamus ~m ~Q~P de~trl d~ oultu. ~U~~I~OS 9'm8~~lft'eS ~e~em 5tf t~mados ~uando fllermas ~"ios PUSHs. '6r-

t a In t iii, S '8 1/:11il1 C I, if 11.11 r' PWJSHI IHII. IB,IS 81 !II UJ Ilr, PLiSH IB'C,

Q~lm fi~ar' no topo dl p~lha slri I par 8C. l~~D. ~ar~ t~r as ¥a~ores Grl9lna~s de volta, ~Iei deve faze~ It'r Ilm.1I jl r'lll PID' B,G I. 'liIe'lll' III I a, ,P'OP' i'lL. Se 'il'O'I!l~ ll5,QIUII!I:c.l:r ISIB Inv~rsio. ocorr~r' Im~ tro~a. au seJa. a qUll esta¥~ AI P~f HL PBS5~ para iii ~~r be e Vltl-YUrSI. Oa m,nm'lI flDlli'lml. n !tom 'um (jm I In! PUSH 111 urn ~In j'lila P'OP vO~I~; Irrar as plrls. ~mr I~emplo. PUSH Hl I. a SI9~~~. POP BG. iii qUI estl¥i mo par Hl slr~ ~a~~~~~ no par 8~ CD que ~quw.~~e I 1azer lD D.H e LID C.LJ.

~ mu1to ~mp~rtaat8 que, 11m ~m gragrama ~m IL IlliIguigem de fIII:6'!!I!!U' ~ !iii. a ml!lmll!"!II1 de IPO'Ps ·5'8 jl ill I gu,llIl ,ilia InIQm:e'u!1 de IPU5ti1S. IP"I!II ~ ~ 0 I' n 'tillir pili' ,·tal!ll!llf' g'g,1I r 01 ill ill 191:11n5 ~a~o~es import~n1~s ~D STA~K I ~e 10 dl,oJ~lf 0 coma~~I da m~~ra. ho~v.r I~guma a~fere~;1 0 rntarprl'~dG' ,Odl pe,de, 0 emn'ro~, o~r~~~RI~-m I dar um RESET OU I d"I1~5 ~ ~!llilllI' el I Hair ell R1!6IQilll na •

- (11 .llrtAcK P~H N"fllil d'lI¥,!:! tn como !5I1JIU ¥'ill ,I~III' in i-

tlaJ um endereco ~Im ~o '1m d8 mQ~'r~1 para e~~'ir ~~, I'S ,ul j)IQi'ilIs emp I I' Ihi! Id 10'S, at i m j ,am lOIS, .P' r .., g Ir am,a s. As: 5, 111m, pi 01' IUI'Om,!! I! III', !i,e S!P "" GUIIHI ill! t I 1111 rm'lil'!i, 111'1'11 IU'l!Iglr,!lma 'qu I! te:!'I'm,il n.illlm ICI8i18B:!1I tam mil ~!i; de 28 PIJSHs, al[ltes ql~.III1 h,31.~ ill POP. o SF ~a!SSIlI I lod I e,ll r Ii' I.BI,I iiie5 d,e me:mimlr Ii I IMld,! ,e'S t,j IIlI f~m 61 prGgrama. Pmrtanto. ,a~i ~sti~i iltlfa~jo 0 S~~ pri,r~a pli'Ggrlma. iii q~1 poder~ a~a5~I~illl' eO~5Iqutnt~a5 nio dlslj6vlls ... fum belm q~ldro ~e Irtl m~d1rna. ~~r

IXlm~lo). 0 Y~IDr ~n~ctll dO SP f~cl I cargo ~~ prm!fBmB Intlrpr'ta~~r.

- (sria a~rlsentadQI na f~gu,a 5.3 as c&~~SQS

da, i~stru~5Is PUSH ~ PCP.

IINSTIRU!;iO , C611l) III GO, I

PIJISIM A.f F!!jijl

IPU51~ DIG: CiSH

PUr5~ ne [ISH

PUSHI MIL IE:5H

F11H CUi DUi IE11H

P'(ilP' AF IP'GIP BiG IPIOiP DE POP HL

o par Af , ~m par ,ec~lllr q~, .~ pede sir IU t I I Inlilo po r IiIICiI'5 il Qi'lill de PUSH e IPDIf' ~ '111111 CIl1rI$ta Idl le~m~I~~mr I do r,g~s'ro f. ~U8 c~nt~m as f~ag~ ~entre 1!III,II5 I j dl COlnflit i Idil' f II as 11118 CARRV). Is lns t r UIciiies P'LIISH I!II IP,Il:!" 111 i m II t uam II' f I a 9 elllI CAR'R'Ii"

Para ellmp~lfitir, s~PG~ha q~1 ~Iei quelra samar 25 n~m'r~ ~~e fai ~iSiadQ tom~ parimetra 5~m 11 I' rieur Iql!J'nhluml IUIUI'hiG IrllHI !'SUIDi, um mesmlo 101 lI'eg I str'iIlIl A aS9im. VOt~ dQ~e ~sal~ar~ I, 0 Q~I ,~~e sIr fl~t

lu:s,alndoPU16H iF. Piillrr taln filii, iii istaflzllHCll1!m~ mo'!!! t ra

r' i gltilr,a ~ _tq.

Hb'lllRiJ!! '5.4 - Sa!lil prlllSi~r~Im'C'1iI '0 ilclI .. l~m'.1ikI" ~ a fliUI de tf,l~;'~.

CII!,0. E~ PIJiSi.;j Ii'lL
Icea:1 F5 pUSH fiF
c:e'Q\~ 2'tll"tU'·,j;!' LP !i1L ~!f!iF7F,BIH
!b:!'\"!'e':':i if! IL~ A .' '0'11. ~
C'OiI,6 C6i~ IAI~[I' Ai •. :!19M
ce'eB 77 LEI' C i'lL ) ~ ~I
C: •• 9 ,23: INC: ifilL,
~.e,'" 7f: !..o It!! r (: Hi- )
c,IJ,e. I~E.B'0 A'DC' IA ~ 01
CiteD 17 ui~ ~: I-U. ~ ~ !il,
!!:leoitl:E PI. P'QP Af'
ce0F lEi IPOP H!..
t:'e<:!i..'i{I' I!;,? RE;1f ~ 'IiIO IIJ 1, y,a Ii L ~'EI

't lOp g, !iii", IPi ~ I'HI

• ~,I!! 11 y~. ,AI!"" n"",

t I!1IPC! ClIO!. P I~ .~ ho;i ~.P!!lht iIj HI!.. pa,r-';!I" ,a bYrt e I,"-!!;I:g:

'~'c,., ... 'i".,gra, DI ',",,,,.~,g!," 'Em AI

~iI.~ ii !:: i aln _ ,iil:5 '.'1111 I!i fCb~DC~ a reBuilt th~ 'E'~, IF 7'!""ElItfl ~':!!!P'lgiTII It: aHiL p,~!T"' iI

Ill! 1"'1. 't: 'E' H'SI!

I. C;;IiI!'"'jf'ei!:;!j 10 ""it il, 011"' ,E!'1ti #!Ii

~".aIMa G 'i::l!iR:RY' ."[;:'!DI,JI D€;a ~, !"1!i:'~'U It ,:i!Jdlp E11n F7lfBH

~: i"1!:Cll!.l!:08·F~ Ij!!If ~'l"eC::·YFC!'"~ MIL

P~rceba q~e ~em a flag de CA~R' seri ~~t~rad~ ape~~r da Insrruci~ IDO. ~~~s ~iZi~d~ PUSH Af ~~ci ~sat~@u~ ~ val~r ~D ~mum~Jador e de tad~s as If I ~!U.

18 flHlsmlill Imil 'UI il r!ll 'ql'UI e f! 6 Slut II II ~ :II: amlB S; I)!S,IiIUI-

ItQS ~ir.& ~e reglslro$, ~~d~m~s fiZ~~ ·CQ~ta5n ~Qm a ~~Rt~~do ~e Sf QU ~ar~lgar valares no m~5ml. A55Jm~ lemos IS ~~st~~~~IS~

bID! S!P' •. CUIiI:li

lD'5IP. t IIiInIll !IIr'IBIIC 1111 )1 lO {ender.,o'~S' ,

, AID'D IMIL. SP IDG HiL •. S' SIC; HL •. 5IP liN' :SP DIE' Sf

f9H '~'15,1I:1 II uf r'Il!'!j:ia,!lil' 1P!l!Illrm I te

c6p~a d~'.t3 de ~G blfsl 81H t 2 bltls .~r~ ~ dado ED7BH • 2 bltls .a~1 G dado E073H t 2 bItes p~rl Q dado ISH

IEII),ji!,AlH

m7',~

9~~

91BIH

Estas Iln'stll'lIl;alS 'sall!ll bilstlilltli!l nelll!! e 101!!l,1 Plrcl~I~' Isso eam 0 tempo. P~r~ ellmpJ~f~tlr. 9UPQn~1 ~Ut voci quelra pemm~tar QS ¥I~~res dOe rtllstros D I E s~m a~'lrlr ~Inhum outro r'9~$tro; O~Slf'Q na flg~ra !iii. 61 •

'V' x: I
D E I IE PIlllSHI Of IDS HI

PIUSI!iI DE IDiEitl1l

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i· , ., . -_' III" ., , .•. J

IPOP' DE (5')

'Y X,

D E

o 61iimo INC SP i ~ite55'r~o para fazar eam q~1 0 5P vl~te I sew ¥a~or ~rlglnal. Va~ts tistar esse ~rotedlmen'l. Elecute I pt0grama ~a f~9~ra 5.B ,UI tro~a 0 valar d~ bJte LSB CGm 0 M5B.

fIGURA: 5.8 ~ P\e:fll:!h, ,dip 2 bll~€~.

~e'9.3 IE'5 [:>09,"" E'5 [:8,05 33' C8'0,6, IE 1, ,ce0.7aa t.,9:a ,:;):2F''1F'7

PUSH IPUSH I~C POf' INC ~D

Hb ~ ,( eFr7F'EiIH ~ ,~; II: ;!!jlt'" Ii" ~:iIii c;io MIL ~ !:II.

ID ua11Dr

Mil •

Hl .'

~H' ; 1: roc'. 1'1 c; CilIiII IL

HI.. ~

5P .'

('t!Jf"7!"'9H) .11'111.. ; ,"Ecuper:. ,1:1 v.,~ ,Dr

niLiIj, l~elll'O 1If' Ii ,iii

Ilstl 0 ~r'9rima ~a5,a~~G. como p,rlmetros. nl!limll!l rills eml hie x al!li 8 III I ma m IHill tiS' 118'5 '~amb:eJ!'ll1l saO III rlmi;ll 2 !lIln a~15 n~ 'Grm~ i~t,ira. G~aml a ro't~a da Slgu~nt~ m~n,eira.

PRINT HEXffi(USR(n~M~rg')

O~tra utl~~~ide do SP ~ permitlr a ~tIIIZ8- ~il de 5ub-rotinas em linguaeem . dl M~qulnl~ Y~r'm~5 ~"~ m~ls ~~Ia~t, neste mesml CI,rt~lo.

DEBUIOB ABSOUUTOS E RELAT~UOS

o PC (Prlgram C~lnter ~ Co~tad~r ~e pr~~r~m~' ~ Qutra ro!~strQ inler~Q dl la bits qUI ni~ pmde ser ~ivldo e (~ja r~n~~1 t ~~~icar I~ mlcroprO~'S51~G~ 1m qUI ~ndere~o ~~ mlm'r~~ ~18 devi ~b~5c~r~ a ~~5tru~~G em Lln~~age~ de M~qU~rui. Assfm. ijl fller~

D£F USR ~ IHC000 ~ PRINT USR (0)

o Ii um.!! rllli !:IU ViI'r ~I lin I II!! ~51e1U t II Pl~ sao illrmue:~

nad05 ~05 ~I~~re~os ~a~rio e 1m ~e!u~~~ 0 p~ ~ c~,~eSide com Cee0H , Q mitr~.r~c~ssad~r e~ec~ta a ~~str~~io mo Inderec~ Ce8iH e J~e'emenla 0 valor ~~ PC ~m ~6merG de vezes q~~ eorrl.,~~de ao n~mer~ de ~rtes ~a Instru~io ~ari siber a 1~~lreqo da pr6xima Inslr~~i~ i !l,e, plr Ol1llIe:s:s,al~ 11. P'lillirr IUI!I!I1P' l~ 1]1. se a IP r ~llIJlie Ilr aJ I nst r u~h fO, to a.A ,~e tem 1m ~yte. Iia slr~ ~xe(~'ada e PC ~a5sar' i Imdlear CBI~H; ~I i se9~n~a ~nstr~,i~ for

LD 1.2 CZ b,les). ela serA e~e~~ta~~ 8 PC ~~~~car' cte~H~ e a.stm p~r dlante.

Voei~8ve t~r ~a'~~. ent~o qUI se ~~~Irmos iIIl ~t II r-a r (I 'lira I (I r IdlD PIC: hi riemllle: IJ1 ,meSilla' '8f'I ~ lttu, gl III !!!I ,~I ~ us t rU~~I!lI 'GOTO 10m fUtS II G I Mill'S il emb11i' e:-se qlu,eem L Ii 1lI19!.WaJ!em d~ H'~ijl~a ~ia temo~ ~tiqU&tiS numerad~s ~~fl I~ I 11'1111 ill 5, dll ,p'r Ol!) If am,s I!LP,D H a ~ hi. ,d III UJ:!1'015:llr p ar II e!'nl dlelr e'!;i,glrei ,dll 11l'Ulim~'1' 11111 (mlu I t'ilI CUI I dado llIe V'!! SIU' teinada III illr a roi, ~rm~5 pDrll ~ mlio !!Ie ~mi iI'l5tr~~~a). Assim. tlmas ;ell i nl'S'~ r u !;:iio' .!lIP (Jl.lmp i:silil Ie ~. FIlii r e IIlm'l!) 1111. JP 'HJeli8lilIH Q~rr!9~r' p~ com a Im~e~e~o C900H (sem. ma tn'a~t~,

i II'Illlr IHrUl I1Ita-11!I1 J' I 0 mll~ err IiIlp r olces'S a,do'r '''peI1il5i1 ria"' qlU!!

(a)'1J18111 e '[I Iinlal!!'rr n:g iCI!! P'Ii' 6'( i ma II nsf r u 1;5m do p rag f' iI:llllill.

N,le qU~ 91 l~ve~m~5 um prlgr3ma como mastril

i fi9~ra 5.9 . -

FlGl!fRA 5. 9- ~ [i SUi] i zi:liio liIe Ilelldr i liI.,j

cee,a Hi eIlUI,:[ H CB'iB2 IH CIB03 H C;1€l04 H C0e15,191 c !!'Ull 6 1-11 C0B? H' C see IH

I : liNe [A

~ ~roM~vll ~U8 "colsas estran~as- acofiteeam, ,o~s es tamos I Indo iCllilm .liP '8m,ea'H 'ilrill I.iJIll 1!l:lndle r,ee 0, qIU[Q Wlio e a ~ome~a ~e nenhum~ instru~~o. I a mjcropro~essa~ijr. ffi~1 sa~lnda ~~ss~. I~tt~tir' fi~rmBRte ~ o~~em e len'ar~ Inlerpretar 3 m~mbrla CeaSH (nujo eo~te~d~ ~ 69H) tama a ~Imel;~ de ~ma ~nstru~ia~ I que c~rtame~IB C8~~ar~ ·tOI~i' m~!~ea~~J

tI. j !HI iii !.!5i1!1rII!liO I!lI II II e,ml'! ~ CI ,allil hi f lor. V'jU11l1lIS s~lb:!ltitY!r Q ~O"Q ~U~P~p~r JP ect&eH. Veja q~l. i,~sir dl agora ~SSI '~dlr~" '~2Ir ~'n'~~o ~c~bamo5 dl crlar um- Jeep l~fl~lto. ~e ~~dl ~ MS. ~ ~c~ s~lr~ De. m~sm~ USi~~B C'Rl~Slrnp. 0 6~~c~ r~m~i~D- 'i~slii~r I ~~~p~tador. ~~ us~r 0 W4RM S'~RT.

1(1 c6d i gO II:UI ~ I1Ist'lrl.l~ioJIJ,MP e ~

JP end~r~~Q C3H. 2 b~tes para endere,a eu. U5an~a 0 I~dlreeo da~o ~I~~ par HLr

JP CHL)'

cod i so 11[911"1

,Ne hI 'illllu,a algo ra f jl ca' C ~ 1U O. PO r'~IU Ill. iilil ~,II'I fie

~al~ca~m~s os m~'miR~eGS e Stu. si~~~m5. dlVlmas c~IGliHIr' 1tt illl'IiIlUm 051 i(! 101:1 .ere!;: 'III 5 d 0 ~ (1m I!'IUI IiII e: cada ~! n s itt UI QiilB • pois ~Wes, aJim de mastrat8m O~~, ~~~~~8r var~'vels. 'f,:!Hl i~ m Uam iii lisa €I as ~ I'IstnuO;!1j,,8S de JUMP I Po r t.an tOI. U! j al ~omo ~ ~mJGrtintl sab!~ ~~altQ5 brre& I&m tada ~.s'r~'i~ ~ara pGdermos ~col1ltar~ ~~rt~ 0& e~der'e~s ...

. IlJmiill cut r a ~ IiIlstr lI(l:io Ide "s,a, ~ UI" iil1 i m i ~ ar a J,.,

~ ,iI JFI (J'U'[I]IIll' ,Re I,a till (! ::. sa I to r ,e jl U ~ VIlli), fs!sa III nlstr UI~iB slgnlflca HSalte lara .rente m~ ,ari tr~5 ~m ~etermlnaaij ~im.r~ d~ ~r.e~~ 1127 para frel1lte ou 128 par~ tri~ n~ mix.mGI}. s'm'~~e 0 I~mlra ~~~o ao In~lreOQ Im~diatemenl, ~p6$ 0 f~~11 da 1~'tru;iQ. Asslm. JR 8 ~~~ t~m ift~t~ ~e~h~m. dR 1 ~pular~Q o'pr6xlmo ~yle. JR 2 "P'Y i ar,it'" 0,9, do 19 ~rhllmes bytes e 855 im par ,iii II' illite~ Noyam~nte. e~idad~ ~Irl ~iQ ~a~r ~o mIla ~e '~liIls'tne;6es !

lDI 4,2

L I}I Hl " 3;45

IIN,C: 1I

~IP e GII!U!lISH

.

10 cUI i gO de IiII ii. 1 BH t 11 blJte pa ra 10' ,hdol. S~rgl agari uma pergunla* e para H~u~iru PiF~ tf~57 Devlmas lIsar ~~meros n8tit~~~S' Cam, rep~e- 5!urU-1 a'55'~' Clilillil 8"5 e' ~"51 J.:I Ih·ill! r iii mllills, IlIltili n'D' ca'lll' i ~ lul~ 9. q~ind~ ~alamas na s~btra~ia. ~ue I,Camas ~elK~' os p6m,",s "8981i105 Plra mars larde~ chasau a h~rQI Na Vir~a~8 'tu~~ uml Q~estiG ~, c~~veml~Ot I!at~ ,I filer p ra ta ID,S, 8 IiIllts ~,e uml Ires I s t fitl 'INlmIOI I lUI -'ii:lilnll ~ ,e r I:

O~ voei si ~.~il em n'mtr~$ p05Iti~o,. u~de va~i ~IdeU r ,e,. flu,.enUIIl d~sdl9 ijl 81 tie' 25'S. ID:U '1'OI.dllle~5'i!I 'em Ii 6rn,efOS ~o5ltlv05 e fte9ali~D5. pode~do Inti~ represantat Idlu,dle --1 ~,B~!I t i~12:] i not,!! !!I'IU! COlrlt I IIH.lamsu dl,G ,2:56 rli:lme- 1'1!lle II 1 .•

A CfiRuBn~io usada em llngQIglm de M~quina , ,iI n!llU I~ lite.

- niilms:1I'1J1 ZU"G,j

- nGmeros pg51'~VOS~ ~Q 911888S1B aU81U H~UI

( nlilme ra +1 ,I el~~' ~ m'~mllru t H!t') ftlH

n~mlros n8~ar~v~s~ po~ue ~ n~mlro ~~9~livo torraspondante om b]Airlo. fr'~~~ 0' e's ~~W~S 1"s ~ s~mB um aD rl§umtadll ~Pode p~r~cer. , ,r~m~i,a vista. ~ma tonvtn;iij meio s~m se~tld~. ma~ sa vo~6 a~sum dla Istu~lr ~rof~~damlnle Q llngua~em ~e M~qU~~8. en te n,d'e r,~ a nlfllt~gfim Id jl S,5,Qi I) Po ru: Imp III !ill. para 1!!IIb till r II' n6Imen!' ~2 ;

92 ~ eeee SSteD

~IU IlnvutUllS........... 1U-m ~uln

t, Hli

11'111 111'81,8,

-2 = FEH

Vllei PI~~ abler ~ repr8s8Rla~i~ dos nDmBros negatluDS ccm 0 progr~m~ da fi9ura 5.11.

FIGlJR~ 5,., U ~. R:epr,~;,tlnlt ~dD he'lQ.de;c: illi. d~ nd.ero~ "IHat i vu~.

, I '1'0 120

• I 30 140 e I ':'Jill

FOR L = -1 TO -128 STEP -1 POKE &IHFIF.cA IHI . L

PRINT L,H ••• £;HEXI'PEEKC&HFFCA» NEXT l.

EN,[)

De qUB~qu~r form~. para f;tj~~t~~ vamos apr.senta, uma tabela tfigurl 5.12~ tom I~ n~mero5 nlgatlvDS dl -1 a -128.

'Irl uttllz'-~i" JU~ti 0 ~r!~to da Iloba ~m~~lo~t~W cam I ~r9lto dl ccl~na Ut~t~Clt_ Por IXBm,~~~

-55 !;! ,eliH" 1"2,11

-78 Iii ID2,H ;: t178

Prist. bam ~~en;io agot~1 a instru~i~ JR Slmplrtt'll soma 0 ilia dildo II en:dle'ri!ti;:o do PI' Ilmll' FIIi blJt,!! qUI fl~a ap65 u t'nm~no da ~nsl,ucio (~Qm ~~ml~os po!~ti'os 0 rB~i'Gfft~Q , f'c~~ e ji fol mlnc~onado; 10m

76

n6m~rl' negatlvos vlci simpre dey, subfra.r ~Dls ~ mats dQ ~~e parl~1 i ~'Imelrl vJs11. POl5 JR ~ uma ~~stFu;io de 2 ~ytlsJ. Asslm~ fizer a in5trD~50 JR -2 CdR erEH) 5lgmlflca fazer um loo~ infinitt~D. ~ols.uoci ,sfl" Slmprl v~fllndD 8Q c~m~~o dlla mesms. Vela um IXlm,m~ d~ como usar eorrlt~m'Rtl JR ~om n6meros ~egativos~ s~.D~hl q~1 ~Ici teoha a ~~str~~i~ no In~lr OIU CIIlUI2-H e d8'5·llj a ·IIID II fiUI PUS a e IIIli81l'eI'O G,llei"l; a: Ii1I ti iii I C002 JR· --4 i £I:IIF' [;H .'

FIGURAl 5.12 - iIhlAN'OS M!!Jilt i ViliS, d'e i b,lIh.

1 D [I e B A 9! II [I
-833 -t~9 -065, -e8~.i -:191 -H3
-834 -tS.t) ~8&6 -982' ~ler9a -11t
""135 -8S,1 I ,-&6.7 -883' -m -U5
~113,6, 1 "'iS2 -f~ 11"'\1141 I-ue -U6,
I
-8'37 ~e:5J -1169' -ISS II-lltU -U7 I F l-tlll -'1117

D -e'9!3 ~1~i'V ~~, .1-_e2~~e~'~~r-~r-~~~~~~~ B: -U5 -'2~

I iii 1"816 -922 -838 -«141 -e7Q' -9& -1'1,2 1 -~ '8· 9 -4tl "'\23. -139 l-e55, 1_'aJ~. !-881 ~

B -U81 -t2.~

-i!;"31 1 "'tB~ '-:l,eS -l2~
-111]"4 -jei91~ -u& -,~.22 >6 .. Ill -826,

,

§ I"'U

4 -In -ftB "11-11
3 -113 -829 -'>45
I 2 -'11,', -1111 -646
I -1'2-11,8 -"4 !-UI ~i 26

t, [-eI15 -131 ~8'7 -863, ,.,8'1' -895; ~Ui -121'
,
.' -II&' -132 -:ttl -1&4 -181 .... 96 -U2~ -i2S DESVIOS CONDIC~ONAIS

As instru~~e5 dP 8 JR, ~sadas dlsta m~o'i'i sia chamada5 sallas in'ORd~ci~~~is. A55im como I BASIC a ~n~tr~gi~ 6010 II~h~ b~stante ,gd~r S~ ~~ad ju~tam~nle tIm a ~nstrl~io wF/THeN, temos ~m li~g~igem iii II! mjlQU Iina ,iI II f)O 18,''11 iii II va 1I,II'n till ~ 5slh)'s, C'lJIl'lilIllC 110 niaJ t s. ot! sah. "'sal' til - ae (lcorrelr um,1I Id'UIII COllie! I cio CIOtmil ruu wtalol ,diel lImal '0 l)II3i II' ado"'. Emlilo 1'1 I'Ilim ten~;amOI's ,a m'!;ISII1HII fllllbl •• dade qUI 0 IF/THEN. bi quafrl c(ltndl~ies ,UI pmdlm SI, testadas usando JR e o~to USiD~O JP _ Duas dill! 91 bas"am ~I CftRRY. ~51.t. " a CARRY for 1~ I ~s8ltl 51 0 CIRft' for zlro~.

J~ C~dado (38H~1 byte para dadD)

(Jump Relative if Ca~rg = 1)

JR NCtdado (30H+l byte par~ dado)

(Ju~P Relat.ve i¥ N~ Ca~~y) JP C,endere~c (0DAH~2 b~tes para endBFe~a) JP NC~end~reco C0D2H+2 b~tes para end~r8~D'

',rl pod~r antender as ~utras condl~~e5. VIm" antes '9t~~ar urn POI~O ml~s 0 ,eglstra dIS f189~ CF) ~U,. ~'mo sabsmos. fern 8 ~Its. senda Dm deles par~ ln~~Glr a '~a~ ~e CARRY.Vemos a!ara ver m8is algUmas f 111118.

Tem05 urns fmag de par~~ad' (PI que ass~nil~ 68 , nQmlP~ ~e 11 au ts ~G acumu.~dgr ~ plr (EVEN) O~ fmpa, (ODD} ap6s 9'et~ada Ima ,~ereeio 16g~e3 (ver apiodlce 2~.A99Im tamas,

.. JP

(0EAH ~ 2 byt~s para 'B'liId er eG: 0)

(JumP ~~ P~r~ty is Even) C0E2H +-2 byte$ para li~l'Idere,r,;;o, ),

(JumP if Parity Ie Odd)

JP

tl.I,Am d i 'S tIO., essa m'lISlmal f l:ag] SIS r V II Ii!! a r ill t15-

tar S8 hOUVI OVERfLOW (fla9 OJ.que s~ria ~ma 8sp'cil de el,1iIIII Y' pa ra qlu·a n,dllli t ralli iii II 'h 11'1'1'1.1115, Ci:om liflluml81'11,lS, PillS, I t I VI:I' • Risativas. Erntretanto e~a , apema9 urna fWag de alarmi. ftia ,erm.t.~~1 Idlnt~l~clr -qUil ~ resultado ream (eomo era possfvel ~om 0 GARRY Isanda ADC au SOC). De ~ato. ~~In~~ ealculamls ~s8~do a Ctn~en~~o dl n6m.'~5 negltivos. PQdem ~aver tro(i9 a~.~lntaI5 dt 9~ftl~S, ,or Ilemplo. se vle@ s~maf 44H, ~~e' po'itIY~. CBm

~4H, q~1 'am~~m ~ pos~t~VO. ~0~@ obteri BEH. ~u, , ~e9atlvo. POiS Igora a m~l~r namlro p05itivo re~risen- 1'41 'Ii\' e I s:m I!ilm h' I '~' e: ,e 12'1 f7'FIIHII L N,I)I't 6' Ii iii e !lac ii t ,ar" OVERfLOW mas nio CARRY = 1. ~ols usa~do i ~~nyen~~o de n6meros apenas p~~~tj~os. Ista soma PtO~U2 C~RRY ~ 8. De'ta forma. ass a ftag f~n~iona ~e rnan~lra qUI dP PE

laiUI ! va let amb 81m, ill ,JUMP'. 5,el hi 0 II!I II e OVERFl 0,1,. !!I JIP PO

ICiIluv~lt!a JUMP, sa: naol bOllJlve O\l'EFIFLOW;,. Nio U~S~II S~~~0 f~latjllQ uSlm~Q e~SI flag ~Iml c~ndl~iu. NQII ,~e p" sef uma flag dupli. alg~mas Instrueies B are.am cGmo ~Ind~ P (par~~I~ej I oulras tom~ 0 ( O\l'IER flOW']'.

Dutr~ flag' I l. qUI ~nd~c~ SI 0 resu]t~~G ~, uml IPera~i~ i ZifO. As,jm. temos~

JIR Z .dado ~JR, NZ ~ (hula

.. JP Z" end€reG:o

(28H + i b~te para d~do) (In,UI1Ql''' Re 1 i\'t .~ ve H'l'€ir'C) (20H + 1 byte para dado) (~ump Relat~ve N~t ZerD) (0CAH + 2 byte~ para

en d eo I/" IE'~ 0 )

(0C2H + 2 bytes par~ '~n d eel'" ~G; ,~,)

A 6~ttm~ flag que estudaramijs nests G,prt~l~ ~ UIiI'I:iil '.1 al de's i nil Oi L 'lillie tiJIMb,em 's6 tern SI,liIt j,d,o eml sIr ~sadi ~~Indo ut~~~llmos a co~ven~io de Rlmeros nlgatlv05. D~ssl forma. ¥oc~ padl ~s;.ta," d"eR~endo do resultado dB [ma QPlra~i~ ~v~r apin~~ce 2) ser mesatlYO 01.1 pO'S Ii t Ii '1111.

(0FAH + 2 bytes para en d ,~,W" e(i: 0 ),

CJlllllmP if' 111 i flUS)I (0F2H + 2 b~tRs p~ra e Iil(jh~' r ~ G: 0 )

(Ju"u~P P ~ l!.Il.s)

As "ass e~5~nidis at' igora ~stia .ocal~zadas ~, "918tro f como mostr, i flgurl 5.~3 .

O'In! i ,::Im'lI,n 1!:'1lI IS I R'!i't r uleolel$: de ,dUMP iliaCi a hi tam

nen~uma flIS~ ma5 note que~llora. nio ,odemas nos ~releUPIV semente cnm a f~a~ ~e CARRY I Para cada Instrucio. d"em~5 sablr p,e~isam'~tl quats fl~IS si~ Ifetadas. ~or Ixemplo. is Instruci,s de tD nio afetam

79

In 1!u1 1'1 I.Im,j!I f I ,!!9 18 n, lns h'IIU, Iii". '5, dlill 611m. SUO,. IDC S: :S'B:C afetam todes as fWI~s. PruCdraremos. na med'da dm pos- 5iull. 'x~~tear as fllSS Iletadas 51mprl que falarmls IIm, al,:!II!ma 10'51I'ull;:io; IRIO 1&I'lltinto. cOlndms,ii'mp'Ui uti 1111- zar ~ a~ind~ce 2. que poss~t uma tabl~1 com todas IS ~~strutiei. s~~s ~6dl~OS beladlc~ma~s 8 as flag, afetaCias '. 'G,atlll ,aqlJ 1 Ium'al BbsfH'V,a'lji(J1 1lir:I'lIP'OiIii' tanh! 'qU &nih is, lostru~6es dP ~ JR, as Instrueils ~p. por ~5~rlm e~dlre~05 ab~D~utO$. tim a desvantaglm de a eA~ereeo d8~lr sam"e ser rlcalcula~D 'UI~do ~oo~er I~!~ma mod~f~cl~iQ no I~gar em qoe ~st' 0 prDgram~. Assim~ 51 VD~i fiver 1m programB & partir do Indere~o ClleN I ~u.$er tolot'-Io i part.r do IndarlGo GleeH todos 05 lodere,OS JUMPs tlriD ~I Ilr aCl'esc~dQS de 181. msto nio a-

'cigofeco Clllim 'liS JIUMPs 1"10. at I V05 (JR). fat'IiJ' e~rhJ ClIIiIIIOS

tornl flcllmeftt, re.oe'veI5. -

lSi z II p [;1
I :;.." Ie
) 0 5 - S I 'G'N ,( 1 IUllsat I vo l 'I ,IIHI)S I t I VIiI l' l ~ lIE'RD [I nr 0 I 81 R'ot' !ell' n ~ -

P/O - PARmlY I DVERfLOW ~1 Evant e Odd) C - CARRY'

Ap8pas para ~lmp~ltar as Lnstru,ies com n~m'e rllil'!! RIII!U ill VIOISr. ap r"II's,ulhr amos a II n'Str Ulcio INE'G. !I,UI muda 0 ,inal ~I n~m~r' ,UI e~t' no BcUm~~a~Gr (51U G6- ,d il91'III 'EIiM4H, )1. 50, :YO C i! q]1J11 Sir. IIJIIJ r iilllli3lll og I a A's 01111'111 ~ II II ns'tii'UI!;:iie:s, cham'~ 1,8 de INEG A. n,b hii p r OlD !!emil. nIOl 1:10510 . uso. IElntrUll'lta" ~a,ra 11150 com 1I1r"1!I1U'jI,mIS qUle: t rUu j!JIlm ,au b!lm il, it ~ t: arllle III hI 'iIIlS, Imrle1mil'n i 'C~'!i IP,8 I' ill es del i gO' h 1I,!I;,ldII,C: Illmalll S (plr Og r,am8IS' ,ISSfMBtEFI). e' COIDV8111 i 'II !I t 8 U i;a r ~ tormato padrgn~zadl. 01.1 51jB. NEG.

Ex"uta 0 ~r09rama da Ilgura 5.14 •

flOOR' 5.!c4 _, Exe 10 d'! !,ISD dll' NEG.,

LID '!\lIED ILD' Uti' LID 1I:1i:1i

,( flF7F'I!JH') • til AI.2 ('11"-6631-11) •. A

~ c.,.r,~g. ii, ,co., I!.,SfI ~ 1 n",",E.-tll G .lln.'l II!c.'rrESI~ IHSEI r.n'grM~ ~ar~.v~~

mnttilh"Q,

C;'0e~ 3AFOF,7 C;'.lIIJ'3 IED'44, 1[;9'0'5 3,iO!';li'" ElF,. Icees' 3£'.2 Ce;eA 3263F,", ceel:') C'9'

88

PRINT HEX! CUSR (aH3?') ¥\!Ji(;@ ,(1111''111'1' iii !!!bt~ r ,camlll !Ii' Ito,r'lna t C9'37'

NoI, q~e CSH "~lv~11 a -37M usamdo a ~ola~iQ de ~6m'r~s RI~~ti~g5.

tom,o, y,olci: d8¥ e '~alli' i:'!ot',aClI!!!. n as Ii nstr 11lI,;i'IiS ,d'i sa'tQ eon~i~~~na~ n&~ sUb~~~~imo9 i fra~~1 r"~~t~du ~I ~ma Qpera~~Q. De fatlil~ os dUMP's tQnd~t~BAals funC 1llIlnJii.ml SlBI. allil ttlS" a ~ !Jjllm,a a~'B r a, i;l, iii iii I fltOIU as, 'fl ags ,UIiIIII UlIid'lIl1'l'U' nit Ill. Po r 'i!II.!I'i!lm,p I! III " ,liIih ill,llIl ~ illirt ill ea f' r"I:!J iU' iii ia,cum~ ~I ,ad,o r !HDm III clll~t'!liIl'!!I'u' dill a ISIlIIII1I r I!ill stro Q U ,111111 ,memo,r I :a 1.I.l.Imlse!l]ui Cli. gn r'II' I' usa r adU~ cllIlld lei (I n ill I! liIaseado n~ cQnt~6~Q dO a~ijmU~~Qr. 1'5~ ~~mple5mlnte ~tllizari, ~iri testes. i$ flass da 'f'~ma ~I~ra~ia qUI fol 111- tU~da i~t~s d8$$8 carrSgamBn'~. Logo. $1 VOtij guer ~&amt~rP ~~,a al9~m p~nto (C92eH,. bisla~l. PllIr e~lm~ia. n~ lata ~e um dete~ml~a~a a~~ere~o eonte~ G ~6m8- ra Zirt n~o idla~ta fazer 0 m~slri~e na figura 5.15 .

1::.10"0' SoI'!!:II: 01(::01 LID

C'.~:32:IU P .JFI

~ss~ i v'ltd~ para tl.~S ~s saltls e~ndltlonals. Plr~ podet testa, elilnd~~~es. ~ISS8S c~sos. , ne,c:Bss,A rill 01 IIIma llIova i 11I!3,11~ l.I~io, e h. a malli1 a CP ((iilU'I'I'Palir eL 'ill H,e IlllilmJI II r ii, IiII CIUI'hi,yllll,1il ,dllil' :iul~mlllil a dl IiII II' com 'ill III ill~ qlllU nu t rilil reglstra. com ~m da~D nAmera lt~lre 9 8 255 O~ emtrl -'1 as III '127) liI'UI 111m 1iI~' te e~l'Ili1er cu;a,IlI'1iI ,P'!ilIIV ~Il.. A 1111iIS:tlll' ul~il!l [i'Pfu n,lll i Q n iii d 1I!i:191i1 i 111 til malle I r ill ~SIHI1I .a Ih! r II r n,lul,h,um reglstro. e~i vlrlflea .~il sarla 0 rlslIltado.~ iC~mUll ,!!do r mil n'!l'S II Ii' !!lIB 1st r,o, UI d&dacI!!IJIl:PIIIr IliIa.1I tu II':~ I~ Z 111111- do ,a's f I.au COllilnn I.Uemllrlte. Ass jllrri. 58 {I 'nl6mergl c:!!iml~ Pirado f~r ~AUi~ 10 icum~lador. i f~i~ de zero sarI set~~~ C~olac~~a em 1)j se 'Dr me~or qui 0 aeum~l~dir. ~ fllg d~ slnat ~R~jeari ~.sltlvo Ie) t. se tor ma~or. ~~~itivo (1). ~SSD, aIJa~~ 's Imstr~cies JP alii JR, eq~lvall. 8m eAS~C, i faZQri

~I f

81

RI.!re QUI. pa" tlstar SI 0 aeum~lldor' M~.B' IU .9UI. au m~not ou '9ual. d~a$ f'tgs devlm sir tlst,adn. -

Ass.m. Pltl qUI 0 'llmplo Intl,tQr I~nt.ane. ,dillll'lm,D'!iI f ,1111. II I

e ••• 3'flil"CIi' 1W9 A., C0C18,lliIiU
C.(I~ IF'EIi0 Of' 0
C805 CAOi7~e' ,J:p 'Z p 0C18071HI • I,nilll'."'.' C'I3I1i1I: .. dd,g C0:ieH IEftl III

ICD.p, ..... , A, "'''''81, '._.11: •• ~gl" I.~a). FL*u

Z-t '. '... F'OIf'" dlill fl.~ ..... ntl."" Fl..AU :1:-11,

'IIPY III, ,pa,r a 1~ •• '7H ' •• ' IFl.AO ;1'-1 .. c, •• ,q, ~qntll!"'''' ~ g.. ~U·D •• ,_'Ii!UI.

Estes cuidados mio 510 ~ecls9irlas ~~~I se ehtun IJIma oPllrui,o '_Ir I tmU II'CIII III!UI 116g1 e,a ~UI h 1111, f~IJs siu clleulad~s lutomat.c~m.nt' (ver apind~c, I}. 011, l,am'oU'1I1 I Illnstru;,h 'GP Iflta tOI'du :as flags. Os C6d~g~S I~tio na I~gurl 5.11 .

HGllllili, ~i.17 - A i n'~ lI"u,d;~ I~.

I NSTll1iUG"O ICOD I ,GO
CP' IdilldiiDI FEH + 1 D,'tI plra 0' d,l,do
ItPP (Ht )1 BEH
(iP ,6 DFHI
G'P B 68MI
GP C 16,9'"
IlIP ID IIAH
GP E 10BH
[iP H ,aCH I
CP IL BIH Plrl fllallzlr 05 Illta~ cond~ctmoI15~ ¥Inos ~,rl~~eF urn Utruq~e~ q~1 nos p,rm~tl usa, JR em WII JI ;!lIP '!iIUlIln,dli]1 IiIIUIII!l:f l!I,mO:!l 'CiIiI11'IIIJ118f air 111m 1II,6',"IIIIII'IDI cmm Il ,UioUlInIUI' IldilU II Slliu!IIF !irEll 0 mlsml , mil I [llr' lUI ml:Ili,IIIr. !II 0 Inl~m,IFIDI I Sell!' eompir~do for m;im~. a dlflfln;1 do aeum~lalil.r (suponliIe-Q pesltlvl) mano! Q n~ml'o resulta nI9at~'1 !. por;~UIUI., gl'OI" III CIA'R' lC, 1" LIQI,jlIOi. ,lUlllIu"r 1iI,!! nl,ali]! U I at I I" II Ift'trucio JR M. vocl pod- usar JR C. Obvlameote. a instru~io ~1!1~5teltl Jft P podl 51r s~mu1ada ~mr dR

82'

I~U;. N ill hi IF ill ,I lIIelflt!!l. I, '5i5'111 56 hi 1111 Ii: j 'lil nil r,61 SI! ill 1iI1·1iI1 t ill 11'1m1il1 $ a e~AYIA;iG de ~~mlru5 positlv~5 ou: S~ ~dotafm05 ~ nh a, 98 ralnt i "m,D" !1II.~le· InlOU;lumu Illd!lllli' IS tl ja ~m IlIlI!jlml!l'r~ gosltl~Q. Plr~l~i q~e a Instru~io JR NG ~Qftsi~'ra , ~~m~ n6me,Q posit~re (0 mtsmo-i villdo para dP NG I .:If! P J,.

II glu illS a II jt'liU' IS :5iIU'g'8 r'sml '1iII IiISQ dill alu t r'lil!ii Ulml!S Pi~i is lostruQ81s ~I salta ~Im~~e~~~al q~affi'a Itas ~i~ ~i~ IiIsadas 15~~t~tl~amlntl pira testl ~~ '~i~' mi~ slim INlllr a hlSh, dill nlQmenl!5 .tll'55IilfJ1l. JIP Z I(JlllmP 1111' lIm iii ) !$iU i a me I 1'10 r sse r ~h P!.U dP E ~. JUlmP If' IEqlull1ll.~. JP I" (.~~P If Minus). ~Gr JP L (JumP ~f Llss) , dP P ~.~m' If Posltl~e) ~~r ~p G (~umP ~f Grelter,. OutrDs ehegam 8" ! soflstit~~i~ ~e ·f~n~~r~ d~~5 i~~truliI5 1m uml i!!I;~1 ~

JP GE (JumP i¥ Ur~at~r or Equal JP Z * JP P) JP lE (JumP if less or Equ~l JP Z * ~p H>

Ap,s~w de5515 ~~5tru~aI5 f~c~~~'arlm a 15- trlla do, ~r~9r~m~5. IJas t~~~jrlm 1m 'r~b~~~o ad~~~'~el q~a~do 5il 'r~~~~io d~5 mn~m6nt~o5. II~S niD eo~stim ~as ta~'lis. ilim de niD '~n~lo~ar~m com 05 Dro-

Iramas t,adltlr~s ASSEMBLER. .

Exlstl. ~m LI~gU~9Im dl M'qul~a. uml ~o5tru;10 especial q~a facl11ti Ix,~utar le~PSt

IDJNl da,do (i0H' .", .i :b~t e Pirlr"iiII. 0 d:achJ) CDecreme~t I and Jum~ ~f Not ZEro)

lia usa a r~g~st~m B ~amD eontador I eXlc~ta um salta rl~lt~vm Inq~inta B mio il~ngl zero.

Com i ~ru$t'u~~o DJN~ ~6s ~'dtm~$ mlho'~r 0 ~rm9fima dl SCROLL I int~-S~ROlL do ~a~ilu~G i_ Aq~l- 115 plr'lllg.r'lImI8IS:. hlDIi: llilinilm mlll to 11lI'lIm. II1I'Ilill5 pOSSIUI!lrn IllIma gravl fa~ft~. ~lrnG ~il , pmssrvll um LDWR m~ um lDDR IU ItIm U!lDFI' Idllllil-tii'1lI ilia 51 rl6'IP'f IIIVIRM1.. 111m bl ~ IDiCIlI dl milllm,~'r ~I!I , j og,ada ~II VR.G:HI P1iIIIIUI·.1I R'IH e 110~,i!lmil!l n t'l! IP'IIIIi' a aVillA" [!I~ q~1 earn liI~tr~ e~dere~1iI ~n~t~it~~ P~ra um ~CROlL ou al1- t II ~S'C~!NlIU In ,I SCA' HN:. ,t ,emo"S, qJ 1111 Ir lUi Ii!f"¥ ,i r 929 b .~' t I s QI tal IRIM p,ar',a 'lI's,!j;Il'dill:S I oe:am'Bn IIDI iii ql.li£! Ii .• '1l1i!!~'I!nI'Ii1II11Il1G das e II~'-' ~unsti~c~ls. urn dls~,rdrclo de mem6r~i.

111.1 amos 1l!lolmmf III!l,a p' II a, 101 ill III t II-sceClILll Iusalndo

[ll,JNl.

C:00'0' 2:19IB0:.tt C91013: 11.:2B0. C0!lilN!!iI, 11016 :l,:e C0108: C:5 [;:0'01'9' 0,",2,9 1:010,8 ED5:Z le.eD ICD4A01!0' C0'i,,0 19

ee ii I:D4D,0,el &014 2B

1[::'0115 I, 010"0' te",!::?' Cl ce18 1.'0. le'0:i1l!!! 2:10'0'0'01 (:01 D 0,12::8,010

C'020' 3:E:20 C022 I:D5,6,10,01 ce25 2:1011'01 1::012B leD,CtS00' [;01'28: 1e:9

LD HLrr92'0

ILD D,E.1i' 4'0

L:D 1:1'24

PUSH Be:

ILD EI: .. 4'10

SIBte:: HIl., ... DE

ICALl.. 4hAtH

IADD NIL I!I'IDIE

CALl. 4,IDH

IE')IEC HIL

ID.JN'Z ~10

IPOP IEI:IC

D.J'NIZ ~:l6

LtD HILI".

LOI LD CALL LD CALL R'ET

Bl:iI',40 ,A ''''20H '56H

tHL .. 101H 0'C:;:&H

QuaR~O ~5t~m~~ trs~~I~~nd~ ~m UASIG ~~d~rnDI fat~~mgn'ee~lborir ~m programa can loops den'r~ de ~I~". 'eJe I 'i~u~a 5.1~. -

F'OIR L ;;;; 10, IF(),R B ~ PRINT N'EXiIi B NEX1' L E]IlI[l'

1"'0 25i:5\i

101 TO 2'5;'5 l..~.lrIiiIii1Iil~;B

Ern, L i glY as em de f!1,aqu ~ 1lI10l , QI~:imdill if II Z IliI'1'Uil'§

IOQ~~ cern a Inst u~io C~JZ 0 mal~r n6mirQ de ~ezts ~ue 10 lOOP Ie! e.~uu:lura ij i ~5Ei. Sill I1Il!cess i tamos d'!!UIIiIIII lil'Ut:1!Illl:UII maj~r da ~~zes d v~mos prQ~e~~~ ~a sigul~tl m3me~ri~

c •• , .61FF ~EI IB: ~ IIi:FFH
10 •• 2 Crs, PU61H IHle -.
11:'.3 .6'FlF IbD- . I eFIFH I I
~
ICI0,OI!5 :a'E ... , ILO ~,.'.-
cee7 CD:A2ie"O ~,t!lL.L ~~PYT- I
'AI ac i:NI!: -
I g: lll'FB li)1.JNZ' S-iI!i
CJ D Cl IP-OP Bit:
Ic.e~ "."9 I[),J"":Z 10-1"·
ee10 C9 RET o segrld~ 1St' 8m R' SlA~I. pre~~,vand~ 8ssim ex'er~Q e iP6s ~xecutir ~ ua~or a'mal~nado ~I STACK S8 :!lI,U, 111,111:01 I[I.!.IN'I).

I. 'I:: 11.11" F'"eg. b CD:!!!! .... ' .• , 'I'n-' '!lilt;! l! .""Il! E ~'I;l!!rr "'1:11 15.11'",'.., 16: "'''', .11; .• ",11

111 ,." .1,11.,1'" ilP:H! ~ 6: ~ ",:II! ' .... ·I'o!'"·

,dig) :a~ g ,I fi"!!: ~,I" Ilii g, ,zer. g .c~.~ladD~ .~.~r~~e "0 video • ~ n jEl!,"~.eli t.. A

•• t.tua ~.~a ~nt.rnD ir.cup.ra ~Dmt.daF'" dD

:I. '.e-rel' .-Ht EF'"n eo

'~'Ere t u., l.,c::,g 'E:I'Ilt 'EF'"'na ~!" 'E'!l:DI!" n!!IJ '!U'I' g ~I'S 1[:;

g~artl' ~ yalar d~ par 80 I ¥I~~r ~Q ~a~5~ ~~ IO~~ I~~p ~hter~o rec~~~,ar ~

IUlm, I.U'I'II IPU s:t1j Be (!!IiI:I te s rd 10

C~~G ~Imos R~S capfl~~QS loterlorl5. ~~~em05 t.amlr sub-r~ttnas que podlm fer as su~-rot~~~s d~ B~OS Q~ ~s qu~ invl~tlf~OS n~s prGQramas 1m L~ng~ag'm Id ,II 1!1:.6"qIU I~ lUll •

A in5tru~ia ~~~iyallnt' ao GO~UB , a~

II. 1,lIlr ill r Ita riD,!! rlMlL1 prag,r,am'iI 1!!I'1i' ,i mill p,a I. itemlil5 a j:A f!m'1iI5-!l1 G' Ef ~. 1[j,BH ~.. .6 .. 5 5: hn ~ amiD '!!Iml IO,A::! lie s '9 r II!!: pi ~ 5 5 ~ V IS I ~m' ~'trutu'l ~Q tlpo

IF condreio THEN 605ua xxxx

tambim ~m ~~ftguagem de m'~~l~a ~Ki~tem ~na'r~~ie5 para ehamar s~b-rot~na5 ~o~~~elo~almenIQ. Veja a f~!ura 5.2\8.

IE" 'll'II.lil1,1I1 Iiii' a d !!IS:!!: e:spelf,ar'. IP'ol'dlemo5 taml!l!~m

'Iler RfT ~~nd~c~o~llmenle. Veja a flaura 5.21.

(;lmiUl f·ullmlH DII'Ulm 1!!I:5,5:lIl5i - i [Istiflu'e,hs'l ~o f,n!llilf 111m IC,AH.o C !!I In I II! ,u,uhl' d,l!ll eo,n f!i!',dl,glr !J1e pros r ~m,a qlUIS i!'lll! i CI a pr6x1ma Ift~'ru;il ~PG) 6 c~~~cado ni 'I~D ~~ pll~~ ~~!Ii tada pia ~ 10 Sp' ( SIIIIi' i a 'Clom,o' !l1!!1 II tst i '51'9,11 umal ~ nl~H'r UQ .. !jl!1J IPUSH ,pe, 18 ,II rn 8: E' en tii~1 CIIlt r 81gado ,cam lilI elillG1e:rr IU;:,O I!IIIUI

~st~ logo apls 0 cbdigo dB CALL. Q~~ ~ a~de ~ome~a a sub-rotlna. A5s~m 0 com,utador passa a e~ecutar as .~5tru;i~, ~I RET. D '0,0 da pllha , recolocado ~o PC (comosl f&sSI um POP PC); portanto~ ft p~osrama ~Dltl ,ara I ,r6~~ma instr~~io ap6s Q CALL. Po~ Illm,lo. su,anba q~e ex~st~S98. I partir do end8re~o C1aeH. uma 5ub-rltin8 ,I,a fazlr uma soma ~~ do~s bytes da mlm~r~a ~n~jcld's par DE e HL. Veja a f~~uri 5.22.

milllA 5.211 - In 5'tr1Q:~iD tIiLL.

II N51RIlJf.;i 10' I (j~Il)'GO
"
CUL Z · endllHuul CG'ij + e brhl'S, 1:liSi r a 'IInde,ren
C~Ll. tU · 18 !l1i!lereUI 04H + 2' lutes para II OIdiU' Eli;D
ICAL.L G, luuluer:ol DIGH 'IF 2' bl,r res par III enlile:nlj:o
· ,-
GAll ING · lliIdis:reco D4H + ,2' b,te:s ~ar'i! endenuu,
CALL PiE I 'I't,:n,!lere:i;ol IEGH t 12' blUn par II II lulu seD
GAll PO · I nillie r e:~ 01 IE'1H f 2' IiII,hrs par,1 II !IIde r 811:10
ICiUL H • IlIllId'i!rl!l;llill IFCH + 2' IiI'Jtes pari II n'dl6!W 81;0
CA,lIL P · tlniillerl!l!{io F!!'i'H t ,2' b,t8l~ p,arl enderl91U! IN5TRUI;:iO CIDHm I
FI'H Z GEl"
IfI'ET NZ eeM
REi IE: !IElH
IREI NC baH
~ IIN::milur;iO I(U,OIGO
RET PE IEB:H
HET PC ,U,H
R'EI MJ Ir9!H
FI'El p IfeH C:U,)l 47 Cle2 '7

LID OpA

LO A,,. ~HL)

A~DD fI! .... u

FIlET

BB

,c'.rr.qla. !I'M AI III ,c,ant.u,do dloo ~ndlll'lr.£D' .pont;jJjcj"o p'or p~

I 'Ii: r.n S¥E'j" A, pal"'. D

I "".I"II'"E'liiiiiiIJ iii! ,1\ g

'I:::oh~ luldo do '.iiiI~ ,de.rE'IO'!:lI .'P"Dot: .d,o ,pot" HI".

• .,d i II!;; ii,c;na 0, .,M A

• .,..'e'iI: ,DDFniil; .C, IElA'SIC;

A55~m. ~I porilntura 0 vllar de SP fIr il~&- 1Ji' !!Id,m !:ihu 8~hl ,II 5IUlb~li'l~t I ~H!I.. l~hl'UIII' ~!I!I1iI5 91iualn til rqlu~·.iI ntiS da Ilstruci~ lET. SIU ¥IWG~ 5eja SP-2 ... N.'1 I~e 8StS esfrulura PI~mlt' qUI hlJI s~~-rottn.s dl~tr~ ~I sUlb~lrot I us. IMUllit UJ YIe ,Z II, 5, ,. ilGI elilamar luma!! II bl-r CIt i I~U:l. Ie! neeessiria Hsa~¥ar~ os ~lnte~~G5 de alg~ns r&!Jstras, o que podl sir f.~tlil usan~. PruSH~. Llm~rl-sl Simprl dl 'u:u ns IP'OPs 'Iililil r rr a:spon!l!l!!I n,tlls, (01 IiIlr dl!lm III !! I' tal :11 ill~t!8!i1, ~I faler RET ~I~S. caso ~on'I"rr~liI, prova~~~m~~tl Vlilci obtlr~ 0 ~a5Silil Ii fimasa Ifl~t~ ·lstfan~iIiI~.

P\iiI ra 11!III·IHr:i'li!! II If I'ilill r , nmlil sf' az '!Ii f' lumlalS; iii b-r 0 tim a !illile mUll tip 1 i lUI Illh!lll~ S In!Ciml!l r'lil S P'IiIIS I t I '11'05 m'lI n'D r !!lIS qUI125:1I. ~liIe estio na ~c~m~lador e mill reglstro E • II'lspectlvam~nte. A s~~-rat~rn~ davl ~IWocir 0 re5ult~~~ rulil par Hl s,eNlBI iii II t e:r ar ~iHllnmnlm' 11iI1U"tlro r,e:£! il sw r 1111. ~a tu ra i'm,IlIiI,'h:. cOlmo nio 'em~~ uma Imstrutia de mU~'~'~lc~~io. '~r~m.s s.~ mas 5U~~5siwas. Usaremos ~m ~'o, ~tllila~dG a ~astru~i~ IDJNZ QUi. Cime vlm~5 aRterlorme~te. '~nciGn~~; s~9~inte ma~~~ra~ ~ecr~me~tl a regl9tr~ a e, se 0 res~Jtada for dtf~rente ~e zarG. fal ~m ~alt~ r~l~tiVQ (t ~27 a -laS) ~irri Q In~~req~ I~dl~a~ai crus~ cc~triI'll, p~~SSigUi a ~rD~,ama. ~~I't~nto. 0 rlg~~lp~ a ,~~C~O~i CGmo urn ~anl~~~r e ser6 ~lti,adQ na s~~-rBti~a ~tverndlll I~tio sir ~5alva~ (PUSH I~J. COI0'U8 a sliIb-roI~ml I ~Irtlr ~, eft~er,~~ C~00H e te~t8 t~~ODlr es ~6- dlSGS em LI~g~aglm ~e M~qU~n8 (~tilil~ ~ ~p~~~ice ~ ~iI r ai jl u'c1'I-1 0) a,

n6UK~, 5" 23 ~. ~iilb~ut I~ na que I.un J: iii] lra nu.ifi:ros.

11I",uO!i1l 8~ Ln BrE

;: ,.,.,~, '","I. D ~

I' ill: !:II), 'ac i., 'Ull! ,d,D'., op'er !!I,n d,D'., ~'!!!I Di

.w·.lv. IDE

II !l::IO 1 oc:. C! IDu-1I:: II'" 0 IDP •• I".II! diD ei!!l! DE

PUIS" DE

ILID III ~,.

E,.,A HL~.' Ht,. '. DE

~I

, II n .HII:lr'lf Q .111 HI!..

I,.D •• , 'I:! ~1iiI' D.I"".II"'.!IiI d'D .JU""~1Ii11i Ii ..... !i!!J!!!!!'lfnt: Ift!!!!.n t I.B, ""'.2:.. qUI.:n,'t .• ,_ ~ In,d 11,I!::iiiJ.. Ig :t"IiI' DP'~II" .n,dla (; In

-3 DE

, ..... it i.1lI E J ,,~,~ gl~ .... lI,~ .. ",~, III 'n i I~ II~, li'~ d,g,s, 1!"1t& Ii ,.it I!'" us'

PO .. P' 6:11#

R~"

PerClbi qu~ os PUS~$ ~e ni~ ~Itir~r ~~oh~m

~ POPs .e,mltiram a Q~tr~ re~Jst'~. Vaja

B7

nilS! 01 111 U mElI ill' 01 GIS PUSHs ~ ~ !3IUli liul n inner!! dilll P'Up, e. corn ~sto. ~ v~IQr de SP n~G ~ modif~c~~Q. ~ile~da ~~m ~u~ ~ s~~-~~tiD~ ~Glte ~ar~ G e~dlreGu c,tt~. VamQs '8~tir utlllli-Ia? facamls wm pragrlml. ~ partir ~a &ndereco ceaSH. ~~e mult~~lique dOls n'mer~s ~~~r e~~mp~~, 15 e 2~ ~. 1111 5 !!I 111 Gi 01 ~ 'S!1.I~-f'IQ t ~ lIlia d;af i :!I II r iii S. ~~ ..

fJGtJilAI 51. 2~, ~ fr~,r:il!I!IJ ,PIf il IIf i pal '~,u:e [hilR i 'M4'"Ot i m'ilI.

,ee,'" e 3E'ltF ':::."2 :I,E1B '1::01,114, 'c~e 01[; I.

ILID ~,.,eF.H

ILD I!:;:~ i.ElIH

C,i"IIL ~ ,ecl elliH

~c.rr.~. A co. i5 I,C."'-lr'!Il·'5I. IE ca. 24 ~ch •••• wb-rDt~n. de IiiI,UU:; I p,'l I tC'1II.,!;l:c,

1(;8'8'" :il:AF B 1'"':7 ILD

c:.eO,A :::!'E>II2 til

'cee C 3,263F' 6 L.lD

~L~C~F7F8~) Ipr~par~ .~rd.

A~2 ,~~rr*~. ~ C~. 2

(811=6,6:3H,) .' A, :~, i'lffId ~ 'C:,II, v'.l@1F

~nt.1ra .0 ~~SIC

C •• ,F C9' 'R:E'T'

VerlfJqye sa ~ reSUltadQ ~ 3B0. easo ~ln~r6- r~o d~~a~.emt~' 0 prQsram~ com 0 MON~TOR I te~tl achar iii II! r r u,

IN~,hI Ie 8I,P' r ttl I 0'1 jmQI!i; Cia i s mlO'i~l'S Il' elg) I st,r as

Int~r~15 d~ mlcroprocesador 1& ~~a1s tim 18 bits. ~A~iv1srVlls. ,~~~~~os SP (Stacl PoInter) I PC ,'rmlram Gow~ter). A '~~cio ~r~ncl~~1 do SP A ~ndlear e tapa ~a pll~a da mem6riaRAM. usada pr~~c~Filme~tl psri usalvarft vaWores ~a~ reg1stfD5' c010tar I!lnder U:DSi de r'IB ta r n'llIl IiII !llulb-rllillt II nas. 0 r'IIIS ~s:'hi' 05'1'" e i!1'lfllltalQ1~ 1iI'11 as I lliIS t ru Ii hi! ,PUSH ,. '0'. ,CAU I fI'EI m,as PGdl~ e~tfeta~ta. ~umo os ~eml~s pares dl r~glstrms I r:lt~lr iii iii !L ser dIU: rll,ITI!!III'It:aclo. il nlcn:mElltlhdO ,~Hl·t:rIlald!ll flit! s~btrlrdG ~Dmlil Nl. ser H9i~~GH n~m dadO e~~ereeo da mem61r i a {ifl V IIC'8-¥e:nlS ~ ,8 '!i,el1' ~aUI!lg,iuhJ Idlli ntam'!lnte com 0 valaf d~ HL O~ com um dado d~ a ~rt~s ..

o re9~st'o PC i usado para as ~liIstrul~15 ~e s'; 11:111 po I :S!ii'liII'l\prr II I lod te ill~uli!ll a lns t ru ;.0101 q'!J8Sdll r 81 l'l~utida_ Wlma5 05 5~lt15 a~solut09' ,t rllati~IS. sando que est~5 6~tlmm5 t~~hlm I v80taSIm de fer SPIna! 2 bltls I padlf ser fa~w~mentl rIIOt'¥I~S~ Fot 8ntlia nill,cnsi'f Ii ill: 81 Ii nU oldlU'GilOi 1!l!S Inl6m!1 flD'S mel9irt I lOIi ~ all" (II D~ 5~~t~5 p~fa trjs. sln~~ que fQ~ i~rl,e~tada a ~R.trm~im NEG q~1 muds m stnlt do n~mrro n~ ,eum~la'o"

88

Foram vlstQS tam~'m os sa~'os eG~ditiO~ais, q~8 utlli~8m is flags (qUI e~tiQ Da r'l~s',O FI d' IGARRY. ~S I' nI' ~ (SIIGH,~. PAAllffiOV[f,liIfU)N e ZERO" nQ t II nldQ ~UI 1~~9 ~iD etuallz.dlS aPlft8S qUI~dm , r8al~z,~a awIII Ii r,rnlal 1(l!iIP'e:r &leia I( sp:inldl ~ ce ,e ,~, '1/ IlmClsi I Il'Ist,r~ CH,IOI Co,I!'IP;r e (CPl. -pira atualilar as 'tags 4Uaft~G qulsarmms, e 15 ~n5Iru~i~s de CAlL I REI, que tamb~m p~dem ~ar ~~~~;s c~ndit~~na~ml~tl.

''1lil~llIs como fun ~ulna usan~o a j~strulio IIEFiO. 10lU II II n s it' If IJ d!lil IrlJr!4IZ. CIIiI n tiilillllil r .

looP's I,lnl L Ii !I!!lY>iiI!!JI!Ull dig ""1-

DEC. que ~fBta i '~i~ ~I q~1 ~51 m reglstro D como

~- fica um programa q~. cXltule [m ~mop ~tj~~lando ~ ~ ns t r U'C:illl' II Nt" Po'r lexemp I n, manldlill IIISCUVI r nil teil a as III I' ~ me III rio's ~\8 UIP,aC"(I rillS do :SIgilli IMiS)(.

ObssrvaQ~~1 VllIei dl¥~r' ~sar i ~R5'r~,iQ CP ,ar~ vlrlf~car 0 f~m ~Q loop.

Suglstia~ Obserll nas rotl~as ~I I~05 51 ~l~st~ ~ma q~1 Im~r~m~ urn cara~tlrl na ,Ideo.

2- ,F.a ea Ull'!1lpr oglrama '1iIIlJlfJI "~a f' r' ar lima iMda I' (!!ll i io 11h!! memiria (~~f l.em~lol. O~ Be ~ytls apas I Inde'l~ij 3D161H ~ ,.C<llll~ ,!l)igUle tollln IDIS oCimlfl f'IS, 1IIU111 flu em manln IG QUiEl 66 Il42H) na :P Ii II hll I( PG r BII! Imp I !II.. lelDI m 11I1·C II iii cI 0 O~9 niumllllilrosi Ino ,!lII!:,umu IIIMil0m' e 1'a,zlIl n',1i11l! IPIUIS!H Alf l' I.. I :seSl! i 1'. t:lll1i1! i sa IIlil1 il1ta r 811i11 IB:A:S Ie, nm "Ii' atl I ema'!Ii •

a- Fa~a ~ma 5ub-rot~na qWI. ~Qr 5~~'ra~ils S~~8SS~¥&I. 6 rlC:lilrlltlr I 0 r"!l5IU ~ t'lIldiG I ntlll ~ ral lila d I 'v I sa~ ,dllli do I'B Inlgmewos P05Jt~'m5 ,rue estiQ roo IClmwl~dor (~tvid~~~i(J' , 1i'&~~5tfO E (d~v~~mr)~ 0 rI9~1'ldQ devlr' astar n~ r~it5trlil 0 I n8n~um Dutro r.I~5trQ dIve .rr alt.radl. A -s~~1i1r. fl~a ~m p,ograml~~1 c~aml 85$1 su~-'atln8 ~'Ija-Q Illmp~i 41 m~tt~p~~CleiDi.

4- Filll;;i um plr'og ril!lm:illliIUI!I 'UI i111'1I1U11I1 em olrd!llml eli'lSllIemrte D cont~~dlil d05 regW5tros B. ~. D. E. H ! L. Plra

11E1 II' Ii 11' ~ CI!Hr 5~ 511U IPllrog rillmlll hl:lc I !l In eu.! • C'ID II mqLlI D!l1

n 1IIl!Ir es dOl! rill:ll! Ur os '111m HI:rles ~nIICtll'S'9 ~ ns {IRAM) II

fill atlan JUm ,rlo':lJlrime em IASU:i gue fU,Q tllil!ll PEEJIC dnstli

SIll I ~B Ib ,tin,.

5- 8aSQido 10 Ixsrcrcio 2 da G,,'t~lo 3 QUI. utililando 1m progfama 1m BASIC. ,as~~~a pa~imetrQs ,ara uml 5ub-~otln~ 1m Llnguigem ~e M'~ul~~ qua fil~i ~mma ~O~ SlbtFI~i~~. replta G proceasl pa~1 I ,u~-r~tl~a apresentada nsste clP{tufo ,ue IiI a multl~Wlcl;io. fm Dutra, palavr8S. voci tar' urn programa 1m BASIC que f0rn'~' dais ~6me~os (I ser~m mlit~,~~c~dos) a um9 s~b-rotina em L~~I~agem dl MiQ~ina a qUi~ retorna 0 r'lilSll!Il t ado ,sm II!IIC.

7- Fa~a um prOgrami QUI retDrne como valor na forma Iltllra 0 ,nd8fe;o pa~a 0 qual 0 SP aponta.

8- fa~a ~m ,r~~F8m8 que sQhtrala (,u som~J nOmlfl!lS CGm mai5 de 3 ~rtss. utili!ando G feglstro B CDmo montador d~ brtes 8 os reglstros C e A ~ara e'et~ar a5 OP8'1- ;ie, por plrles. O~ n~merBs dlvem e5tar nus ~rre, 8P69 o ,r~9ra~. e sugerim~s qUI ¥IC~ utllll~ as ~~r8S Df e HL co~o ~0~t81'ms para cadi nQm~FI. A seg~lr fl~1 U~

IU' UI!llr IImlil e:m ElIIl,S; I G q!Ule: pe "111 i fa lI'issall' aD IHID'Slrrama Olii

segu~ntes parimetro'l . -

~) n~mero de ~~tesJ

b~ elders;o j~lclat do prlmelro o~maro: c~ Indare;1 Inlcli~ do segundo nimaro;

INSTRU~6ES VISTAS NESTE CAPiTULO.

PUSH IPilr ,!II 0 II' 1I:91lst rill's ,JR dl81dol ( ~1,2,B a t11lV)
,[ inc h I~ Ii1ldOl Alf) JR ( CIIl'nI,dlll ;oe5 !i c:,' NC.
PDP' par dill 111'1119 i st rlillS Z' • NU. d,illl!hill
IlD SP,HL JP' C HL)'
LD 5P., 'GIilil'0 NEG C mill NE'G, AJ
tD SF" " ~ li:nClelr leo' CP' 1Dl11iI1lI { 0111 CP' A. dlldtl.~
m ( Ilnllih~II'8CO L SP CP t' till) I[ (UI ClIP' ,A. UiIL. n
ADD HL.SP CP ngl,stu ( 10lU ICIP I.
,~IIlC H:L ~ ,SIP nglstrfl)
SIG HL.:9P DdlNl alII Q1 or
II NIi .sp CALL enderllCO
nee ,SIP RET Ill'Idlrll!ill~11!I
.lIP fUICII r 18CO' ICr8iU IU'lnl!l ~ ICliiire:·S'11 c. ,NC.
,JP (Gondll,oo'(Uh C. INC" PO. PE.Z. NZ. MI .• P
PD., PE.: Z. Nil. MI., IIUT IC 101 nlldl ~ ij!,lie:s:1 e: NC.
•
pOL III nld"11 f III fIj: iii P'O. P'E. Z. NlZ, 1'11., p BI

6

OPERA~8EB Ldo~CAS

As ~~st~~~6es ~6g~ma5 sio lRstru~;~s g~i melim d~r'tlmentl C6m 09 I~ts. Vamos .Ricialmente ~iP ~mi Plquena 'xp~~Ci~iQ das pr.ntipats operaCies m6glcas que S,ilj)1 ~ ,AN,D. DR'., lUll 18 NOi. PIIIII'II I !I'!UI" billS ta ,1!15- 50ciar lIS bjts i tlar., ~O$ conjuRtas da s'9ui~tl mafle~ril 10 n'm'r~ 1 assmc~~mos 0 ~onjuRto ij~I¥lr51 III I~ n~mer~ I. 0 ton~uRto vaz~o, I QPlra~i~ ~ND s'r~a i oPlra,io de IAte"lcuio de COftju~t~5. a l,era~io OR eOlr'lr'lnl~IlI!1 n"dle'rr' I ill i tiln i h I' a 1'UIRIi!1Ot NOT aD '1:1l1li,111• emelll to.

n&URA 6,.1 - llJiilgl",!!.iS IP'ill"lII !lpera~8e, A!lD. GR r HT.

o

A and I' III CI'r B

~I ~

not. IAxor.

-

11 AND 11 ._ '11
1 I~'D' ,e ,~, I ~ND " - e
e 'Nil e .~. e 1 OR ~ :: 1
1 'OR 18' = 'I OR 1 ,_, 1
8, OR' el = ,8 HOlT I ,_, ~
N~)1T 1 ~ I N1!I IL Ilns!UaSII!!I'I1 de M;6,qlu il nJal.. I!llil shim ~ nlstII' ul~Dn

q~1 'szlm ,ss~s 011'81515 b~t a bit. s~m"1 tlndO ~ Ic~m~t!~or eemo sindo j ,eg~stro O~~, 'Ieam-,s r'su~tldas. P~r eleMglG. s~.enha q~, 0 c~nt,&dQ do icum~~I~Ir 58jl A = eC1H e dQ rtl~stro. B : 'AIH~ fl~andl II

b: ~ U, ,f ~ !UIl:QISI ~

l I~ 1 1 8111111 .~ 19 ID ::: ,,8181 iIUJ"111B

A AND I .~ 1 ''''''1'81 EI: .~, 111H
, Of\! B - 1, 1111 1811111 '11119 ,_, 81EIFH
NOl A _ IU~ " '18e6: ~~i S8H DISERV6~IOi C~loeamas s!mp,a a ~e~ri I ~p69 ~s ~Qml,g~ b Ii m~,ri es '.

IEm ~I'U'~ I' nips I ,ilI¥ r 119". e fUln,,,alO AND 56 1"8'S:U ~ hi

1 91 09 dols b~', ~otr,sIQ~~e~t,s-fQrem 1. esso c~nf rfi r jl:I)'. r au iI't a e; af u.;;i ill 'OR Id::6 r II !ilIH t a ChIl" 81 !UIA81!! 51 IS dl~1 h~ts eorrlSIGQdentl9 flrlm t. 91nio. &~a hn nce la "161'1l1er III 1; 18 Iii '1I11'I.;:io INOI t 81+11 II,PIUSlimIOlp'e'~ ra~do e tolota , o~de ~i¥ia 1 , ,Itl-vlrtl@ Q~ant~ ~ fUlneia I(OR. II Iii' h)lt net" IU r I:ullt:a(lu 11 's.I!l.rt!lelnte 'Sill U bits eorrespondentt$ forlm G~'er'~"s. As~~m. ~o IIImpi aant'lu' i, 01" ~

leg~'m-s, as In5tru~i~9 em LlnguSlm ~e H'~~tnl eQrre$po~d'nt's is oP'r8~6Is 16gl~89~

AND r~l~stre~ realizt I opari,i~ AND do rls~strG ~Dm 0

uumu ~ UIOII' Idle ~ x U!GICI 0 "11:511.11 t aide 11110 ,ilIIICIII-

mlJ I' ,a,d'ID'1i' •

OR Ireg I str ° ,I: i Id'lIm clilm Ir II!: I ,i"'~lillil' 1111 n lUI lr al;aa OR. XOI reststWG1 Idem c~m rlla~~iIlI A .'Iri~io XDR.

'~I cerrls~andlm ~ flg~ri 6.2.

II NiSfl .• II GtHl II GO IIN!STIR··I C61!)~GO INS'TA. ICI6IDIII!i'D'
AND A l7LH l'm .A '67tH ](OR A AFlltl
AND EI ~elfil DR' 19 B,aH )(01 iB, AElH
AND G :ll1H OR' (l ,811H ](01 G AIIIt
ANIJI D ,-'~rli OR' [II ,el~H )COR 101 , 64H
AND ,E jlI:8HI IiIR IE 8:9H )(DR E ABH
l!Il~D I'll 1<11'11 Olil' H ID~I!1I iOR' 1111 ACH
AND IL ASH' OR IL IB:S!H KOH' L ADM E5~a5 t~i5 Instru~mes afetam a Ilag da CARRY ( d1all~ 1I:i!ll1IliIo-'a '!1m 81 J al tod,ill!ia:selltlr a5 f l~iI:!I!S, vi stasil iU .~~t; l$slm. um~ m~l1Ielra de SI Hle,ar~ a ac~muladar e. s~mU~'I~eamlnt'. ~ flag ~I CARRY i ~~ar i l~stru~iD )lOR A ~ nr'illD e IU1 Ii ce 2). (;:01111101 j a davIs's e I' e':lpe 1'.11,,0'0'• 01 ~~~e~ r8gI9'r~ que permite a opera~io NOT' (I 8tlmUWI-

1110111'. com - a 5111:9U ~ nl'hl- I u'tr'IH; .. ijJl(h - -

CPt (ab r I'V i aldo d,e lGom'leme~ t) (c6G11 gO ~FH) ~u~ niQ 81tlra I '~~9 de GARRY nlm as ~emal5 traas ¥~StIS at' 0 ~rl~el1lte ~mmln'G.

No v 81meliliU P!!Ildl! r l~lI UJIJj' SIUgl1 r II dilll Ulm8!1 n IIII~ liM!II! iill

Plrl rePf8sIntaf essas in5Iru;5es~ p~r 8xtmplot

C.m~ e le~m~la~ir , sempre D a~v~. ele , 5u~rimldo ~as tnstru~ies ~oflala~s~ (ou slja, ~~~ilas ~nllr~rltadiS ~I!! il '111$ 1iI1j~ In' imas ASSI:iM:ln i:IRiI:l, ~. iii meSimilil1 OIilOf' f'lliIlllil!l I!!illr a als II nstruIQ .. i;Ells I~IEIG. CP !lite.. Il!:liltr·let.illilltlill• p'oder II ill s~rglll rr a 'Irgumti~ e~t~1iI ~or,~e ~~a fale~ I!I mesma ~mm is ~~§Ir Ull;:his de 50m·a I!I 'SUiIil,tll' ada? B,I!IIIllJ. estamos ti!mlill~'iIl1 1!i'5'11II1!rIA~G essa rls,osll ...

DUl8m,os 811~ !!Ili!ln IUlem.pl~JOI~·P!illl'8 f lear lil'I'lI'U'O'f '0

fune~~~ame~to d'~$aS ilstru~i~5.

1: •• '3 1r:::"F 'fl, •• !~ "'6511, '~.'i,71!!1:. ce'es 61F [;1.89' 216, •• '

C •• II' ~,iii!;FeF7 ~l"~ 3E92 C",.' 32\6:3F6 C_':3 c!l'

'LID, A .. 0AF"

LID Ii ,.,SI!!I'H

,A'ND B

LID' L.,A

I.!I! H,p!,

LD ( I!"F:r,F81it :" • tiL

L'D' #I!!,p;2

LD C ~F'!63HL) p to

RI~1f

A = 1811~111e ,es~lta~dl A ~ '.'.'.118 - BAH - 18 B= "1'1'1 '111111

C •• 33ES:i2 c.,.s IEiii!7 !I:' •• 7 gal

~ •• rgl C!!!!'"

CI •• '" 26, •• CIN,S ;22Flel1F7 Ci •• E 3E.~ C.'t.3~o!l!31F1!i e.,s C9

LO ~'p9!;;!!~

ILID E ~ 2.7 ..

'OR E

ILD L.~A,

ILl) M.,.

,LID ('.F7f'BH ) ,. till,

I!..O A~2

!t,..11) ~ '.f66:3iti!) .' Ii!!!

RET

A = ~ lell,lllt 1819 n s 1.11 t ,a In Id"1l1 ,6 II!' un ell 111' EI ,[iii lell/7MI iii 1 Eii7 IE ,= 111'11'1111

~ •• 3 3EIF. C.1I5 ,2F

£:i •• oIIi, 6F 11:;".(;1" Af"

"' •• 01 67 1[;.'!'i'~~F"Bf'7 C •• II:> aE.\~ [;1"":1".: 826,;]IF 6. IC.'ii 'C9'

ILD ,CPII.. LD )!l1OR LI) ILl) LI) ILD RET

IL~A A HI~A

,( '.IF 7F"fltiI ) ~ HL., A,,,,2

U"1i",66,StU p A

A ~ 1111 ••• IB rls~lt~rudo A ~ •••• 11111 = e~M ~ 15

flleuts I~te$ PfOgr;m~s mn~~fl~an~1 1~lntua~m~mte os valorl! ~~~ dados para I~l~r bem I f~~t~o-

1'1 amant IDI Idl als III P III' ad Inl 111iII!il11 lila s,

lImos a I In Id: ill as Ilnstrlull;;i',I!I!i1 lillll!l f:azllliin U,SUi eper~~iei utlllzlnd~ 0 eGntl~do ~I mem6rla (8n~I'I~I~1 pa~ Hl~ au um d~40 de 9 ~~15 d~rltlmeft". D~slfve a 'f' 11g! UI n IlL, a.

FlOORA 6.,6 -In~t:rli;!);;~~ ~ '91 [iliS Ii:liIII :iI 1M.,,!!" 111 I! dlidai5 dt :Ii I~!lt , •

AtNlD (HL)' (!IR ( HL )1 )COlli! ,( H L ), IJND l1Ia'ldllOl <De ,da"di,lll' KOFl' IdllllldilUI

,111111 lOBI" AE~I EIEiH +11 FIG~I +1' HHtll

. ~ (.GIUI I!!lfUt (HL JI JI d!!lUl GR' j HilL U ~ (mu I!('OFI. (Hl,~ ,II

'b,y 11: IIi p:ua a Idad'DI. (OI~ .IND A.lIIUlo ~ brtl para a d~deJt~u OR A.~ld~t Oil! IS! pa,r'iI 10 la1a,G1IG ~ ~'ou KOR' :A. Glado t

C:omlllIilS ~llIIstr 1lI1~ID"II'!i: AN!D' !!II lOR ,i!lfla'~ 11m 'lads'S ,liS, f~a9&. elas ~I~~m ser utWW~z8das para deeldlr SA um ~~~o m~mera ~~ Icwmulador 6 posltlvo. ~egatl'Q ou 18ro QJ iii a [II!! 0 II;! I!lJilI r ·lImo,s l!if e t I~U fill191.1m "sa II t iO" ,s em n,eIl8~!i:!i1 I tat If ~t~lilar a ~ns'r~eio GP. Po, elemp~o. 5~PQ~~a ,UI 11m ~I~~ po~'~ ~~ ,r.~,ama ~.ti deslla ~5a~tl~~ par~ 0 !~Glelr e~o CnlHu' G co~ tlelQldlllll1 lila IrIS I strlllli 19 far P '11' s I~ t ~ n ~

fil,., fI "

• ,(,g~ OF!: A ."A.)

I ni@ 111,1. It 1~!i'1IlJ ,eI, .,e *'I,I!! uI .'" C!~'., 1!!!l!!J:t!O .p !!tn., ' as .p·~.!11!6

~',,_11;: I. plar' _ !!::ieaeH .e Pfll;Otltll!IUif;!

'am~s ~gora 8~ren~er in9't~;i8S q~~ mmd~fl~am indi~j~ua~me~l~ os ¥i~lr~~ dOG ~its d~S ,eglslr~s ~g ~~ cQnte6d~ ~a mem~r~~ ~ndieada ~ir Hl. Taivez nl mome~tQ VQ~i nia UtJ~ m~ita utJlldade para ~ss~s Instr~~aes mas. 51 ¥It~ sa a~r~'u~~ir ma Linguillm de Hi(11.11 U. 1JU' foma I! W IUl, pOI~le r',ii'ill ad UI!iliI-1 o. Iss I~'m, tierno'S! as I LnS t nH;iii,!!~slile SET par' a CI!II,ll!Ic,u um (h~ t lH'mlllado III i, t 1m 1 I RES (RESet) para ~~II!I~~-liIiI 1m 0. De~ldl al gran~1 nimerl ~e combln3~~15 P055fvl~5. v~m05 monlar aU8S t8~e185 (f~gurls 6.81 6.s1.

IJI

L

e ICIBIC 7~ ,Ce·C:9,H cme 1 ~I c: I3G2H 1::181[;31'1' 'e ElC41i11 CaGSH 11::'9 Cfi:H

~ IC,IJC Firn' GSGSH I CBC:!:I1m1 CBC4H alB'C ElH: Ie 9 C;GIMI GElG[lH' ,C'EI,CIEIH

2 C81[17H l[j B D 8H CiBD~ Itt G B D 2)11 CB[I:3H IGIBI[J.;!IiH CBD5H Cfllllfl"'

9 CIBD FH ICIB 01911111 CBDSIH ,;,'j e !l't!l'ii! CflDBH l[jIDI[I CH C:ODDH (i190EIHI

" eBE7H ICI9EI8~11 CBE11 H ,eBE2H CI!JE3H (iIBE4t11 GBI!:5H (iOE,BHl

5 C B E F~I C;BIESH ca E 9H C81EAH CfI EIHH C'E!,fC't:! CiEi EOH, C e:fflH

IS m~F7~1 . Ce,ftlH CBF1 ~I celf2H (iIBf3H: GH.f'·:U~ GBF5H [i'BlfEl'H

7 C e FFH . C61FBH (l,B f 9tH ca,F AH 1(;:9 F'SH C:B:fOH CiS FIDH, CBlflElH

A

H

l

,

01 C887H CIH8Ie~1 GBa~1 H G B,B 2H Ci~83H IGIB9'1llrt I C8B~H i(iID8 6~1

1 ICI9BFHCBBBH GBBl9H CI39!11.H CIBBIBH CElBCItlII CBBDH: CBB:IEHI

2 CS97H 'GIB'98IHI GB!1U H C B I) 21-1 GEl98H GIB94H i GS915H CI9 9 Bi~1

3 C81 FH c: B·9,B'i'i1 C89191H C B,9 tI:i'! CB98H 't'!l9 Gi~ I GB9DH It'D 51 EII1II

" GElA1~1 1[;19#1'81111 CBA11 HCBt!2H GBA3H I[jIElA~HIGBA5H [l1!HIIEiti'

5 GeA FH IGtB A:9H CBA91H ,t B AAI~ I CBABH 1[jIB,Atl'll GBAOH Its:AEHIl

16: GBB7H 1[l1919'0HI CBI811 H 1[j'B9~~1 I GBB3H GB)EliH' :CD,B5H G91BIBH

7 GBB FH Ie B EI:B~I GBB'!3IH .[j 9 B Alii! I CiBiSBH ICiIElI'[iH I (;B:BL'lH 61E1IB EM

N~t~ ~~I "O~t0 Dlti.e Ca~i r~~~stro ~i~ .. ftUlrtllS faI,dJu'" de " a 7. AS,S I m. 1iIC!lr e:u:mp I 0 .s,e~ neili ,ull~ 5~r ~~WDcir ~~ bit 5 ~m r~g~,'ro E G valor 1. deveri ~$I' ~ instrwG§o=

BEl S.,E

Fle~mos um elemplo~ '8m~s ehamar ~ma ,wbr,olt ~ UI qlU: lie I faa illlil(!'r, iii I lUI iii a K dii! " (I SiPA il IE I'll til b III! ill die atr i htos. d,ado pie I tI len,d 811' IU:1lI 691 g ,dlill VrIllIM. 511 01 pa,imetro pas511do pela IASmC for 0 n.mBFo 1 na forma ~ntelra. a bit 7 ~~ ~o~rd8m~~a X do SPR~T~ sir' set~do. Gasa ~gntr'rlo &e~' t8ssetado.

ILID CALL LO' LD ~CP JlIR' SET

JJR:

RES IL.ID

'C,ALL IRET

s~ ,u*s,tmos Nt~5tarH um de'lrmlni~o bit de 11m r iI!I~911 sf rn 1(1 u b, te III ,n Id 10 r'B lI:,ado JlIiJ r HL pa r a 's arb 11111 5,1: ele ~ zlIro GU um. po'ermos ~51F I ImstruCiG BIT. qUI cotlCI 0 complemlnto no ~tf ma flag Z d~ reglstro F. Ass~m. par '~lIm'~D. SI ~~ci quislr ~slltar6 pa~1 um d~'1 Indlrl~Q {IU c~imaf ~m~ 5~b-fotinaJ. base ada II cmndl~io de ~~8 0 mit 5 ~m rlglstrl E seja zero (8). basta fazlr coml ~pr-senfa'l na flgura 6.18.

ESCRITAi;:

FIGURA ,6.119 - 1'1' ~nstl!dD 'BU.

DIT ~~E ,caiDC. n. fl~a CA~RY 0

ca.pl ••• n~~ dm bit 5 de E

.Jf'" Z.'.nd'lf:r"'l;:o t (:0111 'C,ALL :Z,.~nd'~!!"'IfI,,,,gjl

97

Se ~ bit 5 , 1. 0 e0m~W~me~t~ 'I (cotBcada ni f~ag ZI. ~esse m"D~ a ~and~li~ JP I testl se a fl19 Z 1St' 8m 1 (0 ~~e n~a oco~.el I m si~ta ~ia ~ ef8t~adm. t~i~ eQntr~r~~ (bit 5 8m zlra~. 0 satta 6 el~·etU'adol.

Asslm. temos as possfre~s j~str~~i~~ na flgU'rilll B.1t.

nm.IRAI 6.11 - IC~~~'8:~S dill in'$tr!l!:~ili~ en.

A

B

H

Tlm~s tambim tnslFUe~QS para PsetarH I ~It

~ G: CAFiFi'V e C,IO·i't1'P' II eme ,n U - ~ 01 , PO Ir lim nlliH e III LI e n,i!lll hi i uma

I~ nl's,'ii'rlulei~ ~ ar a "u:-se tar" QI IC,tiIIUlJV.

Si[if riGf

37" aUtl

(:se:t Gar' f' r f U19~ (~~mplem'nt Garr, flaa)

v~ce s,~eria ~~z'r ~ma ~nstr~~io dl 1 bJt~ Mista ~o tap,tula i~tlr~lr ~~e seta a flag l? V~ti sa~erla im~S~Ra~ ~~a9 maRe~~as slm~~es ~a'~-t~~iC~~ ~ flag de C4RRY em Zl~a Sim a~tl~3f n~n~um reglstra?

As ~~5tr~~BI5 SEI G RES n~1 i~etam Rlmhlm~ fi 1!!I!i ~ 15 0 IT ,a 'f Ie tam. hdill5 as 11' i~ In mllnO'5 I~ 1[j~iRIR¥ '11115 sop-, GOf a18tam ape~15 a CARRY ICQ~sJdlra~.~ as f~ag~ V15t~5 ~t' G preslntl m~me~to).

INSTRU~5ES DE ROTA~~O

'Jtwamos ilgllIllI'l las t I'IU'QI6,1I'!i, qllill plllr'm ~ Um hl:uU' tr!TI!!!1 ''''r,nu:io''' do'S III jl 'Its !lias f"lIg I, 'S itt rrlils nu m'lImlall' ~ 01 111'1111 ~cadft ,If Ht. Atsumas de5S~S 1~5tru~i~5 podlm Sir ul~~iradal ,arl mlil~tipli~lr e~ di~idJr. f~ctlml~tl. i~gum niUme fa ~IO r Ulnla ,P'!llti!,M: ~I iIJ diel I~ ~ 2. '4. 8 . Hi. ref'll. L

A prlmeir~ dQ~iS. ~~ama~8 RLG. ~es~.ti '1iI~IiIS as ~lts ~Irra a eSqUir~~ ~um movlmlnto de Hratacil~. IiIU S~ji. 0 b~t 7 , eol.ea~G ~o ~i' e I 05 bits Ie e I 6 sio ~i5~'CI'~S ~ma Plsl~i~ para I ,s~~erda {a b~' 7 , eopia~~ nl CARRY •• Ass~m~ p~r e~~m~il. se iii rlgistro D e:QI[llt I ""'If!:

FIIOOIiA ,6.13 - ~:LC Utillh:te IIW~ft ill~UI brillldhi l[:d:I',r~I).

RILC

CARR'

I

A las'r~~io RRG , 1~'lo91 ~ Ale. ef'tu8n'~ a U,ota~iIl1lN lirl ~ dirlita I copiand~ I bit 8 01111 CARRY. Ass, I~lml. sle 6 ."l 11118819'81181 e ,(II CAI!tIRY- L ilIIiI I!lifleha r FlAIO 1tteuDlCls,

B ~ 11118BI18 I CARRY ~ 1

UIiURAJ 6,,, 1.4 - ~~,~ (,RJohh R i !it~lI!I~ U br!!JlI:h C'.arr!l~.,

RIR:C

T~m05 tamh~m a in5truli~ Rl. q~e glec~ta umi rot~Gio p~ri a 1~~~lrda cmml 51 0 rlgfslro 'ou ~,tl a~lnla.~ ~or HL~ '-I CARRY fmrm~$sem ~m-~DrCI r~~lit~~