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ISSN: 2596-2388.
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Panbiogeographic analysis of the distribution patterns of the freshwater species
of Sciaenidae (Actinopterygii: Perciformes) in the Amazon Basin
Mauro J. Cavalcanti1*, Paulo Roberto Duarte Lopes2, Edinaldo Nelson dos Santos-Silva3
1
Ecoinformatics Studio, Caixa Postal 46521, CEP 20551-940 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
2
Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (Museu de Zoologia - Divisão de Peixes), Universidade Estadual de Avenida
Transnordestina, s/no (km 03 – BR-116), CEP 44036-900, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil.
3
Laboratório de Plâncton, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André
Araújo, 2936, Aleixo, CEP 69060-000, Manaus, AM, Brazil.
*Email: maurobio@gmail.com
Received: December 16, 2018 / Accepted: February 12, 2019 / Published: February 13, 2019
Resumo Sciaenidae inclui quatro gêneros Abstract The Sciaenidae include four genera
(Pachypops, Pachyurus, Petilippinis e (Pachypops, Pachyurus, Petilippinis and
Plagioscion) e cerca de 20 espécies Plagioscion) and about 20 species restricted to
exclusivamente dulcícolas, distribuídas em rios freshwater, distributed in South American rivers.
sul-americanos. Neste trabalho, a distribuição de In this paper, the distribution of 10 species of
10 espécies de Sciaenidae de água doce com freshwater Sciaenidae occurring in the Amazon
ocorrência na Bacia Amazônica, pertencentes aos Basin, belonging to the genera Pachypops,
gêneros Pachypops, Pachyurus, Petilippinis e Pachyurus, Petilippinis and Plagioscion, was
Plagioscion, foi analisada com métodos analyzed by the panbiogeographic quantitative
panbiogeográficos quantitativos. Pela análise de methods. By means of track analysis, three
traços, foram encontrados três traços generalized tracks and six biogeographic nodes
generalizados e seis nós biogeográficos. O centro were found. The main massing of the species
de massa das espécies estudadas está localizado studied is located in the Lower Amazon (Óbidos),
no Baixo Amazonas (Óbidos), onde ocorrem seis where six of the species do occur. The results of
espécies. Os resultados sugerem que a distribuição the track analysis suggest that the distribution of
de Sciaenidae dulcícolas da América do Sul the South American freshwater Sciaenidae
corresponde aos eventos vicariantes associados à correspond to vicariant events associated to the
formação da bacias dos rios Amazonas e Orinoco formation of the Amazonas and Orinoco river
e aos eventos relacionados às formações das basins and the events related to the formations of
bacias dos rios Paraná, Paraguai e Prata. O escudo the Paraná, Paraguai and Prata river basins. The
das Guianas constitui uma feição geotectônica de Guyanas shield constitutes an important
importância na configuração dos padrões de geotectonic feature in the configuration of the
distribuição destas espécies. Estes padrões são distribution patterns of these species. These
congruentes com os observados em outras patterns are congruent with those observed in
linhagens derivadas de grupos marinhos na other lineages derived from marine groups in
América do Sul. South America.
Palavras-Chave: pan-biogeografia, análise de Keywords: panbiogeography, track analysis,
traços, Bacia Amazônica, América do Sul. Amazon Basin, South America.
Introduction
Plagioscion, was analyzed using the
The family Sciaenidae comprises four panbiogeographic method of track analysis.
genera (Pachypops, Pachyurus, Petilipinnis anf Panbiogeography, developed by León
Plagioscion) and about 20 species restricted to Croizat (Croizat, 1958, 1964), emphasizes the
freshwater, distributed in rivers of South America importance of the spatial (geographic) dimension
that drain into the Atlantic Ocean. These genera of biodiversity, to provide a wider understanding
were revised and a few new species have been of evolutionary patterns and processes, stressing
described in recent years, both extant (Aguilera & the importance of the geographical distributions
Rodrigues de Aguilera, 2000; Casatti, 2001, as direct objects of analysis. Page (1987)
2002a, 2002b, 2005) and fossils from Miocene proposed a quantitative panbiogeographic method
deposits (Aguilera & Rodrigues de Aguilera, based on graph theory, according to which an
2003), but the knowledge of the biogeography of individual track corresponds to a minimum
the freshwater species in this family in the spanning tree, which is equivalent to an
Amazon Basin is still very incipient (Boeger & undirected graph connecting all localities of a
Kitsky, 2002; Cooke et al., 2012). taxon, so that the sum of distances is minimal.
In this paper, the distribution of 10 This methodology has been employed in a number
species of freshwater Sciaenidae occurring in the of panbiogeographic studies along the last three
Amazon Basin, belonging to the genera decades (Henderson, 1989; Craw, 1989; Craw et
Pachypops, Pachyurus, Petilipinnis, and al., 1999).
Materials and Methods 1). Only species with at least two locality records
were selected for inclusion in the analysis.
Track analysis was performed with the
Individual tracks for each species were
programs Croizat v1.15 (Cavalcanti, 2009) and
constructed by plotting on a map the occurrence
MartiTracks v0.5a1 (Echeverría-Londoño &
localities and connecting them by minimum
Miranda-Esquivel 2011), using distribution data
spanning trees. Generalized tracks were obtained
obtained from the literature (Casatti, 2001, 2002a,
by the superimposition of the individual tracks,
2002b, 2005; Casatti & Chao, 2002; Soares &
with the areas where two or more generalized
Casatii, 2000), and of the collections included in
tracks intercept each other being identified as
the Global Biodiversity Information Facility
biogeographic nodes. The generalized tracks
(GBIF, www.gbif.org), FishBase
provide an objective criterion to biogeographic
(www.fishbase.org), and FishNet
homology and allow to infer the existence of an
(www.fishnet2.net). A total of 237 occurrence
ancestral biota widely distributed in the past and
records, belonging to 10 species of freshwater
fragmented by subsequent vicariant events.
Sciaenidae were included in the analysis (Table
Table 1 – Species of freshwater Sciaenidae and number of occurrence records included in this study.
geographic space with the highest concentrations On the basis of the superposition of the
of diversity, were determined by counting the individual tracks for each genus (Fig. 1), three
generalized tracks and six biogeographic nodes
numbers of species in each cell of a 1 x 1 degree
were found (Fig. 2).
grid using the DIVA-GIS Geographic Information
A B C D
Figure 1 – Individual tracks for the genera of freshwater Sciaenidae included in the analysis (A: Pachypops,
B: Pachyurus, C: Petilipinnis, D: Plagioscion).
The generalized tracks and the species that define Santa Barbara del Amazonas (Venezuela); (2) Rio
them are: T1: Pachyurus junki, Plagioscion Paragua, region of Cerro Guaiquinima
squamosissimus; T2: Plagioscion auratus, (Venezuela); (3) Rio Cuyuni (Venezuela); (4) Rio
Plagioscion ternetzi, Petilipinnis grunniens; T3: Essequibo, Guyana; (5) Rio Amazonas, region of
Pachypops fourcroi, Pachyurus schomburgkii. Óbidos (Brazil); (6) Rio Amazonas, region of
The biogeographic nodes are as follows: (1) Rio Urucará (Brazil).
Orinoco, between San Fernando de Atabapo and
These nodes closely correspond to some of those Pachyurus bonariensis presents a disjunct
found by the panbiogeographic analysis of several distribution, restricted to the basin of Rio da Prata;
groups of terrestrial animals and plants in the therefore this species does not contribute to any of
Amazonian subregion presented by Morrone the generalized tracks found in the analysis.
(2000), namely Imerí (node 1), Guyana/moist The main massing of the species of
Guyana (nodes 2, 3, and 4), and Várzea (nodes 5 included in the present study (Fig. 3) is located in
and 6). the Lower Amazon (around Óbidos, Pará, Brazil),
where six of the species do occur.
Figure 3 - Main massings (centers of diversity) of the species included in this study. Red: six species;
yellow: three to four species; light green: two species; dark green: one species.
The Amazon Basin possesses the largest freshwater groups occurring in the region
concentration of species of Sciaenidae and (Lehmberg et al., 2018). These patterns are
constitutes the main massing of the freshwater congruent with those observed for other lineages
species in this family. Track analysis suggests that derived from marine groups in South America
the distribution of Sciaenidae was primarily (sponges, mollusks, crustaceans, fishes, and
influenced by the vicariant events associated to aquatic mammals) and their integrated analysis by
the formation of the basins of Amazonas and the panbiogeographic method contributes to
Orinoco rivers, as the uplift of the Andes and improve the understanding of the events
marine transgressions in the north of South associated to the complex biogeographic history
America (Hoorn et al., 2010) and, secondarily, to of the Amazon Basin.
the events related to the formation of the Paraná,
Paraguay, and Prata river basins. These events Acknowledgements
promoted linkages between marine and freshwater
We thank Michael Heads for reviewing
environments, especially in northern South
the manuscript.
America, and their geographic and environmental
This research was supported by grants
effects on the regional distribution of freshwater
from Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento
biotas have been well documented (Bloom &
Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq #350389/2011-0)
Lovejoy, 2017; Lovejoy et al., 2006). The
and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do
Guyanas Shield in particular constitutes an
Amazonas (FAPEAM #2275/11) to MJC.
important geotectonic feature in configuring the
distribution patterns of these species, as it has
already been suggested in the case of other