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VARIACIONISTA: PRESSUPOSTOS
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OBJETIVOS
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(Fontes: http://neon.niederlandistik.fu-berlin.de)
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(Fonte: http://ecx.images-amazon.com)

38
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Aula

OS ESTUDOS PIONEIROS DE WILLIAM LABOV 3

:LOOLDP/DERYpFRQVLGHUDGRRIXQGDGRU
GRVHVWXGRVYDULDFLRQLVWDVGD6RFLROLQJXtVWLFD
(VWDOLQKDGHSHVTXLVDEXVFDHVWXGDUSDGU}HV
VLVWHPiWLFRVGHYDULDomRQDVRFLHGDGHDGRWDQGR
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IRUDPHVVHQFLDLVDUHDOL]DomRGRVGLWRQJRVQD
LOKDGH0DUWKDV·V9LQH\DUGHDUHDOL]DomRGR
/R/ na cidade de Nova Iorque.

Fonte: http://www.upenn.edu/
pennnews/current/2006/011206/
labov-index.jpg

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3DGU}HV6RFLROLQJXtVWLFRVGH:LOOLDP/DERY
FXMDWUDGXomRSDUDRSRUWXJXrVIRLIHLWD
por Marcos Bagno, Marta Scherre e Caroline
Oliveira.

$5($/,=$d®2'26',721*26(00$57+$6·6
VINEYARD
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39
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de Chilmark. Os pescadores de Chilmark formavam o mais fechado grupo
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SDGUmRGRUHVWRGDUHJLmRRQGHÀFDYDDLOKD

02
03

01

$LOKDGH0DUWKD·V9LQH\DUGV0DVVDFKXVVHWV(VWDGRV8QLGRV
(Fontes: 01 http://www.world-guides.com, 02 http://www.balcells.com,
03 http://static.howstuffworks.com)

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ouvia [ ] e [ ] ou [ ] e [ ], o que aponta para o arredondamento ou
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de que os informantes usariam palavras que contivessem os ditongos, Labov
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´ULJKWµRX´OLIHµQDVUHVSRVWDV2XWUDHVWUDWpJLDXWLOL]DGDSDUDWHUXPDEDVH
PDLVXQLIRUPHGDYDULDomRIRLDOHLWXUDGHXPWH[WRFRQWHQGRSDODYUDVFRPRV

40
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3
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centralizar os ditongos que os habitantes da Ilha Baixa. Os pescadores de
Chilmark centralizam /ay/ e /aw/ muito mais que qualquer outro grupo
ocupacional. Falantes descendentes de ingleses e de indianos tendem mais a
centralizar os ditongos do que descendentes de portugueses. Estes resultados
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HP0DUKD·V9LQH\DUG

Ilha Baixa Ilha Alta

Querem partir 4XHUHPÀFDU
(ay)(aw) (ay)(aw)
00-40 90-100
00-00 113-119
Fonte: LABOV, 2008, p. 52

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/aw/ e /ay/.

41
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Pessoas (ay) (aw)

40 Positiva 63 62
19 Neutra 32 42
6 Negativa 09 08
Fonte: LABOV, 2008, p. 59

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Vineyard e/ou querem deixar a ilha imitam o acento da variedade da Nova
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onde O p XP IDWRU  SDUD H[SUHVVDU TXH RV WUDoRV GR JUXSR $ VmR
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|| f|A%____f (A)|| (3)

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Aula

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$(675$7,),&$d®262&,$/'251$6/2-$6
DE DEPARTAMENTO DA CIDADE DE NOVA
IORQUE
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Iorque, seria preciso contatar perto de 80.000 pessoas.
Para o estudo em Nova Iorque, Labov precisou tentar uma abordagem
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ao mesmo grupo social. O grupo social mais alto deveria realizar o /r/ na
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haveria problema na coleta de dados com entrevistas curtas, com diferentes
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costuma ser conhecido como paradoxo do observador (veremos na aula
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tas, o que se apresenta como um problema na coleta de dados. Por isso,

43
 6RFLROLQJXtVWLFD

Labov escolheu um grupo que poderia servir como informante porque

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01

02
6DN·V
Fontes: 01 http://pushgroup.com, 02 http://pursuitist.com

44
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Aula

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Fonte: http://upload.wikimedia.org Fontes: http://www.lancastermall.com

St. Klein
Fonte: http://66.230.220.70
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45
 6RFLROLQJXtVWLFD

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na cidade de nova Iorque. Os empregados da Saks mostraram o mais alto
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HOHVHVTXHFHPGRUHQTXDQWRTXHQDSURQ~QFLDFXLGDGRVDHOHVXVDPXP
UHJLVWURGLIHUHQWHTXHFRQVLVWHQDHVFROKDGDYDULDQWHGHSUHVWtJLR
&RPRFRQFOXVmRGRHVWXGRGDHVWUDWLÀFDomRVRFLDOGDUHDOL]DomRGRU
HPSRVLomRSyVYRFiOLFDQDFLGDGHGH1RYD,RUTXHXPDSURQ~QFLDGLIHUHQWH
QmRH[SUHVVDVRPHQWHDWLWXGHTXDQWRjFODVVHVRFLDOPDVWDPEpPSHUPLWH
TXHJUXSRVVRFLDLVSRVVDPVHUGLIHUHQFLDGRV2VWUDEDOKDGRUHVGD6DN·V
DSHVDUGHQmRID]HUHPSDUWHGDFODVVHPpGLDDOWDHPWHUPRVGHLQVHUomR
SRGHPVHUFRQVLGHUDGRVPDLVSDUWHGDFODVVHDOWDRXPpGLDDOWDGRTXHRV
IXQFLRQiULRVGD6.OHLQTXHSURYDYHOPHQWHVHVHQWHPPDLVFRQIRUWiYHLV
se considerados parte da classe baixa.

&2081,'$'('()$/$9$5,É9(/(9$5,$17(6
eDSDUWLUGHVWHVHVWXGRVGH:LOOLDP/DERYQDGpFDGDGHTXHVH
FRQVROLGDXPUDPRGDOLQJXtVWLFDFRQKHFLGRFRPR6RFLROLQJXtVWLFD9DULDF
ionistaRTXDOHVWXGDSDGU}HVVLVWHPiWLFRVGHYDULDomRQDVRFLHGDGH$GRWD
RPpWRGRGHDQiOLVHTXDQWLWDWLYRFRPRREMHWLYRGHGHVFREULUFRPRHSRU
TXHRVLQGLYtGXRV´IDODPGLIHUHQWHµ$6RFLROLQJXtVWLFD9DULDFLRQLVWDSDUWH
GRSULQFtSLRGHTXHDYDULDomROLQJXtVWLFDpDQDOLVDGDHPUHODomRDIDWRUHV
H[WHUQRVFODVVHVRFLRHFRQ{PLFDIDL[DHWiULDJrQHURJUXSRpWQLFROXJDU
GH RULJHP JUXSR JHUDFLRQDO HVFRODUL]DomR UHGHV GH UHODo}HV VRFLDLV H
WDPEpPTXDQWRDIDWRUHVLQWHUQRVLQHUHQWHVDRVLVWHPD2XVHMDDYDULD
omRQmRRFRUUHGHIRUPDFDyWLFDHDVVLVWHPiWLFDPDVVLPFRUUHVSRQGHj
FRH[LVWrQFLDGHGLIHUHQWHVQRUPDVOLQJXtVWLFDVYRFrOHPEUDGRFRQFHLWR
GH QRUPD OLQJXtVWLFD DSUHVHQWDGR QD DXOD " TXH VmR HVWDEHOHFLGDV HP
diferentes nichos sociais.

46
$6RFLROLQJXtVWLFD9DULDFLRQLVWDSUHVVXSRVWRVWHyULFRPHWRGROyJLFRV
Aula

8PDSULPHLUDQRomRLPSRUWDQWHGHQWURGD6RFLROLQJXtVWLFD9DULDF
LRQLVWDpDQRomRGHcomunidades de fala. Vamos relembrar: o objeto da
6RFLROLQJXtVWLFD9DULDFLRQLVWDpDOtQJXDREVHUYDGDGHVFULWDHDQDOLVDGD
3
HPVHXFRQWH[WRVRFLDOLVWRpHPVLWXDo}HVUHDLVGHXVR3RULVVRRSRQWR
GHSDUWLGDGDDQiOLVHGHYHVHUDFRPXQLGDGHGHIDOD8PDFRPXQLGDGH
GHIDODVHFDUDFWHUL]DQmRSHORIDWRGHVHFRQVWLWXLUSRUSHVVRDVTXHIDODP
GRPHVPRPRGRPDVSRULQGLYtGXRVTXHVHUHODFLRQDPSRUPHLRVGH
redes comunicativas diversas, e que orientam seu comportamento verbal
por um mesmo conjunto de regras, constituindo uma QRUPDOLQJXtVWLFD,
como vimos na primeira aula desta disciplina. Por exemplo, podemos
selecionar e descrever comunidades de fala como a cidade de Aracaju,
dos estudantes do curso de Letras da UFS, dos rappers, dos internautas,
HWFeLPSRUWDQWHGHVWDFDUTXHRVLQGLYtGXRVTXHFRPS}HPDFRPXQLGDGH
GHIDODQmRIDODPLJXDOPDVFRPSDUWLOKDPRVPHVPRVMXt]RVHFUHQoDV
GHYDORUHPUHODomRjVQRUPDVOLQJXtVWLFDVYLJHQWHVQDFRPXQLGDGHSRLV
como vimos na aula 1, toda comunidade se caracteriza pelo emprego de
diferentes modos de falar.
&RPRYLPRVQDDXODjVGLIHUHQWHVPDQHLUDVGHIDODUD6RFLROLQ
JXtVWLFDUHVHUYDRQRPHGHYDULHGDGHVOLQJXtVWLFDV. E o conjunto de var-
LHGDGHVOLQJXtVWLFDVXWLOL]DGRSRUXPDFRPXQLGDGHpFKDPDGRUHSHUWyULR
YHUEDO4XDOTXHUOtQJXDIDODGDSRUTXDOTXHUFRPXQLGDGHH[LEHVHPSUH
YDULDomRORJRDOtQJXDpUHSUHVHQWDGDSRUXPFRQMXQWRGHYDULHGDGHV
3RU H[HPSOR FRQFUHWDPHQWH R TXH FKDPDPRV GH /tQJXD 3RUWXJXHVD
engloba os diferentes modos de falar utilizado pelo conjunto de seus
IDODQWHV GR %UDVLO HP 3RUWXJDO HP $QJROD HWF ( D 6RFLROLQJXtVWLFD
HQFDUDDGLYHUVLGDGHOLQJXtVWLFDQmRFRPRXPSUREOHPDPDVFRPRXPD
TXDOLGDGHFRQVWLWXWLYDGRIHQ{PHQROLQJXtVWLFRTXHLQÁXHQFLDRSURFHVVR
GHHQVLQRDSUHQGL]DJHPGHOtQJXDPDWHUQDFRPRYHUHPRVQDDXOD
9ROWDQGRj TXHVWmRGD YDULDomR FDGD LQGLYtGXR WHPXP FRPSRUWD
PHQWROLQJXtVWLFRSDUWLFXODU²KiLQRYDo}HV²PDVQmRpXPLQGLYtGXRTXH
HVWDEHOHFHPXGDDVUHJUDVGDOtQJXDHVLPRJUXSRHPLQWHUDomRVRFLDO$
PXGDQoDVyRFRUUHVHDQRYDIRUPDIRUDGRWDGDSHODFRPXQLGDGHGHIDOD
SRLVRLQGLYtGXRpXPVHUHVWUDWLÀFDGR'DtGHFRUUHDQRomRGHheteroge-
QHLGDGHVLVWHPiWLFD8PVLVWHPDOLQJXtVWLFRLGHDOFRPRRSUHYLVWRSHORV
HVWUXWXUDOLVWDVVHULDUHJLGRDSHQDVSRUUHJUDVFDWHJyULFDVRXVHMDUHJUDV
TXHQmRWrPH[FHo}HVQmRWHPRXWUDSRVVLELOLGDGHGHRFRUUrQFLD8PD
UHJUDFDWHJyULFDGRSRUWXJXrVpTXHRDUWLJRGHYHVHPSUHSUHFHGHURQRPH
FRPRHP´RPHQLQRµHQXQFDRFRQWUiULRQLQJXpPGL]´PHQLQRRµ2
VLVWHPDOLQJXtVWLFRUHDOSRUpPpUHJLGRSRUUHJUDVYDULiYHLV inerentes a ele
DOpPGDVFDWHJyULFDVHHVWDVUHJUDVYDULiYHLVSRGHPVHUPDLVRXPHQRV
DSOLFDGDVGHSHQGHQGRGRDPELHQWHOLQJXtVWLFRHRXVRFLDORTXHGHÀQHD
QDWXUH]DGRVLVWHPDFRPRSUREDELOtVWLFDHSUHVVXS}HRHPSUHJRGHWpFQLFDV
TXDQWLWDWLYDVSDUDDREVHUYDomRGDVUHJXODULGDGHVTXHRUHJHP

47
 6RFLROLQJXtVWLFD

8ULHO:HLUHLFK:LOOLDP/DERYH0DUYLQ+HU]RJVmRRVDXWRUHV
GHXPWH[WRFOiVVLFRTXHpFRQVLGHUDGRXPDGDVEDVHVGD6RFLR
OLQJXtVWLFD´)XQGDPHQWRVHPStULFRVSDUDXPDWHRULDGDPXGDQoD
OLQJXtVWLFDµ3XEOLFDGRHPIRLWUDGX]LGRSDUDRSRUWXJXrVSRU
0DUFRV%DJQRHPeXPDOHLWXUDEDVWDQWHGHQVDTXHID]XP
UHWURVSHFWRGDVSURSRVWDVSDUDH[SOLFDUDPXGDQoDOLQJXtVWLFDGHVGH
RPRYLPHQWRQHRJUDPiWLFRDWpRSyVJXHUUD1DHGLomREUDVLOHLUD
&DUORV$OEHUWR)DUDFRID]D´$SUHVHQWDomRGHXPFOiVVLFRµHPTXH
GLVFRUUHVREUHDKLVWyULDGRWH[WRHSURS}HXPURWHLURGHOHLWXUD
$TXLWHUHPRVXPDVXPDUL]DomREUHYHHOLYUHGRWH[WRIRFDQGRDO
JXQVSRQWRVEDVLODUHVGD6RFLROLQJXtVWLFD&HUWDPHQWHHVWDDPRVWUD
LUiGHVSHUWDUVHXLQWHUHVVHSHODOHLWXUDGDREUDLQWHJUDO

Segundo Weireinch, Labov e Herzog ([1968]2006), ao estudarmos

XPIHQ{PHQRGHPXGDQoDOLQJXtVWLFDQRVGHSDUDUHPRVFRPFLQFR
problemas que precisam ser averiguados:
 3UREOHPD GDV UHVWULo}HV TXDLV VmR RV FRQGLFLRQDPHQWRV H DV
UHVWULo}HV OLQJXtVWLFDV H H[WUDOLQJXtVWLFDV JHUDLV j PXGDQoD TXH
GHWHUPLQDPDVDOWHUDo}HVSRVVtYHLVHVXDWUDMHWyULD"
3UREOHPDGDWUDQVLomRFRPRXPDPXGDQoDDFRQWHFH"4XDLVVmR
VHXVFDPLQKRVHHWDSDV"2VLVWHPDOLQJXtVWLFRGHXPLQGLYtGXRPXGDDR
ORQJRGHVXDYLGD"&RPRDVPXGDQoDVVmRGLIXQGLGDVQDFRPXQLGDGH
de fala? Como elas se movem de uma comunidade a outra? Como uma
PXGDQoDpWUDQVPLWLGDGHXPDJHUDomRDRXWUD"
3UREOHPDGR HQFDL[DPHQWR FRPRDV PXGDQoDVVH HQFDL[DPQR
VLVWHPDGDVUHODo}HVOLQJXtVWLFDVHH[WUDOLQJXtVWLFDVGDVYDULDQWHV"4XH
RXWUDVPXGDQoDVHVWmRDVVRFLDGDVFRPXPDFHUWDDOWHUDomRGHXPPRGR
TXHQmRSRVVDVHUDWULEXtGRjFRLQFLGrQFLD"3RGHPRVSRVWXODUGXDV
GLPHQV}HVGRHQFDL[DPHQWRRHQFDL[DPHQWRGDYDULiYHOQDHVWUXWXUD
OLQJXtVWLFD H DV SRVVtYHLV UHODo}HV HP FDGHLD H R HQFDL[DPHQWR GD
YDULiYHOQDHVWUXWXUDVRFLDOHPTXHVHLGHQWLÀFDPRVJUXSRVVRFLDLV
aos quais as formas se vinculam.
3UREOHPDGDDYDOLDomRFRPRRVPHPEURVGHXPDFRPXQLGDGHGH
IDOD DYDOLDP XPD PXGDQoD SDUWLFXODU" $YDOLDo}HV QHJDWLYDV SRGHP
DIHWDURFXUVRGDPXGDQoD"(ODSRGHVHUGHWLGDRXUHYHUWLGDFRPR
FRQVHTXrQFLDGRHVWLJPDVRFLDO"2QtYHOGHFRQVFLrQFLDGRVPHPEURV
GD FRPXQLGDGH GH IDOD p XPD FDUDFWHUtVWLFD HVVHQFLDO GD PXGDQoD
OLQJXtVWLFDHGHYHVHUFRQVLGHUDGRQDDQiOLVH
3UREOHPDGDLPSOHPHQWDomRSRUTXHXPDGDGDPXGDQoDOLQJXtVWLFD
RFRUUHXHPFHUWDpSRFDHOXJDU"2SUREOHPDGDLPSOHPHQWDomRHVWi
OLJDGRjVFDXVDVGDPXGDQoDHDRVGHPDLVSUREOHPDVHPTXHSDUWHGD
HVWUXWXUDVRFLDOHOLQJXtVWLFDDPXGDQoDVHRULJLQRXFRPRVHHVSDOKRX
SDUDRXWURVJUXSRVTXHJUXSRVPRVWUDUDPPDLRUUHVLVWrQFLDDHOD"

48
$6RFLROLQJXtVWLFD9DULDFLRQLVWDSUHVVXSRVWRVWHyULFRPHWRGROyJLFRV
Aula

2SRQWRGHSDUWLGDSDUDDUHÁH[mRpWHQWDUH[SOLFDUSRUTXHDVOtQJXDVPXGDP
$ÀQDOVHXPDOtQJXDWHPGHVHUHVWUXWXUDGDGHPRGRDIXQFLRQDUHÀFLHQWHPHQWH
FRPRDVSHVVRDVFRQWLQXDPDIDODUHQTXDQWRDOtQJXDPXGDRXVHMDHQTXDQWR
3
SDVVDSRUSHUtRGRVGHPHQRUVLVWHPDWLFLGDGH"6HSUHVV}HVIRUoDPXPDOtQJXDD
PXGDUHVHDFRPXQLFDomRpPHQRVHÀFLHQWHQHVVHtQWHULPSRUTXHWDLVLQHÀFLrQ
FLDVQmRVmRREVHUYDGDVQDSUiWLFD"
Weireinch, Labov e Herzog ([1968]2006) buscam em Herman Paul, repre-
VHQWDQWHGDFRUUHQWHGRVQHRJUDPiWLFRVDSRVWXODomRRidioleto como o mais
OHJtWLPRREMHWRGHHVWXGROLQJXtVWLFR2XVHMDQDOtQJXDGRLQGLYtGXR2HVWUX
turalismo estabelece a homogeneidadeTXHpHQFRQWUDGDQRLGLROHWRFRPRSUp
UHTXLVLWREiVLFRSDUDDDQiOLVHOLQJXtVWLFD:HLUHLQFK/DERYH+HU]RJSURS}HPR
URPSLPHQWRGDUHODomRGLFRW{PLFDestrutura = homogeneidade, introduzindo a
QRomRGHKHWHURJHQHLGDGHVLVWHPiWLFDDUJXPHQWDPTXHDVPXGDQoDVOLQJXtVWLFDV
QmRRFRUUHPHPidioletosPDVQDVJUDPiWLFDVGDFRPXQLGDGHPDLVDPSOD&DGD
LQGLYtGXRWHPXPFRPSRUWDPHQWROLQJXtVWLFRSDUWLFXODU²KiLQRYDo}HV²PDV
QmRpXPLQGLYtGXRTXHHVWDEHOHFHPXGDDVUHJUDVGDOtQJXDHVLPRJUXSRHP
LQWHUDomRVRFLDO$PXGDQoDVyRFRUUHVHDQRYDIRUPDIRUDGRWDGDSHODFRPX
nidade de fala.
$VVLPRSRQWRGHSDUWLGDGHXPDPXGDQoDpVHPSUHXPDPELHQWHPDLV
favorecedor, e aos poucos, se propaga aos ambientes menos favorecedores. Este
SHUFXUVRpJUDGXDOTXHVHPDQLIHVWDQDVDOWHUDo}HVGHIUHTXrQFLDVGH DSOLFDomR
da regraHPFDGDFRQWH[WROLQJXtVWLFRHVRFLDO/RJRVHJXQGR/DERYS
PXGDQoDpTXHVWmRGHIUHTXrQFLD9HUHPRVHPVHJXLGDFRPROLGDUFRP
DV IUHTXrQFLDV PXLWRVHVFROKHUDP R FXUVR GH /HWUDVSRUTXH QmR JRVWDYDP
GHPDWHPiWLFD6RFLROLQJXtVWLFDWUDEDOKDFRPJUiÀFRVHWDEHODVSHUFHQWXDLVH
probabilidades !)
2XWURFRQFHLWRPXLWRLPSRUWDQWHQD6RFLROLQJXtVWLFDpRGHYDULiYHOOLQJXtVWLFD
RXUHJUDYDULiYHO6HJXQGR:HLUHLFK/DERYH+HU]RJXPDYDULiYHOOLQJXtVWLFD
pXP´HOHPHQWRYDULiYHOGHQWURGRVLVWHPDFRQWURODGRSRUXPDUHJUDVLQJXODUµ
([1968] 2006, p.167).
3RGHPRVGL]HUTXHDYDULiYHOOLQJXtVWLFDpXPFRQVWUXFWRWHyULFREiVLFRGDVR
FLROLQJXtVWLFDYDULDFLRQLVWDeRREMHWRRXRIRFRGDSHVTXLVD$YDULiYHOOLQJXtVWLFD
FRVWXPDVHUUHODFLRQDGDFRPRYDULiYHOGHSHQGHQWH´8PDYDULiYHOpFRQFHELGD
FRPRGHSHQGHQWHQRVHQWLGRTXHRHPSUHJRGDVYDULDQWHVQmRpDOHDWyULRPDV
LQÁXHQFLDGRSRUJUXSRVGHIDWRUHVGHQDWXUH]DVRFLDORXHVWUXWXUDOµ02//,&$
%5$*$S6mRH[HPSORVGHYDULiYHOOLQJXtVWLFDDDOWHUQkQFLDHQWUHQyV
HDJHQWHFRQFRUGkQFLDYHUEDOUHDOL]DomRGRVHQWUHRXWURVQRSRUWXJXrV$V
YDULiYHLVLQGHSHQGHQWHVVmRDVYDULiYHLVRXJUXSRVGHIDWRUHVTXHLQÁXHQFLDP
DRFRUUrQFLDGDYDULiYHOGHSHQGHQWHRXUHJUDYDULiYHO2FRQMXQWRGHYDULiYHO
GHSHQGHQWH H YDULiYHLVLQGHSHQGHQWHVIRUPD RTXH7DUDOORFKDPDGH
´HQYHORSHGDYDULDomRµHYHUHPRVFRPPDLVGHWDOKHVQDDXOD
$VUHJUDVYDULiYHLVWHQGHPDVHWRUQDUFDWHJyULFDVJHQHUDOL]DQGRVH0DVKi
casos de YDULDomRHVWiYHORXVHMDSHUtRGRVHPTXHDVYDULDQWHVFRRFRUUDPVHP
TXHXPDVREUHSRQKDjRXWUD

49
 6RFLROLQJXtVWLFD

8PDYDULiYHOOLQJXtVWLFDUHJUDYDULiYHOFRPSRUWDGXDVRXPDLVvariantes.

As variantes correspondem aos modos alternativos semanticamente equivalentes
GHGL]HU´a mesma coisaµYDORUUHIHUHQFLDORXUHSUHVHQWDFLRQDOHPXPmesmo
contexto2XVHMDXPDUHJUDYDULiYHOSRVVXLGXDVRXPDLVYDULDQWHVFDVRQmR
WHQKDQmRWHPRVXPDUHJUDYDULiYHOPDVVLPXPDUHJUDFDWHJyULFD$VYDULDQWHV
VmRDVIRUPDVOLQJXtVWLFDVDOWHUQDQWHVTXHFRQÀJXUDPXPIHQ{PHQRYDULiYHO$V
YDULDQWHVSRGHPSHUPDQHFHUHVWiYHLVQRVVLVWHPDVRXSRGHPPXGDUTXDQGR
uma das variantes desaparecer.
9DPRVYHUDOJXQVH[HPSORVGRSRUWXJXrVSDUDGHL[DURVFRQFHLWRVPDLV
FODURV3DUDQRVUHIHULUPRVjSHVVRDGRSOXUDOHPSRUWXJXrVGLVSRPRVGH
GXDVIRUPDVSURQRPLQDLV XPD IRUPDGLWD ´FDQ{QLFDµ SUHVFULWD H UHJLVWUDGD
QDVJUDPiWLFDVQRUPDWLYDVGDOtQJXDSRUWXJXHVDTXHpRSURQRPHSHVVRDOQyV,
HRXWUDIRUPDLQRYDGRUDTXHDSDUHFHHPDOJXPDVJUDPiWLFDVQRUPDWLYDVGD
OtQJXDSRUWXJXHVDFRPRREVHUYDomRUHVWULWDjIDODFRORTXLDOTXHpIRUPDGDSHOD
forma a gente$VVLPSRGHPRVGL]HUTXHDUHIHUrQFLDjSHVVRDGRSOXUDOQR
SRUWXJXrVpXPDUHJUDYDULiYHOSRUTXHGLVSRPRVGHGXDVYDULDQWHVDVIRUPDV
QyVHDJHQWH(PERUDKDMDPXLWRVHVWXGRVUHODWLYRVDHVVDYDULiYHOQRSRUWXJXrV
SRGHPRVSHUFHEHULQWXLWLYDPHQWHDOJXPDVWHQGrQFLDVGHXVRVGDVGXDVIRUPDV
SRUH[HPSORRVMRYHQVHDVFULDQoDVWHQGHPDXWLOL]DUPXLWRPDLVDIRUPDa gente
do que a forma QyV2XDLQGDHPVLWXDo}HVPDLVIRUPDLVSRUH[HPSORHPXPD
DXGLrQFLDMXGLFLDODIRUPDQyVSUHGRPLQD-iHPXPDFRQYHUVDHQWUHDPLJRVQR
bar, a forma a genteSUHGRPLQD$IDL[DHWiULDHRQtYHOGHIRUPDOLGDGHVmRIDWRUHV
GHFDUiWHUH[WHUQRVmRIDWRUHVVRFLDLVTXHGHWHUPLQDPFRQGLFLRQDPRXVRGH
XPDIRUPDRXGHRXWUD7HPRVDLQGDQHVWDUHJUDYDULiYHOIDWRUHVLQWHUQRVDR
VLVWHPD3RUH[HPSORDIRUPDYHUEDOGHVLQrQFLDQ~PHURSHVVRDOHRSDUDOHOLVPR
6HXPIDODQWHGL]´6DtPRVFHGRµDGHVLQrQFLDQ~PHURSHVVRDOGRYHUERIDUiFRP
TXHVXDIUDVHVHJXLQWHWDPEpPPDQWHQKDHVVDGHQLVrQFLDHVHHOHXWLOL]DUXP
SURQRPHSDUDSUHHQFKHUDSRVLomRGHVXMHLWRWHUiXPDDOWDSRVVLELOLGDGHGHXVDU
a forma QyV´PDVDLQGDDVVLPQyVFKHJDPRVDWUDVDGRVµ(VWDpXPDPRWLYDomR
HVWUXWXUDOSDUDUHVSHLWDURSDUDOHOLVPR$OpPGLVVRDVIRUPDVDJHQWHFKHJDPRV
HQyVFKHJRXVmRDOWDPHQWHHVWLJPDWL]DGDVHQGRDOYRGHSUHFRQFHLWROLQJXtVWLFR
2XWURH[HPSORGHUHJUDYDULiYHOGRSRUWXJXrVVHULDDH[SUHVVmRIRUPDOGD
FRQFRUGkQFLDGHQ~PHUR$UHJUDFDQ{QLFDGDFRQFRUGkQFLDGHQ~PHURQRSRUWX
JXrVGL]TXHWRGRVRVHOHPHQWRVQRPLQDLVGHXPVLQWDJPDSOXUDOGHYHPUHFHEHU
PDUFDH[SOtFLWDGHFRQFRUGkQFLDGHQ~PHURFRPRHP´DVSHVTXLVDVOLQJXtVWLFDVµ
HRVSURIHVVRUHVHQVLQDPSRUWXJXrVµ1DIDODSRUpPQRWDPRVTXHDSHQDVRž
elemento de um sintagma nominal recebe a marca, sendo suprimida nos demais,
como em DVSHVTXLVD‘OLQJXtVWLFD‘RVSURIHVVRUHVHQVLQD‘SRUWXJXrV. A regra
YDULiYHOQHVWHFDVRUHIHUHVHjH[SUHVVmRGDPDUFDGHFRQFRUGkQFLDGHQ~PHUR
$VYDULDQWHVVmRDSUHVHQoDYVDDXVrQFLDGDPDUFDIRUPDOGHFRQFRUGkQFLDGH
Q~PHURQRVHOHPHQWRVQRPLQDLVGRVLQWDJPD

50
$6RFLROLQJXtVWLFD9DULDFLRQLVWDSUHVVXSRVWRVWHyULFRPHWRGROyJLFRV
Aula

0DUWD6FKHUUHH$QWRQ\1DURWrPGHVHQYROYLGRPXLWDVSHVTXLVDV
VREUHHVWDYDULiYHOGRSRUWXJXrV2VFDStWXORVHGROLYUR´2UL
3
JHQVGRSRUWXJXrVEUDVLOHLURµWUDWDPFRPPXLWDFODUH]DGD
TXHVWmRGDFRQFRUGkQFLDQRSRUWXJXrV5HFRPHQGDPRVDOHLWXUD

Os estudos pioneiros de Labov serviram de base para constituir o

SURWRFROR GD LQYHVWLJDomR GD VRFLROLQJXtVWLFD 3DUD GHÀQLU XPD YDULiYHO
OLQJXtVWLFDpQHFHVViULRLGHÀQLURQ~PHURH[DWRGHYDULDQWHVLLHVWDE
elecer toda a multiplicidade de contextos em que ela aparece: (iii) elaborar
XPtQGLFHTXDQWLWDWLYRTXHSHUPLWDPHGLURVYDORUHVGDVYDULiYHLV2LWHP
LIRLYLVWRQHVWDDXOD1DDXODYHUHPRVRLWHPLLHRLWHPLLLVHUiUH
tomado na aula 7.

&21&/86®2
$RHVWXGDUPRVDOtQJXDHPXVRQXPDFRPXQLGDGHGHIDODQRVGHIURQWD
PRVFRPDUHDOLGDGHGHYDULDomR2VIDODQWHVWrPFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGLVWLQWDV
VH[RLGDGHSURÀVVmRFODVVHVRFLDOHWFHHVWDVGLIHUHQoDVLGHQWLÀFDGDV
FRPRIDWRUHVVRFLDLVRXH[WHUQRVWDPEpPDWXDPQDIRUPDGHFDGDXP
VH H[SUHVVDU 3RUpP FRPR YLPRV D YDULDomR REVHUYDGD QRV IDODUHV GD
FRPXQLGDGHQHPVHPSUHHVWiOLJDGDDSHQDVDRVIDWRUHVH[WHUQRV)DWRUHV
LQWHUQRVLQHUHQWHVDRVLVWHPDOLQJXtVWLFRWDPEpPSUHVVLRQDPHSRVVLELOLWDP
DRFRUUrQFLDGDYDULDomR

RESUMO
2QRVVRSURSyVLWRQHVWDDXODIRLDSUHVHQWDURVSUHVVXSRVWRVWHyULFR
PHWRGROyJLFRVGDFRUUHQWHFRQKHFLGDFRPR6RFLROLQJXtVWLFD9DULDFLRQLVWD
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LABOV, William. 3DGU}HVVRFLROLQJXtVWLFRV6mR3DXOR3DUiEROD
LABOV, William. 3ULQFLSOHVRI OLQJXLVWLFFKDQJH²LQWHUQDOIDFWRUV
Oxford: Blackwell, 1994.
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WEINREICH, Uriel; LABOV, William; HERZOG, Marvin. Fundamen-
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