Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
13 de abril de 2012
1 Introdução
> v1<-matrix(c(4,3,5,6,1))
> v2<-matrix(rep(1,dim(v1)[1]))
> t(v1)%*%v2
[,1]
[1,] 19
> crossprod(v1,v2)
[,1]
[1,] 19
1
O produto de um vetor coluna por um vetor linha
> M<-v1%*%t(v2)
> M
Vamos criar uma matriz quadrada apresentada no capı́tulo 2 de Johnson & Wichern
> Ainv<-solve(A)
2
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 13 -4 2
[2,] -4 13 -2
[3,] 2 -2 10
> # autovalores
> l<-eigen(A)$values
> l
[1] 18 9 9
> # autovetores
> P<-eigen(A)$vectors
> P
3
Decomposição espectral da matriz A
> P%*%diag(l)%*%t(P)
> library(MASS)
> data(Boston)
Vamos selecionar apenas as variáveis quantitativas, isto implica em excluir a variável chas.
> d<-subset(Boston,select=-chas)
> summary(d)
4
1st Qu.: 0.08205 1st Qu.: 0.00 1st Qu.: 5.19 1st Qu.:0.4490
Median : 0.25651 Median : 0.00 Median : 9.69 Median :0.5380
Mean : 3.61352 Mean : 11.36 Mean :11.14 Mean :0.5547
3rd Qu.: 3.67708 3rd Qu.: 12.50 3rd Qu.:18.10 3rd Qu.:0.6240
Max. :88.97620 Max. :100.00 Max. :27.74 Max. :0.8710
rm age dis rad
Min. :3.561 Min. : 2.90 Min. : 1.130 Min. : 1.00
1st Qu.:5.886 1st Qu.: 45.02 1st Qu.: 2.100 1st Qu.: 4.00
Median :6.208 Median : 77.50 Median : 3.207 Median : 5.00
Mean :6.285 Mean : 68.57 Mean : 3.795 Mean : 9.55
3rd Qu.:6.623 3rd Qu.: 94.08 3rd Qu.: 5.188 3rd Qu.:24.00
Max. :8.780 Max. :100.00 Max. :12.127 Max. :24.00
tax ptratio black lstat
Min. :187.0 Min. :12.60 Min. : 0.32 Min. : 1.73
1st Qu.:279.0 1st Qu.:17.40 1st Qu.:375.38 1st Qu.: 6.95
Median :330.0 Median :19.05 Median :391.44 Median :11.36
Mean :408.2 Mean :18.46 Mean :356.67 Mean :12.65
3rd Qu.:666.0 3rd Qu.:20.20 3rd Qu.:396.23 3rd Qu.:16.95
Max. :711.0 Max. :22.00 Max. :396.90 Max. :37.97
medv
Min. : 5.00
1st Qu.:17.02
Median :21.20
Mean :22.53
3rd Qu.:25.00
Max. :50.00
> pairs(d[,c("rm","medv","lstat","age")])
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0
4 5 6 7 8 10 20 30
o diagrama de dispersão multivariado pode ser realçado com o ajuste de relações lineares
e não-lineares entre as variáveis.
> pairs(d[,c("rm","medv","lstat","age")],
+ panel=function(x,y){abline(lsfit(x,y)$coef)
+ lines(lowess(x,y))
+ points(x,y) } )
6
10 20 30 40 50 0 20 60 100
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> cor(d[,c("rm","medv","lstat","age")])
O comando abaixo ilustra o scatterplot em 3 dimensões, com isto podemos analisar con-
juntamente 3 variáveis aleatórias.
> library(scatterplot3d)
> scatterplot3d(d$rm,d$lstat,d$medv)
7
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d$rm
Para o conjunto de dados Boston Housing vamos trabalhar com o vetor de médias e a
matriz de covariâncias do vetor das variáveis rm. lstat e age.
[,1]
[1,] 6.284634
[2,] 22.532806
[3,] 12.653063
8
> S<-cov(X)
> S
rm medv lstat
rm 0.4936709 4.493446 -3.079741
medv 4.4934459 84.586724 -48.447538
lstat -3.0797414 -48.447538 50.994760
Os comandos abaixo produzem o Boxplot Bivariado. Esta é uma versão similar ao boxplot
univariado mas que utiliza uma elipse para determinar os pontos que estão mais próximos
da centróide dos dados.
9
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rm
4 Exercı́cios
Para o vetor com as variáveis medv,rm,lstat e tax escreva os comandos que solucione os
problemas abaixo.
10