Brandão Et Al 2017

Phytotaxa 307 (3): 205–227 ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition)
http://www.mapress.com/j/pt/
Article PHYTOTAXA
Copyright © 2017 Magnolia Press ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition)
https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.307.3.5
Synopsis of Sida (Malvaceae, Malvoideae, Malveae) in the state of Pernambuco,

Brazil
JOSÉ LOURENÇO BRANDÃO1, GEORGE SIDNEY BARACHO2,3, MARGARETH FERREIRA DE SALES1 &
MARCELO PAULINO VIEGAS FILHO2
1
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois
Irmãos, CEP 52.171-930, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; e-mail: jl.fate@gmail.com; mfsales65@hotmail.com
2
Laboratório de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Pernambuco, Rua Arnóbio Marques, 310, Santo
Amaro, CEP 50.100-130, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; e-mail: georgesidney@hotmail.com
3
Author for correspondence: georgesidney@hotmail.com
Abstract
Sida is one of most heterogeneous genera of Malvaceae and one of the richest in species inside Malvoideae. It comprises
about 200 pantropical and American species with a few of these extending into the temperate regions, 112 of them occurring
in Brazil. Studies on the taxonomy of Sida in this country are few. In the State of Pernambuco, the genus is represented by
24 species widely distributed in all of the four major phytogeographical zones (littoral, agreste, savannah and caatinga). It
occurs in different localities and habitats, such as natural and disturbed areas or in urbanized areas. This synopsis includes a
taxonomic key, new synonyms, lectotypes and new records, description of one new species (Sida pernambucensis), illustra-
tions, and brief comments of morphology, habitat and geographical distribution.
Key-words: Flora of Pernambuco, Northeast of Brazil, synonyms, taxonomy
Resumo
Sida é um dos gêneros mais heterogêneos de Malvaceae e um dos mais diversos de Malvoideae. Possui ca. de 200 espécies
pantropicais e Americanas com poucos representantes estendendo-se em regiões temperadas e 112 espécies ocorrentes no
Brasil. Estudos sobre a taxonomia do gênero no país são poucos. No Estado de Pernambuco, o gênero está representado
por 24 espécies amplamente distribuídas em todas as quatro principais zonas fitogeográficas (litoral, agreste, cerrado e
caatinga) e ocorre em diferentes localidades e habitats, em áreas nativas ou urbanizadas. Esta sinopse inclui uma chave tax-
onômica, novos sinônimos, lectótipos e novos registros, descrição de uma nova espécie (Sida pernambucensis), ilustrações
e comentários breves sobre morfologia, habitat e distribuição geográfica.
Introduction
Sida Linnaeus (1753: 683) is one of most heterogeneous genera of Malvaceae and one of the richest in species of
Malvoideae, tribe Malveae. The genus is distinguished from other related genera by two distinctive morphological
features: calyx often 10-ribbed, and schizocarpic fruits with 5–14 one-seeded mericarps, muticous to prominently
aristate (Fryxell 1997). Other characters includes the pedicels often articulate; involucel absent; solitary flowers in leaf
axils, crowded in axillary glomerules, or in dense or open terminal inflorescences; stamens grouped in phalanges; and
base chromosome number x=7, 8 (Fryxell 1985, 1997, Fuertes Aguilar 1995).
Various genera have been segregated from Sida to form alliance groups (see Fryxell 1971, 1978, 1988, Fryxell
& Fuertes Aguilar 1992). Today, a more natural Sida comprises 189 American species, with a few of these extending
to temperate regions, with twelve sections currently recognized in the genus: Cordifoliae (24 spp.), Distichifolia (16
spp.), Ellipticifoliae (9 spp.), Hookerianae (2 spp.), Malacroideae (23 spp.), Muticae (11 spp.), Nelavagae (30 spp.),
Oligandrae (4 spp.), Pseudonapaea (1 sp.), Sidae (49 spp.), Spinosae (18 spp.), and Stenindae (2 spp.) (see Burandt
Accepted by Christopher Davis: 9 May 2017; published: 26 May 2017 205

1992, Clement 1957, Fryxell 1985, 1997, 2009, Fuertes Aguilar 1995, Krapovickas 2003a, b, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2012,
2014, and Siedo 2014, joint and updated estimate). Fuertes Aguilar et al. (2003) have suggested that molecular evidence
indicates rather clear limits in Sida, and that most of the sections are not monophyletic.
Sida as a whole has never been monographed, but there are important previous sectional treatments of the genus
(Burandt 1992, Clement 1957, Monteiro-Filho 1967, Fryxell 1985, 2009, Krapovickas 2003a, b, 2006, 2007, 2014,
Siedo 1999), and miscellaneous taxonomic contributions in Australia, Asia, and Americas (e.g. Robyns 1965, Borssum-
Waalkes 1966, Abedin 1979, Fryxell 1987, 1988, 1992, Fuertes Aguilar 1993, 1995, Tang et al. 2007).
Schumann (1891) and Monteiro-Filho (1936) are the two most expressive and important taxonomic treatments of
Sida focusing on the studies and recognition of the species occurring in Brazil. The first author subdivided the genus
into seven sections and recognized 34 Brazilian species from a total of 61 treated in Flora Brasiliensis. Later, Monteiro-
Filho’s treatment grouped 54 Brazilian from a total of 83 south American species, and recognized six sections, of
which the sect. Malvinda was subdivided into eleven groups. Subsequently, the understanding of Sida in Brazil came
from contributions in local and regional floristic works, and by description of new species (e.g. Monteiro-Filho 1942,
1949, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1973, 1977, Bovini 2001, Krapovickas 2003a, b, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2012, 2014). Based on
these data, Bovini (2010) published a list and increased the number to 83 species of Sida occurring in Brazil. Today,
with an increase of dozens of new species and additional records, the genus Sida is very well represented, with 113
species in all Brazilian regions, 66 (58,4%) of them endemic and especially diverse in the cerrados and caatingas of
northeast and central-west.
The present study of Sida aims to supply up-to-date knowledge of this genus for the State of Pernambuco,
Northeastern Brazil. It recognizes 24 species, and provides an identification key, illustrations, and comments about
morphology, habitat and geographical distribution for each of them.
Material and methods
Area of study:—The State of Pernambuco is situated in the eastern portion of Northeast Brazil, with coordinates
between 7o and 9o S and between 34o and 41o W. It is included in the tropical zone, and comprises an area of 98.311,66
km2 divided into four different phytogeographic zones in the east-to-west direction: (i) Littoral [pioneer formations
(seashore, restinga and coastal terraces, and mangrove subzones)]; (ii) Mata [ombrophylous and seasonal forests, and
associated types: humid forest, dry forest, and tropical mountain forest (brejos de altitude) subzones]; (iii) Savannah
[grasslands (tabuleiro or cerrado) and agreste of the Araripe]; (iv) and Caatinga [areas of ecological transition and
savannah-steppe: agreste and sertão (backland, including enclaves of high wet forest, named brejos de altitude)]
(Andrade-Lima 2007).
Botanical and taxonomic studies:—This study is based on collections and field observations, as well as on label
data and morphological studies of types and other specimens of Sida from BHCB, CEN, EAN, ESA, HEPH, HST, JPB,
IAN, ICN, IPA, PAMG, PEUFR, RBR, SJRP, SMDB, SPSF, UFP, and UFRN herbaria (acronyms by Thiers 2014+).
The description of characters of the leaves, calyx, and mericarps follows Fryxell (1985), Fuertes (1993, 1995), and
Krapovickas (2003 a, b, 2006, 2007, 2014). The trichomes are classified based on their morphology according to Payne
(1978).
Results
Sida Linnaeus (1753: 683). Lectotype (designated by Britton & Brown 1913: 520):—Sida alnifolia Linnaeus (1753:
684).
Perennial herbs to shrubs, erect or prostate, pubescent or viscid. Stipules usually persistent, paired, linear to subulate
or furcate, equal or subequal, 1–4-nerved or not. Blade leaves narrowly lanceolate to elliptic or ovate, sometimes
linear, obovate or rhombic, rarely lobed, usually crenate-dentate or dentate, with a combination of simple, bifurcate or
stellate trichomes, sometimes glandular and viscid on both surfaces. Solitary flowers in the leaf axils or weakly paired,
sometimes in glomerules; terminal flowers usually crowded in varied inflorescences; pedicels shorter than to much
longer than the calyces, usually articulate; calyx 5-lobed, rounded or pentangular, often 10-ribbed, accrescent or not;
corolla white, yellow, orangeish, salmon or rose, sometimes with a dark or wine red, or purplish center, petals usually
206 • Phytotaxa 307 (3) © 2017 Magnolia Press BRANDÃO ET AL.

asymmetric; androecium included, staminal tube usually pallid or yellowish, glabrous or pilose, filamentiferous and
free at apex, filaments organized in 3–7 phalanges, stamens 10–55; gynoecium included, pallid and glabrous, 5–14
styles, the stigmas capitate, yellow, red or purplish. Schizocarpic fruits, glabrous or pubescent; 5–14 mericarps, usually
apically dehiscent and muticous to prominently aristate, spines often with stellate or simple trichomes, antrorse or
retrorsely barbed, laterally reticulate, dorsally smooth to strongly ornate, brownish or blackish, and solitary seeds.
Note:—Sida is distinguished from related genera by two distinctive features, though initially other morphological
characters can be used. The calyx in Sida is ecostate to typically 10-ribbed, at least at the base, and can be rounded,
5–10-angulated, pyramidal or campanulate, sometimes accrescent and indurate in fruiting. The mericarps are 5–14 in
number and differentiated into two portions: the upper, usually dehiscent and often prominently aristate with a pair of
spines, and the lower, internally one-seeded and often externally ornate and indehiscent but laterally reticulate.
Additionally, other morphological features formerly utilized are (i) the stipules, that vary from linear and lanceolate
to subulate or furcate, equal or dimorphic, not nerved or 1–4-nerved, and usually persistent, (ii) the leaf morphology,
which is considered diagnostic and strongly delimits sections and to a lesser degree species, (iii) the involucel absent, an
important character to distinguish Sida from other genera (e.g., Malvastrum), and (iv) the trichomes, which have some
taxonomic significance, and therefore provide valuable characteristics on delimitation of sections and species, but they
may exhibit no taxonomic value on identifying closely related species. In Sida species presented here, the indumentum
might bear the following combination of trichomes: (a) simple and setose hairs, with a few or no variations; (b) viscid
glandular hairs, which may be short or long; (c) bifurcate or 2-branched hairs, with a few or no variations and rarely
stalked; and (d) typically stellate or multibranched hairs with multicellular stalks and 4–14 rays, forming different
subtypes.
In the State of Pernambuco, Sida is represented by 24 species, which are widely distributed in all of the four major
phytogeographical zones (Littoral, Mata, Savannah, and Caatinga) of the state, and which occur in different localities
and habitats such as natural and disturbed areas of dunes, open savannah areas, secondary forest edges, rocky outcrops
with inselbergs in dry vegetation, or in urbanized areas such as plantations and dried river beds, along roadsides,
ruderal places or wastelands.
The species of Sida commonly grow on humid, sandy, and stony soils as small to large populations, flowering and
fruiting throughout the year.
Chromosome numbers:—2n=12, 14, 16, 28, 32, 34, 42, 56 (Krapovickas 1969a, Carvalheira et al. 1991,
Fernández et al. 2003, Tate et al. 2005, Lavia et al. 2007).
Key to species of Sida from State of Pernambuco
1. Leaf blades entire, narrowly linear or linear-lanceolate; flowers and fruits often aggregated into terminal umbelliform inflores-
cences; and mericarps indehiscent (sect. Stenindae) ….................................................................................................. Sida linifolia
- Leaf blades crenate, irregularly dentate or basally entire, variously shaped; flowers and fruits often solitary or paired in axils or
variously aggregated into diverse inflorescences, very rarely corymbiform; and mericarps apically dehiscent (indehiscent in S.
tuberculata var. pseudo-rhombifolia) ................................................................................................................................................ 2
2. Stems with distichous lateral branching and leaf arrangement, usually flattened; stipules subfalcate to falcate and subequal, dimor-
phic (sect. Distichifolia) .................................................................................................................................................................... 3
- Stems with alternate non-distichous lateral branching and leaf arrangement; stipules linear to linear-lanceolate, equally arranged,
sometimes subfalcate, but not dimorphic .......................................................................................................................................... 6
3. Flowers solitary or paired in the leaf axils, sometimes poorly clustered at the apices of the branches; mericarps, styles and stigmas
8–10 ....................................................................................................................................................................................................4
- Flowers mostly arranged in glomerular 3–5 flowered cymes in the leaf axils, subsessile; mericarps, styles and stigmas 5–8 . ...... 5
4. Lower leaf surface and calyx with simple and appressed sparse trichomes ...................................................................... Sida acuta
- Lower leaf surface and calyx with minute stellate dense trichomes ............................................................................ Sida ulmifolia
5. Calyx blackish and indurate in the fruit; mericarps, styles and stigmas 5, short-aristate, spines up to 0.2 mm long ..........................
..................................................................................................................................................................................... Sida glomerata
- Calyx brownish, not indurate in the fruit; mericarps, styles and stigmas (6)7–8, biaristate, spines 1.4–2 mm long . .........................
.................................................................................................................................................................................... Sida planicaulis
6. Leaf blades rhomboid, basally entire, truncate or cuneate, and distally dentate or dentate-crenate, not lobed ................................ 7
- Leaf blades not rhomboid, basally cordate or subcordate, and dentate-crenate throughout, sometimes weakly 3–5-lobed .......... 13
7. Leaf blades up to 2.5 cm long, oblong to narrowly obovate, basally rounded; calyx not ribbed (sect. Malacroideae) ................... 8
- Leaf blades up to 10 cm long, ovate to oval-oblong or oblong-lanceolate or elliptic, basally rhomboid, truncate or cuneate; calyx
usually 10-ribbed (sect. Sidae) .......................................................................................................................................................... 9
8. Stems with non-appressed trichomes; upper leaf surface only with simple trichomes; mericarps not glochidate, uniformly 5 .........
........................................................................................................................................................................................ Sida brittonii
- Stems with appressed trichomes, upper surface with stellate and simple trichomes; mericarps glochidate, 6–8 . ......... Sida harleyi
9. Mericarps, styles and stigmas 14, the spines 5–7 mm long twice as long as mericarp body, more or less curled ........... Sida setosa
Synopsis of Sida (Malvaceae, Malvoideae, Malveae) Phytotaxa 307 (3) © 2017 Magnolia Press • 207
- Mericarps, styles and stigmas 6–12, the spines, when present, 0.5–4 mm long and less than half the length of mericarp body, not
curled ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
10. Flowers crowded in subsessile axillary glomerules or arranged in long-peduncled and lax corymbiform racemes, if solitary, the
pedicels up to 15 mm long .............................................................................................................................................................. 11
- Flowers commonly solitary or weakly paired or aggregated in the axils, the pedicels up to 45 mm long ..................................... 12
11. Flowers crowded in subsessile axillary glomerules, the pedicels up to 15 mm long on any solitary flowers; mericarps, styles and
stigmas 6–8, indehiscent ................................................................................................... Sida tuberculata var. pseudo-rhombifolia
- Flowers in long-peduncled and lax corymbiform racemes, the pedicels shorter; mericarps, styles and stigmas 10–12, apically de-
hiscent . ................................................................................................................................................................. Sida santaremensis
12. Stipules 1–nerved; pedicels articulate; sepals not ciliate; mericarps 9–11 . .................................. Sida rhombifolia var. rhombifolia
- Stipules 2–4–nerved (usually 3–nerved); pedicels not articulate; sepals ciliate; mericarps 8 ........................................ Sida uchoae
13. Mericarps, styles and stigmas uniformly 5; the spines, when present, with antrorse trichomes . ................................................... 14
- Mericarps, styles and stigmas 6–13; the spines, when present, with retrorse or stellate trichomes . .............................................. 18
14. Leaf blades oval-cordate, apex acuminate; calyx lobes with dark green margins (sect. Nelavagae) ............................................. 15
- Leaf blades ovate to oval-lanceolate, apex acute to rounded; calyx lobes uniformly green (sect. Spinosae) . ............................... 17
15. Stems sometimes with adventitious roots; leaf blades strongly asymmetrical; calyx accrescent becoming cordate to sagittate at
base; corolla yellowish without purplish center ........................................................................................................ Sida jussiaeana
- Stems without adventitious roots; leaf blades symmetrical; calyx not accrescent; corolla yellowish, orange or salmon, with or,
sometimes, without purplish center . ............................................................................................................................................... 16
16. Stems densely hispid; flowers crowded in subsessile axillary and terminal glomerules or, sometimes, if solitary, subsessile to
shortly pedicellate in the axils, the pedicels up to 5 mm long, not articulate; mericarps muticous (subsect. Conglomerata) ............
............................................................................................................................................................................................. Sida urens
- Stems densely viscid; flowers solitary in the axils or in diffuse terminal panicles, but not aggregated; the pedicels 9–20 mm long,
articulate; mericarps biaristate . .................................................................................................................................... Sida glutinosa
17. Stems prostrate; petioles not-spinose at base; solitary flowers in the axils, only; corolla pale rose or salmon, with a magenta center;
mericarps rounded, muticous .................................................................................................................................... Sida abutilifolia
- Stems erect; petioles spinose at base; solitary flowers in the axils or in small clusters, and crowded in racemes at the apices; corolla
pale yellow without a red center or white; mericarps biaristate, the spines with bifurcate antrorse trichomes, ............ Sida spinosa
18. Flowers and fruits commonly subsessile; mericarps muticous, the spines with minute retrorse stellate trichomes (sect. Muticae) . .
................................................................................................................................................................................................ Sida ulei
- Flowers and fruits commonly short to long-pedicellate; mericarps submuticous to long-biaristate, the spines with retrorse simple
or only sparsely stellate trichomes (sect. Cordifoliae) .................................................................................................................... 19
19. Stipules 1–2-nerved; stamens 55–56 with pilose filaments; mericarps submuticous, the aristae sparsely covered with stellate min-
ute trichomes, lateral walls weakly reticulate, blackish .................................................................................... Sida pernambucensis
- Stipules not nerved; stamens 10–55 with glabrous filaments; mericarps long-biaristate, the aristae retrorsely barbed with simple
trichomes, lateral walls strongly reticulate, brownish ..................................................................................................................... 20
20. Leaves markedly with a vinaceous-purplish blotch along the margins; petioles evidently sulcate ....................... Sida cerradoensis
- Leaves not blotchy; petioles never evidently sulcate ...................................................................................................................... 21
21. Calyx prominently 10-ribbed from the base to the apex; flowers yellow, yellow-orange, rose or salmon; stamens 30–55 . ......... 22
- Calyx not prominently 10-ribbed or the ribs only evident ½ toward the base; flowers white; stamens 10–30 .......... Sida salviifolia
22. Leaves narrowly linear to linear-lanceolate; stipules ca. 1 mm long; staminal tube ca. 2 mm long; mericarps (and styles and stig-
mas) 6–9 ................................................................................................................................................................. Sida angustissima
- Leaves ovate, ovate-oblong, oval-rounded to elliptic; stipules 5–15 mm long; staminal tube 4–6 mm long; mericarps (and styles
and stigmas) 8–12 . .......................................................................................................................................................................... 23
23. Leaf base cordate; petioles up to 7–8 cm long; stamens 30–40, joined into 5–7 phalanges; spines of mericarp 3–5 mm long ..........
...................................................................................................................................................................................... Sida cordifolia
- Leaf base obtuse; petioles up to 3–4 cm long, never exceeding; stamens 45–55, joined into 3–4 phalanges; spines of mericarp 2–2.8
mm long . ................................................................................................................................................................. Sida galheirensis
Taxonomic Treatment
1. Sida abutilifolia Miller (1768: Sida no. 12, as “abutifolia”) (Figs. 1A, 4A). Type:—UNKNOWN LOCALITY. In cult: herb.
Miller, W. Houstoun s.n. (holotype, BM 000603911, photo!).
Taxonomic notes:—Fryxell (1988) and Fryxell & Hill (2015) states that this epithet indeed should be spelled
“abutilifolia”, as it is written on the type specimen. Sida abutilifolia is placed in Sida sect. Spinosae (Fryxell 1985)
and is distinguished from all other species by the following set of characters: prostrate stems, with hirsute and hyaline
indument made of simple and dense trichomes, mixed with stellate hair; leaves symmetrical, ovate or oval-cordate;
solitary flowers in the axils; pedicel 8–50 mm long, 1/3 to ½ articulated; calyx pentangular, not accrescent, sepals
trullate; petals pale rose or salmon, with a magenta center; and 5 mericarps rounded, muticous.

FIGURE 1. A: Sida abutilifolia, flower and leaf. B–C: Sida acuta. B: habit; C: flower and leaf. D: Sida angustissima, flower and leaf.
E–F: Sida brittonii. E: flower; F: flower bud and leaves. G–H: Sida cerradoensis. G: habit; H: flower. Photos: G.S. Baracho.
Distribution and habitat:—This species is known from the southern United States, through Mexico, Central
America, and the Caribbean to northern South America, south to Peru and Brazil (Fryxell 1985, Fuertes 1995). In
Brazil, S. abutilifolia was previously known only from Acre and Amazonas (Bovini 2015), and is reported here for the
first time in the State of Pernambuco. This species is heliophilous and found growing on rocky and arid soils, in small
to large populations, and inhabits the Caatinga zone, especially after rainy periods.
Representative specimen:—BRAZIL. Pernambuco. Parnamirim, km 23 da estrada Parnamirim-Petrolina, 23
May 1984, fr., F. Araújo 78 (IPA).
2. Sida acuta Burman (1768: 147) (Figs. 1B–C, 4A). Lectotype (designated by Borssum-Waalkes 1966: 188):—JAVA.
Habitat in India (G, photo!).
= Sida arrudiana Monteiro (1936: 36). Lectotype (designated here):—BRAZIL. Pernambuco: Recife, December 1933, H. Monteiro 411
(RBR!; isolectotype, US 2124966, photo!).
Taxonomic notes:—Sida acuta belongs to Sida sect. Distichifolia (Krapovickas 2003a), and comprises herbs with
distichous branching and leaf arrangement, stipules subequal, calyx glabrous, often ciliate, staminal column pubescent,
and 8–10 mericarps. During the course of herbarium examination, we encountered type specimens of S. arrudiana
at RBR and US. As no holotype was indicated by the author in the protologue, and no lectotype has been designated
ever since, the specimens (H. Monteiro 411 and 412) are considered syntypes and his name has to be lectotypified in
accordance with Articles 9.2, 9.11, and 9.12 (McNeill et al. 2012).
Distribution and habitat:—This species is pantropical in distribution (Krapovickas 2003a). In Brazil, it occurs
from north to south-east, growing in native and disturbed areas. In the State of Pernambuco, the species occurs from
Littoral to Sertão Central, in the edge of forests or disturbed areas of the coast, on sandy soils, occurring also in dry
habitats of caatinga vegetation and enclaves of brejos de altitude, above 500 m.
Representative specimen:—BRAZIL. Pernambuco. Arcoverde, BR 232, 8 August 1996, fr., G.S. Baracho 76
(UFP).
3. Sida angustissima Saint-Hilaire (1827: 179) (Figs. 1D, 4A). Type:—BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: lecta in parte desertà
occidentalique provinciae Minas Geraes propè praedium Olho d’Agoa haud longè à vico Contendas. Florebat
Septembre, Octobre, 1816–21, ft., Saint-Hilaire s.n. (holotype, P, photo!; isotype, US, photo!).
Taxonomic notes:—Sida angustissima is placed in Sida sect. Cordifoliae based on the following combinations of
features: leaves 1–5.5 × 0.2–0.3 cm, narrowly linear or linear-lanceolate; solitary flowers in the axils or in aggregated
racemes; calyx 0.5–0.7 × 0.5–0.8 cm, not accrescent; stamens 45–55 in number; and mericarps 6–9, laterally reticulate,
prominently aristate, the spines 0.1–0.25 cm long, retrorsely barbed.
Distribution and habitat:—Endemic to Brazil, this species is rather heliophilous, occurring throughout
northeastern, from the Piaui to the western Bahia and Distrito Federal. Towards the southeast, in Minas Gerais along
the Cadeia do Espinhaço. In Pernambuco, S. angustissima occurs in the Caatinga zone, and inhabits mainly the arid
and rocky soils of the plains and mountains, at altitudes from sea level to above 800 m.
Representative specimen:—BRAZIL. Pernambuco. Buíque, estrada Buíque-Catimbau, Sítio Bom Jesus, 21
October 1996, fr., G.S. Baracho & J.A. Siqueira-Filho 265 (UFP).
4. Sida brittonii León (1919: 172) (Figs. 1E–F, 4A). Lectotype (designated by Areces & Fryxell 2007: 175):—CUBA.
Pinar del Río: dry savanna, Chirigota, 9 August 1917, Bro. León & P. Roca 7466 (HAC, n.v.; isolectotype, US,
photo!).
Taxonomic notes:—Sida brittonii is placed in Sida sect. Malacroideae (Don 1831) based on the following combination
of characters: prostrate herbs, stems with stellate trichomes not appressed; upper surface with simple trichomes;
leaf blades 0.4–1.4 × 0.2–0.6 cm, oblong to obovate, upper surface covered with simple trichomes, rarely stellate;
and mericarps 5, covered with glandular trichomes, not glochidate. It’s also closely related to S. ciliaris, but can be
distinguished by the stem by the non-appressed trichomes, upper surface with simple trichomes, mericarps uniformly
5 and not glochidate.
Distribution and habitat:—Sida brittonii is distributed in Cuba, Venezuela and Northeast Brazil (Krapovickas
2007). It was previously restricted to the Northeastern Brazil, from Piauí to Alagoas. It is reported here for the first time
in the State of Pernambuco, occurring from Littoral to Caatinga, and grows in populations along disturbed secondary
forests, at roadsides, extending their range of distribution to semiarid areas, in sandy soils of caatinga fragments.

Representative specimen:—BRAZIL. Pernambuco. Cabo de Santo Agostinho, Praia do Paiva, 7 April 1998, fr.,
A. Sacramento 331 (IPA).
5. Sida cerradoensis Krapovickas (1969b: 19) (Figs. 1G–H, 4A). Type:—Sida potentilloides Saint-Hilaire (1827:
178) subsp. elata Hassler (1910: 38). PARAGUAY. Sierra do Amambay, in campis ‘Serrados’, Jul., fl., fr., Hassler
10552 (holotype, P, photo!; isotype, LIL, n.v.).
Taxonomic notes:—Sida cerradoensis belongs to the Sida sect. Cordifoliae, due to distinctive characters, including:
leaf blades 2–4 × 0.8–1.7 cm, slightly elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, margin irregularly dentate and continuously dark-red
or violaceous-purplish; flowers clustered in axillary or terminal racemes, calyx 0.8–1 × 0.7–0.8 cm, not accrescent;
corolla yellow-orange or salmon, stamens 45–55 in number; and mericarps (8–)9–12 prominently biaristate, the spines
0.4–0.6 cm long and retrorsely barbed. In addition, this species differs from all known Cordifoliae by verrucose stems,
stipules, leaf margins and apex of the calyx dark-red or violaceous-purplish, and by its larger aristae.
Distribution and habitat:—Sida cerradoensis is widespread, known from Bolivia to Uruguay and Brazil, where
it is found at the North and Central-West to South regions (Krapovickas 1969b). In northeast Brazil, it occurs from
Rio Grande do Norte to Bahia. A new record of this species from State of Pernambuco is presented here, with small
and medium populations growing in pioneer formations along Littoral, in sandy soils of restinga, coastal terraces and
cerrado.
Representative specimen:—BRAZIL. Pernambuco. Igarassu, Refúgio Ecológico Charles Darwin, 19 Fev.
1996, fl., fr., M. Oliveira et al. 207 (UFP).
6. Sida cordifolia Linnaeus (1753: 684) (Figs. 2A, 4B). Lectotype (designated by Borssum-Waalkes 1966: 200):—
Habitat in India, cordifolia. 4, Herb. Linnaeus 866.12 (LINN, photo!).
Taxonomic notes:—Sida cordifolia is distinguished from all other species of section Cordifoliae (Fryxell 1985) by
having leaves cordate, ovate to ovate-oblong, densely covered with stellate trichomes; terminal flowers variously
disposed and aggregated into racemiform or paniculate inflorescences, axillary flowers commonly solitary or weakly
paired or aggregated; calyx 10-ribbed, stellate-tomentose, pedicels 10–20 mm long, articulate 0.5 mm or ½ below the
calyx; corolla yellow, yellow-orange, pale rose or salmon; stamens 30–40, the filaments organized in 5–7 phalanges;
and mericarps 7–12, prominently biaristate, and spines retrorsely barbed. It is a highly variable widely distributed
species, and one of the most polymorphic species in Sida.
Distribution and habitat:—Widely distributed in pantropical and subtropical regions (Fryxell 1985) including
all Brazilian regions. In Pernambuco, S. cordifolia occurs widely from Littoral to Caatinga, at different habitats, soils,
altitudes, and in disturbed (mixed secondary forests, dried river beds, cultivations and plantations) or urbanized areas
(in dry and ruderal places, roadsides or wastelands).
Representative specimen:—BRAZIL. Pernambuco. Altinho, Sítio Poços Pretos, 31 October 1996, fr., G.S.
Baracho & J.A. Siqueira-Filho 304 (UFP).
7. Sida galheirensis Ulbrich (1924: 40) (Figs. 2B–C, 4B). Type:—BRAZIL. Seridó, Parahyba do Norte, Gargalheira
(blühend und fruchtend III. 1920–Ph. von Luetzelburg n. 12421 typ.). (holotype, M, as “Sida gargalheirensis”, F,
photo!).
= Sida galheirensis Ulbr. var. genuina Monteiro (1936: 43). Lectotype (designated here):—BRAZIL. Pernambuco. Alagôa de Baixo,
March 1933, H. Monteiro 274 (RBR!), syn. nov.
= Sida galheirensis var. genuina f. subtrilobate Monteiro (1936: 44). Lectotype (designated here):—BRAZIL. Pernambuco. Alagôa de
Baixo, March 1933, H. Monteiro 406 (RBR!), syn. nov.
= Sida galheirensis var. genuina f. angustodontia Monteiro (1936: 44). Lectotype (designated here):—BRAZIL. Pernambuco. Alagôa de
Baixo, March 1933, H. Monteiro 402 (RBR!), syn. nov.
= Sida galheirensis var. subgracilis Monteiro (1936: 44). Lectotype (designated here):—BRAZIL. Pemambuco. Alagôa de Baixo, March
1933, H. Monteiro 403 (RBR!), syn. nov.
Taxonomic notes:—Sida galheirensis is placed in Sida sect. Cordifoliae differing from all other species by having
ovate to oval-lanceolate or elliptic leaves, lower surface densely covered by hyaline to flavous stellate trichomes;
terminal flowers aggregated in panicles or racemes formed by corymbs; calyx 10-ribbed, stellate-tomentose; corolla
showy, up to 35 mm in diameter, the petals yellow-gold with a dark-red center, 45–55 stamens, the filaments organized
FIGURE 2. A: Sida cordifolia, flowers and leaves. B–C: Sida galherensis. B: morphotype I, flower without dark center; C: morphotype
II, flower with dark center. D–E: Sida glomerata. D: habit; E: flower. F: Sida glutinosa, habit. G–J: Sida harleyi. G: morphotype I, lilac
flower with vinaceous center; H: morphotype II, salmon flowers with red center; I: morphotype III, yellow flower without dark center; J:
schizocarp with glochidate mericarps. Photos: G.S. Baracho.

FIGURE 3. A–O: Sida pernambucensis. A–B: habit; C: morphotype I, flower with dark center; D: morphotype II, flower without
dark center; E: stipule; F: leaf apex; G: lower leaf surface with stellate trichomes; H: stem; I: seed with pilose hyle; J: schizocarp with
mature mericarps; K: gynoecium; L: calyx in fruiting with articulated pedicel; M: mericarp, dorsal view; N: mericarp, lateral view; O:
androphore. E–H, K, O, bar = 2 mm; I, M–N, bar = 1 mm. Photos: G.S. Baracho.
in 3–5 phalanges; and 7–12 biaristate mericarps with spines retrorsely barbed. Monteiro (1936) described and illustrated
two varieties, genuina and subgracilis, adding to the variety genuina two forms, subtrilobate and angustodontia. These
taxa were distinguished based on leaf morphology, inflorescence type and indumentum color. However, S. galheirensis
is a polymorphic species, and these features are within the range of the variation of this species, and the geographic
distribution of the varieties and forms is the same. Therefore, these taxa are here proposed as synonyms. On other hand,
as the author hasn’t mentioned any holotype in the protologue for each of these taxa, the names were here lectotypified
in accordance with Article 9.2 of the Melbourne Code (McNeill et al. 2012).
FIGURE 4. A–B: Distribution maps of Sida species in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil. A: Sida abutilifolia (); S. acuta (); S.
angustissima (); S. brittonii (); S. cerradoensis (); S. harleyi (). B: Sida cordifolia (); S. galheirensis (); S. glomerata (); S.
glutinosa (); S. jussiaeana (); S. linifolia ().

Distribution and habitat:—It is endemic to the Caatinga biome of the Brazilian semiarid region, and occurs in
all of the northeastern states, from Maranhão to Bahia, and at the north of Minas Gerais. S. galheirensis occurs widely
in Pernambuco along the Caatinga zone, in different habitats, including a mix of the dry caatinga vegetation, dry forest
and enclaves of brejos de altitude. Many populations occur densely on dry, rocky and arid soils, along roadsides or
similarly open or disturbed habitats, also in inselbergs and rocky outcrops.
Representative specimen:—BRAZIL. Pernambuco. Carnaíba, 7º43’22.1” S, 37º50’24.7” W, 28 March 2013,
fl., fr., J.L. Brandão & G.S. Baracho 304 (PEUFR).
8. Sida glomerata Cavanilles (1785: 18) (Figs. 2D–E, 4B). Type:—Jussieu s.n. (holotype, P-JU 12249, as IDC
microfiche, photo!).
Taxonomic notes:—Sida glomerata belongs to Sida sect. Distichifolia (Krapovickas 2003a) because of the following
morphological traits: herbs or subshrubs variously pubescent, indumentum with stellate trichomes, more or less
abundant and dense, mixed with simple hairs, variable in length up to 2 mm long, and bifurcate, more or less appressed
and less frequent hairs; dimorphic stipules 2–15 mm long, lanceolate to oval-lanceolate, falcate, 3–5-nerved, ciliate;
leaves elliptic-lanceolate and distichous with upper surface flattened in lateral branches; shorter flowers mostly
arranged in glomerular 3–5-flowered cymes in the leaf axils; calyx blackish; and mericarps 5, brownish or blackish,
usually short-spinescent.
Distribution and habitat:—Sida glomerata occurs widely throughout the Caribbean and tropical America (Fryxell
1985), from Costa Rica to Argentina and all Brazilian regions, from Amazonas to Santa Catarina. It also occurs widely
in Pernambuco, from Littoral to Caatinga, and in different habitats (mixed secondary forests and associated types,
restinga and coastal terraces, dry caatinga vegetation and brejos de altitude), and in ruderal places or wastelands.
Grows in small populations.
Representative specimen:—BRAZIL. Pernambuco. Igarassu, Usina São José, 24 September 2012, fr., J.L.
Brandão & L. Lima 283 (PEUFR).
9. Sida glutinosa Commerson ex Cavanilles (1785: 16) (Figs. 2F, 4B). Lectotype:—ISLE DE FRANCE. herb. P.
Commerson (P-JU 12278 A!, designated by Borssum Waalkes (1966); isolectotypes, MPU 016909!, P 00037083!;
isotype, MA 267581!).
Taxonomic notes:—Sida glutinosa is in Sida subsect. Nelavagae (Baracho & Agra 2016) and is distinguished from
all other species by the stems densely viscid with glandular and setose hairs, sometimes with stellate hairs; leaf blades
2–4 × 1–3 cm, symmetric, concolor, oval-cordate; solitary flowers at the axils or in diffuse terminal panicles; calyx
4.5–5.0 mm, not accrescent, densely covered by glandular-viscid hairs and mixed with simple and stellate hairs, sepals
obtrullate; corolla 1–2 cm in diameter; petals symmetric, retuse, yellow with or without red center, stamens 12–20, free
filaments towards apex; and mericarps 5, apically 2–spined, spines densely covered with antrorse hairs.
Distribution and habitat:—The circumscription of S. glutinosa with respect to its closest relative, S. glabra
Miller (1768: Sida no. 14), has recently been clarified by Baracho & Agra (2016). This species occurs in tropical
America, from northwest Mexico and the Caribbean to Argentina and Brazil (Krapovickas 2006) where it is found
from the Northeast to Central-West and Southeast Regions. It is considered quite rare in the State of Pernambuco. Only
a single record was previously reported by Monteiro-Filho (1949) and re-collected in 1996, after a gap of 50 years, in
an area of Brejo de Altitude, Mata zone of state. On the other hand, some collections of Sida from herbarium IPA (see
Albuquerque 35AJ, Andrade-Lima 8989, Andrade-Lima et al. 9303, Lima et al. 734, and Pereira et al. 874) have been
incorrectly assigned to S. glutinosa and this error has been propagated, but there is no doubt that all collections refers
to S. ulei Ulbr. (Baracho & Agra 2016).
Representative specimens:—BRAZIL. Pernambuco. Caruaru, Estação Ecológica de Brejo dos Cavalos,
8º8’00”–8º10’00” S, 36º2’00”–36º10’00” W, 750–1000 m, 20 October 1996, fl., fr., G.S. Baracho et al. 223 (UFP).
10. Sida harleyi Krapovickas (2007: 239) (Figs. 2G–J, 4A). Type:—BRAZIL. Bahia. Rio de Contas, Pico das Almas,
Vertente Leste, 9–11 km ao N-O da cidade, 6 November 1988, R.M. Harley 25938 (holotype, SPF 79127!; isotype,
CTES, K, photo!).
FIGURE 5. A: Sida jussiaeana, flower and leaves. B–C: Sida linifolia. B: flower; C: schizocarps. D: Sida rhombifolia var. rhombifolia,
flower. E–F: Sida salviifolia. E: flowers and leaves; F: schizocarp with mature mericarps. G–H: Sida santaremensis. G: schizocarp with
mature mericarps. H: habit. Photos: G.S. Baracho.

Taxonomic notes:—Sida harleyi is placed into Sida sect. Malacroideae (Krapovickas 2007) based on the following
combination of characters: erect or prostrate herbs, the stems with stellate appressed trichomes; upper surfaces with
a mix of simple and stellate trichomes; leaf blades 0.5–2.5 × 0.8–0.8 cm, oblong to narrowly obovate, upper surface
glabrous, inner surface with stellate appressed trichomes; and mericarps 6–8, covered with punctiform glandular
trichomes. Morphologically similar to S. brittonii, but differs by having the stem with appressed trichomes, upper
surfaces with stellate trichomes, staminal tube glabrous, and mericarps 6–8 with punctiform trichomes.
Distribution and habitat:—Sida harleyi is endemic to the Caatinga biome where it was previously reported in
Bahia and north of Minas Gerais. This species is here reported for the first time in Pernambuco, and grows in small to
large populations at sandy and rocky soils of caatinga fragments.
Representative specimen:—BRAZIL. Pernambuco. Pombos, arredores da cidade, 3 February 1981, fr., A.
Krapovickas 38012 (IPA).
11. Sida jussiaeana Candolle (1824: 463) (Figs. 5A, 4B). Type:—PERU. (holotype, P-JU 12267, p.p., photo!).
Taxonomic notes:—Sida jussiaeana is placed in Sida subsect. Nelavagae (Fryxell 1985) and is distinguished from
all other species by the following set of characters: prostrate stems, with hirsute and hyaline indument made of simple
and abundant trichomes more or less dense, mixed with less frequent bifurcate and stellate hairs; leaves asymmetrical,
ovate or oval-cordate; solitary flowers in the axils; pedicels 7–40 mm long, 1/3 to ½ articulated; calyx pentangular,
accrescent, sepals trullate; and mericarps 5, submuticous.
Distribution and habitat:—It occurs in tropical America, from southern Mexico and the Caribbean to Bolívia,
Argentina, Paraguay and Brazil (Fryxell 1985, Krapovickas 2006). In Brazil, it is found in northeastern Pará, in all of
the northeastern states (Maranhão to Bahia), at the eastern region of Goiânia and north of Minas Gerais. S. jussiaeana
is here reported for the first time in Pernambuco, usually found in small populations on wet rocks and sandy soils in
remnants of rainforest, mixed secondary forests and brejos de altitude of the Mata zone.
Representative specimen:—BRAZIL. Pernambuco. Recife, Curado, 2 August 1958, fl., fr., A. Lima s.n.
(PEUFR).
12. Sida linifolia Cavanilles (1785: 14) (Figs. 5B–C, 4B). Type:—IN INSULA CAIENAE ET PERU. Jussieu s.n.
(holotype, P-JU 12243A, photo!).
Taxonomic notes:—Sida linifolia is in the section Stenindae (Fryxell 1985). This section includes only two species
known (the other, S. hassleri Hochr., occurs in Brazil and Paraguay). Sida linifolia differs from this and all other species
of Sida by having its leaves narrowly linear or linear-lanceolate, 1.4–15.5 × 0.2–1.1 cm; umbelliform inflorescence;
calyx partially covering the fruit; corolla minute and white with dark vinaceous center, and mericarps 7–9, vinaceous
and blackish, muticous.
Distribution and habitat:—This species is commonly distributed throughout Mexico, the Caribbean and Panamá;
and occurs widely in much of South America south to Paraguay and Brazil (Fryxell 1985, Fuertes 1995) where it is
found in all Brazilian regions, from Amazonas to Rio Grande do Sul. In State of Pernambuco, S. linifolia grows in
small populations in dried river beds, plantations, and in ruderal places or wastelands. It occurs throughout the state,
from Littoral to Caatinga, in disturbed secondary forests, grassland, dry caatinga vegetation and brejos de altitude.
Representative specimen:—BRAZIL. Pernambuco. Goiana, Estação Experimental de Itapirema, IPA, 23
September 2012, J.L. Brandão et al. 204 (PEUFR).
13. Sida pernambucensis Baracho & J.L. Brandão, sp. nov. (Figs. 3A–O, 7A)
Similar to Sida teresinensis Krapovickas (2007: 200) by the stems covered with dense minute stellate and sparse long stalked-stellate
trichomes, widely ovate leaf blades, stellate tomentose calyx, and mericarps 13, submuticous, but differs in the 1–2-nerved stipule,
articulate pedicels, staminal column minutely pubescent with simple trichomes, and stamens with pilose filaments.
Type:—BRAZIL. Pernambuco: Igarassu Municipality, BR 101, km 41, 7º49’50.142”S, 34º54’50.3568”W, 5 May 2016 (fl, fr), G.S.
Baracho 2.191 (holotype, UFP; isotypes, JPB, IPA, PEUFR).
Erect herbs 30–80 cm tall, stems sparsely verrucose, pubescent, with minute stellate trichomes and sometimes with long
stalked-stellate trichomes with 8–22 rayed. Stipules 8.5–11 × 0.8–1 mm, 1–2-nerved, narrowly lanceolate, symmetric,
sometimes vinaceous, pubescent with minute dense stellate trichomes sometimes mixed with ciliate simple trichomes.
Petiole 1–1.5 mm long, cylindrical to slightly compressed, with pubescence like the stem. Leaf blades 4.5–6.5 × 2.2–
6.5 cm, symmetric, concolor, ovate to widely ovate, basally subcordate, margin irregularly dentate-crenate throughout
and vinaceous, apex obtuse; the upper surface sparsely pubescent, with minute stellate trichomes; the lower surface
more densely stellate-pubescent, with minute trichomes. Flowers solitary in the leaf axils or congested apically through
shortened internodes; pedicel 18–30 mm long, articulated 3–8 mm below the calyx, stellate-pubescent. Calyx 4–6 ×
6–8 mm, campanulate, not accrescent or slightly accrescent in fruiting, prominently 10-ribbed, pubescent, densely
covered by stellate minute trichomes, rarely mixed with bifurcate minute trichomes; sepals ovate, the lobes 3–3.5
× 3.5–6 mm, apiculate, slightly plicate, internally glabrous. Corolla 1.8–2 cm in diameter; petals 12–13 × 8–9 mm,
oboval, asymmetric, usually without a vinaceous center or sometimes with, margin ciliate and densely pilose at base;
stamens 55–56, free filaments 1.5–2 mm, pilose and organized into 4–5 phalanges, staminal column 1.5–2 × 0.8–1 mm
long, cylindric, yellowish, with simple minute trichomes; ovary 1.2–1.5 × 1.5–2 mm, compressed, glabrous, carpels
10–13, free styles 10–13, 3.5–4 mm long, cylindrical, recurving at anthesis, wine-red, stigma capitate, vinaceous.
Mericarps 10–13, 2.8–3.1 × 2–2.1 × 1.2–1.5 mm, blackish; apical zone 1–1.2 mm long, submuticous, the aristae
0.3–0.5 mm long, sparsely covered with stellate minute trichomes, the external walls smooth, internal walls slightly
dehiscent; basal zone 1.9–2.1 mm long, dorsal wall rounded and oblong, slightly reticulate and carinate, glabrous or
pubescent on apical portion; lateral walls weakly reticulate, semicircular; seeds 1.8–2 × 1.5–2 × 1–1.2 mm, trigonous-
reniform, smooth, blackish, hilum pubescent. Columella 2.5 × 3 mm, persistent.
Taxonomic notes:—Sida pernambucensis is placed in Sida sect. Cordifoliae by the leaves dentate-crenate
throughout, solitary flowers in the axils or terminally in racemes, calyx 10-ribbed, stamen filaments organized into 4–5
phalanges, mericarps 10–13 and laterally reticulate. It is similar to S. teresinensis Krapovickas (2007: 207) due to its
similar stems covered with dense minute stellate and sparse long stalked-stellate trichomes, widely ovate leaf blades,
stellate-tomentose calyx, and mericarps 13, submuticous. However, S. pernambucensis differs from this species mainly
by its 1–2-nerved stipule, articulate pedicels, staminal column with simple minute trichomes, and stamens with pilose
filaments. In addition, this species has leaf blades with vinaceous margins, flowers sometimes with vinaceous center,
and blackish mericarps and seeds.
Distribution and habitat:—This species is found along the road BR 101, Igarassu Municipality, north Littoral zone
of Pernambuco, in disturbed vegetation on shallow humid soil and restricted to few and widely spaced individuals.
Representative specimen:—Known only from the type.
14. Sida planicaulis Cavanilles (1785: 24) (Fig. 7A). Lectotype (designated by Krapovickas 2003a: 104):—“Habitat
in India, floruit mensibus sept. & oct. V.V. in R.h.P. Obs. Sida fruticosa, quam observavit Commersonius in Brasilia
est omnino eadem ac nostra planicaulis, ad quam reducenda videtur altera similiter frutecens, quam idem reperit in
Insula Franciae”, Commerson s.n. (P, photo!; isolectotype, P-JU 12251, photo!).
Taxonomic notes:—Sida planicaulis is in the section Distichifolia (Krapovickas 2003a) differing from all other species
by the following combination of characters: stems covered with sparse long simple trichomes mixed with short stellate
trichomes; stipules subfalcate and dimorphic, ciliate; leaf blades elliptic-lanceolate, rounded base, upper surface with
simple, appressed and antrorse trichomes; flowers mostly arranged in glomerate cymes; staminal tube ca. 3 mm long;
and mericarps (6)7–8, biaristate, the spines 1.4–2 mm long. This species is related to the common species S. acuta and
S. glomerata, but has a different leaf base, staminal tube and mericarps.
Distribution and habitat:—It occurs on a few islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans (Krapovickas 2003a),
Florida (Wunderlin & Hansen 2008), Argentina and Brazil where it is found from the northeast to central-west and
southern regions (Krapovickas 2003a, 2010). In Pernambuco, the species has been recorded in the Littoral zone, in
disturbed areas of forests, plantations, and in ruderal places or wastelands.
Representative specimen:—BRAZIL. Pernambuco. Igarassu, Usina São José, 26 February 2003, A. Melquíades
41 (PEUFR).
15. Sida rhombifolia Linnaeus (1753: 684) var. rhombifolia (Figs. 5D, 7A). Lectotype (designated by Rodrigo 1944:
t. 28):—Habitat in India utraque, rhombifolia. 2., Herb. Linnaeus 866.3 (lectotype, LINN, photo!; isolectotype, S,
photo!).
Taxonomic notes:—Sida rhombifolia var. rhombifolia belongs to the section Sidae series Sida (Krapovickas 2014)
based on the following combination of features: leaf blades rhomboid, rhombic to rhombic-lanceolate, farinaceous,
adaxial surface stellate-pubescent, with sparse simple trichomes, abaxial surface densely stellate-puberulent; flowers
solitary in the axils or in small aggregated racemes; calyx prominently 10-ribbed at base; corolla yellow without a red
center; and mericarps 9–11, 1–2-spines, 0.5–4 mm long.

Distribution and habitat:—This is a pantropical and subtropical species and almost cosmopolitan (Krapovickas
2014), occurring throughout the tropics of both the Old and the New Worlds and extending well into the temperate
zones (Fryxell 1988). It’s widely distributed through tropical America including all Brazilian regions (Fuertes 1993).
In Pernambuco, this species occurs from Littoral to Caatinga, in disturbed secondary forests, mix of the dry caatinga
vegetation and brejos de altitude, and in dry river beds, plantations, ruderal places or wastelands. It grows in small to
large populations.
Representative specimen:—BRAZIL. Pernambuco. Maraial, Engenho Curtume, 25 August 1996, fr., J.A.
Siqueira-Filho & G.S. Baracho 103 (UFP).
16. Sida salviifolia Presl (1835: 110) (Figs. 5E–F, 7A). Type:—MEXICO. prope Acapulco, Haenke s.n. (holotype, PR,
as “Sida salviaefolia”, photo!; isotype, BM, n.v., PR, n.v.).
= Sida allemanii Monteiro (1936: 41). Type:—BRAZIL. Pernambuco, Alagôa de Baixo, 31 March 1933, H. Monteiro 349 (holotype,
RBR!).
Taxonomic notes:—Sida salviifolia is placed in Sida sect. Cordifoliae (Fryxell 1985) due to the distinctive characters
which include: leaf blades linear, linear-elliptic or linear-lanceolate, upper surface with stellate trichomes mixed with
bifurcate and simple trichomes, lower surface densely covered with stellate trichomes; flowers solitary or paired in the
axils and crowded in racemes at the apices; pedicels articulated 2–3 mm below the calyx; calyx 4.5–6 × 3.5–5 mm;
sepals rhombic, the lobes 2–3 mm long, acute, internally glabrous; corolla yellowish or white with a reddish center;
stamens 10–12; and mericarps 6–7, biaristate, the spines 2–3 mm long, and retrorsely barbed.
Distribution and habitat:—Occurs in Mexico, the Caribbean and South America, from Venezuela to Bolivia and
Brazil (Fryxell 1985, Fuertes 1995), where it is found at the present in the northeastern region (Monteiro-Filho 1936,
1969). New records of this species for Pernambuco are presented here and bridge a gap of more than 80 years, since its
first and only record from 1933. It grows on sandy or stony soils in the Caatinga zone, and along roadsides, restricted
to few and widely spaced individuals.
Representative specimen:—BRAZIL. Pernambuco. Salgueiro, 8º7’29.7” S, 39º7’16.1” W, 29 March 2013, J.L.
Brandão & G.S. Baracho s.n. (PEUFR);
17. Sida santaremensis Monteiro (1936: 44) (Figs. 5G–H, 7A). Type:—BRAZIL. Pará: Santarém, 1933, B.M. da
Costa 49A (holotype, RBR!).
Taxonomic notes:—Sida santaremensis belongs to the section Sidae series Sida (Krapovickas 2014) based on the
following combinations of features: Stem and branches minutely stellate puberulent; stipules subulate, 1–2-nerved;
leaves with a short petiole of 0.5–1.5 cm long; terminal and/or axillary flowers arranged in long-peduncled and lax
corymbiform racemes, the pedicels shorter; and mericarps 10–12, blackish, short-aristate, the spines c. 1 mm long,
minutely puberulent.
Distribution and habitat:—It occurs in subtropical and tropical America, from the southern United States (Florida)
and Mexico to Colombia, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina (Fryxell et al. 1984, Fryxell 1985, Krapovickas
2014). In Brazil, the species is sparsely found in all regions, from Amazonas to Paraná. This species is here reported
for the first time in Pernambuco, and it grows spontaneously in small populations in maize and sugarcane plantations
in the north Littoral zone of the state.
Representative specimen:—BRAZIL. Pernambuco. Itapissuma, BR 101, km 22.5, 7º42’6.3468”S,
34º55’21.3132”W, 18 May 2016, G.S. Baracho 1.216 (UFP).
18. Sida setosa Martius ex Colla (1833: 416) (Fig. 7A). Type:—BRAZIL. Rio Belmonte [Jequitinhonha], 1827,
Martius s.n. (holotype, TO, photo!).
Taxonomic notes:—Sida setosa is placed in the section Sidae series Sida (Krapovickas 2014) and is distinguished from
all other species by the leaf blades broadly lanceolate to rhombic, up to 10 cm long or more; flowers in depauperate
umbellate clusters or solitary in the axils, long-pedicellate; calyx indurate in fruiting, 10-ribbed; corolla yellow; and
mericarps 14, 2.5–3 × 1–2 mm, biaristate, the spines 5–6 mm long twice the length of the mericarp’s body, more or less
curled and with retrorse stellate trichomes.
Distribution and habitat:—Sida setosa is an American species that extends from Nicaragua to Peru and Brazil
(Fryxell 1985, Krapovickas 2014), where it is found at the north, central-west and northeast regions. A new record of
this species for Pernambuco is presented here based on a single specimen collected by D.A. Lima in 1966 from Mata
zone, southern portion of state. This species was found in disturbed fragments of rainforest where it probably grows
in small populations associated with riparian vegetation and river beds. Despite our repeated efforts, S. setosa was not
found again in the area.
Representative specimen:—BRAZIL. Pernambuco. Quipapá, Igarapeba, Engenho Brejinho, 19 March 1966,
fr., Andrade-Lima 4496 (IPA).
FIGURE 6. A–C: Sida spinosa. A: flower; B: schizocarp with mature mericarps; C: tubercles present on stem at the base of petioles. D:
Sida ulei, flower. E: Sida urens, flower in glomerule. F–G: Sida ulmifolia. F: flower and leaves; G: schizocarp with mature mericarps.
Photos: G.S. Baracho.

FIGURE 7. A–B: Distribution maps of Sida species in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil. A: Sida pernambucensis (); S. planicaulis
(); S. rhombifolia var. rhombifolia (); S. salviifolia (); S. santaremensis (); S. setosa (). B: Sida spinosa (); S. tuberculata var.
pseudo-rhombifolia (); S. uchoae (); S. ulei (); S. ulmifolia (); S. urens ().
19. Sida spinosa Linnaeus (1753: 683) (Figs. 6A–C, 7B). Type:—Habitat in India utraque, spinosa, Herb. Linnaeus
866.1 (holotype, LINN, photo!).
Taxonomic notes:—Sida spinosa is placed in Sida sect. Spinosae (Fryxell 1985) based on the following combination
of characters: stipules usually 1-nerved; petioles 3–2.3 mm long, spinose at base, occasionally vinaceous; leaf blades
ovate to narrowly ovate to oblong, sometimes variously vinaceous; flowers solitary or in small clusters in the axils and
crowded in racemes at the apices; calyx angulate, 10-ribbed; corolla pale yellow without a red center or white; and
mericarps 5, biaristate, the spines with bifurcate antrorse trichomes. Sida spinosa is one of the species of the genus
that has a wide distribution, a great morphological variation, and a high possibility to form morphotypes, which makes
naming the species difficult and problematic. Another possibility is that these morphotypes may represent different
species, as observed in the complex of species belonging to S. acuta, S. ciliaris, S. rhombifolia, among others.
Distribution and habitat:—Sida spinosa is pantropical, and also occurs in adjacent temperate zones (Fryxell
1985, Fuertes 1995). It is widely distributed in the Caribbean and tropical America (Fryxell 1988) including all
Brazilian regions. It is found throughout State of Pernambuco from Littoral to Caatinga, in wet forests, dry caatinga
vegetation and brejos de altitude. It grows in small to large populations in disturbed and urbanized areas such as dry
river beds, plantations, roadsides and in ruderal places or wastelands.
Representative specimen:—BRAZIL. Pernambuco. Salgueiro, 8º7’29.7” S, 39º7’16.1” W, 29 March 2013, J.L.
Brandão & G.S. Baracho 316 (PEUFR).
20. Sida tuberculata var. pseudo-rhombifolia Monteiro (1949: 522) (Fig. 7B). Lectotype (designated by Krapovickas
2014: 111):—BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Belo Horizonte, 29 January 1934, H. Monteiro 711 (RBR!; isolectotype, US,
photo!).
Taxonomic notes:—Sida tuberculata var. pseudo-rhombifolia belongs to the section Sidae series Sida (Krapovickas
2014) based on the following combination of features: leaf blades elliptic or subrhombic to narrowly linear, upper
surface with stellate trichomes; flowers and fruits crowded in subsessile axillary glomerules or, if solitary, the pedicels
up to 15 mm long; calyx lobes with stellate trichomes and often with sparse simple trichomes in addition; and mericarps
6–8, muticous to submuticous, indehiscent.
Distribution and habitat:—It is a South American variety found from the central coast of Venezuela to
northeastern Argentina and Uruguay, through Bolivia, Paraguay and Brazil where it is sparsely found in all Brazilian
regions (Krapovickas 2014). In Pernambuco, S. tuberculata var. pseudo-rhombifolia occurs in humid areas in the Mata
zone and is known from only a single and classic collection recorded in disturbed areas of forests as a weedy species.
Representative specimen:—BRAZIL. Pernambuco. Tapera, campos, 6 August 1924, fl., B. Pickel 2770 (IPA).
21. Sida uchoae Monteiro (1969: 29) (Fig. 7B). Type:—BRAZIL. Pernambuco: Recife, à margem da estrada, Estação
Experimental do Curado, 20 January 1953, fr., H. Monteiro & R. Uchoa 3932 (holotype, RBR!).
= Sida recifensis Monteiro, nom.nud. in herb. (RBR!, as “holotype”).
Taxonomic notes:—Sida uchoae is placed in the section Sidae by the following morphological traits: stems with
stellate trichomes; stipules 5–8 × 0.5–1 mm, linear-lanceolate to subfalcate, 2–4-nerved; leaf blades ovate to oval-
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, truncate at base, with stellate trichomes on both surfaces, short-petiolate, the petioles 2–5
mm long; flowers commonly solitary or weakly paired or aggregated, short-pedunculate, the pedicels not articulate;
calyx stellate-pubescent, sepals ciliate; and mericarps 8, biaristate, the spines 1 mm long. This species was first reported
by Monteiro-Filho (1969) as morphologically similar to S. acuta (sect. Distichifolia), but differing by the leaves
spirally disposed, pedicels not articulate and small mericarps. S. uchoae belongs to the series Sida and is similar to S.
poeppigiana (Schumann 1891: 339) Fryxell (1992: 106).
Distribution and habitat:—Previously known only from the type locality [two collections in F (1802838,
1802839, photos!), from Minas Gerais and Goiás, were identified by P.A. Fryxell, in 1974, as S. uchoae, but has
not been confirmed], the species grows in sandy soils of small patches of remaining wet forest on the west side of
municipality of Recife, in the Littoral zone.
Representative specimens:—BRAZIL. Pernambuco. Known only from the type.
22. Sida ulei Ulbr. in Ule (1909: 225) (Figs. 6D, 7B). Type:—BRAZIL. Bahia, am See bei Maracas, Oktober 1906,
blühend, Ule 6966 (holotype, B, destroyed, F 9399, photo!).
= Sida salzmannii Monteiro (1969: 33). Type:—Sida purpurascens Salzm. ex K.Schum. (see Monteiro 1969: 33, Krapovickas 2003b:
129).
Taxonomic notes:—Sida ulei belongs to Sida sect. Muticae (Krapovickas 2003b) by the following morphological
traits: leaf blades narrow to broadly ovate or weakly 3-lobate, subcordate to cordate at base, upper surface with stellate
trichomes, sometimes mixed with simple trichomes, lower surface with stellate trichomes, usually mixed with simple
and bifurcate trichomes; flowers and fruits crowded in axillary and terminal glomerules or, sometimes, solitary,
subsessile to shortly pedicellate; calyx 6–10 × 5–7 mm, prominently 10-angled, stellate-puberulent; corolla pale rose
or salmon, with a magenta center; mericarps (8)–9–(10), submuticous, the spines up to 0.8 mm long with minute and
retrorse stellate trichomes; and seeds dark brown or vinaceous.
Distribution and habitat:—Sida ulei is placed to Sida sect. Cordifoliae and is endemic to the Caatinga of
northeastern Brazil, from Ceará to north Minas Gerais (Krapovickas 2003b). In Pernambuco, it is found in several
localities from Mata to Caatinga, along the humid forest fragments (brejos de altitude) and extended further south
or the forested areas located in the caatinga domains of the extreme western end of the state (Chapadões Cretáceos e
Araripe). This species grows on sandy, humid soils and rocky outcrops, on the inselbergs along the forest areas or along
roadsides, restricted to few and widely spaced individuals.
Representative specimen:—BRAZIL. Pernambuco. Bonito, 26 July 1996, fr., J.A. Siqueira-Filho & G.S.
Baracho 446 (UFP).
23. Sida ulmifolia Miller (1768: Sida no. 1) (Figs. 6F–G, 7B). Type:—UNKNOWN LOCALITY. Without date,
Miller herb., specimen no 1 (holotype, BM 000939054, photo!).
Taxonomic notes:—Sida ulmifolia belongs to Sida sect. Distichifolia (Krapovickas 2014) by the following
morphological features: Stem and branches covered with minute stellate trichomes; leaves with appressed and antrorse
simple trichomes on the adaxial surface, and minute stellate trichomes on the abaxial surface; depauperate axillary
inflorescences with 1–2 flowers; staminal tube with simple trichomes, and mericarps 8–10, blackish and short-aristate.
It’s also closely related to S. glomerata, but can be distinguished by the trichome morphology of its leaves, calyx
and pedicel, inflorescence type in the axils, and number and morphology of the mericarps. It is often reported in the
literature as Sida acuta or Sida carpinifolia.
Distribution and habitat:—This species is Indo-Pacific and American in distribution (Krapovickas 2014). In
the Americas, S. ulmifolia is known from southern United States and Mexico to the Caribbean and northern South
America, from Colombia to north and northeast Brazil. In Pernambuco, the species has been recorded growing in
small populations and on sandy soils from Littoral to Mata, in disturbed areas of forests and plantations, and at the
Archipelago of Fernando de Noronha.
Representative specimen:—BRAZIL. Pernambuco. São Lourenço da Mata, Engenho São Bento, 15 April
1967, A. Krapovickas 12869 (CTES).
24. Sida urens Linnaeus (1759: 1145) (Figs. 6E, 7B). Lectotype (designated by Rodrigo 1944: t. 17):—JAMAICA.
Browne s.n., Herb. Linnaeus 866.20 (LINN, photo!).
Taxonomic notes:—Sida urens is placed in Sida subsect. Conglomerata (Fryxell 2009) due to the distinctive
characters which include: stems and leaves hirsute covered with long simple trichomes, 5–7 mm long, mixed with
bifurcate and scattered short stellate trichomes; leaf blades narrow to broadly oval-cordate, with simple, bifurcate, and
stellate trichomes on both surfaces, the lower surface with more dense stellate trichomes; flowers and fruits crowded
in subsessile axillary and terminal glomerules or, sometimes, solitary, subsessile to shortly pedicellate, the pedicels up
to 5 mm long, not articulate; calyx obtrullate to rhombic, hirsute, ciliate sepals; corolla yellowish, orange or salmon,
with or without purplish center; and mericarps 5, 2–2.5 mm long, muticous, dorsal surface externally covered with
punctiform glandular trichomes.
Distribution and habitat:—Sida urens is another species of the genus that has a wide distribution, and occurs
in tropical Africa, the Caribbean, and tropical America, from southern Florida and Mexico to northern Argentina and
Brazil, where it is sparsely found in all regions (Krapovickas 2006). The species is also found in Hawaii (Starr et al.
2002, Wagner et al. 2012). It is found throughout the State of Pernambuco from Littoral to the brejos de altitude of
the agreste portion of the Caatinga zone. This species is restricted to few and widely spaced individuals and grows in
disturbed and urbanized areas such as dried river beds, plantations, roadsides and in ruderal places or wastelands.
Representative specimen:—BRAZIL. Pernambuco. Camaragibe, 22 November 2012, fl., fr., J.L. Brandão &
J.A. Granja 212 (PEUFR).
Doubtful or insufficiently known species
1. Sida castanocarpa Krapovickas (2007: 226). Type:—BRAZIL. Goiás, BR-226, km 1192, 40 km NE Vanderlandia,
10 March 1982, A. Krapovickas, J.F.M. Valls & G.P. Silva 37845 (holotype, CEN; isotype, NY, photo!, SP, photo!).
Taxonomic notes:—Sida castanocarpa is placed into Sida sect. Malacroideae (Krapovickas 2007) as a member of the
Sida ciliaris complex, and occurs in Northeastern Brazil and Goiás. The type material of this cryptic species was not
available for examination, excepting online images. On the other hand, one of the paratypes of S. castanocarpa, from
IPA (Krapovickas et al., 38749!), is ambiguous and similar to S. brittonii León (1919: 172). The original description
of this species is conflicting with the morphological variation presented in this study of S. brittonii and S. harleyi
Krapovickas (2007: 239), and has led to mis-identifications. Given the considerable taxonomic confusion and the
need to verify which morphological characters are taxonomically significant by observing the type specimens of S.
castanocarpa, this species is excluded from the present study.
Acknowlegments
The authors thank the Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE/PFA, Programa de Fortalecimento Acadêmico), and Conselho
Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for financial support to MPVF and JLB, respectively;
Dra. Maria de Fátima Agra and MSc. Rafael Costa (Setor de Botânica/UFPB), by the use of Leica S8 APO Stereo
Microscope and LAS Software 4.0.0 for digital photos of S. pernambucensis; the curators of the herbaria listed; and
Dr. Steven R. Hill and Christopher Davis for their constructive corrections and comments on this paper.
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Phytotaxa 307 (3): 205–227 ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition)

Synopsis of Sida (Malvaceae, Malvoideae, Malveae) in the state of Pernambuco,

Key-words: Flora of Pernambuco, Northeast of Brazil, synonyms, taxonomy

Accepted by Christopher Davis: 9 May 2017; published: 26 May 2017 205

Material and methods

206 • Phytotaxa 307 (3) © 2017 Magnolia Press BRANDÃO ET AL.

Key to species of Sida from State of Pernambuco

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