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Project Report Written in the Scoop of Integrated Master in Electrical and Computer Engineering Major in Automation
February 2012
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Resumo
Este relatrio sobre o desenvolvimento de solues de converso de energia eficientes para painis fotovoltaicos. Diferentes solues so apresentadas e uma perspectiva global mostrada. Desde as caractersticas dos painis fotovoltaicos at rede de energia, todos os aspetos so mencionados brevemente. O propsito deste relatrio dispor o conhecimento necessrio para uma investigao mais aprofundada.
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Abstract
This report is about the development of efficient power conversion solutions for photovoltaic panels. Different solutions are presented and an overall perspective is shown. From the characteristics of the photovoltaic panels to the power grid all aspects are mentioned briefly. Propose of this report is to introduce the necessary knowledge for further investigation.
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Acknowledgments
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Table of Contents
Resumo ........................................................................................ iii Abstract ........................................................................................ v Acknowledgments ........................................................................... vii Table of Contents ............................................................................ ix List of Figures ................................................................................. x List of Tables ................................................................................. xi Abbreviations and Symbols ................................................................ xii Chapter 1 ....................................................................................... 1
Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Objectives ................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Planning.................................................................................................... 2
Chapter 2 ....................................................................................... 4
Background and Literature Review ........................................................................... 4 2.1 Photovoltaic Panels ...................................................................................... 4 2.2 Micro-Inverters ........................................................................................... 6 2.3 DC-DC Converters ........................................................................................ 7 2.4 DC-AC Inverters .......................................................................................... 8 2.5 Power Decoupling ........................................................................................ 9 2.6 Maximum Power Point Tracking Methods .......................................................... 10 2.7 Conclusions .............................................................................................. 11
References ....................................................................................12
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List of Figures
Figure 1 - Annual world PV production (1988-2005) [2] ......................................................................... 1 Figure 2 - Characteristic curves of a PV module (a) I-V curve and (b) P-V curve [4] ................................ 5 Figure 3 - Equivalent circuit of the PV cell with one diode ..................................................................... 5 Figure 4 Equivalent circuit for the double diode PV cell model ........................................................... 6 Figure 5 - Micro-inverter with power decoupling capability [6] ............................................................. 6 Figure 6 - Taped-inductor boost converter [7] ....................................................................................... 7 Figure 7 - Non coupled-inductor based topology example [7] ............................................................... 7 Figure 8 - High step-up converter with switched-capacitors [8] ............................................................. 7 Figure 9 - High step-up converter with general multi-level cell [8] ........................................................ 8 Figure 10 - High step-up interleaved boost converter with coupled inductor and switched capacitor [8] ...................................................................................................................................................... 8 Figure 11 - Single-phase inverter architecture [9] .................................................................................. 9 Figure 12 - Input and output power waveforms [6] ............................................................................... 9 Figure 13 - Power flow on the PV system [9] ......................................................................................... 9 Figure 14 - Typical current-voltage curve for a PV array [13] ............................................................... 10 Figure 15 - Simulation model for MPPT evaluation [11] ...................................................................... 10 Figure 16 - Flowchart of the incremental conductance method [11] ................................................... 11
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List of Tables
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List of abbreviations AC CAD DC MPP MPPT PCB PV alternate current computer assisted design direct current maximum power point maximum power point tracking printed circuit board photovoltaic
List of symbols I I0 IL RP RS V VT W Angular frequency Ohm electric current (A) diode saturation current (A) photocurrent (A) lumped shunt resistance () lumped series resistance () voltage (V) thermal voltage watt (Power)
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Chapter 1 Introduction
The energy provided by the Sun has been ignored for decades as a source for electricity production [Figure 1]. Major developments on the energy conversion have been accomplished and although photovoltaic (PV) panels are still far from high efficiency power conversion is already an issue [1].
In conventional solar installations, PV modules are wired in series and then connected to a string inverter producing alternate current (AC) power from 2kW to 5kW average. A new perspective is gaining popularity by using small inverters connected in parallel. Microinverters maximise energy harvest and increase system reliability because they do not have the time degrading components that string inverters do. By using one inverter per PV panel, approximately 250W, power production can be split and maximum power point tracking (MPPT) better used [1]. On this report it is presented an approach to the PV systems direct current (DC) conversion. A three-state commutation cell boost converter will be studied. It provides high DC gain, few electronic switches and transformer based gain ratio.
1.1 Objectives
The objectives are mainly divided into project and implementation of the system: a) Create a thermal and electric model of the PV module; a. Using a real PV module and measuring equipment
b) Project and simulation of a low power (~250W) DC/DC converter system; a. Using PowerSim and/or Matlab c) Create a prototype of the DC/DC converter; a. Using electrical computer assisted design (CAD) software such as MultiSim and Ultiboard d) Implementation and testing of the developed system. a. Implementation using designed PCBs and testing using measuring equipment
1.2 Planning
Planning is globally divided into the next points:
Background and literature review about the subject Modelling of the thermal and electrical characteristics of a photovoltaic panel
Systematization and evaluation of electrical power conditioning systems for low power photovoltaic panels including simulation
Two weeks
One week
Four weeks
Four weeks
Table 1 - Planning
Figure 2 - Characteristic curves of a PV module (a) I-V curve and (b) P-V curve [4]
IPV
RS IO D RP
VPV
Eq 1
Eq 1 is evaluated at the short circuit, open circuit and maximum power points in order to trace the I-V curve of the evaluated PV module. VT refers to the thermal voltage of the module and will define how the module reacts to temperature changes.
Eq 2
Where ID1S is the saturation current at D1 and ID2S the saturation current at D2 and the last term is the current at the load resistance RP.
IPV
RS IO D1 D2 RP
VPV
2.2 Micro-Inverters
Micro-Inverters are compact low power inverters developed to provide low loss power conversion while boosting reliability. Efficiency is a major concern since every watt matters in low power systems. Recent developments on micro-inverter topologies include power decoupling techniques on the inverter circuitry such as active power decoupling circuits [Figure 5].
Figure 9 is an example of high step-up converter with the general multi-level cell. Each basic cell is composed of a clamp capacitor and two switches. This circuit is a high efficiency converter [8].
Figure 10 - High step-up interleaved boost converter with coupled inductor and switched capacitor [8]
The instantaneous power consists of two terms: the average output power, which is constant and a second term which is time varying [Figure 12]. Since the output from PV panels is desired to be constant, average output power from the inverter must be equal to the power coming from the PV panel thus leaving the time varying power to be handled. If the pulsating power is not handled properly the efficiency of the MPPT algorithm will be greatly reduced thus reducing the global efficiency.
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change can be determined and the actual MPP can be calculated. One advantage over P&O algorithm is that is can work under rapid radiation changes.
Eq 3
The incremental conductance algorithm, in its basic form, works as suggested by the next figure:
2.7 Conclusions
There are several different topologies of converter circuits and MPPT algorithms. Algorithms can always be improved by the cost of complexity and computer power. Topologies can be combined to extract the best from each other carrying their particular drawbacks and advantages. There is always the factor cost and reliability when trying to produce the most efficient system a balance is required and that is what makes a challenge for engineering. The main challenge of this project will be project of the DC/DC converter using the mentioned balance between efficiency, reliability and cost.
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References
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] S. Ahmad, "Power to the people," Engineer, vol. FEBRUARY, pp. 38-40, 2011. L. Quan and P. Wolfs, "A Review of the Single Phase Photovoltaic Module Integrated Converter Topologies With Three Different DC Link Configurations," Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 23, pp. 1320-1333, 2008. M. A. De Blas, J. L. Torres, E. Prieto, and A. Garca, "Selecting a suitable model for characterizing photovoltaic devices," Renewable Energy, vol. 25, pp. 371-380, 2002. E. D. Aranda, J. A. Gmez Galan, M. S. de Cardona, and J. M. Andjar Mrquez, "Measuring the I-V curve of PV generators: Analyzing different dc-dc converter topologies," IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine, vol. 3, pp. 4-14, 2009. D. S. H. Chan and J. C. H. Phang, "ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR THE EXTRACTION OF SOLAR-CELL SINGLE- AND DOUBLE-DIODE MODEL PARAMETERS FROM I-V CHARACTERISTICS," IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, vol. ED-34, pp. 286-293, 1987. S. Harb, H. Haibing, N. Kutkut, I. Batarseh, and Z. J. Shen, "A Three-port Photovoltaic (PV) Micro-Inverter with Power Decoupling Capability," in Twenty-Sixth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition - APEC 2011, 6-11 March 2011, Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2011, pp. 203-8. J. C. Rosas-Caro, J. C. Mayo-Maldonado, R. Salas-Cabrera, A. Gonzalez-Rodriguez, E. N. Salas-Cabrera, and R. Castillo-Ibarra, "A family of DC-DC multiplier converters," Engineering Letters, vol. 19, 2011. W. Li, X. Lv, Y. Deng, J. Liu, and X. He, "A review of non-isolated high step-up DC/DC converters in renewable energy applications," 2009, pp. 364-369. H. Hu, S. Harb, N. Kutkut, I. Batarseh, and Z. J. Shen, "Power decoupling techniques for micro-inverters in PV systems-a review," 2010, pp. 3235-3240. C. Yaow-Ming and L. Chein-Yao, "Three-port flyback-type single-phase micro-inverter with active power decoupling circuit," in 2011 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE 2011), 17-22 Sept. 2011, Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2011, pp. 501-6. G. M. S. Azevedo, M. C. Cavalcanti, K. C. Oliveira, F. A. S. Neves, and Z. D. Lins, "Comparative evaluation of maximum power point tracking methods for photovoltaic systems," Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, Transactions of the ASME, vol. 131, pp. 0310061-0310068, 2009. V. Salas, E. Olas, A. Barrado, and A. Lzaro, "Review of the maximum power point tracking algorithms for stand-alone photovoltaic systems," Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. 90, pp. 1555-1578, 2006. D. P. Hohm and M. E. Ropp, "Comparative study of maximum power point tracking algorithms," Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, vol. 11, pp. 47-62, 2003.
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