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dx
A cos( t )
dt
d2 x
2
2
A sen t 2
x
dt
A projeção da ponta do vetor X OP
y A sen( t )
x A sen( t )
Representação do movimento harmônico através de um número complexo
1
X a ib i 1 A (a 2 b )
2 2
1b
X A cos() iAsen() tan ( )
a
X A[cos() i sen( )] Ae i X Ae it
dX d it it
( Ae ) iAe i X
dt dt
2
d X d it it
2
(iAe ) Ae X
2 2
dt dt
it
deslocamento= Re[ Ae ] A cos( t )
it
velocidade= Re[iAe ] Asen(t ) A cos(t 90 )
O
it
aceleração= Re[ Ae ] A cos(t ) A cos(t 180 )
2 2 2 O
Re( X1 ) A 1 cos(t ) Re( X 2 ) A 2 cos( t )
A 2 sen
A ( A 1 A 2 cos ) ( A 2 sen )
2 2 tan 1
A 1 A 2 cos
X1 X 2 X Re( X) A cos(t )
Exemplo 1.1 – Encontre a soma de dois movimentos harmônicos
x1( t ) 10 cos(t ) e x 2 ( t ) 15 cos(t 2)
x( t ) A cos(t ) x 1 ( t ) x 2 ( t )
A[cos(t ) cos( ) sen(t ) sen( )] 10 cos(t ) 15 cos(t 2)
10 cos(t ) 15[cos(t ) cos(2) sen( t ) sen(2)]
10 15 cos 2
ANÁLISE HARMÔNICA
Qualquer função periódica no tempo pode ser representada por
uma série de Fourier
a0
x( t ) a1 cos(t ) a 2 cos(2t ) ... b1 sen(t ) b 2 sen(2t ) ...
2
a0
[a n cos(nt ) b n sen(nt )]
2 n1
2
é a freqüência fundamental
a 0 , a1, a 2 ,..., b1, b 2 ,... são coeficientes constantes
x sen 2ax
cos (ax)dx 2 4a
2
x sen 2ax
sen (ax )dx 2 4a
2
sen 2 ax
sen(ax ) cos(ax)dx 2a
cos(p q)x cos(p q)x pq
sen(px ) cos(qx )dx 2(p q)
2(p q)
2 2
a0
0 x(t ) cos(mt )dt 0 2 cos(mt )dt
2 2
a
0 n 1
n cos(nt ) cos(mt )dt a
0 n 1
n sen(nt ) cos(mt )dt
m0
2 2 2
a0
a0
2 2
a0 sen(mt )
0 x( t ) cos(mt )dt 2 m 0
2
sen(n m)t sen(n m)t
an
n 1 2(n m ) 2(n m ) 0
2
cos(n m)t cos(n m)t
b n 0
n 1 2(n m) 2(n m) 0
mn
2 2
a0 sen(nt )
0 x(t ) cos(nt )dt 2 n 0
2 2
2
an
x(t ) cos(nt )dt
0
2 2
a0
0 x(t ) sen(mt )dt 0 2 sen(mt )dt
2 2
a
0 n 1
n cos(nt ) sen(mt )dt a
0 n 1
n sen(nt ) sen(mt )dt
mn
2 2
a0 cos(mt )
0 x(t )sen(mt )dt 2 m 0
2
cos(m n)t cos(m n)t
an
n 1 2(m n ) 2(m n ) 0
2
sen(m n)t sen(m n)t
bn 0
n 1 2(m n) 2(m n) 0
mn
2 2
a0 cos(nwt )
0 x(t ) sen(nt )dt 2 n 0
2 2
sen2 (nt )
t sen(2nt )
an bn bn
2n 0 2 4n 0
2
bn
x(t ) sen(nt )dt
0
2
2
a 0 x( t )dt x( t )dt
0 0
2
2
a n x( t ) cos(nt )dt x( t ) cos(nt )dt
0 0
2
2
b n x( t ) sen(nt )dt x( t ) sen(nt )dt
0 0
COMPUTAÇÃO NUMÉRICA DOS COEFICIENTES
N
Nt dt t
0 i1
2 N
2 a0 x i
a0
0 x( t )dt N i1
2 N 2nt i
2
an x( t ) cos(nt )dt an x i cos
0 N i1
2 N 2nt i
2 b n x i sen
bn
0 x( t ) sen(nt )dt N i1
Exemplo 1.2 – Encontre a expansão em série de Fourier da
função mostrada
t 2
x( t ) A 0t
2 2 2
t At 2
0 0
a0 x( t )dt A dt A
2 0
2 2 2
t A
a n x( t ) cos(nt )dt A cos(nt )dt t cos(nt )dt
0 0 0
2
A cos(nt ) t sen(nt ) w
para n=1,2,...
2
0
2 n 2
n 0
2 2 2
t A
bn
0
x ( t ) sen(n t )dt A
0
sen(n t )dt
0
t sen(nt )dt
2
A sen(nt ) t cos(nt ) A w
2
para n=1,2,...
2 n 2
n 0 n
A A A A
x( t ) sen(t ) sen(2t ) sen(3t ) ...
2 2 3
A 1 1
sen( t ) sen( 2t ) sen(3t ) ...
2 2 3
C ======================================================================
C
C PROGRAM 1
C MAIN PROGRAM FOR CALLING THE SUBROUTINE FORIER
C
C WRITTEN BY SINGIRESU S. RAO
C ======================================================================
C FOLLOWING 6 LINES NEED TO BE CHANGED FOR A DIFFERENT PROBLEM
DIMENSION X(12),T(12),XSIN(12),XCOS(12),A(5),B(5)
DATA N,M,TIME /12,5,0.12/
DATA X /20000.0,34000.0,42000.0,49000.0,53000.0,70000.0,60000.0,
2 36000.0,22000.0,16000.0,7000.0,0.0/
DATA T /0.01,0.02,0.03,0.04,0.05,0.06,0.07,0.08,0.09,0.10,0.11,
2 0.12/
C END OF PROBLEM-DEPENDENT DATA
CALL FORIER (N,M,TIME,X,T,AZERO,A,B,XSIN,XCOS)
PRINT 100
100 FORMAT (//,46H FOURIER SERIES EXPANSION OF THE FUNCTION X(T),//)
PRINT 200, N,M,TIME
200 FORMAT (6H DATA:,//,37H NUMBER OF DATA POINTS IN ONE CYCLE =,I5,
2 /,42H NUMBER OF FOURIER COEFFICIENTS REQUIRED =,I5,/,
3 14H TIME PERIOD =,E15.8)
PRINT 300, (T(I),I=1,N)
300 FORMAT (/,33H TIME AT VARIOUS STATIONS, T(I) =,/,(4E15.8,1X))
PRINT 400, (X(I),I=1,N)
400 FORMAT (/,31H KNOWN VALUES OF X(I) AT T(I) =,/,(4E15.8,1X))
PRINT 500
500 FORMAT (//,29H RESULTS OF FOURIER ANALYSIS:,/)
PRINT 600, AZERO
600 FORMAT (8H AZERO =,2X,E15.8,//,31H VALUES OF I, A(I) AND B(I) ARE
2 ,/)
DO 700, I =1,M
700 PRINT 800, I,A(I),B(I)
800 FORMAT (I5,2X,E15.8,2X,E15.8)
STOP
END
C ====================================================================
C
C SUBROUTINE FORIER
C
C WRITTEN BY SINGIRESU S. RAO
C ====================================================================
SUBROUTINE FORIER (N,M,TIME,X,T,AZERO,A,B,XSIN,XCOS)
DIMENSION X(N),T(N),A(M),B(M),XSIN(N),XCOS(N)
PI=3.1416
SUMZ=0.0
DO 100 I=1,N
100 SUMZ=SUMZ+X(I)
AZERO=2.0*SUMZ/REAL(N)
DO 300 II=1,M
SUMS=0.0
SUMC=0.0
DO 200 I=1,N
THETA=2.0*PI*T(I)*REAL(II)/TIME
XCOS(I)=X(I)*COS(THETA)
XSIN(I)=X(I)*SIN(THETA)
SUMS=SUMS+XSIN(I)
SUMC=SUMC+XCOS(I)
200 CONTINUE
A(II)=2.0*SUMC/REAL(N)
B(II)=2.0*SUMS/REAL(N)
300 CONTINUE
RETURN
END
C *****************************************************************
C MP-242-ITA-IEMP-Prof.Joao Carlos Menezes
C ******************************************************************
C Programa para calculo dos coeficientes da Serie de Fourier para
C analise harmonica de uma fun‡ao X(t)
C *****************************************************************
C Programa Principal
C *****************************************************************
C N = numero de intervalos.
C M = numero de coeficientes de Fourier a serem calculados.
C Time = periodo de tempo da fun‡ao X(t).
C X = valores da fun‡ao X(t) para os tempos T(I).
C T = valores de tempo para qual os valores de X conhecidos.
C A = variavel de dimensao M contendo os valores dos coeficientes
C an.
C B = variavel de dimensao M contendo os valores dos coeficientes
C bn.
C ******************************************************************
C
Dimension X(30),T(30),XS(30),XC(30),A(5),B(5)
OPEN (UNIT=4, FILE='A:\FOURSAI.FOR')
OPEN (UNIT=5, FILE='A:\FOURENT.FOR')
Read (5,*) N,M,Time
Read (5,*)(X(I),I=1,N)
Read (5,*)(T(I),I=1,N)
Call Fourier (N,M,Time,X,T,Azero,A,B,XS,XC)
Write(4,100)
100 Format (//,8x,'Expansao da Serie de Fourier para a Fun‡ao X(t)',/)
Write(4,200)N,M,Time
200 Format (8X,'Dados:',//,8X,'Numero de intervalos em um Ciclo =',I5,
*/,8X,'Numero de Coeficientes de Fourier requeridos =',I5,/,8X,'Per
*iodo de Tempo da Fun‡ao =',E15.8)
Write(4 ,300) (T(I),I=1,N)
300 Format(/,8X,'Tempo para os varios intervalos,T(I) =',//,(4E15.8,1X
*,/))
Write(4, 400) (X(I),I=1,N)
400 Format (/,8X,'Valores conhecidos de X(I) para T(I) =',//,(4E15.8,1
*X,/))
Write(4,500)
500 Format (//,8X,' RESULTADOS DA ANALISE DE FOURIER:',/)
Write(4,600) Azero
600 Format (8X,' Azero =',2X,E15.8,//,9X ,'Valores de I,A(I) e B(I)',/
* /)
DO 700, I=1,M
700 Write(4,800)I,A(I),B(I)
800 Format (I5,2x,E15.8,2x,E15.8)
Stop
End
C *****************************************************************
C SUBROTINA FOURIER
C *****************************************************************
SUBROUTINE FOURIER (N,M,Time,X,T,Azero,A,B,XS,XC)
dimension x(30),T(30),xs(30),xc(30),a(5),b(5)
PI=3.1416
SUMZ=0.0
DO 50 I=1,N-1
x(I)=(x(I)+x(I+1))/2
t(I)=(t(I)+t(I+1))/2
50 Continue
DO 100 I=1,N-1
100 SUMZ=SUMZ+X(I)
Azero=2.0*SUMZ/REAL(N-1)
DO 300 K=1,M
SUMS=0.0
SUMC=0.0
DO 200 L=1,N-1
THETA=2.0*PI*T(L)*REAL(K)/Time
XC(L)=X(L)*COS(THETA)
XS(L)=X(L)*SIN(THETA)
SUMS=SUMS+XS(L)
SUMC=SUMC+XC(L)
200 Continue
A(K)=2.0*SUMC/REAL(N-1)
B(K)=2.0*SUMS/REAL(N-1)
300 Continue
Return
End
ARQUIVO DE ENTRADA: FOURENT.FOR
13 5 0.12
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
0.0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12
ARQUIVO DE SAÍDA: FOURSAI.FOR
Dados:
.12000000E+00
.12000000E+01
RESULTADOS DA ANALISE DE FOURIER:
Azero = .12000000E+01
1 .56823100E-05 -.38636870E+00
2 .58412550E-05 -.19999930E+00
3 .62584880E-05 -.14142090E+00
4 .66061820E-05 -.11547030E+00
5 .70780520E-05 -.10352750E+00