1.

TEHNOLOGII DE FABRICARE A MATERIALELOR DE CONSTRUC ,, 5($/,=$5($ &216758& IILOR

CUPRINS
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 (OHPHQWH VSHFLILFH UHDOL] ULL OXFU ULORU GH FRQVWUXF LL

1.1.

3ULQFLSDOHOH WLSXUL GH PDWHULDOH GH FRQVWUXF LL

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YROXPXO GH LQYHVWL LL

SULQ UROXO ORU GHWHUPLQDQW vQ DVLJXUDUHD UH]LVWHQ HL VROLGLW

LL VL GXUDELOLW

Calitatea materialelor folosite, respectiv caracteristicile lor tehnice sunt determinate de

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in din diferite ramuri industriale, cum sunt: industria . Aceasta se FX IDEULFDUHD OLDQ LORU PDWHULDOHORU FHUDPLFH L VWLFOHL.
R FRQVWLWXLH R VHULH GH URFL L

materiDOH QDWXUDOH IRUPDWH GLQ FRPSXL R[LGLFL oxizi de siliciu, aluminiu, fier (din nisip, argile, marne, etc.); V UXUL DOH DFL]LORU R[LJHQD L FDUERQD L VXOID L VLOLFD L GLQ FDOFDU JLSV GRORPLW Htc.) Aceste materii priPH DX R SHULRDG GH DVLJXUDUH OLPLWDW FHHD FH LPSXQH IRORVLUHD XQRU
SURGXVH VHFXQGDUH UH]XOWDWH vQ DOWH LQGXVWULL FXP DU IL ]JXULOH PHWDOXUJLFH L FHQXLOH GH

termocentrale, realizndu-se n acest fel reducerea consumurilor specifice de materiale naturale

GHILFLWDUH DPHOLRUDUHD FRQGL LLORU GH OXFUX DVLJXUDUHD FDOLW 'H PHQ LRQDW F LQGXVWULD PDWHULDOHORU GH PDMRUH L DQXPH LL SURGXVHORU VH FRQIUXQW FX GRX SUREOHPH FRQVWUXF LL

consumurile energetice mari care intervin cu cca. 15 

VWUXFWXUD FRVWXULORU GH IDEULFD LH 'H DFHVWH SUREOHPH WUHEXLH V

GLQ YDORDUHD SURGXF LHL vQ

SROXDUHD DWPRVIHULF VH LQ FRQW vQ DOHJHUHDPRGHUQL]DUHD WHKQRORJLLORU GH IDEULFD LH

3ULQFLSDOHOH FDWHJRULL GH PDWHULDOH GH FRQVWUXF LL L GRPHQLLOH lor de utilizare sunt: 1. Rocile naturale constituite dintr-un singur mineral sau amestecuri de minerale, cristalizate VDX DPRUIH VH IRORVHVF FD DWDUH VDX FD PDWHULL SULPH SHQWUX IDEULFDUHD OLDQ LORU PDWHULDOHORU UHIUDFWDUH

etc.

le tipuri de roci: magmatice (eruptive): granit, bazalt, porfir, tuf vulcanic; sedimentare SLDWU GH UkX SLHWUL QLVLS JUHVLL DUJLOH FDROLQ KXPH PDUQH FDOFDU gips, dolomit; metamorfice PDUPXU  FXDU LWH DUGH]LH EDX[LWH Cu ajutorXO URFLORU GH FRQVWUXF LL VH UHDOL]HD] FO GLUL GUXPXUL GLJXUL SRGXUL EDUDMH FRQVWUXF LL DHULHQH L VXEDFYDWLFH HWF. ILLQG IRORVLWH FD DWDUH VXE IRUP GH EORFXUL SO FL GDOH cribluri, balast VDX VXE IRUP GH OLDQ L QDWXUDOL L DUWLILFLDOL 2. /LDQ Li minerali VXQW PDWHULDOH GH OHJ WXU  QDWXUDOH VDX DUWLILFLDOH VDX RUJDQLFH GHVWLQDWH V OHJH vQWU-XQ WRW XQLWDU PDWHULDOH GLYHUVH DIODWH VXE IRUP GH EXF L GH GLPHQVLXQL diferite.
/LDQ LL DQRUJDQLFL VH FODVLILF vQ vQ

'XS

PRGXO GH IRUPDUH GLVWLQJHP XUP WRDUH

OLDQ L QHKLGUDXOLFL DHULHQL D F URU SDVW VH vQW UHWH vQ DHU L VH GHJUDGHD] contact cu apa (argila, huma, varul, ipsosul); OLDQ L KLGUDXOLFL D F URU SDVW VH vQW UHWH vQ DHU L vQ SUH]HQ D DSHL FLPHQWXULOH

/LDQ LL IRORVHVF OD IDEULFDUHD PRUWDUHORU EHWRDQHORU SUHIDEULFDWHORU L FRQVWUXF LLORU GH /LDQ LL RUJDQLFL VH QXPHVF ELWXPLQRL L VH XWLOL]HD] OD OXFU UL GH KLGURL]ROD LL L

orice fel.
FRQVWUXF LL GH GUXPXUL

3. Materialele ceramice - sunt fabricate prin arderea formelor crude sau uscate fasonate din mase argiloase sau din amHVWHFXUL GH SXOEHUL GH VLOLFD L L R[L]L FX VDX I U OLDQW 6HUYHVF OD
RE LQHUHD XUP WRDUHORU SURGXVH F U PL]L VH XWLOL]HD] LJOH WHUDFRWH JUHVLL IDLDQ H SRU HODQXUL DFHVWH SURGXVH OD UHDOL]DUHD FO GLULORU LQGXVWULDOH L FLYLOH D F SWXHOLORU L S

ardoselilor antiacide,

LQVWDOD LLORU WHUPLFH KLGUDXOLFH HOHFWULFH L D RELHFWHORU VDQLWDUH

4. Sticla VH XWLOL]HD]

OD IDEULFDUHD JHDPXULORU GDOHORU F U PL]LORU WUDQVOXFLGH SUHFXP

L D LQVWDOD LLORU GH ODERUDWRU L SLORW FRUSXULORU GH LOXPLQDW SURGXV

e diverse.

5. Materialele metalice XWLOL]DWH VXE IRUP GH SURILOH ODPLQDWH WDEOH EHQ]L HWF 3RW IL feroase IRQW  R HO VXE IRUPD GH SURGXVH WXUQDWH VDX ODPLQDWH SHQWUX FRQVWUXF ii PHWDOLFH DUPDUHD EHWRQXOXL LQVWDOD LL VDQLWDUH nvelitori; neferoase DOLDMH GH DOXPLQLX SOXPE FXSUX QLFKHO SHQWUX LQVWDOD LL HOHFWULFH sanitare, produse de feronerie etc. 6. Materiale lemnoase GLYHUVH HVHQ H GH OHPQ L SURGXVH SH ED] GH FHOXOR]  VXE
IRUP GH UXPHJX FDUWRQ KkUWLH 6H XWLOL]HD] IXUQLU VXE IRUP GH VFkQGXUL JULQ]L GXXPHOH SDUFKHWH SDUGRVHOL SODFDMH SO FL DJORPHUDWH FDUWRQ DVIDOWDW L L]RODUH YLQLO SROLVWLUHQ SHQWUX SDUGRVHOL WDSHWH SHQWUX FRQVWUXF LL GLQ OHPQ WRF ULH VFKHOH FRIUDMH PDWHULDOH GH XPSOXWXU

7. 0DWHULDOH GLQ LQGXVWULD FKLPLF , respectiv: -materiale plastice (poOLHWLOHQ  SROLFORUXU GH

L]ROD LH WHUPLF L IRQLF

-U LQL VLQWHWLFH SHQWUX ILQLVDMH SHUH L DUWLILFLDOL HWF.; -ILUH L ILEUH VLQWHWLFH VXE IRUP GH HV WXUL FX GHVWLQD LH VSHFLDO  -cauciuc sintetic pentru izoOD LL WUDWDPHQWH DOH IXQGD LLORU HWDQ UL
'H DVHPHQHD XQHOH SURGXVH DOH LQGXVWULHL FKLPLFH VH XWLOL]HD] YRSVHOH DGH]LYL XOHLXUL ODFXUL SHQWUX ILQLVDUHD L HVWHWLFD FRQVWUXF LLORU VXE IRUP GH FRORUDQ L

1.2. Fabricarea cimentului portland

FKLPLFH

Cimentul portland HVWH OLDQWXO L IL]LFR-PHFDQLFH GHRVHELWH

PLQHUDO 6H

FHO

PDL

vQWUHEXLQ DW

GDWRULW

SURSULHW

LORU

VDOH

XWLOL]HD]

SHQWUX

UHDOL]DUHD

PRUWDUHORU

EHWRDQHORU

SUHIDEULFDWHORU L VWUXFWXULORU GH UH]LVWHQ

vQ FRQVWUXF LL

i sunt sisteme disperse eterogene solid-OLFKLG DL F URU FRQVWLWXHQ L UHDF LRQHD] IL]LFRchimic transformndu-se ntr-R PDV FRPSDFW  FX UH]LVWHQ PHFDQLF PDUH 6H FDUDFWHUL]HD] prin: DGHUHQ ID GH DQXPLWH PDWHULDOH SH FDUH OH OHDJ SHQWUX D IRUPD GLIHULWH elemente GH FRQVWUXF LH ]LGXUL JULnzi, baraje); WLPS GH vQW ULUH determinat; YDULD LH GH YROXP UHGXV vQ VWDUH VROLG
/LDQ L

Cimentul portland
DJUHJDWH L IRUPHD]

HVWH

XQ

FRUS

VROLG

ILQ

P FLQDW

FDUH

vQ

SUH]HQ D

DSHL

OHDJ

GLIHULWH

vQ WLPS R VWUXFWXU

PRQROLWLF  FX UH]LVWHQ

PHFDQLF

PDUH

FRQ LQ R[L]L GH DOXPLQLX VLOLFLX PDJQH]LX ILHU HWF

Materiile prime utilizate pentru fabricarea cimentului sunt: FDOFDUXO FRQ LQkQG &D&23 vQ SURSRU LH GH   DUJLOD FRQ LQH VLOLFD L GH DOXPLQLX L ILHU   DGDRVXUL GH FRUHF LH   EDX[LW  GLDWRPLW FHQX

JLSV SHQWUX UHJODUHD WLPSXOXL GH SUL]

GH

SLULW

, zguri metalurgice

&LPHQWXO SRUWODQG VH RE LQH SULQ FDOFLQDUHD SkQ

OD WRSLUH OD 

1450 0C a unui amestec

FDOFLQ ULL VH IRUPHD] XUP WRULL

omogen de materii prime FDOFDU DUJLO L DGDRVXUL GH FRUHF LH Q XUPD clincherul de ciment R PDV WRSLW FX VWUXFWXU DPRUI L FDUH FRQ LQH mineralogici: silicat tricalcic, C3S, (3CaO SiO2) silicat dicalcic, C2S (2CaO SiO2) aluminat tricalcic, C3A (3CaO Al2O3) ferialuminat tetracalcic, C4AF (4CaO Al2O3 Fe2O3)
$FHWL FRQVWLWXLHQ L UH]XOW SULQ FRPELQDUHD R[L]LORU SULQFLSDOL FULVWDOLQL FDUH FRH[LVW 3URSULHW  L   UH]LVWHQ D PHFDQLF vQ FX ID]H DPRUIH L R[L]L OLEHUL GH XQ FRQ LQXW GH &36 L &2 GH R[L]L OLEHUL GH

constituHQ L

FX

IRUPDUH

GH

FRPSXL

LOH FLPHQWXOXL GHSLQG GH SUH]HQ D L SURSRU LD GH FRPSRQHQ L PLQHUDORJLFL $VWIHO PDUH HVWH DVLJXUDW WLPS FH

S mai mare de 70 % (respectiv

L PDJQH]LX FDUH GHWHUPLQ GHS HDVF

FRQ LQXWXO

FDOFLX

expansiunea cimentuluL 0,5 respectiv 2 %.

SUHOXFUDW L GHJUDGDUHD HOHPHQWHORU GH FRQVWUXF LH QX WUHEXL V

1.2.1. Procesul tehnologic de fabricare a cimentului portland Fabricarea cimentului portland VH ED]HD] SH XQ DQVamblul GH WUDQVIRUP chimice care au loc n trei etape succesive: 1. prepararea amestecului de materii prime; 2. DUGHUHD DPHVWHFXOXL EUXW SkQ OD YLWULILHUH WRSLUH FOLQFKHUL]DUH 3. P FLQDUHD FOLQFKHUXOXL U FLW vQ SUH]HQ GH JLSV
UL IL]LFR

1. Prepararea amestecului de materii prime FRQVW

GH RPRJHQL]DUHD L FRUHFWDUHD FRPSR]L LHL 6I

vQ VI UkPDUHD PDWHULLORU SULPH XUPDW FLQDUHD

UkPDUHD PDWHULLORU SULPH DUH ORF SULQ FRQFDVDUH L P FLQDUH 0 L

poate avea loc

L VHPLXVFDW

vQ SUH]HQ D VDX DEVHQ D DSHL FHHD FH D FRQGXV OD HODERUDUHD XQRU WHKQRORJLL GLIHULWH GH IDEULFDUH D

cimentului, respectiv procedeul umed

7HKQRORJLD DOHDV FRUHFWDUHD Q GHWHUPLQ VH

procedeul uscat, cu variantele semiumed

IDFH SULQ DJLWDUH PHFDQLF 6L22 LVDX VXSOLPHQWDU

FRQVXPXULOH HQHUJHWLFH L DOHJHUHD FXSWRUXOXL GH FOLQFKHUL]DUH VH UHDOL]HD] LQWURGXFkQG LQVXIODUH Ge aer, iar (din diatomit), Al2O3 (din L XVFDW GH IDEULFDUH D

Omogenizarea
FRPSR]L LH ILJXUD 

DPHVWHFXOXL

EDX[LW  VDX R[L]L GH ILHU GLQ FHQX  ]JXU  VXQW SUH]HQWDWH FRPSDUDWLY

SURFHGHHORU

XPHG

cimentului.

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Materii prime
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Clincherizare n cuptor scurt

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Fig.1.1 Fazele procesului tehnologic de fabricare a cimentului

Q SURFHGHXO XPHG LQWHUYLQH RSHUD LD GH PDWHULL SULPH FX XQ FRQ LQXW GH  DS

deleiere

FDUH FRQVW

vQ RE LQHUHD XQHL SDVWH GH



DS 

n variantele VHPLXPHG L VHPLXVFDW VH RE LQH R SDVW FX XQ FRQ LQXW PXOW PDL PLF GH  FDUH VH WUDQVIRUP SULQ nodulizare vQ JUDQXOH VDX W L HL Arderea amestecului VH PDL QXPHWH clincherizare 6H UHDOL]HD] vQWU-un cuptor rotativ, n
VH GHSODVHD] vQ FDUH DUH VROLG vQ FRQWUDFXUHQW FX JD]H GH DUGHUH SDUFXUJkQG PDL PXOWH ]RQH GH ORF HYDSRUDUHD DSHL GHVFRPSXQHUHD FDUERQD LORU GH FDOFLX L WLPS vQWUH R[L]LL SUH]HQ L vQ DPHVWHF &D2 0J2 6L22 FLOLQGULF

FDUH PDWHULD SULP WHPSHUDWXU 

PDJQH]LX UHDF LL vQ ID]

formarea clincherului de ciment (la 1350 14500C).

&XSWRUXO URWDWLY DUH IRUP

, Al2O3, Fe2O3 L

diametru, D= 2 3,5 m, nclinare 30 YLWH]

GH F

L= 50 150 m,  URWD LLPLQXW Q IXQF LH GH SURFHGHX VH XWLOL]HD] cuptoare lungi (L/D = 30  SUHY ]XWH FX VFKLPE WRDUH OGXU LQWHUQH VDX cuptoare scurte (L/D = 12 -  FX VFKLPE WRDUH GH F OGXU H[WHULRDUH FDUH SRW
GH URWD LH  Q ILJXUD  HVWH SUH]HQWDW VFKHPD WHKQRORJLF GH IDEULFDUH D FLPHQWXOXL SULQ SURFHGHXO

L XUP WRDUHOH FDUDFWHULVWLFL OXQJLPH

IXQF LRQD FD UHFXSHUDWRDUH SHQWUX SUHvQF O]LUHD PDWHULLORU SULPH

uscat.
.

)LJ  6FKHPD WHKQRORJLF GXS

GH IDEULFDUH D FLPHQWXOXL SRUWODQG GH U FLUH

1- XVF

WRU 

- EXQF

procedeul uscat. U  - PRDU   - separator; 5 - cuptor rotativ; 6 - WRE

2.
containere.

'XS

FLUHD

SURSRU LH GH   SHQWUX DSUR[LPDWLY 

clincherului la 11000C are loc P FLQDUHD DFHVWXLD vQ SUH]HQ D GH JLSV vQ SHQWUX D P UL WLPSXO GH SUL]  depozitarea cimentului n silozuri speciale, ]LOH SHQWUX PDWXUDUH GXS FDUH XUPHD] ambalarea n saci de 50 kg, sau n -economice ntre procedeele de fabricare
GH FDOLWDWHD PDWHULLORU

&RPSDUD LL WHKQLFR

(FRQRPLD SURFHGHHORU GH IDEULFDUH D FLPHQWXOXL HVWH LQIOXHQ DW SULPH L GH FRQVXPXULOH HQHUJHWLFH (OHPHQWHOH GH GLIHUHQ LHUH vQWUH SURFHGHHOH XPHG L XVFD

t constau n: - FRQVXPXO GH HQHUJLH HOHFWULF OD P FLQDUHD PDWHULLORU SULPH - FRQVXPXO GH HQHUJLH WHUPLF SHQWUX HYDSRUDUHD DSHL - SLHUGHULOH GH F OGXU vQ JD]H Procedeul uscat VH UHDOL]HD] FX XQ FRQVXP GH HQHUJLH WHUPLF
FOLQFKHU L XQ FRQVXP GH HQHUJLH HOHFWULF FX  PDL PDUH GHFkW vQ FD]XO &RPSDUkQG SURFHGHHOH WHKQRORJLFH FRQVWDW P XUP WRDUHOH

GH  5000 kJ/kg procedeului umed.

a. Procedeul umed SUH]LQW  9 Avantaje: P FLQDUH PDL ILQ  RPRJHQL]DUH PDL EXQ  FOLQFKHUL]DUH PDL FRPSOHW  calitate superioDU D FLPHQWXOXL FRQVXP GH HQHUJLH HOHFWULF PDL PLF HIHFWH poluante reduse; 9 Dezavantaje: FRQVXP GH HQHUJLH WHUPLF FRPEXVWLELO SHQWUX HYDSRUDUHD DSHL vQ
FXSWRU PDL ULGLFDW LQYHVWL LH PDL PDUH FXSWRU OXQJ FRVW PDL ULGLFDW DO FLPHQWXOXL

b. Procedeul uscat SUH]LQW  9 Avantaje: FRQVXP GH HQHUJLH WHUPLF PDL PLF LQYHVWL LH PDL UHGXV FXSWRU VFXUW 9 Dezavantaje: FRQVXP GH HQHUJLH HOHFWULF PDL ULGLFDW HIHFWH SROXDQWH PDL PDUL Comparnd indicatorii tehnico-HFRQRPLFL DL FHORU GRX SURFHGHH UH]XOW F procedeul uscat
DUH DSOLFD LL SH VFDU PDL ODUJ  vQ FRQGL LL GH UHFXSHUDUH D F OGXULL L GLPLQXDUHD SROX ULL FX DMXWRUXO VLVWHPHORU GH SXULILFDUH D JD]HORU ILOWUH LQWHJUDWH vQ LQVWDOD LH

1.2.2. Caracterizarea cimentului Cimentului i se impun anumite cRQGL LL GH FDOLWDWH vQ IXQF LH GH XWLOL]
UL

&RPSRUWDUHD FLPHQWXOXL vQ WLPSXO XWLOL] ULL YD GHSLQGH GH FRQGL LLOH GH IDEULFDUH GH FRPSR]L LD FKLPLF L PLQHUDORJLF D FOLQFKHUXOXL H[SULPDW SULQ

vQ VLVWHP L FHO QHFHVDU VDWXU ULL FHORUODO L R[L]L FRQ LQXWXO GH &D2 VH OLPLWHD]

a. gradul de saturare n oxid de calciu, SK, definit prin raportul procentual dintre CaO existent
SULQ VWDQGDUG

SK=

CaO% 2,8SiO2 % + 1,1Al 2 O3 % + 0,7 Fe2 O3 %

b. modulul de silice, MSi: MSi=

% SiO2 % Al 2 O3 + % Fe2 O3
, MAl:

Din valoarea acestuia se trag concluzii asupra naturii clincherului. c.

PRGXOXO GH DOXPLQ

MAl=
Q SURSULHW

% Al 2 O3 % Fe2 O3
GH 0Al VH SRW IRUPXOD LSRWH]H UHIHULWRDUH OD VLVWHPHOH GH FULVWDOL]DUH L

IXQF LH

LOH FLPHQWXOXL

3HQWUX FDUDFWHUL]DUHD FLPHQWXOXL L VWDELOLUHD GRPHQLXOXL GH XWLOL]DUH VH GHWHUPLQ WLPSXO GH SUL]

SUL]D L

, UH]LVWHQ D mediului agresiv. a.

PHFDQLF

, comportarea la tratamente termice,

FRPSRUWDUHD OD DF LXQHD

3UL]D L WLPSXO GH SUL] VSHFLILF OLDQ LORU GH D VH WUDQVIRUPD GLQWU

Priza UHSUH]LQW FDUDFWHULVWLFD plastic ntr-un material rigid.

7LPSXO GH SUL] UHSUH]LQW 6H GLVWLQJ FRQYHQ LRQDO GRX RUH FX WRDWH F 'XS

-un material

WLPSXO DIHUHQW DFHVWHL WUDQVIRUP UL P ULPL

WLPSXO GH vQFHSXW L WLPSXO GH VIkULW GH SUL]  GH OD WXUQDUH LDU VIkULWXO vQ PD[LP 

3HQWUX FLPHQWXO SRUWODQG vQFHSXWXO SUL]HL DUH ORF OD R RU WLPSXO GH SUL] GHRVHELP

SURFHVXO GH ULJLGL]DUH SRDWH FRQWLQXD DQL GH ]LOH

- FLPHQWXUL FX vQW ULUH UDSLG vQFHSXWXO SUL]HL OD  PLQXWH L VIkULWXO SUL]HL OD  RUH - cimenturi speciale (respectiv ckWHYD PLQXWH L  RUH - FLPHQWXUL FX SUL] OHQW UHVSHFWLY - RUH L > 10 ore).
7LPSXO GH SUL] GHSLQGH GH PDL PXO L IDFWRUL DOXPLQDWXO GH FDOFLX PLFRUHD] WLPSXO GH SUL]  FULVWDOLQ VDX L FRPSR]L LD PLQHUDORJLF )LHFDUH FRPSRQHQW PLQHUDORJLF UHDF LRQHD] GH JHO FDUH VH IRUPHD] FX DSD vQ PRG GLIHULW UH]XOWkQG R[L]L KLGUDWD L

KLGURVLOLFD L KLGURDOXPLQD L KLGURIHUD L GH FDOFLX L KLGUR[LG GH FDOFLX FX VWUXFWXU

vQ ]RQHOH VXSHUILFLDOH DOH JUDQXOHORU *HOXULOH DX R FDSDFLWDWH PDUH OLDQW DSD GLIX]HD] vQ
GH vQW ULUHD SURSULX ]LV  FDUH VH H[WLQGH SH PDL PXO L DQL

deterPLQ

FUHWHUHD UH]LVWHQ HL PHFDQLFH vQ WLPS

interiorul granulelor de ciment,

SUL]D

IHQRPHQ FH FRQVWLWXLH SUL]D XUPDW

WHPSHUDWXUD GH DUGHUH FUHWHUHD WHPSHUDWXULL DFFHOHUHD] FUHWHUHD ILQH LL GH P FLQDUH DFFHOHUHD] 7LPSXO GH SUL] SUL]D SUL]D VF GHUHD UDSRUWXOXL DS FLPHQW DFFHOHUHD]

);

VH SRDWH UHJOD FX DMXWRUXO XQRU DGDRVXUL FDUH SRW IL 

o DFFHOHUDWRUL GH SUL]  +&O 1D2+ 1D2CO3, CaCl2 IRUPDOGHKLG o ntrzietori de priz  +2SO4, ]DK U HWF b.
5H]LVWHQ D PHFDQLF UHSUH]LQW SULQFLSDOD FDUDFWHULVWLF D

FLPHQWXOXL

6H

GHWHUPLQ

UH]LVWHQ D OD FRPSUHVLXQH L OD vQFRYRLHUH VROLFLW UL IUHFYHQWH DOH EHWRDQHORU OD D F URU SUHSDUDUH HVWH

utilizat cimentul.

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sale,

UH]LVWHQ D OD FRPSUHVLXQH HVWH IRORVLW

vQ VWDQGDUGH SHQWUX

D FLPHQWXOXL HVWH UH]LVWHQ D PLQLP vQ 1PP

OD FRPSUHVLXQH D XQHL SUREH GXS

scade n seria: C3S > C2S > C4AF > C3A. c. Comportarea la tratamente termice C26 L &3$ D F
URU SUH]HQ PLQLP VH UHFRPDQG

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Tehnologia cu conveier
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FX DMXWRUXO XQXL WUHQ SH

vQ FDPHUH WXQHO DPSODVDWH vQWUH ]RQD GH IRUPDUH L

WHKQRORJLH VH IRORVHWH SHQWUX HOHPHQWH PDUL GH FRQVWUXF LH FDUH Q VH DSOLF SHQWUX WXEXUL VWkOSL IkLL GH SODQHX LDU D SURGXVHORU

Tehnologia n flux vertical

FX DJUHJDWH vQ ODQ

tehnologia

L FRQYHLHU SDU LDO SHUPLWH R ILQLVDUH PDL EXQ

n fig.1.3. este prezentat fluxul tehnologic de realizare a prefabricatelor din beton.

prefabricate
)LJ 6FKHPD IOX[XOXL GH RE LQHUH D SUHIDEULFDWHORU GLQ EHWRQ GR]DUHD PDWHULLORU SULPH L DPHVWHFDUHD ORU VH UHDOL]HD] vQ

Prepararea betonului

EHWRQLHUH VDX vQ VWD LL GH EHWRDQH vQ FD]XO XQRU FDQWLW

L PDL PDUL

Armarea betonului VH IDFH FX EDUH GH R HO GLVSXVH FD DWDUH VDX VXE IRUP GH SODVH ,Q masa betonului se mai pot introduce elemente termo- L IRQRL]RODQWH conducte de PVC pentru
FDQDOL] UL HWF

Tiparele

FRQVWLWXLH SULQFLSDOHOH HOHPHQWH DOH UHDOL] ULL SUHIDEULFDWHORU (OH WUHEXLH V ILH UREXVWH QHGHIRUPDELOH HWDQH 6H FRQIHF LRQHD]

DVLJXUH

IRUPD L GLPHQVLXQHD SUHIDEULFDWXOXL V

GLQ OHPQ

metale, materiale plastice. Pot fi fixe (cochile) sau cu elemente mobile.

&HOH PDL XWLOL]DUH VXQW FHOH PHWDOLFH FDUH SHUPLW UHDOL]DUHD vQ FRQWLQXDUH D FRPSDFWL] ULL SULQ YLEUDUH VDX SULQ WRUFUHWDUH L D WUDWDPHQWXOXL WHUPLF L SRW IL IRORVLWH SkQ OD  GH WXUQ U

i.

Tratamentul termic
GRX YDULDQWH

DFFHOHUHD]

SURFHVXO GH vQW ULUH D EHWRQXOXL 6H UHDOL]HD]

FX DEXU vQ

- OD SUHVLXQH QRUPDO L W  - 800C (aburire); - OD SUHVLXQH ULGLFDW - DWP L W  - 1850C (autoclavizare). Autoclavizarea permitH RE LQHUHD XQRU HOHPHQWH GH FRQVWUXF LL XRDUH L UH]LVWHQWH %&$ EHWRQ FHOXODU DXWRFODUL]DW OD DXWRFODYL]DUH vQ EHWRQ VH DGDXJ UHDF LD FKLPLF FHOXODU  'XS DVDPEOHD] FH DUH ORF VH GHJDM YDU L SXOEHUH GH DOXPLQLX LDU GLQ SRURDV  L VH KLGURJHQ FDUH SURGXFH JROXUL IRUPkQG R VWUXFWXU SUHIDEULFDWH VH WUDQVSRUW vQ SR]L LH YHUWLFDO

decofrare,

HOHPHQWHOH

SULQ VXGDUH FRQIRUP SURLHFWXOXL GH H[HFX LH Q ILQDO VH PRQROL]HD]

FX EHWRQ WXUQDW vQ HVWH

cofraje speciale.
2 WHKQRORJLH VSHFLDO  FDUH SHUPLWH RE LQHUHD GH SUHIDEULFDWH GH FDOLWDWH VXSHULRDU

precomprimarea $FHVWD VH DSOLF

GH XWLOL]DUH L FRQVW

HOHPHQWHORU GLQ EHWRQ DUPDW FX R HO GH FDOLWDWH VXSHULRDU  vQDLQWH VROLFLW ULORU vQ H[SORDWDUH L DVLJXU vQ FRQVWUXF LLOH GH SRGXUL SLVWH GH

vQ SUHvQWLQGHUHD DUP WXULL vQDLQWH GH WXUQDUH L vQW ULUHD EHWRQXOXL D FRQVWUXF LLORU L VLJXUDQ D vQ H[SORDWDUH

Are ca

HIHFW FUHWHUHD UH]LVWHQ HL OD ILVXUDUH GDWRUDW

GXUDELOLWDWHD VSRULW

Prefabricatele din beton precomprimat se utilizeD] aeroporturi, baraje, reactoare nucleare etc.

1. 4. Fabricarea sticlei
 1R LXQL JHQHUDOH

Sticla este un material de obicei transparent, constituit dintr-R VROX LH VROLG

GH R[L

zi anoganici

GLIHUL L 'LQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH FKLPLF FRPSR]L LD VWLFOHL FRUHVSXQGH XUP WRDUHL IRUPXOH JHQHUDOH

xR2O yRO zRO n care: R2O - oxizi ai metalelor alcaline (Na2O, K2O); RO - R[L]L DL PHWDOHORU DOFDOLQRS PkQWRDVH L JUHOH &D2 0J2 %D2 3E2 =Q2 HWF RO - oxizi acizi (SiO2, Al2O3, B2O3, P2O5 etc).
3URSULHW VWLFORDV  Q IXQF LH GH FRPSR]L LH VH RE LQ PDL PXOWH WLSXUL GH VWLFO  6WUXFWXUD VWLFOHL HVWH DPRUI VH S VWUD DUDQMDUHD GH]RUGRQDW 6WLFOD SUH]LQW UH LVWHQ

LOH VWLFOHL GHSLQG GH QDWXUD L UDSRUWXO FDQWLWDWLY DO R[L]LORU FRQ LQX L vQ PDVD L VH RE LQH SULQ VXEU FLUHD vQJKH DUHD XQHL WRSLWXUL SHQWUX D FKLPLF ULGLFDW  vQ VSHFLDO OD DF LXQHD DSHL $UH UH]LVWHQ OD

D FRQVWLWXHQ LORU GH OD WHPSHUDWXUD ULGLFDW 

FRPSUHVLH GH SkQ

OD  1PP  SUH]LQW

N/mm2. EsWH FDVDQW

(VWLFOD GH JHDP L UH]LVWHQ OD WUDF LXQH PDL PLF  GH QXPDL 450 GXULWDWH PDUH   SH VFDUD 0RKU R IRDUWH EXQ WUDQVSDUHQ L LQGLFH

GH UHIUDF LH GLIHULW vQ IXQF LH GH FDOLWDWH 0DWHULLOH SULPH SHQWUX RE LQHUHD VWLFOHL SRW IL JUXSDWH vQ XUP WRDUHOH FDWHJRULL

-YLWULILDQ L care forPHD]

YLWULILDQW HVWH QLVLSXO FXDU RV

ED]D PDVHL VWLFORDVH R[L]L GH VLOLFLX GH ERU GH IRVIRU FHO PDL LPSRUWDQW

- IRQGDQ L FDUH SULQ GHVFRPSXQHUH WHUPLF SURGXF R[L]L FH UHGXF WHPSHUDWXUD GH WRSLUH FDUERQD L de sodiu sau de potasiu); - VWDELOL]DQ L cu rROXO GH D FRUHFWD SURSULHW LOH VWLFOHL VLOLFLFH UHVSHFWLY UH]LVWHQ D PHFDQLF PLF
L UH]LVWHQ D UHGXV ID R[L]LL FRUHVSXQ] WRUL

CaMg(CO3)2 PDL UDU VH IRORVHVF V DILQDQ L

GH DS  FHL PDL XWLOL]D L VWDELOL]DQ L VXQW FDOFDUXO L GRORPLWD UHVSHFWLY &D&23 L UXUL GH EDULX VDX GH SOXPE FDUH SULQ GHVFRPSXQHUH WHUPLF

SURGXF

pentru limpezirea masei sticloase (sulfat de sodiu, azotat de potasiu); RSDFL]DQ L R[L]L GH WLWDQ L ]LUFRQLX WDOF VDUH IRVIDW GH FDOFLX FRORUDQ L suspensii coloidale de metaOH L GLYHUL R[L]L PHWDOLFL VROXELOL vQ VWLFO

&ODVLILFDUHD WLSXULORU GH VWLFO 9

se face vQ IXQF LH GH FRPSR]L LH

GLR[LG GH VLOLFLX L HVWH IRORVLW OD IDEULFDUHD OHQWLOHORU L

VWLFOD GH FXDU  FRQ LQH SHVWH 

aparatelor de laborator;
9

sticla calco-sodLF  IRUPDW GLQ GLR[LG GH VLOLFLX R[LG GH FDOFLX L R[LG GH SRWDVLX FX DGDRV GH oxid de aluminiu, oxid de magneziu etc. VH XWLOL]HD] OD IDEULFDUHD JHDPXULORU RJOLQ]LORU
UHFLSLHQ LORU L D PDWHULDOHORU SHQWUX FRQVWUXF LL  LJOH GDOH

sticla calco-potDVLF

 FRQ LQH R[LG GH SRWDVLX vQ ORF GH R[LG GH VRGLX L VH XWLOL]HD]

SHQWUX

IDEULFDUHD RELHFWHORU PDL ILQH L D FRUSXULORU GH LOXPLQDW EHFXUL WXEXUL IOXRUHVFHQWH 9

sticla de plumb (cristal), FX XQ coQIHF LRQDUHD RELHFWHORU ILQH GH DUW

VH GHRVHEHVF YDULHW

FRQ LQXW

GH

SOXPE

GH



HVWH

IRORVLW

SHQWUX

L PHQDM FKLPLF L WHUPLF ULGLFDW 

sticla de laborator, FX XQ FRQ LQXW PDUH GH R[LG GH ERU DUH UH]LVWHQ

LOH 7XULQJLD <HQD 3LUH[ 7XUGDWHUP VWLFOD RSWLF

FX XQ FRQ LQXW ULGLFDW GH R[LG GH SOXPE DUH SURSULHW LL L SXULW LL PDWHULLORU SULPH VH XWLOL]HD]

L RSWLFH VSHFLDOH GDWRULW

FRPSR]L LHL RPRJHQLW

OD FRQIHF LRQDUH SULVPHORU L

lentilelor;
9 VWLFOD VROXELO HVWH FRQVWLWXLW GLQ VLOLFDW GH VRGLX VH RE LQH SULQ WRSLUHD QLVLSXOXL FX VRG SHQWUX IDEULFDUHD FKLWXULORU DQWL FDOFLQDW  HVWH VROXELO vQ DS  VH XWLOL]HD]

-acide, ca liant

SHQWUX XQHOH PDWHULDOH SXOYHUXOHQWH L SHQWUX RE LQHUHD YRSVHOHORU LJQLIXJH Q DQXPLWH VLWXD LL VH XWLOL]HD] 6WLSOH[ SH ED] VROYHQ L RUJDQLFL VWLFOD RUJDQLFD GHQXPLW FRPHU

cial Plexiglas sau

GH SROLPHU LQFRORU  SROLPHWDFULODW GH PHWLO SHUIHFW WUDQVSDUHQW L VROXELO vQ

1.4.2. Procesul tehnologic de fabricare a sticlei calco-sodice L D SURGXVHORU GH VWLFO

)DEULFDUHD VWLFOHL L D SURGXVHORU GH VWLFO FXSULQGH XUP WRDUHOH HWDSH SULQFLSDOH FDOFLQDW L FDOFDU

1. 3UHSDUDUHD DPHVWHFXOXL GH PDWHULL SULPH QLVLS VRG 2. Topirea materiilor prime 3. )DVRQDUHD SDVWHL GH VWLFO 4. 7UDWDUHD L ILQLVDUHD SURGXVHORU
JUDQXOD LH ILQ L XQLIRUP  GXS FDUH XUPHD]

1. Prepararea amestecului de materii prime se face prin

dozarea
H[DFW L PDL RPRJHQH $FHVWH RSHUD LL FRQGL LRQHD] SRW DG XJD L FLREXUL GH VWLFO  FHHD FH GHWHUPLQ

sortare SkQ OD R amestecarea pentru realizarea unei

P FLQDUH

FRPSR]L LL FkW

RE LQHUHD XQHL VWLFOH GH FDOLWDWH Q FDGUXO UHGXFHUHD FRQVXPXULORU VSHFLILFH GH

acesteL HWDSH VH materii prime.

VHULH GH UHDF LL

2. Topirea materiilor prime are loc la temperaturi de 900 11000& L HVWH vQVR LW
GH FRPELQDUH vQWUH R[L]L Q SULQFLSLX XUP WRDUHOH UHDF LL

GH R

la fabricarea sticlei calcosodice au loc

CaCO3 &D2  &22 nCaO + SiO2 &D2n 6L22 mNa2CO3 + SiO2 1D2O)m 6L22 + CO2
/D VIkULWXO UHDF LLORU FFD  RSHUD LD GH WRSLUH OD WHPSHUDWXU (OLPLQDUHD SUH]HQ vQ HWDSD XUP WRDUH EXOHORU GH GH DILQDQ L GXS

n = 1,2,3 m = 1,2
GH VLOLFLX U PkQH QHXWLOL]DW vQ VWDUH

20 % din dioxidul
L &22

FULVWDOLQ  SHQWUX GL]ROYDUHD H[FHVXOXL GH GLR[LG GH VLOLFLX vQ VLOLFDWXO GH VRGLX IRUPDW VH FRQWLQX PDL ULGLFDW  JD] DHU R SHULRDG

FDUH XUPHD]

) incluse n masa sticlei brutH VH UHDOL]HD] GH OLQLWLUH FRQGL LRQDUH vQ YHGHUHD SUHOXFU

vQ ULL

'DF V DSDU

QX VH UHVSHFW

GR]DMXO PDWHULLORU SULPH WHPSHUDWXUD L YLWH]D GH WRSLUH vQ VWLFO

SRW

R VHULH GH

defecte cum ar fi:

topite.

JU XQ L GH PDWHULDO QHWRSLW

bule incluse de gaze;

D H GXQJL YDOXUL 'H DVHPHQHD vQ VWLFO 7RSLUHD VH UHDOL]HD] SRW H[LVWD vQ

tensiuni interne
YDQ

SURYRFDWH GH U FLUHD EUXVF

D PDVHL

cuptoare cu creuzet,
vQ FXSWRDUH FX VFKHPD XQXL

FX IXQF LRQDUH GLVFRQWLQX FX IXQF LRQDUH FX YDQ FRQWLQX

VSHFLDO RELQXLW

GH

FDOLWDWH ILJXUD

VXSHULRDU  HVWH

VDX

 pentru sticla , pentru sticla VWLFOHL

.
Q SUH]HQWDW FXSWRU SHQWUX IDEULFDUHD

HYLGHQ LLQGX VH ]RQD GH WRSLUH L ]RQD GH OXFUX vQ F

are are loc definitivarea procesului tehnologic.

Fig.1.4. &XSWRU FX YDQ

SHQWUX IDEULFDUHD VWLFOHL

&XSWRDUHOH PRGHUQH VXQW vQF O]LWH FX FRPEXVWLELO  1P VXQW SUHY ]XWH FX UHFXSHUDWRDUH GH F OGXU

WLS 6LHPHQV UHJHQHUDWRDUH &DSDFLWDWHD GH SURGXF LH

CH4

NJ VWLFO  VDX HOHFWULF L

este de 75 200 t/24 ore.

VWLFO  XWLOL]kQG GLYHUVH SURFHGHH FXP DU IL

3.

)DVRQDUHD SDVWHL GH VWLFO

UHSUH]LQW

SURFHVXO GH RE LQHUH D SURGXVHORU GLQ WRSLWXUD GH

tragerea pentru foi (geamuri), bDJKHWH ILUH HYL turnarea pentru lentile, dale etc.; suflarea pentru becuri, vase de laborator etc.; centrifugarea SHQWUX ILEUH GH VWLFO  SURGXVH GLQ VWLFO
7UDWDUHD L ILQLVDUHD VH DSOLF SURGXVHORU GH VWLFO

FDY 

)DVRQDUHD YD IL H[HPSOLILFDW

OD SUH]HQWDUHD WHKQRORJLHL GH IDEULFDUH D JHDPXULORU RE LQXWH vQ HWDSD DQWHULRDU 

4.

Tratarea DUH FD VFRS HOLPLQDUHD WHQVLXQLORU LQWHUQH H[LVWHQWH vQ VWLFOD VROLG  DS UXWH OD U FLUH L care pot duce la spargere acesteia. Pentru reducerea tensiunilor internH VH DSOLF GLYHUVH tratamente termice cum ar fi: - recoacerea U FLUHD SURGXVHORU ILHUELQ L LPHGLDW GXS IDVRQDUH FX YLWH] PLF  DVWIHO vQFkW
WHQVLXQHD DFXPXODW V QX GHS HDVF R YDORDUH FULWLF 

vQF O]LUHD pentru sticle cave.

F OLUHD

VWLFOHL XUPDW

GH U FLUHD vQ DHU SHQ

tru geamuri, sau n baie de ulei

3ULQ WUDWDPHQWH WHUPLFH FUHWH UH]LVWHQ D PHFDQLF

D SURGXVHORU GH VWLFO 

Finisarea

VH UHDOL]HD]

FX VFRSXO GH D PRGLILFD IRUPD L DVSHFWXO SULQ FXUEDUH OD FDOG FDOFR VRGLF

W LHUH OHIXLUH JUDYDUH

colorare, decorare etc. -

3ULQFLSDOHOH WLSXUL GH SURGXVH GLQ VWLFO

3URGXVHOH FHOH PDL XWLOL]DWH vQ FRQVWUXF LL VXQW

Geamurile, foi cu grosime de 2 10 mm: - RELQXLWH; - DUPDWH UHDOL]DWH GLQ GRX IRL GH JHDPXUL FDUH DX vQWUH HOH R SODV

GH VkUP 

Sticlele de
IDEULF

SURWHF LH

, care nu dau cioburi la spargere, n variantele duplex

SURSULHW L PHFDQLFH H[FHS LRQDOH UH]LVWHQ

triplex; se
OD RF L

GLQ IRL GH JHDP OLSLWH vQWUH HOH FX R IROLH GH PDWHULDO SODVWLF FX PDUH

Sticle securit,
5

vQFRYRLHUH RE LQXWH

printr-un tratament termic special;

LJOHOH L GDOHOH SHQWUX SHUH L L OXPLQDWRDUH VH IDEULF SULQ

6WLFOH GH FRQVWUXF LL FXSULQG

turnare sau prin presare n forme speciale;

5
)LEUH L ILUH GH VWLFO WHUPLF L IRQLF  RE LQXWH SULQ

centrifugare (fibre) respectiv prin tragere prin diferite

HV WXUL VSHFLDOH VDX FD PDWHULDO L]RODQW

filiere (fire VH XWLOL]HD]

SHQWUX FRQIHF LRQDUHD GH

1.4.3. Fabricarea geamurilor Geamurile VH IDEULF GH RELFHL GLQ VWLFO RELQXLW  FDOFR-VRGLF  FX VDX I U de aluminiu sau de magneziu. Pentru fabricarea geamurilor (de 2  PP JURVLPH VH DSOLF GLYHUVH
GLIHU SULQFLSLDO SULQ WHKQLFD GH OXFUX DSOLFDW  PRGXO L GH HYLWDUH D DSDUL LHL SURGXF LH VSHFLILF  GH tragere pe Fourcault), respectiv corp ceramic (Pittsburg) sau rulouri ceramice (Asahi FDUH DQWUHQHD] WRSLWXUD L R IDVRQHD] VXE forma XQHL EHQ]L FRQWLQXH GH VWLFO  FX JURVLPH LPSXV  3URFHGHXO Asahi SHUPLWH R YLWH] GH U FLUH PDL DSOLF vQ SULQFLSLX R WHKQLF DGDRV GH R[L]L SURFHGHH FDUH L SULQ

GHIHFWHORU

Procedeele Fourcault, Pittsburg

Asahi

YHUWLFDO

 GLQ WRSLWXU  FX DMXWRUXO XQRU PDLQL GH WUDV SUHY ]XWH FX GX]H 

PDUH FRQFRPLWHQW FX HOLPLQDUHD GHIHFWHORU FHHD FH DVLJXU ,QFRQYHQLHQWXO SURFHVXOXL GH WUDJHUH SH YHUWLFDO

FDOLWDWHD VXSHULRDU FRQVW

D JHDPXULORU D IRLORU

vQ JURVLPHD QHXQLIRUP

de geam, ceea FH JHQHUHD]

YDORUL GLIHULWH DOH LQGLFHOXL GH UHIUDF LH LPDJLQLOH DS UkQG GHIRUPDWH Q

YHGHUHD XQLIRUPL] ULL JURVLPLL SO FLOH GH JHDP FX JURVLPL GH SHVWH  PP SRW IL SUHOXFUDWH SULQ OHIXLUH SH DPEHOH VXSUDIH H Procedeul Pilkington-Float XWLOL]HD] R WHKQLF GH ODPLQDUH FRQWLQX ajutorul unei PDLQL GH ODPLQDW 6FKHPD GH SULQFLSLX D DFHVWXL SURFHGHX HVWH UHGDW SH RUL]RQWDO vQ ILJ 

, cu

Fig.1.5. Procedeul Float de fabricarea geamurilor

Q DFHVW SURFHGHX VWLFOD WRSLW HVWH WUHFXW FX DMXWRUXO XQHL PDLQL GH ODPLQDW SH VXSUDID D D VWUDWXOXL GH VWLFO FFD  PP 6WUDWXO GH WHUPLF SH DPEHOH L FRQGXV OD LQVWDOD LD GH U FLUH 3H WUDVHX DUH ORF ODPLQDUH VWLFOD HVWH OHIXLW

XQHL E L GH VWDQLX WRSLW DVLJXUkQGX VH JURVLPHD GRULW

VWLFO IH H

HVWH SUHOXDW OD FDS WXO RSXV DO E LL GH XQ YDO

vQJXVWDUHD EHQ]LL GH VWLFO

vQ GLUHF LD WUDJHULL 'XS

6H RE LQ JHDPXUL GH 

 PP JURVLPH GH FDOLWDWH VXSHULRDU

L FDUH SRW IL XWLOL]DWH

la

fabricarea oglinzilor.

&DOLWDWH OXFUD vQ DWPRVIHU

JHDPXOXL GH JD] LQHUW

LPH

JURVLPH

VWDELO 

WUDQVSDUHQ

DEVHQ D

GHIHFWHORU

GHSLQGH

GH

PHQ LQHUHD UHJLPXOXL WHUPLF RSWLP DO E LL GH VWDQLX L GH DEVHQ D DWPRVIHUHL R[LGDQWH FX FRQGL LD GH D VH

Geamurile izolatoare

Q FRQVWUXF LLOH PRGHUQH VH XWLOL]Hze din ce n ce mai mult geamurile izolatoare. Acestea sunt fonoizolante (reduc zgomotele cu cca. 30 Db), termoizolante (reduc consumul de HQHUJLH QHFHVDU vQF O]LULL ORFXLQ HL FX FFD  GXUDW GH YLD SUDFWLF HJDO FX FHD D FO GLULL SODQ  DIODWH OD R DQXPLW GLVWDQ XQXO GH FHO ODOW L 6XQW IRUPDWH GLQ SDQRXUL GH VWLFO  VXQW UH]LVWHQWH vQ RULFH FRQGL LL FOLPDWHULFH L DX R

fixate ntr-R UDP PHWDOLF VDX GLQ 39& 6SD LXO GLQWUH SDQRXUL HVWH vQFKLV HUPHWLF L XPSOXW FX DHU uscat sau cu alte gaze uscate. (UPHWL]DUHD VH UHDOL]HD] SULQ VXGDUH VDX SULQ OLSLUH RE LQkQGX-se trei tipuri de
JHDPXULILJ L DQXPH

Termopan VXGDUH VWLFO -metal; Gado VXGDUH VWLFO -VWLFO  Cudo lipire cu polimer sintetic.

Fig. 1.6. Tipuri de geamuri izolatoare a) Termopan; b) Gado; c) Cudo.

Fig.1.6. Tipuri de geamuri izolatoare Tehnologia de fabricare a geamurilor izolatoare etape: W LHUHD IRLORU GH FXSULQGH vQ SULQFLSLX XUP WRDUHOH

geam;

VS ODUHD L XVFDUHD IRLORU

formarea panourilor; montarea panourilor pe rame metalice;

HWDQHL]DUHD )RLOH GH VWLFO XWLOL]DWH SHQWUX FRQIHF LRQDUHD JHDPXULORU L]RODWRDUH DX XUP WRDUHOH GLPHQVLXQL

lungime 2  P O LPH  3 m, grosime 3 12 mm, GLVWDQ D GLQWUH IRL  20 mm. Formarea panourilor depinde de tipul de geam folosit. n cazul geamurilor de tip Termopan IRUPDUHD SDQRXULORU SUHVXSXQH
VXFFHVLXQH GH RSHUD LL

XUP WRDUHD

- metalizarea sticlei
DQXPLW VXGXU O FRVLWRUXO VH DVLJXU

SH R SRU LXQH D XQHL IH H SULQ GHSXQHUHD X

nui strat de cupru de o

LPH L JURVLPH SH FHOH SDWUX ODWXUL DOH IRLL R EXQ HWDQHLWDWH SHQWUX XVFDUHD DHUXOXL VDX SHQWUX HOLPLQDUHD DHUXOXL L GLPHQVLXQL PLFL L ULJLGH 3HQWUX P ULUHD UH]LVWHQ HL

- sudarea GH VXSUDIH HOH PHWDOL]DWH D XQHL EHQ]L GH SOXPE ca GLVWDQ LHU IRORVLQG FD PHWDO GH - montarea dispozitivelor folosLWH introducerea unui alt gaz uscat.
3DQRXULOH GH DFHVW WLS VXQW GH SDQRXULORU VH SUDFWLF

VXGDUHD D WUHL IRL GH VWLFO  SURFHGkQG vQ PRG VLPLODU

 U LQ

Pentru geamurile de tip Cudo VH XWLOL]HD]

GLVWDQ LHUHOH GH DOXPLQLX vQWU

-un suport de

VLQWHWLF  LDU HWDQDUHD VH IDFH SULQ OLSLUH FX SROLPHU VLQWHWLF 3DQRXULOH UHDOL]DWH vQ DFHVW PRG

SRW DYHD GLPHQVLXQL PDUL IOH[LELOLWDWH L GXUDELOLWDWH EXQ   (OHPHQWH VSHFLILFH UHDOL] ULL OXFU ULORU GH FRQVWUXF LL

5HDOL]DUHD FRQVWUXF LLORU DUH GUHSW VFRS DVLJXUDUHD FRQGL LLORU QHFHVDUH RDPHQLORU vQ YHGHUHD GHVI XU ULL vQ FHOH PDL EXQH FRQGL LL D DFWLYLW LL ORU PDWHULDOH L VSLULWXDOH

. n realizarea
HFRQRPLFR

FRQVWUXF LLORU VH PHFDQLFH L IL]LFR

LQH FRQW GH IDSWXO F

PHGLXO QDWXUDO H[HUFLW

DVXSUD DFHVWRUD DF LXQL DWPRVIHULFH FRQGL LL WHKQLFH L

-chimice distructive. CoQVWUXF LLOH WUHEXLH V VDWLVIDF organizatorice GXS FXP XUPHD] :
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un ansamblu de

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