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Ekman spiral

Surface currents move at angle to wind

Ekman spiral describes speed and direction of
seawater flow at different depths
Each successive layer moves increasingly to right
(N hemisphere)

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Ocean gyres

Fig. 7.4

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Other surface currents

Equatorial countercurrents
Subpolar gyres

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NAUFRAGIO PATITOS DE
GOMA

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Equatorial Upwelling
As surface water diverges, sea level falls,
surface layer thins and cold water upwells

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Coastal Upwelling
Coastal divergence results in upwelling as cold
water rises to replace surface water

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Coastal upwelling and

downwelling

Ekman
transport
moves surface
seawater
onshore
(downwelling)
or
Offshore
(upwelling)

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Conveyor-belt circulation

Combination deep ocean currents and

surface currents

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SALINITAT DEL MAR en

superficie (gr/l)

Perque s ms salat lAtlntic que el

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Deep Atlantic Water

Masses

Deep Atlantic water comes from high latitude

N. Atlantic, Southern Ocean and at shallower
depth, the Mediterranean Sea