Nutrio Funcional

Eda Maria Arruda Scur

Pirmide alimentar Grupos Funcionais

Grupo de Cereais
Aveia (Avena
sativa)

Cevada
(Hordeum
distychum)

Aveia

(Avena sativa L.)

e Cevada

(Hordeum vulgare)

Contedos:
- tocoferis (VITAMINA E)
- fenis (AO)
- fitoesteris (ESTEROL VEGETAL)
- fibras solveis e insolveis:
- beta-glucana (-glucana) fibra
solvel mais reconhecida na promoo
da sade

-glucana
Cevada (3-10%) distribuio
uniforme.
Aveia (3-7%): maior quantidade
endosperma farelos.
Farelo > flocos > farinha
FDA: 3g de betaglucana/dia = 4 colheres
de sopa de farelo de aveia (40g) ou 6 de
aveia em flocos (60g)
Anvisa (2005): os betaglucanas da aveia
auxiliam na reduo da absoro de

Mecanismo de ao:
betaglucana

No sofre digesto enzimtica no

sofre absoro Permanece na luz
intestinal incorpora gua (devido
sua solubilidade) forma gel viscoso
interfere na absoro de colesterol e
carboidratos ao
hipocolesterolmica e diminuio na
absoro de glicose.
H tambm evidncias de que os
betaglucanas agem como protetores ao
desenvolvimento de cncer de clon

Oat beta-gIucan increases bile acid excretion

and a fiber-rich
barley fraction increases cholesterol excretion
in ileostomy
subjects
Conclusions
In the present study, an oat-bran diet containing 12.5
g/beta-glucan induced a 53% increase in bile acid
excretion from the small bowel compared with a similar
diet in which 70% of the beta-glucan was degraded by
beta-glucanase. Our conclusion is that oat beta-glucan
mediates the increase in bile acid excretion, which most
probably explains the effect of oat fiber in lowering
serum lipids. Barley fiber seems to interfere with sterol
metabolism by increasing the excretion of cholesterol.
This is a mechanism that might be mediated by
components other than the beta-glucan associated with
the fiber product.
A Lia, G Hallmans, AS Sandberg, B Sundberg, P Aman and H

 As principais vias de excreo do

colesterol do corpo so:
(1) converso a cidos biliares
excreo fetal, formao do coprostanol
(principal esterol das fezes) por ao
microbiana;
(2) secreo de colesterol na bile
transporte intestinal para eliminao;
(3) uma frao menor do colesterol
convertida em hormnios esterides
eliminao urinria

Dietary Oat -Glucan Reduces Peak Net

Glucose Flux and Insulin Production
and Modulates Plasma Incretin in
Portal-Vein Catheterized Grower Pigs
Net glucose and SCFA flux and insulin secretion into the portal vein might be
associated with the incretins glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and
glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Our objectives were to clarify this association and
study the impact of 2 doses of dietary oat -glucan on the variables. Three 35-kg
portal vein-catheterized pigs were fed 3 diets containing 0, 3, or 6% oat -glucan
concentrate (BG0, BG3, and BG6) for 7 d in a repeated 3 times 3 Latin square. On d
7, blood was sampled for 12 h postprandially. Net glucose flux and apparent hormone
production were calculated from plasma portal-arterial differences times flow.
Postprandially, pigs fed BG6 had lower (P lt 0.05) portal glucose at 15, 30, and 45 min
and a lower (P lt 0.05) net glucose flux during the first hour. Pigs fed BG6 tended to
have lower (P lt 0.10) portal C-peptide without lowering insulin, indicating that pigs
fed BG6 had lower actual insulin release combined with a higher prehepatic retention
of insulin. Pigs fed BG6 had lower (P lt 0.05) portal GIP and GLP-1, which in turn were
correlated (R2 = 0.81 and 0.88, respectively; P lt 0.01) with portal glucose. Pigs fed
BG3 and BG6 had a higher (P lt 0.05) net SCFA flux than pigs fed BG0, indicating
increased fermentation. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of 6% oat -glucan
Seema Hooda,
J. Jacques
Matte,
Thavaratnam
Vasanthan
and decreased
Ruurd T.
concentrate
decreased
net glucose
flux,
increased net
SCFA flux, and
Zijlstra
peak
apparent insulin production, changes that were
GIP and GLP-1
Vol.associated
140, No. with
9, 1564mediation.

O que so incretinas?
Hormnios liberados em resposta a
ingesto de alimentos:
GLP1 glucagon- like peptide- 1
GIP glucose dpendent insulinotropic
polypeptide

Effect of Muesli with 4 g Oat -Glucan on Postprandial Blood

Glucose, Gastric Emptying and Satiety in Healthy Subjects: A
Randomized Crossover Trial

Objective: Products enriched with oat -glucan have been shown to reduce
postprandial glucose and insulinemic responses. The aim of this study was to
evaluate the effect of an extruded muesli product based on oat -glucan on the
rate of gastric emptying, postprandial blood glucose and satiety in healthy
subjects.
Methods: Gastric emptying rate (GER) was measured by standardized real-time
ultrasonography. Twelve healthy subjects were assessed using a randomized
crossover double blind trial. The meals were administered after 8 hours fasting
after measuring the subjects normal fasting blood glucose level. Blood glucose
measurements were made before, 30 and 60 min after the end of the meal.
Satiety scores were estimated 15 and 90 min after the end of the meal. The GER
was calculated as the percentage change in the antral cross-sectional area 15
and 90 minutes after ingestion of vanilla yoghurt with muesli containing 4 g oat
-glucan (GER1) or vanilla yoghurt with muesli containing cornflakes (GER2).
Results: The median values were 60% for GER1 and 44% for GER2. The effect of
4 g oat -glucan on the rate of gastric emptying was not statistically significant
compared with corn flakes. Muesli with 4 g oat glucan lowered the postprandial
glucose response significantly compared to the cornflakes meal (p 0.045). The
effect of oat -glucan on satiety was not statistically significantly.
Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that intake of muesli with 4 g oat
-glucan does not affect the gastric emptying rate or satiety but lowers the
Joanna Hlebowicz, MD, Gassan Darwiche, MD, PhD, Ola Bjorgell, MD, PhD,
postprandial blood glucose response, indicating that the GER does not regulate
and Lars-Olof Almer, MD, PhD, Vol. 27, No. 4, 470475 (2008)
the blood glucose level.

Physiological Effects of Concentrated

Barley -Glucan
in Mildly Hypercholesterolemic Adults

Objective: Barley fiber rich in beta-glucans lowers serum lipids, but is difficult to
incorporate into products acceptable to consumers. We investigated the
physiological effects of two concentrated barley -glucans on cardiovascular disease
(CVD) endpoints and body weight in human subjects.
Methods: Hypercholesterolemic men and women (n 90) were randomly assigned
to one of two treatments: low molecular weight (low-MW) or high molecular weight
(high-MW) concentrated barley -glucan consumed as a daily supplement containing
6 grams beta-glucan/day. Fasting blood samples were collected at baseline and
week 6 and analyzed for total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol,
triglycerides, glucose, insulin, homocysteine and C-reactive protein (CRP). Dietary
intakes, body weights, blood pressure, hunger ratings, and gastrointestinal
symptoms were measured at baseline and 6 weeks.
Results: The only difference between treatments in lipid outcomes at week 6 was a
reduction of the cholesterol/HDL ratio in the low-MW group and a small increase in
the high-MW group. No changes were found in blood pressure, glucose, insulin, and
gastrointestinal symptoms. Body weight decreased from baseline to 6 weeks in the
high-MW group while body weight increased in the low-MW group. Levels of hunger
decreased slightly in the low-MW group and decreased significantly in the high-MW
group (P 0.02)
Conclusion: Overall, supplementation with isolated barley -glucans of different
Kristen
N. Smith,
Katieeffects
M. Queenan,
MS, William
Thomas,
PhD,
R.
molecular
weightsPhD,
had small
on cardiovascular
disease
markers.
Molecular
Gary
Fulcher,
L. effects
Slavin,onPhD,
27, No.
434440
(2008)
weight
of the PhD,
barleyand
fiberJoanne
did alter
bodyVol.
weight
with3,the
high-MW
fiber

Comparison of Hormone and

Glucose Responses of Overweight
Women to Barley
and Oats

Objective: To determine the effect of particle size (flour vs. flakes) on

glycemic responses after oats and barley (Prowashonupana cultivar),
which contain high amounts of soluble fiber, are consumed by overweight
women.
Design: Ten women, average age 50 years and body mass index 30,
consumed glucose (1 g/kg body weight) and four test meals (1 g
carbohydrate/kg body weight; 2/3 of the carbohydrate from oat flour,
oatmeal, barley flour, or barley flakes and 1/3 from pudding) in a Latin
square design after consuming controlled diets for 2 days. Blood samples
were collected at fasting and periodically after each meal.
Results: Peak glucose and insulin levels after barley were significantly
lower than those after glucose or oats. Glucose areas under the curve
(AUCs) after test meals compared with AUCs after glucose were reduced
after both oats and barley (2936% by oats and 5965% by barley) (p
0.002). Insulin AUCs after test meals compared with glucose AUCs were
significantly reduced only by barley (4456%) (p 0.005). Indexes for
insulin resistance (HOMA, MFFM, Cederholm) after the oat and barley
meals were not different from indexes after the glucose meal. Glucagon
and leptin responses did not significantly differ for the carbohydrates
tested.
Conclusions: Particle size of the oats or barley had little effect on the
Kay
glycemic
M. Behall, PhD,
responses.
Daniel J. Scholfield,
Both oatBS,and
and barley
Judith Hallfrisch,
meals PhD,
reduced
Vol. 24,glycemic
No. 3, 182188 (2005)
responses; the high soluble fiber content of this barley appeared to be a

Cinc. Tecnol.
Aliment. vol.23 no.2 Campinas May/Aug.
2003

APLICAES CLNICAS RESUMO

Grupo das hortalias

Betacaroteno

Carotenides
Licopeno

Lutena, zeaxantina

LICOPENO

Differential
effects of lycopene consumed in tomato
paste and lycopene in the form of a
purified extract on target genes of CNCER

Background:cells
Prospective studies indicate that tomato consumers are protected
prostatic

against prostate CNCER. Lycopene has been hypothesized to be responsible for

tomato health benefits.

Objective: Our aim was to differentiate the effects of tomato matrix from those of
lycopene by using lycopene-rich red tomatoes, lycopene-free yellow tomatoes, and
purified lycopene.

Design: Thirty healthy men (aged 5070 y old) were randomly assigned to 2 groups
after a 2-wk washout period. In a crossover design, each group consumed yellow and
red tomato paste (200 g/d, which provided 0 and 16 mg lycopene, respectively) as
part of their regular diet for 1 wk separated by 2 wk of washout. Then, in a parallel
design, the first group underwent supplementation with purified lycopene (16 mg/d)
for 1 wk, whereas the second group received a placebo. Sera collected before and
after the interventions were incubated with lymph node CNCER prostate cells to
measure the expression of 45 target genes.

Results: Circulating lycopene concentration increased only after consumption of red

tomato paste and purified lycopene. Lipid profile, antioxidant status, prostate-specific
antigen, and insulin-like growth factor I were not modified by consumption of tomato
pastes and lycopene. We observed significant up-regulation of IGFBP-3 and Bax:Bcl-2
ratio and down-regulation of cyclin-D1, p53, and Nrf-2 after cell incubation with sera
from men who consumed red tomato paste when compared with sera collected after
the first washout period, with intermediate values for yellow tomato paste
consumption. Cell incubation with sera from men who consumed purified lycopene
led
to significant
up-regulation
of IGFBP-3,
c-fos,
uPAR Jean-Marc
compared
with
seraMarie-Paule Vasson,
Jrmie Talvas,
Catherine
Caris-Veyrat, Laurent
Guy, Mathieu Rambeau,
Bernard Lyan,
Rgineand
Minet-Quinard,
Adolphe
Lobaccaro,
Stphane Georg,
Andrzej
Mazur
and
Edmond
Rock
Am
J
Clin
Nutr
91:
1716-1724,
2010
collected after placebo consumption.

 Licorice extract and its major

polyphenol glabridin protect lowdensity lipoprotein against lipid
peroxidation: in vitro and ex vivo
studies in humans and in
atherosclerotic apolipoprotein Edeficient mice

Antioxidant effect of polyphenolic glabridin on LDL

oxidation
E Carmeli
Physical Therapy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
elie@post.tau.ac.il

Y Fogelman
Physical Therapy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effect of a
natural polyphenolic isoflavone antioxidant (Glabridin) on
low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation. Determination of
the extent of LDL oxidation was done by measuring the
formation of Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances
(TBARS). After oral administration of licorice-root ethanol
extract to healthy subjects for 6months, the subjects
oxidative stress level as well as plasma LDL oxidation

THE SCAVENGING CAPACITY OF

COMBINATIONS OF LYCOPENE, -CAROTENE,
VITAMIN E, AND VITAMIN C ON THE FREE
RADICAL 2,2-DIPHENYL-1-PICRYLHYDRAZYL
(DPPH)

ABSTRACT: Lycopene, a very powerful antioxidant present in fruits and vegetables,

is the most efficient quencher of singlet oxygen among the carotenoids. There are
other natural antioxidants such as carotenoids, vitamin C, tocopherols and
polyphenolics in fruits and vegetables that are consumed together and that therefore
have potential for synergistic interactions. Synergistic effects were determined by
combining lycopene with other antioxidants (vitamin E, vitamin C, -carotene) in
various ratios. A synergistic effect was observed when all four antioxidants were
present in combination at high lycopene activity. A synergistic effect was also
observed when vitamin E and vitamin C were used in combination at high vitamin E
concentrations. It appears that certain combination ratios and concentration levels of
these antioxidants have effects to enhance the antioxidant activity, compared to the
individual compound, which suggests that similar combinations in the diet or in
functional food products might provide greater health beneficial effects.
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The composition and concentration of individual
bioactive components in a mixture would affect the total bioactivity and function in
food system and human body. It is necessary to develop a model system for waterand lipid-soluble compounds to understand and assess the interactions and
synergistic antioxidant effects of lycopene with -carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E. The
experimental results of synergistic effects as new approach could reveal the
interactions among these antioxidants. The results provide a useful guidance in the
formulation and development of functional food products that have high antioxidant
and functional potential. The results of present study are essentially useful to reveal
the
antioxidant
mechanism, and
as guidance
formulating
foods.
J.
CHEN,
J. SHI,*, L. MACNAUGHTON,
Y. KAKUDA,
S.J. XUE, for
Y. MA,
M. ZHANG, Y.functional
JIANG Journal
of FoodItBiochemistry
would
assistApril
in 2009
understanding and controlling the functionality of bioactive
pages
232245,

Supplementation with the antioxidant

lycopene significantly decreases oxidative
stress parameters and the bone resorption
marker N-telopeptide of type I collagen in
postmenopausal
women
Summary: To date, no
intervention studies have been published
demonstrating the effect of the
antioxidant lycopene on bone. Postmenopausal women supplemented with lycopene had
significantly increased antioxidant capacity and decreased oxidative stress and the bone resorption
marker N-telopeptide (NTx). Lycopene decreases bone resorption markers and may reduce the risk
of osteoporosis.
Introduction: We have previously shown in vitro and in vivo that lycopene from tomato is
associated with a protective effect on bone, but lycopene intervention studies have not been
reported. Our aim was to carry out a randomized controlled intervention study to determine whether
lycopene would act as an antioxidant to decrease oxidative stress parameters, resulting in
decreased bone turnover markers, thus reducing the risk of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.
Methods: Sixty postmenopausal women, 5060years old, were recruited. Following a 1-month
washout without lycopene consumption, participants consumed either (N=15/group): (1) regular
tomato juice, (2) lycopene-rich tomato juice, (3) tomato Lyc-O-Mato lycopene capsules, or (4)
placebo capsules, twice daily for total lycopene intakes of 30, 70, 30, and 0mg/day respectively for
4months. Serum collected after the washout, 2 and 4months of supplementation, was assayed for
cross-linked aminoterminal N-telopeptide, carotenoid content, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), lipid,
and protein oxidation.
Results: Participants who consumed juice or lycopene capsules were analyzed in one group
designated LYCOPENE-supplemented. Repeated measures ANOVA showed that LYCOPENEsupplementation for 4months significantly increased serum lycopene compared to placebo (p<
0.001). LYCOPENE-supplementation for 4months resulted in significantly increased TAC (p<0.05)
and decreased lipid peroxidation (p<0.001), protein oxidation (p<0.001), and NTx (p<0.001).
These decreases in lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, and NTx were significantly different from
the corresponding changes resulting from placebo supplementation (p<0.05, p<0.005, and p<
0.02, respectively).
Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the antioxidant lycopene is beneficial in reducing oxidative
E.stress
S. Mackinnon,
A. and
V. Rao,
R. G.resorption
Josse andmarker
L. G. Rao,
parameters
the bone
NTx. Osteoporosis International, jun, 2010

ALIMENTO

QUANTIDADE
DE LICOPENO
(mg/100g
peso seco)

Tomate fresco

3,1 7,74

Tomate processado

11,21

Extrato de tomate enlatado

30,07

Suco de tomate processado

7,83

Sopa de tomate enlatada

3,99

Catchup

16,60

Melancia

4,10

Mamo

2,0 5,30

Fonte: NEGUYEN & SCHWARTZ, 1999.

A quantidade sugerida de ingesto de licopeno varia de 4 a 35mg/dia.

Moritz e Tramonte. Biodisponibilidade do Licopeno, Rev. Nutr. vol.19 no.2 Campinas Mar./Apr. 2006

Betacaroteno

39

Betacaroteno
Betacaroteno membro da famlia
dos carotenides.
Funes:
convertido em vitamina A.
Ao antioxidante imunomoduladora.

Quantidade diria necessria = 2 a 4mg

(homem adulto), pode ser encontrada em:

40

41

Teor de Beta-caroteno em (100 g)

Beta-caroteno equivalente (ug)

Cenoura crua

10.000

Acelga

4.815

Damasco seco

4.700

Espinafre cru

4.045

Abbora-moranga

4.240

Batata doce

4.000

Pimento vermelho

3.480

Manga

3.130

Agrio

2.900

Melo

1.750

Caqui

1.420

Papaia

948

Brcolis

630

Tomate

600

Alface

360

Couve de Bruxelas

286

Repertrio Geral dos Alimentos: Tabela de Composio, Jean-Claude Favier, Ed. Roca, 1999.

42

Betacaroteno- Fontes
Vegetais de cores
laranja, amarelo e
verde escuro.
Suplementos
Naturais e
sintticos:

Suplementos de
beta-caroteno
isolado
Composio
Suplementos
naturais podem -serBeta
identificados pela frase betacaroteno
natural no
rtulo. As formas
sintticas so identificadas como: betacaroteno.
Caroteno
10.000
UI

43

Quantidade indicada
25.000 UI (15 mg) por dia
Lemos, 2006

Algumas pessoas 100.000 UI (60

mg) por dia txica
Fett,2000

Quantidade mdia de
suplementao com betacaroteno
ainda no esclarecida
RDA: 6 mg/dia = 10.000 UI

44

Betacaroteno e interaes
A suplementao de betacaroteno pode
reduzir a concentrao plasmtica de
Vitamina E.

Xu MJ, Plezia PM, Alberts DS, et al. Reduction in

plasma or skin alpha-tocopherol concentration with
long-term oral administration of beta-carotene in
humans and mice. J Natl CNCER Inst 1992

A suplementao de betacaroteno pode

reduzir tambm a concentrao
plasmtica de Lutena.

Gossage C, Deyhim M, Moser-Veillon PB, et al.

Effect of beta-carotene supplementation and
lactation on carotenoid metabolism and mitogenic
T lymphocyte proliferation. Am J Clin Nutr 2000

45

Advertncias:
Tabagistas.
Etilistas: lcool + suplementao de
betacaroteno = podem aumentar a
toxicidade heptica.

Leo MA, Lieber CS. Alcohol, vitamin A, and

beta-carotene: adverse interactions, including
hepatotoxicity and carcinogenicity. Am J Clin
Nutr 1999

Betacaroteno tem sido utilizado nas

seguintes condies:
Leucoplasia
Cncer de
pulmo
(Advertncia:
Betacaroteno
aumenta o
risco de CA de
pulmo em
fumantes)
Cegueira
Noturna
Fotosensibilida
de

Asma
Funo Imune
Insuficincia
pancretica
Queimadura de sol

Alcoolismo- remisso
(suporte)
Cataratas
Gastrite
Ataque cardaco
Suporte no HIV
Degenerao Macular
Anemia falciforme

46

47

Populao vulnervel
deficincia
Deficincia rara
DM II no idoso reduo na
concentrao srica de carotenides
independente da ingesto
Polidori MC, Mecocci P, Stahl W, et al. Plasma
levels of lipophilic antioxidants in very old
patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab
Res Rev 2000;16:159.

48

Evidncias Clnicas
Em fumantes, o betacaroteno sinttico
tem aparentemente causado risco
aumentado para cncer de pulmo

Albanes D, Heinone OP, Taylor PR, et al. Alpha-tocopherol and

beta-carotene supplements and lung CNCER incidence in the
Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene CNCER Prevention Study:
effects of base-line characteristics and study compliance. J
Natl CNCER Inst 1996.
Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD, et al. Effects of a
combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung CNCER
and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 1996.
Lee IM, Cook NR, Manson JE, et al. Beta-carotene
supplementation and incidence of CNCER and cardiovascular
disease: the Womens Health Study. J Natl CNCER Inst 1999.

49

Evidncias Clnicas

Estudo 1: com animais no humanos e Estudo 2:

com humanos forma natural apresenta
atividade antioxidante melhor que a forma
sinttica.

1) Bitterman N, Melamed Y, Ben-Amotz A. Beta-carotene

and CNS oxygen toxicity in rats. J Appl Physiol 1994.
2)Ben-Amotz A, Levy Y. Bioavailability of a natural isomer
mixture compared with synthetic all-trans beta-carotene
in human serum. Am J Clin Nutr 1996.

Estudo: caractersticas teciduais prCNCERgenas reverteram para normal com

suplementos de betacaroteno natural, mas no
com suplementos sintticos.

Yeum KJ, Azhu S, Xiao S, et al. Beta-carotene intervention

trial in premalignant gastric lesions. J Am Coll Nutr 1995.

50

51

Interaes droga/nutriente
Certos frmacos interagem com o
betacaroteno:
Interaes que podem aumentar a
necessidade de betacaroteno ()
Interaes que podem ser negativas
() e o betacaroteno no dever ser
ingerido sem primeiro consultar o
mdico ou farmacutico
Requerem explanaes mais
avanadas ().

52

Quimioterpicos
Seqestradores de
sais biliares
Cisplatina
Colchicina
Colestipol
Ciclofosfamida
Docetaxel
Fluorouracil
Lansoprasol
Metrotexato
Metiltestosterona
leo Mineral
Neomicina
Orlistat

53

BETACAROTENO
COMPOSIO de BETA
CAROTENO

Cenoura p (Daucus carota),

Beterraba p (Beta
vulgaris), Celulose
Microcristalina (Agente de
massa), Dixido de Silcio
(Antiumectante),
Polivinipirrolidona
(Estabilizante), Estearato de
Magnsio (lubrificante). No
contm glten.

Posologia: Tomar 1
comprimido 3 vezes ao dia

Efeitos do Betacaroteno e do Tabagismo sobre a

Remodelao Cardaca Ps-Infarto do Miocrdio

Leonardo A. M. Zornoff, Daniella R. Duarte, Marcos F. Minicucci, Paula S. Azevedo, Beatriz B. Matsubara, Luiz S.
Matsubara, lvaro O. Campana, Sergio A. R. PaivaFaculdade de Medicina de Botucatu da Universidade Estadual de
So Paulo - Botucatu, SP - Brasil
Resumo
Objetivo: Analisar os efeitos do betacaroteno no processo de remodelao ventricular aps o infarto agudo do
miocrdio (IAM), em ratos expostos fumaa do cigarro.
Mtodos: Aps o IAM, os animais foram divididos em quatro grupos: 1) grupo C, 24 animais que receberam
dieta-padro; 2) grupo BC, 26 animais que receberam betacaroteno; 3) grupo EFC, 26 animais que receberam
dieta-padro e foram expostos fumaa de cigarro; e 4) grupo BC+EFC, 20 animais que receberam
betacaroteno e foram expostos fumaa de cigarro. Aps seis meses, foi realizado estudo morfofuncional.
Utilizou-se significncia de 5%.
Resultados: Em relao s reas diastlicas (AD) e sistlicas (AS), os valores do grupo BC foram maiores que
os do grupo C. Considerando a AD/peso corporal (PC) e AS/PC, os valores do grupo BC+EFC foram maiores
que os valores de C. Em relao frao de variao de rea, foram observadas diferenas significativas entre
EFC (valores menores) e C (valores maiores) e entre BC (valores menores) e C (valores maiores). No foram
observadas diferenas entre os grupos em relao ao tamanho do infarto. O grupo EFC apresentou valores
maiores da rea seccional dos micitos (ASM) que os animais-controle. Em adio, o grupo BC+EFC
apresentou maiores valores de ASM que BC, EFC e C.
Concluso: Aps o infarto do miocrdio, o tabagismo e o betacaroteno promoveram intensificao do
processo de remodelao cardaca; houve potencializao dos efeitos deletrios no processo de remodelao
com os dois tratamentos em conjunto. (Arq Bras Cardiol 2007;89(3):151-157)

Aplicaes Clnicas: Resumo

Recomendaes e contra-indicaes
O alcauz, enquanto suplemento alimentar, encontra-se disponvel
sob a forma de raiz seca, a tomar 1 a 4 g em infuso ou decoco,
trs vezes por dia; tintura 1:5, a ingerir 2 a 5 ml trs vezes por
dia; cpsulas de 200 mg de extracto normalizado, trs vezes ao
dia, para combater estados inflamatrios, fadiga e outros
distrbios; comprimidos de extracto de alcauz desglicirrizado
(ADG) a utilizar na dosagem de 380 mg, duas vezes ao dia, no
caso de indigesto e lceras.
Pessoas que consomem regularmente grandes quantidades de raiz
de alcauz, cerca de 20 g por dia, por um perodo superior a 6
semanas, podero sofrer de um aumento dos nveis sanguneos da
hormona aldosterona, cujos valores podero causar srios efeitos
secundrios: enxaquecas, fadiga, reteno de gua e sdio, perda
sangunea de potssio, hipertenso arterial e problemas
cardacos. Grvidas, mulheres a amamentar, pessoas com
hipertenso arterial, diabetes, insuficincia renal, hepatite crnica,
cirrose, nveis sanguneos reduzidos de potssio, a realizar

Lutena
A lutena e a zeaxantina so carotenides
xantofilas encontrados em ampla
variedade de alimentos de origem vegetal,
especialmente nos verde-escuros e
folhosos, como espinafre, couve, nabo...
Suas concentraes nestes alimentos e
em outros, como a mostarda, ervilhas,
abobrinha e brcolis so superiores s
concentraes de betacaroteno.
Alta concentrao na gema do ovo
altamente biodisponvel, devido
provavelmente matriz lipdica.

Contedo de Lutena e
zeaxantina em legumes
selecionados
Quantidade recomendada = 6mg

Alimento
Couve

Microgramas/
xcara
23720

Microgramas/100
gramas
18246

Espinafre

20354

11308

Nabos verdes

12154

8440

Couves
Mostardas verdes

14619
8347

7694
5962

Salsa , frescas
Dente de leo verde

556
4944

5560
4709

Ervilhas verdes
Alface, romana fresca

3840

2400

1295
4048

2313
2249

Abbora

Alimento

Microgramas/100 g

Beterraba

Microgramas/
xcara
2619

Alface, folha verde, cru

969

1730

Brcoli

2367

1517

Couve de bruxelas

2012

1290

Cebolas ou alho por,

frescos

1137

1137

2195

1045

Milho, doce, amarelo,

em conserva

1819

Contedo de Lutena e Zeaxantina

em gema de ovos
Lutena

Zeaxantina

Total

Microgramas/
gema

292 +/- 117

213+/-85

505

Microgramas/mg
colesterol

1.19 +/- 0.32

.87+/-.23

2.06

Microgramas/
100 g gema

1732 +/- 690

1257+/-502

2980

Evidncias clnicas
proteo contra vrias doenas
crnicas:
degenerao macular relacionadas com
a idade (DMRI)
catarata,
Cncer
Doenas cardacas

Doenas oculares
As xantofilas so exclusivamente concentrada na
regio macular do olho (parte central da retina)
com zeaxantina sendo o elemento dominante na
mcula central e lutena distribudos ao longo da
retina
A lutena e a zeaxantina so os nicos
carotenides presentes nos olhos
Existe uma relao inversa entre a densidade do
pigmento macular e densidade do cristalino,
sugerindo que o pigmento macular pode servir
como um marcador para xantofilas nos olhos

Lutein and Zeaxanthin and

Their Potential Roles in
Disease Prevention
Judy D. Ribaya-Mercado, ScD, Jeffrey B. Blumberg, PhD, FACN
Antioxidants Research Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University,
Boston, Massachusetts
Key words: lutein, zeaxanthin, xanthophylls, carotenoids, age-related macular degeneration, cataract, CNCER,
heart disease, stroke
Lutein and zeaxanthin are xanthophyll carotenoids found particularly in dark-green leafy vegetables and in
egg yolks. They are widely distributed in tissues and are the principal carotenoids in the eye lens and macular
region of the retina. Epidemiologic studies indicating an inverse relationship between xanthophyll intake or
status and both cataract and age-related macular degeneration suggest these compounds can play a protective role
in the eye. Some observational studies have also shown these xanthophylls may help reduce the risk of certain
types of CNCER, particularly those of the breast and lung. Emerging studies suggest as well a potential
contribution of lutein and zeaxanthin to the prevention of heart disease and stroke. Even as the evidence for a
role of lutein and zeaxanthin in disease prevention continues to evolve, particularly from human studies directed
to their bioavailability, metabolism, and dose-response relationships with intermediary biomarkers and clinical
outcomes, it is worth noting that recommendations to consume foods rich in xanthophylls are consistent with
current dietary guidelines.

Journal of the American College of Nutrition, Vol. 23, No. 6, 567S587S (2004)

CNCER
Xantofilas podem possuir
propriedades antimutagnica e
anticarcinognica e desempenhar
um papel na sade dos outros
tecidos do corpo do que o olho como
sugerido por estudos relacionados
com a carcinognese e do risco de
cncer
Journal of the American College of Nutrition, Vol. 23, No. 6, 567S587S (2004)

CNCER
Em modelos animais de cnceres de clon e de mama, lutena tem sido
demonstrado exibem atividade quimiopreventiva
A ao imuno-modulador da lutena na dieta tem sido demonstrada em
gatos e ces domsticos.
Em ratos alimentados com dietas contendo lutena, a absoro de lutena
pelo bao, sugere um papel para a lutena na modulao da imunidade
Tem sido demonstrado aumento na produo de anticorpos em resposta
aos antgenos T-dependentes em clulas do bao in vitro, bem como em
camundongos.

Journal of the American College of Nutrition, Vol. 23, No. 6, 567S587S (2004)

Doenas cardacas
Estudo prospectivo de amostra
aleatria de 480 participantes, sem
histrico de infarto, angina,
revascularizao ou acidente
vascular cerebral, verificou-se que
houve reduo na progresso da
reduo na espessura da artria

Journal of the American College of Nutrition, Vol. 23, No. 6, 567S587S (2004)

Aplicaes Clnicas: Resumo

Grupo das frutas

Flavonides
Berries such as blueberries and
cranberries have high concentrations
of polyphenolic compounds, vitamins
and mineralsphytochemicals
thought to be the bioactive
compounds associated with reduced
risk of cardiovascular disease and
CNCER.1 Many of these fruits have a
long tradition in European and North

Berries contain a wide array of

phytochemicals4 polyphenols,
stilbenes, tocopherols, carotenes and
others. Of these, the polyphenols,
and particularly the anthocyanins (a
flavonoid), contribute substantially to
their antioxidant capacity.
Anthocyanins are what give the
intense colour to many fruits and
vegetables such as blueberries,

Efeitos benficos
Polyphenolic antioxidants are
considered premier disease fighters
that protect the body against free
radicals or unstable molecules that
cause cell damage leading to chronic
and degenerative diseases.5 Most
dark coloured fruits have a high
antioxidative capacity.6,7

 Cranberries have been used widely for

several decades for the prevention and
treatment of urinary tract infections.8
They contain proanthocyanidins (or
condensed tannins) which prevent the
adhesion of bacteria to cell walls9,10,
potentially reducing risk of bacterial
infections.11 This is the proposed
mechanism for the positive association
between cranberries and urinary tract
health12, its ability to inhibit stomach
ulcers caused by Helicobacter pylori13,14

 Canadian researchers have shown a

blueberry-rich diet may improve
stroke outcomes in rats17 and that
blueberry and cranberry
proanthocyanidins may assist in
controlling tumor formation in some
CNCERs.18,19 A recent study
showed wild blueberry polyphenolic
compounds were active against all
stages of CNCER: initiation,

 Cranberries and blueberries may also

impact cardiovascular health by
enhancing removal of cholesterol
from blood and inhibiting oxidation of
low-density lipoproteins22-25.
Recently attention has focused on
anti-inflammatory properties of
flavonoid polyphenolics and their
positive contribution to overall
health.26

 Berries and their isolated active

compounds have been shown to
exhibit potentially beneficial effects
in diabetes27, memory
enhancement28, neurodegenerative
diseases of aging29, radiation
protection30, and as an antiinfluenza agent.16

Aplicaes
Times have changed when it comes to berries
and their use. Traditionally, blueberries and
cranberries were only processed into jams, jellies,
drinks, juices, concentrates, purees, syrups, pie
fillings and sauces, as well as being canned and
frozen.
Now, innovative ingredients include powders for
dry-mix beverages, nutrition supplements and
confectionary products. Blueberries and
cranberries infused with real fruit flavours and
sweetened dried cranberries are used in bakery
products, nutrition bars, trail and snack mixes,
cereals and muesli. Berry extracts are used as
colouring and flavouring agents. Concentrated

Pirmide alimentar Grupos Funcionais - lacticnios

Peptde
os do
leite

Peptdeos do leite

Many proteins and peptides have antihypertensive

properties, opioid activities, immunomodulatory activities,
mineral sequestering properties, and antioxidant and
antimicrobial activities.2 Soy protein plays a role in
reducing the risk of coronary heart disease by lowering
plasma cholesterol and triglycerides.3 Soy and pea protein
can aid in controlling insulin fluctuations. Some proteins
found in milk, soy and peas have positive effects in the
areas of satiety, weight management and sustained
energy.5 These effects are likely due to the slow digestion
of proteins which prolongs the feeling of fullness. Whey
proteins such as alpha-lactalbumin and bovine serum
albumin have been researched extensively in the
prevention and treatment of CNCER. Whey protein
supplementation has also shown benefits in exercise
performance and enhancement

Atividade
biolgica

Peptdeos
bioativos

Protenas precursores

Antihipertensivo,
iECA

Casoquininas
Lactoquininas

, -Casena
, - lactalbumina, albumina
srica

Antimicrobiana
Antitrombtica

Lactoferricina
Casoplatelinas

Lactoferrina
-casena, transferrinas

Imunomodulao

Imunopeptdeos

, -Casena, -lactalbumina,
- lactoglobulina, lactoferrina

Carreadores de
minerais

Caseinofosfopept
deos

, -Casena

Opiide - agonistas

Caseinomorfinas
- lactorfina
-lactorfina

, -Casena
-lactalbumina
- lactoglobulina

Opiide
antagonista

Casoxinas
Lactoferroxinas
Casoplatelinas

-casena
Lactoferrina
Lactoferrina
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canad, Aug -2008

Pirmide alimentar Grupos Funcionais

TCM

Triacilglicerdeo de Cadeia
Mdia

Physiological Effects of Medium-Chain Triglycerides: Potential

Agents in the Prevention of Obesity

ABSTRACT Medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) are readily

oxidized in the liver. Animal and human studies have
shown that the fast rate of oxidation of MCFA leads to
greater energy expenditure (EE). Most animal studies have
also demonstrated that the greater EE with MCFA relative
to long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) results in less body weight
gain and decreased size of fat depots after several months
of consumption. Furthermore, both animal and human
trials suggest a greater satiating effect of medium-chain
triglycerides (MCT) compared with long-chain triglycerides
(LCT). The aim of this review is to evaluate existing data
describing the effects of MCT on EE and satiety and
determine their potential efficacy as agents in the
treatment of human obesity. Animal studies are
summarized and human trials more systematically
evaluated because the primary focus of this article is to
examine the effects of MCT on human energy metabolism
and satiety. Hormones including cholescytokinin, peptide
YY, gastric inhibitory peptide, neurotensin and pancreatic
Nutr. 132:proposed
329332, 2002. Marie-Pierre
St-Onge and Peter
H. Jones, 2001
polypeptide haveJ.been
to be involved
inJ. the

Substituio de TCL
por TCM

Aumenta
EE
(106
Kcal/d)
Balano
energtico
negativo

Aumenta a
saciedade
(40160Kcal/d)
Reduo na
ingesto
alimentar

Preveno de
ganho de peso
corporal
Replacement of dietary long-chain (LCT) for medium chain
triglycerides (MCT) can lead to increases in energy expenditure
(EE) and satiety in humans. Energy expenditure can be increased
by up to 460 kJ/d and food intake decreased by 175698 kJ/d. The
combination of increased energy expenditure and satiety can lead

Peptdeos IntestinaisSinais de Saciedade

= Regulao em curto prazo da alimentao

Sinais emanados do Sistema Digestrio

so recebidos e integrados por diversos
circuitos neuronais no hipotlamo e
tronco enceflico
Colecistocinina (CCK)
PYY3-36
Peptdeo Inibitrio Gstrico (GIP)
Peptdeo Semelhante ao Glucagon-1
(GLP-1)
Oxintomodulina (OXM)

CCK
CCK

- Secretada pelo duodeno

- Leva sinais de saciedade
para o crebro (via nervo
vago)
- Inibe a ingesto alimentar

CCK

SACIEDADE

+
+

Contrao
da vescula biliar

CCK

HCl

motilidade Secreo
gastrica pancretica

AA+lipdios

+
Motilidade
colnica
Modificado da: www.motorie.univr.it/documenti/ OccorrenzaIns/matdid/matdid282456.ppt

BULIMIA

Colecistocinina (CCK)

gorduras,
aminocidos e
pequenos
peptdeos

Ativa o sinal de saciedade

Reduz a motilidade gstrica
Ativa a contrao da vescula biliar
Ativa a secreo pancretica
Aumenta a motilidade do clon
Favorece a memria
Diminui o tamanho da refeio

CCK

PYY

Peptdeo produzido nas clulas L do leo e do clon em

resposta s refeies, principalmente triacilgliceris.
Tambm retarda o esvaziamento gstrico.

em proporo a ingesto calrica ingesto alimentar

Aes no ncleo arqueado
Inibe NPY/AgRP
Estimula POMC/CART
Liberao de POMC
POMC no hipotlamo liberao de -MSH
-MSH INIBE A INGESTO ALIMENTAR;
ENERGIA UTILIZADA
CART INIBE A INGESTO ALIMENTAR; ENERGIA
UTILIZADA

Peptdeo inibitrio gstrico

(GIP) ou polipeptdeo insulinotrpico
dependente da glicose
Secretado em resposta aos produtos da digesto dos
triacilgliceris
Produzido nas clulas K do duodeno e da parte proximal do
jejuno
Inibe a secreo e motilidade gstrica
Induz a produo de insulina mas no interfere no apetite.
Estimula o transporte de glicose para os adipcitos, a
sntese de cidos graxos e a sua incorporao em
triacilgliceris.

Peptdeo semelhante ao glucagon1

(GLP-1)
Produzido principalmente nas
clulas L das pores terminais
do leo e clon.
Estmulo: presena de cidos
graxos e carboidratos
Aes: reduo da ingesto de
alimentos, estmulo da sntese
e secreo da insulina, reduo
da secreo de glucagon e
reduo do esvaziamento
gstrico .
Age no NPV onde reduz o
consumo calrico.

Oxintomodulina (OXM)
O OXM sofre oscilaes dirias, de
acordo com a distribuio das
refeies.
Suprime o apetite por supresso da
grelina e promove a secreo da
insulina.

FONTES DE TCM
LEO DE COCO

 Os TCM so molculas apolares formadas por trs

cidos graxos saturados contendo seis a 12
tomos de carbono que esto esterificados ao
glicerol. Os cidos graxos (AG) que compem os
TCM so: cidos caprlico (C8:0; 50-80%), cprico
(C10:0; 20-50%) e com uma proporo menor dos
cidos caprico (C6:0; 1-2%) e lurico (C12:0; 12%). Os TCM constituem a principal forma de
gordura presente na dieta humana e foram
introduzidos na clnica h aproximadamente 50
anos, visando o tratamento tanto de disfunes
na absoro de lipdios como fonte de energia,
substituindo as dietas baseadas em triglicerdeos
de cadeia longa (TCL)

Oleo Vegetal de coco 110g

Total Gordura

100g

Gordura saturada 86.5 g

4:00
0.0 mg
6:00
600 mg ( 1 a 2%)
8:00
7500 mg (50 a 80%)
10:00
5999 mg (20 a 50%)
12:00
44600 mg ( 1 a 2%)
13:00
~
14:00
16802 mg
15:00
~
16:00
8200 mg
17:00
~
18:00
2800 mg
19:00
~
20:00
~
22:00
~
24:00:00
~

- cido caprico
- cido caprlico
- cido cprico
- cido lurico

Gordura Monoinsaturada 5.8 g

Gordura Polinsaturada 1.8 g
Total Omega-3
Total Omega-6

~
1800 mg

OMS

VINHO TINTO

European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2005

69 indivduos (38- 74 anos). Divididos em:

- Grupo1 Vinho tinto (- 200ml/dia, 25,5g de etanol/dia
e - 300ml/dia, 38,3g de etanol/dia)
- Grupo 2 gua com extrato de uva rosada, dose
equivalente ao vinho
- Grupo 3 gua com extrato de uva rosada (metade da
dose)
- Grupo 4 - Placebo

 Vinho tinto:

- Elevao do HDL- colesterol em 11 a 16%

- Reduo de 8 a 15% no fibrinognio
- Aumento no peso corporal
As outras intervenes no apresentaram modificaes
significativas.

O efeito proporcionado pelo vinho na sade cardiovascular,

quando comparado com outras bebidas alcolicas. Seria pela
presena de outros componentes (polifenis) no alcolicos.

Can J Physiol Pharmacol, 2009

Possveis mecanismos envolvidos no consumo deste

polifenol, na hipercolesterolemia, no IAM
e no diabetes.

CHOCOLATE

Nutrition & Metabolism, 2006

Sugere que o consumo de chocolate, proporcionou:

reduo da

presso arterial,

plaquetria,

diminuio

da

melhora da funo
oxidao

do

LDL-

colesterol e aumento dos nveis de HDL- colesterol.

Consumo de 50g de chocolate amargo, reduz em
10,5% o risco para DCV.
Estudos a longo prazo so necessrios.

Arch Intern Med, 2006

470 homens idosos saudveis (65 a 84 anos)

Seguimento por 15 anos
Resultados:
- O grupo de maior ingesto de cacau apresentou menor mdia da
PAS 3,7mmHg, quando comparado com grupo de menor ingesto.
- A mdia da PAD tambm foi inferior (2,1mmHg) no grupo de maior
ingesto de cacau.
- Risco de mortalidade cardiovascular para os homens com maior
consumo de cacau foi 50% menor.

Circulation, 2009

Mecanismos pelos quais o cacau (epicatequina)

proporciona benefcios sade cardiovascular.

EFEITOS RELEVANTES DAS

EPICATEQUINAS

EFEITOS DOS POLIFENIS DO

CACAU NO ENDOTLIO

Coorte, com 31.823 mulheres (48 83 anos)

Sem antecedentes de DM, IAM e falncia cardaca (FC)

Seguimento de 9 anos

RR 26% menor de FC Consumo de 1- 3 pores/ms;

RR 32% menor de FC Consumo de 1- 2 pores/semana
No foi associado com a ingesto de 1 poro/dia

Por que o chocolate preto rico em

flavonides?
Teor de Cacau dos Chocolates:
- Chocolate Branco aprox. 4%;
- Chocolate ao leite 30%;
- Chocolate Meio- Amargo 41%;
- Chocolate Amargo Rico em Flavonides 70%.
Obs: O chocolate branco no leva massa de cacau .

Am J Clin Nutr, 2008

Avaliar os benefcios do consumo de alimentos fontes

de flavonides na sade cardiovascular. Observando os
seguintes parmetros:
Presso arterial;
Perfil lipdico;
Funo endotelial (Dilatao mediada por fluxo).

 Ch preto:

- Elevou agudamente a PAS em 5,69mmHg e PAD em 2,

56mmHg.
- Cronicamente no apresentou este efeito.
Ch verde:
- Reduziu o LDL- colesterol em 9 mg/dl
Vinho tinto e uva:
- No apresentou nenhuma evidncia de melhora em
nenhum dos parmetros avaliados.
Soja:
- Protena isolada de soja reduziu significativamente a PAD
em 1,99mmHg
- Reduziu os nveis de LDL- colesterol em 7,5 mg/dl
Chocolate e cacau:
- Melhorou a DMF agudamente em 3,99% e cronicamente
em 1,45%
- Reduziu PAS em 5,88 mmHg e a PAD em 3,30 mmHg.