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Comunicação de Dados
Comunicação de Dados
Comunicao de Dados
(Introduo)
Junho de 2013
()
()
()
NDICE
1
INTRODUO ......................................................................................... 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
6.8
de linha binrios
Rb
1
Tb
10
Tb
El sl2 t dt l 0 ou 1
0
sl t
Eb
Eb p0 E0 p1E1
= = ,
Eb
ST
E0 E1
2
Eb
Eb Rb
Tb
11
de linha binrios
BT
Rb
BT
2.1.4 Componente DC
BER
12
2.1.8 Complexidade
13
de linha binrios
Alguns autores referem-se codificao bipolar como sendo aquela que neste texto, como referido
14
15
de linha binrios
Eb ST Tb A2Tb
16
Eb
A2
Tb
2
17
de linha binrios
Tambm denominado pseudo-ternrio porque tem 3 smbolos, embora a informao seja binria.
18
0 +
0
+ 0+
19
de linha binrios
Alguns autores estabelecem uma diferena entre o cdigo NRZI e as suas variantes NRZ-M e
20
xor
xor
b[n]
PNRZ
a[n]
Tb
Tb
Z -1
Pr-Codificao
xor
-1
Ps-Descodificao
c[n]
21
de linha binrios
22
23
de linha binrios
de comunicao
25
26
At
ST
SR
S
At dB 10 log10 T 20 log10 H (0)
SR
At dB / km 1000
At dB
L
SR
27
de comunicao
c2
c2
N0
(2 BT ) N 0 BT
2
SNRc
Eb
SR
2
c
E R
E
SR
b b b
N 0 BT N 0 BT N 0
28
sR t GsT t td
SR f GST f e j 2ft d
Hc f
BT
Hc f
SR f
Ge j 2ft d
ST f
Hc ( f ) G
argH c ( f ) 2 t d f
td
f BT
f BT
f BT
BT
BT BC
29
de comunicao
He ( f )
Hc ( f )He ( f )
G
arg H c ( f ) H e ( f ) 2 td f
vi
C
ni
Tp
L
vi
ni
f BT
30
Tt
N
Rb
31
de comunicao
32
33
de banda
PNRZ
PNRZ
PRZ
BNRZ
UNRZ
Manchester
BNRZ
0.75
Manchester
PRZ
0.5
UNRZ
0.25
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
f /R b
34
35
de banda
BT
Rb
2
Claude Shannon, 19162001. Americano, trabalhou nos Laboratrios Bell e foi professor no MIT.
36
pt AsincRb t
=0,
2,0
1,0
0,0
-1,0
-2,0
/T b
37
de banda
pt
cosRb t
1 2Rb t
AsincRb t
BT
Rb
1
2
38
Rb
R
1
P f cos 2
f b 1
2
2Rb
Rb
p (t )
1
Rb
1
2
Rb
1 f Rb 1
2
2
R
f b 1
2
P (f )
1/Rb
=0
=0,5
=0
=0,5
=1
=1
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
t /Tb
5
0
0
-0,3
0,25
0,5
0,75
1 f /Rb
39
de banda
2,0
1,0
0,0
-1,0
/T b
-2,0
(a) = 0,5
2,0
1,0
0,0
-1,0
-2,0
(b) = 1
/T b
40
BT Rb 1
2
1
1
1
41
de banda
s R t
BT Rb
Padro de Olho
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
0.5
1
1.5
Canal passa-baixo Bc=Rb Pn=0.00 Watt
42
Padro de Olho
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
0.5
1
1.5
Canal passa-baixo Bc=Rb/2 Pn=0.00 Watt
43
de banda
Padro de Olho
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
0.5
1
1.5
Canal passa-baixo Bc=Rb Pn=0.05 Watt
=
Padro de Olho
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
0.5
1
1.5
Canal passa-baixo Bc=Rb/2 Pn=0.05 Watt
44
Padro de Olho
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
0.5
1
rolloff=0 Pn=0.00 Watt
1.5
Padro de Olho
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
0.5
1
rolloff=0 Pn=0.05 Watt
1.5
45
de banda
Padro de Olho
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
0.5
1
rolloff=1 Pn=0.00 Watt
1.5
Padro de Olho
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
0.5
1
rolloff=1 Pn=0.05 Watt
1.5
47
timo
=
0
2,0
1,0
0,0
/T b
-1,0
-2,0
=0
BT
Eb N 0
SNRc
48
e 0
y1 A
y0 A
f y |"1" N ( y1 , n2 )
n2 c2
f y |"0" N ( y0 , n2 )
49
timo
f y |"1" p1
f "1"| y
f ( y)
f y |"0" p0
f "0"| y
f ( y)
50
ot
y0 y1
2
51
timo
p01 f y |"1"
p10 f y |"0"
opt
d2
1
p 01 f y |"1"dy erfc
2
2 n
d2
1
f
y
|"
0
"
dy
erfc
2
10
2
2
n
opt
d2
1
erfc
2 n2
2
y1 y 0
2
52
dA
1
A2
erfc
2 N 0 BT
2
Eb
erfc
N 1
2
0
BER
SNRc
1
erfc
2
2
y1 A
y0 0
dA2
BER
1
A2
erfc
4 2 N 0 BT
2
Eb N 0
Eb
erfc
2 N 1
2
0
53
timo
sl t
w(t )
s R (t ) sl (t ) w(t )
ks j (t )
. ct
ct ks1 t
54
sR (t )
Tb
y (Tb ) ct sR (t )dt
0
ht cTb t ks1 Tb t
Tb
Tb
55
timo
N ( yl , n2 )
yl
Tb
y (Tb ) ct s R (t )dt
0
Tb
ks1 t sl (t ) w(t ) dt
0
Tb
Tb
0
Tb
y1
y0
y
0
kE1
kE1
polar
unipolar
Aeq
Tb
Aeq c t dt k
2
Tb
2
s t dt k
2
1
E1
56
n2
N0
N
N
Aeq 0 Ec 0 k 2 E1
2
2
2
Aeq 1
1
E1
y1
y0
y
0
E1
E1
0
n2
N0
2
polar
unipolar
d2
1
BER erfc
N0
2
57
timo
Tb
Aeq 1 C 2 dt C 2Tb ct C Rb
0
Tb
Tb
A 2Tb E1 Eb
opt 0
d
y1 y 0
BER
Eb
Eb
1
erfc
N
2
0
O resultado da eq. 5.27 vlido para todos os cdigos apresentados com excepo do cdigo PRZ. Para
C 2Rb at Tb 2 e 0 de Tb 2 a Tb .
58
BER
A 2T
1
b
erfc
N0
2
erfc S R
R N
2
b
0
timo
59
60
s1 t s0 t
y1 kE1 kEb
y0 kE1 kEb
opt
kEb kEb
0
2
d y1 opt kEb
d2
1
BER erfc
2 n2
2
2 2
1
erfc k Eb
2
k 2 Eb N 0
erfc Eb
2
N0
Eb N 0
y1 kE1 2kEb
y0 0
61
timo
ot
2kEb 0
kEb
2
n2 k 2 Eb N 0
d2
1
BER erfc
2 n2
2
k 2 Eb2
erfc
2
2k 2 Eb N 0
Eb N 0
erfc Eb
2N
2
0
62
y1
y0
y1
y1 kE1 2kEb
y1 kE1 2kEb
y 0
0
kE1 0 2kEb
kEb
2
2
63
timo
BER 2 p0
d2
1
erfc
2 n2
2
p1 1
d2
erfc
2 2
2 n2
BER
BER
d2
3
erfc
2 n2
4
k 2 Eb2
3
erfc
2k 2 E b N 0
4
p1 1
d2
erfc
2 2
2 n2
erfc Eb
2N
4
0
64
Eb
BER erfc
N0
65
timo
Eb / N 0
10 log 10 1 / 2 3
Eb N 0
Eb N 0
Eb N 0
66
Eb / N 0
Eb (mesma BER)
DC
BER (mesma Eb )
Deteo de Erros
Capacidade de
Sincronismo
Complexidade
do transmissor
Complexidade
do recetor
Inverso de
polaridade
PNRZ
PRZ
UNRZ
Manch.
BNRZ
NRZI
Manch. Dif
()
()
67
Rs
M 2K
68
Ts
Ts KTb
Rs
Rb
K
Rs
Es Ts
2a 2
M
( M 2 1) ( M 2 1)
Emin
4
3
3
M /2
a
2
k 0,5 Ts
k 1
Emin
/2:
2
E min
Eb
a
Ts
2
Es
K
2 Rs
BT
Rs
1 Rb 1
2
2K
69
Rb
Rs
Rb
2K
BT 1
, pelo que
Ts
Aeq 1 C 2 dt C 2Ts ct C Rs
0
Rb
Ts
a
a
a
d ct dt
Rs Ts Ts E min
2
2
2
0
Rs
70
,
SER
d2 2 1
d2
2M 2 1
SER
ercf
ercf
N0 M 2
N0
M
2
SER
Emin
( M 1)
ercf
M
N0
( M 1)
ercf
3K Eb
M 2 1 N 0
71
1
K
K 1
smbolos
bits 1 smbolo errado
bits errados
SER
SER
2
BER
K 1 2 K 1 SER
K SER
1
K
smbolos
bits 1 smbolo errado 1 bit errado
SER
SER
BER
0
1
2
3
0000
0001
0011
0010
4
5
6
7
0110
0111
0101
0100
SER
K
8
9
10
11
1100
1101
1111
1110
12
13
14
15
1010
1011
1001
1000
72
BER
( M 1)
erfc
KM
3K Eb
M 2 1 N0
2 Eb
3
BER erfc
8
5N0
BT
Rb
1
4
73
Padro de Olho
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
0
0.5
1
rolloff=0 Pn=0.00 Watt/Hz
1.5
74
Eb N 0
=10
15
-6
10,5
8,9x10
-16
14,4
1,8x10
18,8
-7
7,7x10
23.5
-4
2x10
-2
75
Rb BT 2K BT log 2 M 2
Es
12S
a2
SR
M 2 1 M 2 1 2 R
Ts
12
a
12S
Rb BT log 2 1 2 R
a
Bc
c2
a2
S
SR
C BC log 2 1 R2 BC log 2 1
N 0 BC
c
76
77
digital
78
BT 2W Rb 1
Rb
1
BT 1
79
digital
BT 2W 2Rb
W Rb
Eb
A2
Tb
2
Eb
A2
Tb
4
80
A1 A0
Tb
4
2
Eb
81
digital
ct
s1 t
ct C cos2f ct
C
Tb
Tb
Aeq 1 c t dt C 2 cos 2 2f c t dt
2
0
2 Tb
C2
0 1 cos2 2 f ct dt 2 Tb C 2Rb
Tb LTc f c LRb
Rb
fc
Tb
y1 ct s1 t dt E1
Tb
y ct s t dt E
0
0
0
0
y1 y0
2
E1 E0
2
Tb
A1 A0
8
T A1 A02
1
BER erfc b
2
8N 0
82
Tb
Eb
f1
A2
Tb
2
f0
fc
f1 f 0
2
f f1 f c f 0 f c
BT 2 f 2W f1 f 0 Rb 1
Rb
Rb
BT
f1 f 0 Rb 1
BT 2 f 2W f1 f 0 2Rb
83
digital
f0
f1
84
Tb
Tb
2
s0 t s1 t dt A cos2f 0t cos2f1t dt
0
A2
0
Tb
cos2 f
f 0 t cos 2 f1 f 0 t dt 0
, d Eb
, d Eb 2
E1 E0
BER
Eb
2
Eb
1
erfc
2N
2
0
c1 t 2 Rb cos2f1t
c0 t 2 Rb cos2f 0t
85
digital
Eb
0
N0
2
Eb
N0
y1 Eb
y 0 Eb
N
0
d Eb
N0
86
not
xor
not
xor
87
digital
Eb
1
BER e No
2
88
ot
A1 A0
2
89
digital
c1 t 2 Rs cos2f ct
c2 t 2 Rs sin 2f ct
2
l l 0 : M 1.
M
90
A2
Eb
Tb
2
7.4.2 Largura de banda
BT Rs 1
Rb
1
K
91
digital
Rb
K
BT 1
d E s sin
M
E
SER erfc sin 2 s
M N o
BER
erfc K sin 2
K
M
Eb
No
92
93
digital
BER
Eb
1
erfc
N
2
o
BT
Rb
1
2
94
E0
Es
Emin
E0
2M 1
E0
3
E0
1
SER 21
erfc
N
M
BER
E0
SER 2
1
1
erfc
K
K
N
M
0
BER
Eb
2
1
3K
1
erfc
K
M
2M 1 N 0
95
digital
(b)
96
(b)
97
digital
Eb N 0
=10
15
-6
10,5
8,9x10
-16
10,5
8,9x10
-16
14,4
1,8x10
18.4
-7
4,8x10
23,3
-4
1,6x10
18.8
-2
7,7x10
-4
99
100
101
Rc
k Rb'
Rc
n Rb
0 Rc 1
Rb'
Rb
Rb
n ' Rb'
Rb
k
Rc
Rb'
Tcom codificao
Tsem codificao
Rc
102
103
n l
n j
j l
l0
nBER 1
erros nBER
f 0 n, BER 1 BER
Te
1
1
Tb
BER
Rb BER
nBER
104
BER
k n 1
nn 1
BER 2
2
2
Pb n 1BER 2
n
105
Rc
n 1
n
nBER 1
px
cx
106
m71
m61
m51
m41
m31
m21
m11
p1
m72
m62
m52
m42
m32
m22
m12
p2
m73
m63
m53
m43
m33
m23
m13
p3
m74
m64
m54
m44
m34
m24
m14
p4
m75
m65
m55
m45
m35
m25
m15
p5
m76
m66
m56
m46
m36
m26
m16
p6
m77
m67
m57
m47
m37
m27
m17
p7
c7
c6
c5
c4
c3
c2
c1
c0
Rc
cl 1li 1
cl li
107
interleaving
cj
f c j | br
f br | c j pc j
f (br )
cj
cj
f br | c j
108
<<
cj
d br , c j
cj
d min
d min
d min
d min
l d min
d 1
t min
2
109
d min
2n n 1 2k
110
111
n 1 2
(figura 8.4),
n 1 2
BER' C
n
n 1
2
Rc
BER
1
n
n 1
2
112
113
114
115
p4 m5 m6 m7
p2 m3 m6 m7
2 nk n 1
p1 m3 m5 m7
116
Pb f 2 n, BER C 2n BER 2
BER '
BER'
0
1.E-04
1.E-08
1.E-12
1.E-16
1.E-20
1.E-24
1.E-28
1.E-32
1.E-36
1.E-40
1.E-44
1.E-48
1.E-52
1.E-56
1.E-60
1.E-64
1.E-68
1.E-72
0.1
0.2
R(5)
nn 1
BER 2
2
3
3
Pb n 1BER 2
n
2
0.3
0.4
R(3)=H(3,1)
0.5
0.6
H(7,4)
R(31)
Razo do cdigo
10-5
10-5
0.7
H(15,11)
0.8
0.9
H(31,26)
117
m mk
... m2
G I k
| P
m1
c mG
ci c j miG m j G mi m j G
118
P
HT
I n k
S cH T 0 0 ... 0
cE
S c E H T cH T EH T EH T
119
0
G
0
1
1
H T 1
1
1
0 0 0 1
1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1
G 1 | 1 1 1 1
1
T
H 0
0
0
1 1
0 0
1 0
0 1
0 0
0
0
0
1
120
m m7 m6 m5 m3
c m7 m6 m5 m3
0
G
0
p4
p2
p1
0 0 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 0 1 1
121
1
1
H T 0
1
0
0
1 1
1 0
0 1
1 1
0 0
1 0
0 1
E 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
S EH T 1 1 0
122
mx
k 1
g x
nk
g x
r x
n k 1
nk
k nk
mx x n k
r x
q x
g x
g x
mx x nk r x
r x r x
q x
qx
g x
g x g x
T x mx x nk r x
nk
r x
mx
mx x nk
g x
g x
T x E x
T x E x T x E x
g x
g x g x
10
123
T x g x
E x g x
g x
xn 1
g x
124
g x
g x
k 1
125
g x
xn 1
g x
nk+1)
g x
g x
2( n k 1)
nk+1)2
1
2
( n k 1)
2 ( n k 1)
g x
nk+2
2( n k )
nk+2 2
126
g x
2 ( n k )
BFER
rajadas no detectadas
2 ( n k )
n total de rajadas
nk)
127
nk)
nk)
CS ~ X ~ M1 M 2 ... Mj
nk)
M 1 M 2 M 3 M 4 ... Mj M 1 M 2 M 3 M 4 ... Mj
M 1 M 2 M 3 M 4 ... Mj
~ X CS ~ X ~ X 0
129
130
131
sl t
El
Eb
ST
SR
BT
=0
1 [J]
c2
/2
BC
SNRc
ct
k
Aeq
2
n
yl
opt
=0
1 [V] ou [A]
Rb
Tb
El sl2 t dt
1
Tb
Rb
BT
Eb
E0 E1
2
ST
Eb
Eb Rb
Tb
132
At
S
At dB 10 log10 T
SR
ST
SR
c2 N0 BT
SNRc
SR
2
c
Eb Rb Eb
N 0 BT N 0
BT BC
ot
y0 y1
2
1
erfc
y1
y0
y
0
ct ks1 t
Tb
Aeq c t dt k
2
y1 y 0
2
d
2 n2
2
kE1
kE1
polar
unipolar
Tb
2
s t dt k
2
1
E1
133
n2
BER
y1
yl
y
l
N0
Aeq
2
d2
1
1
erfc x erfc
2 n2
2
2
Aeq 1
1
E1
polar
unipolar
n2
N0
2
E1
E1
0
BER
d2
1
erfc
2
N0
Energia mdia
por bit
DC
Eb
Fcil
Sincronismo
1 zero
espetral
Largura de
Banda
BT
BT
PNRZ
A 2Tb
No(1)
No
Rb
Rb
1
2
PRZ
A2
Tb
2
No(1)
Sim
2 Rb
Rb 1
Sim
No
Rb
Rb
1
2
No
Sim
2 Rb
Rb 1
No
No(2)
Sim (BNZS)
Rb
Rb
1
2
UNRZ
Manchester
(SplitPhase)
BNRZ
A2
Tb
2
(1)
A 2Tb
A2
Tb
2
(1)
NRZI
A 2Tb
No
No
Sim (stuffing)
Rb
Rb
1
2
Manchester
Diferencial
A 2Tb
No
Sim
2 Rb
Rb 1
BER
E
1
erfc b
2
N0
E
1
erfc b
2
N0
Eb
1
erfc
2
2
N
0
E
1
erfc b
2
N0
Eb
3
erfc
4
2
N
0
Eb
erfc
N
0
Eb
erfc
N
0
134
a
K
M
Rs
Ts
Es
Emin
SER
C
M 2K
Rs
Ts KTb
Rb
K
Eb
BER
Es
K
K 1 SER
K
2
BER
SER
K
a
E min Ts
2
a 2 ( M 2 1) ( M 2 1)
Es Ts
Emin
4
3
3
BT
Rs
1 Rb 1
2
2K
S
SR
C BC log 2 1 R2 BC log 2 1
N 0 BC
c
Largura de
Banda
Energia mdia
por bit
BT
Eb
2B1Q
Rb
1
4
5a 2
Tb
4
MPAM
Rb
1
2K
( M 2 1)a 2
Tb
12
Cdigo
BER
(Cdigo Gray)
2 Eb
3
erfc
8
5N0
( M 1)
erfc
KM
3K Eb
M 2 1 N 0
135
E0
Modulaes binrias
Largura de
Banda
Energia mdia
por bit
BT
Eb
B-PSK
Rb 1
A2
Tb
2
OOK
Rb 1
A 2 (1)
Tb
4
B-ASK
Rb 1
A12 A0 2 (1)
Tb
4
DPSK
Rb 1
A2
Tb
2
E
1
erfc b
2
N0
Eb
1
erfc
2
2
N
0
T A1 A02
1
erfc b
2
8N0
E
1
exp b
2
N0
A2
Tb
2
Eb
1
erfc
2
2 N0
Modulaes
Binrias
B-FSK
f1 f 0 Rb 1
BER
Modulaes Mrias
Largura de
Banda
Energia mdia
por bit
BT
Eb
QPSK
Rb
1
2
A2
Tb
2
Eb
1
erfc
2
N0
M-PSK
Rb
1
K
A2
Tb
2
erfc K sin 2
K
M
QAM
Rb
1
K
2M 1 E0
3
K
Modulaes
M-ria
BER
(Cdigo Gray)
Eb
No
Eb
2
1
3K
1
erfc
K
M
2M 1 N 0
ct 2Rs cos2fct
136
BER
Te
n
k
Rc
Rb
'
b
Pr
d min
BER
'
Te
RRND
Rc
k Rb'
n Rb
nl
Cln BER l
n!
n l !l!
(A7.2)
Gerais
erros nBER
f 0 n, BER 1 BER
Te
1
Rb BER
T 'e
1
R b BER '
'
Pr nBER
l d min
137
d min 1
2
n-1
Repetio
de n bits
Repetio
de 3 bits
Repetio
de 5 bits
n 1
n
1
n
Pb
nn 1
BER 2
2
1
3
1
5
n
n 1
2
BER
n 1
2
BER '
d min
2
Pb n 1BER 2
n
Pb C
n
n 1
2
BER
n 1
2
3BER 2
3BER 2
10BER 3
10BER 3
Cdigo de Hamming
Distncia mnima de 3 bits; Corrige 1 bit ou deteta at 2 bits errados;
Rc
Pb
n-k
n
k
BER '
nn 1
3
3n 1
k
n-k 2n k 1 n-(n-k)
BER 2
Pb
BER 2
n
2
n
2
2(1)
3
0,33
3BER 2
0,57
21BER 2
15
11
0,73
31
26
0,84
63
105BER 2
465BER 2
1953BER 2
(1)Equivalente
3BER 2
9BER 2
21BER 2
45BER 2
93BER 2
0,91
57
ao cdigo de repetio de 3 bits
2 ( nk 1)
BFER 2( n k )
2 ( nk )
139
NUL DLE
SOH DCI
ST
DC2
ETX DC3
EOT DC4
ENQ NAK
AVK SYN
BEL ETB
BS CAN
HT
EM
LF
SUB
VT ESC
FF
FS
CR
GS
SO
RS
SI
US
SP
!
#
$
%
&
(
)
*
+
,
.
/
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
:
;
<
=
>
?
@
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
[
\
]
^
_
\
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
u
v
w
x
y
z
{
|
}
~
DEL
140
Gx f
Gy f
Py
H f
Gw f
n2
Beq
Aeq
G y f Gx f H f
Py G y f df G x f H f df
2
Gw f
N0
2
141
N0
2
n2 G y f df Gw f H f df
2
H f
df
N0 2
g df N 0 Bg 2
2
B
n2
Beq
H f
Beq
1
2g 2
H f
df
Aeq 2 Beq g
2
H f
n2
df
h(t )
dt
N0
N
N
2
2
H f df 0 ht dt N0 Beq g 2 0 Aeq
2
2
2
Aeq
Beq
Aeq
142
G f
f
A2
sinc 2
Rb
Rb
G f
f
A2
sinc 2
4 Rb
2 Rb
A2
A2
2 f
G f
sinc
f
4 Rb
Rb 4
f
f
A2
G f
sinc 2 sin 2
Rb
Rb
Rb
G f
f
A2
sinc 2
Rb
2 Rb
G f
2 f
sin
2 Rb
f
A2
sinc 2
Rb
Rb
143
1
1
erfc x
2
erfc(x)
1/2 erfc(x)
1/2 erfc(x)
0
0,05
0,1
0,15
0,2
0,25
0,3
0,35
0,4
0,45
0,5
0,55
0,6
0,65
0,7
0,75
0,8
0,85
0,9
0,95
1
1,05
1,1
1,15
1,2
1,25
1,3
1,35
1,4
1,45
1,5
1,55
1,6
1,65
1,7
1,75
1,8
1,85
1,9
1,95
5,000E-01
4,718E-01
4,438E-01
4,160E-01
3,886E-01
3,618E-01
3,357E-01
3,103E-01
2,858E-01
2,623E-01
2,398E-01
2,183E-01
1,981E-01
1,790E-01
1,611E-01
1,444E-01
1,289E-01
1,147E-01
1,015E-01
8,955E-02
7,865E-02
6,878E-02
5,990E-02
5,194E-02
4,484E-02
3,855E-02
3,300E-02
2,812E-02
2,386E-02
2,015E-02
1,695E-02
1,419E-02
1,183E-02
9,812E-03
8,105E-03
6,664E-03
5,455E-03
4,444E-03
3,605E-03
2,910E-03
2
2,05
2,1
2,15
2,2
2,25
2,3
2,35
2,4
2,45
2,5
2,55
2,6
2,65
2,7
2,75
2,8
2,85
2,9
2,95
3
3,05
3,1
3,15
3,2
3,25
3,3
3,35
3,4
3,45
3,5
3,55
3,6
3,65
3,7
3,75
3,8
3,85
3,9
3,95
2,339E-03
1,871E-03
1,490E-03
1,181E-03
9,314E-04
7,314E-04
5,716E-04
4,446E-04
3,443E-04
2,653E-04
2,035E-04
1,553E-04
1,180E-04
8,924E-05
6,717E-05
5,031E-05
3,751E-05
2,783E-05
2,055E-05
1,510E-05
1,105E-05
8,040E-06
5,824E-06
4,199E-06
3,013E-06
2,151E-06
1,529E-06
1,081E-06
7,610E-07
5,330E-07
3,715E-07
2,577E-07
1,779E-07
1,222E-07
8,358E-08
5,686E-08
3,850E-08
2,594E-08
1,740E-08
1,161E-08
4
4,05
4,1
4,15
4,2
4,25
4,3
4,35
4,4
4,45
4,5
4,55
4,6
4,65
4,7
4,75
4,8
4,85
4,9
4,95
5
5,05
5,1
5,15
5,2
5,25
5,3
5,35
5,4
5,45
5,5
5,55
5,6
5,65
5,7
5,75
5,8
5,85
5,9
5,95
7,709E-09
5,094E-09
3,350E-09
2,192E-09
1,428E-09
9,253E-10
5,967E-10
3,830E-10
2,446E-10
1,554E-10
9,831E-11
6,187E-11
3,875E-11
2,415E-11
1,498E-11
9,243E-12
5,676E-12
3,469E-12
2,109E-12
1,277E-12
7,687E-13
4,606E-13
2,747E-13
1,630E-13
9,626E-14
5,657E-14
3,308E-14
1,926E-14
1,116E-14
6,439E-15
3,664E-15
2,109E-15
1,166E-15
6,661E-16
3,886E-16
2,220E-16
1,110E-16
5,551E-17
5,551E-17
0,000E+00
144
erfc x
erfc x
rea
y y
2 y2
y y 2
2 y2
dy
yy
dy 2 y2 d
2 y2
rea
y d
2 y2
e d
2
2 y2
2 y2
rea
e d
2
2 y2
d2
1
erfc
2 y2
2
1
2
1
erfc x
2
d2
2 y2
Q x
2 y2
2 2
e
x
1
x
erfc
2
2
y y d
d
2 y2
145
d0 y0 opt
d1 y1 opt
d2
p1
1
erfc
2 n2
2
2
p
0 erfc d0
2
2 n2
opt
n2
p1 f y |"1" p0 f y |"0" y opt
opt
y1 y0
2
n2
p
ln 0
y1 y0 p1
146
wn Xun
w2
w2 n
un
w2
X u n X
2 2
X w2
ct s1 t A
n2
2
Awn MA2 w2 n Ec w2 E1 w2
2
n
n 1
n2 Ec
y1 E1 Eb
BER
y1 E1 2Eb
BER
11
w2
n 1
No
2
w2
y 0 Eb
d2
1
erfc
2 n2
2
y0 0
d2
1
erfc
2 n2
2
d Eb
No
2
n2 E1 w2 Eb w2
erfc Eb 1 erfc Eb
N 2
2
2 w2
o
d Eb
1 erfc Eb
2N
2
o
n2 E1 w2 2Eb w2
E
1
b
erfc
2
4 w2
N0
f s . Assume-se uma frequncia de amostragem normalisada f s 1 Hz.
2
147
y1 A 2 MA 2 Eb
n 1
d2
1
BER erfc
2 n2
2
y1 A 2 MA 2 2 Eb
erfc Eb
2
2 w2
y0 0
n 1
d2
1
BER erfc
2 n2
2
n2 E1 w2 Eb w2
d Eb
y 0 Eb
2
1
erfc MA
2
2 w2
n2 E1 w2 2Eb w2
d Eb
erfc Eb
2
4 w2
2
1
erfc MA
2
8 w2
cn s1 n A cos2f c nTs
n2
2
A cos2f c nTs wn
2
n
n 1
MA2
y1 A cos 2f c nTs
Eb
2
n 1
M
d2
1
BER erfc
2 n2
2
MA 2
y1
2 Eb
2
y0 0
d2
1
BER erfc
2 n2
2
MA2
2
w n E
2
n 1
y 0 Eb
1
erfc Eb
2
2 w2
d Eb
2
w
n2 E1 w2 Eb w2
MA 2
1
erfc
4 2
2
w
d Eb
1
erfc Eb
2
4 w2
n2 E1 w2 2Eb w2
MA 2
1
erfc
16 2
2
w
148
f l n, p Cln p l 1 p
n l
Cln
Cln
n!
n l !l!
1 p nl
pl
l2 np1 p
l np
f 0 n, p 1 p
f 1 n, p C1n p1 (1 p) n1 np(1 p) n1
r
F r f l r n, p f l n, p Cln p l 1 p
r
l 0
l 0
n l
149
1 p n l 1
l0
f l n, p Cln p l
np 1,
Cln1 pl 1 Cln pl
f l r n, p f l r n, p Crn p r
0
1,E+00
1,E-02
1,E-04
1,E-06
1,E-08
1,E-10
1,E-12
1,E-14
1,E-16
1,E-18
1,E-20
1,E-22
1,E-24
1,E-26
1,E-28
1,E-30
10
151
152
18.
19.
153
Eb A2Tb 42 10000
ST Eb Tb A2 16
Rb 10 kbit/s
10 106 Tb
10 106 10 106
1000
Rb
10 103
154
At dB / km 3,01 2 6,02
At
ST
106 / 10 4
SR
SR
Eb S RTb 4 10000
Tt
N
2000
0,2
Rb 10000
155
Rb
BT
BT
Rb BT 1
2
1
Rb BT
valor mnimo 0
valor mximo 1
156
157
BT Rb
n2 c2 N 0 BT 0,2
SNRc S R c2
S R A2 4
SNRc 4 0,2 20
SNRc Eb N 0
opt 0
BER
1
4 1
erfc 3,16 4 10 6
erfc
2
2 0,2 2
A 2
158
Eb N 0
159
0= 1
opt 0
polar
ct ks1 t
ct Rb
Aeq 1
polar
y1 Eb A Tb 20
n2
y0 Eb 20
N0
Aeq
2
Aeq 1
n2
N0
10
2
d y1 opt 20
d2
1
BER erfc
2 n2
2
20 10
1
erfc
3 2
20 10 6
1
erfc 4,47 1,3 10 10
2
Eb N 0
Eb 400 10 6
20
N0
20 10 6
SNRc
BER
Eb 1
1
erfc 4,47 1,3 10 10
erfc
2
N0 2
160
ct 10
Tb
Tb
polar y 0 2
Aeq 10 2 Tb 0,01
n2
N0
Aeq 10 10 6 0,01 10 7
2
d y1 opt 2
BER
d2
1
erfc
2 n2
2
1
erfc
2 10
3 2
2 10 7
1
erfc 4,47 1,3 10 10
2
161
Eb
2,2 10 5
BER erfc
N
0
Eb
3
N0
Eb 9 N 0 9 2 10 6 18
A2
32
Rb
500
Eb 18 10 6
BT Rb 500
SNRc
SR
32
9
N 0 BT 2 10 6 500 10 3
43 64
S R A2 9
ST 64S R 576
A ST 24
Eb ST Tb
576
1,15
500000
162
4 10 13
Rb
10 10 6
K
3,3
2 Bc 2 1,5 10 6
Bc
2 KBc
2 4 1,5 106
1
1 0,2
Rb
10 106
Rb 10 10 6
Rs
2,5 10 6
K
4
163
BER
( M 1)
ercf
KM
12 Eb
15 1
erfc
255 N
32 2
0
E
1
erfc 0,047059 b
2
N0
0,047059
0,047059
3K Eb
M 2 1 N 0
E
0,46875 1 erfc 0,047059 b
2
N0
8,53 10 13
Eb
5
N0
Eb
25
N0
Eb
531
N0
Eb 1
Es KEb 4,25
Es
a2 M 2 1
Ts
4
3
12 E s Rs
0,7
M 2 1
K 1
2,5
2
BER 2,5 4 10 13 10 12
S
ER
C Bc log 2 1 R2 Bc log 2 1 b b 17,6
N 0 Bc
c
4 10 13
164
Eb N o ?
165
Rb
300
0,16(6)
BT 1800
fc
fc
f1 f 0
1800
2
BT
900
2
fc
BT
2700
2
1 BER 10 6
BER
Eb
1
erfc
2N
2
0
Eb
3,35
2N 0
SNRc
SR
2
c
10 6
Eb
22,445
N0
Eb Rb Eb
166
Eb N 0
167
Rb 5000
3,85
Bc 1300
Rs
Rb 5000
1250
K
4
Bc
1300
1
1 0,04
Rs
1250
Rb 5000
3,85
BT 1300
Eb SNRc 316,23
82,22
N0
3,85
BER
BER
1
E 0,5
erfc K sin 2 b
erfc 3,54 1,4 10 7
K
M No 2
Eb
2
1
3K
1
ercf
K
M
2M 1 N 0
0,75
ercf 5,73 2 10 16
c2 N 0 BT 2 10 6 1300 2,6
168
S R SNRc c2 822
Eb S RTb 164
E0
2
Amin
Ts E0
2
3KEb
65,8
2M 1
2
Amax
1,22
Ts
592
2
2 1250
169
2
Amax
1,22
Ts
1,184 m
2
1250
2 Rs
ck t 2Rs cos2fct
c1 t 50 cos2f c t
An 50an
c2 t 50 sin 2f c t
170
0,4
s1011t 1,2 cos2f ct 0,4 sin 2f ct 1,22 0,42 cos 2f ct atg
1
,
2
2
A1011
1,28 2
Ts
658
2
2 1250
32 E0 E0 10 E0 658
171
Ts
Ts
2
c1 t Amin cos2f ct dt 2Rs 2E0 Rs cos 2f ct dt
Ts
2 Rs E0 cos 2 2f ct dt
0
2 RsTs E0
E0 8,1
2
172
Eb N0 9
BER
Eb 1
1
erfc 9 10 5
erfc
2
2
N
0
Te
BER C
'
Rc
1
1
4 5 10
Rb BER 10 10
n
n 1
2
BER
k 1
0,33
n 3
T 'e
n 1
2
Rb'
C 2 BER 2 3 1010
3
kRb 1 4
10 3,33
n
3
1
1
106
'
3
R BER 3,33 10 3 1010
'
b
BER C
'
n
n 1
2
BER
n 1
2
C 3 BER 3 10 1015
5
173
Rc
k 1
0,2
n 5
T 'e
1
1
5 1010
'
3
14
R BER 2 10 10
Rb'
kRb 1 4
10 2
n
5
'
b
kRb 4 4
10 5,71103
n
7
Rc
k 4
0,57
n 7
T 'e
1
1
1,94 105
'
3
R BER 5,71 10 9 1010
Rb'
'
b
10 5
9 1010
1,94 105
3 1010
10 1015
106
51010
174
Eb N0 9
BER
Eb 1
1
ercf
erfc
2
N0 2
Te
9 10
1
1
4 5 10
Rb BER 10 10
Rc
k 4
Rc 0,57
n 7
nRb' 7 10 4
Rb
17,5
k
4
4 '
Tb Tb
7
Eb 4 Eb
(anterior ) 5,14
No 7 No
175
BER
1
erfc 5,14 67 10 5
2
T 'e
1
1
4
25
'
R BER 10 4 10 6
'
b
Rc
Anovo
Aanterior
T 'e
1
1,32
Rc
1
1
4
1,1 105
'
10
R BER 10 9 10
'
b
Anovo
Aanterior
10 5
4 10 6
9 1010
1,1 10 5
9 1010
1,94 10 5
176
0
c mG 1 0 0 1
0
0 0 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1 1 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 0 1 1
1
1
T
S cH 1 0 0 1 1 0 00
1
0
0
1 1
1 0
0 1
1 1 0 0 0
0 0
1 0
0 1
177
E c 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0
1
1
S E c H T 1 1 0 1 1 0 00
1
0
0
1 1
1 0
0 1
1 1 1 1 0
0 0
1 0
0 1
1
1
S EH T 0 1 0 0 0 0 00
1
0
0
1 1
1 0
0 1
1 1 1 1 0
0 0
1 0
0 1
178
g x
T x mx x nk r x
E x
mx
g x
mx
r x
qx
m(x)xn-k
=
-
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
-
mx x nk mx x 3
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
T x mx x nk r x
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
g(x)
q(x)
=
=
r(x)
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
179
T x g x
T(x)
=
-
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
g(x)
q(x)
=
=
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
T x E x
T(x)
E(x)
T(x)
T x E x
E(x)
T x Ex g x 0
T(x) E(x)
=
-
0
0
-
1
0
1
1
-
1
0
1
0
1
1
-
E x g x
E(x)
=
-
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
T x g x
0
0
-
0
0
0
0
-
1
0
1
0
1
1
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
g(x)
q(x)
=
=
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
T x Ex g x
T x Ex g x
E x g x
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
g(x)
q(x)
=
=
180
g x
x 1 x 1
n
x7 1 x 1 x3 x 1 x3 x 2 1
nk 3
g x x 3 x 1
g x x 3 x 2 1
g x
g x
g x x 3 x 1
0
G
0
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1 0 1 1
0 0 0
G
G
0
G
0
1 0 0
0 1 0 1 1 0
0 0 1 0 1 1
0 0 0
181
G
G
G
G
0
G
0
1 0 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 1 0
0 0 1 0 1 1
0 0 0
G
G
G
G
0
G
0
m m5 m7 m6 m3
g x
0 0 0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 1 0
0 0 1 0 1 1
182
+
+
+
+
+
+
183
184
1.5
1.5
0.5
0.5
-0.5
0.5
1.5
-0.5
0.5
7,7 109
1.5
185
186
187
188
m31
m21
m11
p1
m32
m22
m12
p2
m33
m23
m13
p3
c3
c2
c1
c0
189
190
191
g x x 2 1
g x x 2 1
28.
0
0
1
1
Qual a d
cdigo?
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
192
n2
ct Rb
BER
Eb
1
erfc
4N
2
0
y1 Eb
n2
Rs
y0 0
193
BT
BT
ct 10 cos(2 10 6 t )
n2
BT
ct 353,5 cos(2f ct )
BT =1650 Hz;
n2
10 log10 Eb N 0
Rs
Rb
SNRc
Rb
BER '
Rc 9 10 Pr
Rc 9 16
;
(
Rb
Rb
10 log10 Eb N 0
194
Rb
Te
Te
Te
1 0 1 0
G
0 1 1 1
HT
1
1
0
1
0
g x x 2 1
x6 1
x4 x2 1
2
x 1
xn 1 x6 1
g x
0
G
0
p2 m4 m2
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
01
00
01
10
1
0
p1 m3 m1
Rc 3 4
Rc 2 6
195
196
Problemas
1. Simule um sistema de transmisso digital num canal AWGN em Matlab. O
sistema deve converter uma sequncia binria num cdigo de linha
Manchester ou modulao OOK, simular um canal AWGN adicionando rudo
branco e gaussiano ao sinal a transmitir e implementar um descodificador com
filtro timo.
O sistema tem como entradas (e valor de referncia):
O nmero de bits a simular (100k bit).
A amplitude
O nmero,
A potncia do rudo ou a
197
Determine a
comente a evoluo da
logartmica.
e) Para = [-2 -1 0 1 2] V.
2. Repita o problema anterior para uma modulao OOK. Faa as adaptaes
nos testes que achar necessrio.
3. Compare os dois mtodos.
Tenha em ateno as seguintes funes do MATLAB:
rand, randn - gera nmeros aleatrios
gt (>) - operador relacional maior que
199
200
........................................
6. Uma funo que implemente um descodificador Hamming H(7,4) e que
tenha como entrada:
A sequncia binria a descodificar.
........................................
Problemas
1. Pretende-se simular um sistema de controlo de erros num canal digital. O
sistema deve codificar uma sequncia binria atravs de um cdigo por
repetio, sujeitar a sequncia resultante a erros e descodificar corrigindo os
erros.
a) Para o nmero de repeties de 3, avalie o codificador para diversos valores
da BER e compare os valores obtidos com os valores tericos.
b) Para uma BER de 0,1, avalie o codificador para diversos valores de
repeties compare os valores obtidos com os valores tericos.
2. Pretende-se simular um sistema de controlo de erros num canal digital. O
sistema deve codificar uma sequncia binria atravs de um cdigo de
Hamming H(7,4), sujeitar a sequncia resultante a erros e descodificar
corrigindo os erros.
a) Avalie o codificador para diversos valores da BER e compare os valores
obtidos com os valores tericos.
b) Compare os resultados com os obtidos com o codificador por repetio.
Tenha em ateno as seguintes funes do MATLAB:
nhcoosek Clculo de combinaes
201
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202
203
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th
4th
5th
4th
5th
4th