English Course

Grammar I and II

Autora: Brbara Soares Silva

Foreword
Prezado aluno:

A presente apostila foi especialmente elaborada para que voc tenha uma idia
geral da gramtica e dos textos ingleses freqentes. Trata-se de um guia til para
aperfeioar ou iniciar seus conhecimentos com a lngua .
Aqui vo algumas dicas:
1 Estude de uma a duas horas por dia, mas no se empenhe nos estudos muitas
horas seguidas. A mente tambm precisa de descanso.
2 No v para casa com dvidas, esclarea-as na aula com seu professor.
3 Adquira um bom dicionrio.
4 Se voc pensar que o ingls uma lngua chata e difcil, ela realmente assim
se tornar para voc. Procure relaxar, estude-a com carinho, pois com certeza no
futuro ela lhe abrir muitas portas.
5 Aceite o ingls como ele ; se para falarmos anotar alguma coisa dizemos
write down, usando uma palavra que nada acrescenta, no perca o tempo brigando com
isso, a expresso no vai mudar por vontade sua.
6 Imite o professor e os nativos sempre que puder.
7 Se no entender uma palavra ou expresso tente adivinh-la pelo contexto,
chute mesmo! Afinal, o que voc tem a perder?
8 Esforce-se por pensar diretamente em ingls. Se precisar traduzir um texto,
no o faa palavra por palavra, mas sim entendendo o sentido geral e tomando cuidado
com falsos cognatos.
Seguindo essas dicas voc com certeza ter grande sucesso nos seus estudos.
Ento, o que estamos esperando? Mos obra!

Introduction
A lngua inglesa estruturalmente fcil, porm, em um primeiro momento, pode
soar estranha para quem nunca teve um contato mais ntimo. Alm disso apresenta
algumas particularidades e diferenas bem acentuadas com relao ao portugus.
Leia por gentileza as seguintes observaes:
1 - Saber os seguintes termos ser muito til ao longo do seu curso:

Noun: substantivo = palavra com que se designa um ser ou objeto = house, door, car,
sky, water
Adjective: adjetivo = palavra que qualifica o substantivo a que est ligado: blue,
wonderful, hot
Verb: verbo = palavra que designa os processos, o estado, a ao, os fenmenos : to
rain, to go, to be, to pretend, to run
Preposition: preposio = partcula que estabelece a relao entre dois termos da
frase: in, at, on, with, for, through
Adverb: advrbio = palavra que indica tempo, lugar, quantidade:
yesterday, very

here, there,

Conjunction: conjuno = palavra que liga termos ou oraes: who, that, which
2 - Embora haja algumas excees, o ADJETIVO, quando acompanha o
SUBSTANTIVO, vem antes dele:

Pretty woman
Blue house
Green curly hair
3 - Quanto mais parecida for uma palavra inglesa com uma da lngua portuguesa,
maior deve ser a sua desconfiana. Verifique sempre num bom dicionrio os falsos
cognatos:

Tenant: no tenente, mas sim inquilino

Fabric: no fbrica, mas sim tecido
Realize: no realizar, mas sim perceber

4 - Alguns verbos esto acompanhados de preposies. Estas podem mudar

completamente o sentido do verbo, o que geralmente causa confuso se seguirmos o
sentido literal:

Put out: apagar

Look for: procurar
Run out of: acabar
5 - As expresses idiomticas so uma constante em ingls. Verifique sempre no
dicionrio se o sentido lhe parecer estranho:

Once in a blue moon: no uma vez numa lua azul, mas sim, raramente, muito de

vez em quando.

To have cold feet: no ter p frio, mas sim, no ter coragem para fazer algo.
6 - As instrues so dadas em ingls no caderno de exerccios. Aprenda-as antes
de fazer os exerccios:

Complete these sentences: complete as frases

Write: escreva
Fill in: complete
Write questions/sentences: faa perguntas/frases
Which is right?: qual a correta?
Put (in)...: coloque
Answer the questions: responda as perguntas
Look at the pictures: olhe as fotos/figuras
Choose: escolha
What do you think about...?: o que que voc acha sobre...?
Finish these sentences...: complete as frases
Read: leia
Make these sentences...: ponha as frases na...
Make one sentence: faa uma frase

Index
Lesson
Lesson
Lesson
Lesson
Lesson
Lesson
Lesson
Lesson
Lesson
Lesson

01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10

(Subject Pronouns + Verb To Be)6

(Articles + Present Continuous) .9
(Simple Present + Object Pronouns)..11
(Pronouns and Demonstrative Adjectives + Plural of nouns) ..13
(Possessive Pronouns).15
(Simple Past)17
(Pronouns+Interrrogatives).19
(Articles+Past Continuous)23
(Countable+Uncountable nouns)25
(Modal Verbs).27

Lesson 11
Lesson 12
Lesson 13
Lesson 14
Lesson 15
Lesson 16
Lesson 17
Lesson 18
Lesson 19
Lesson 20
Lesson 21
Lesson 22
Lesson 23
Lesson 24
Lesson 25
Appendix

(Comparison of adjectives)..30
(Present Perfect)32
(Present Perfect & Simple Past)34
(Present Perfect Continuous)35
(Past Perfect)36
(Past Perfect Continuous).37
(Future)38
(Imperative)40
(Infinitive+Gerund).41
(If Clauses).44
(Relative Clauses)..45
(Prepositions).46
(Passive Voice)..51
(Direct and Indirect Speech)..54
(Word Order)56

Lesson 1
Subject Pronouns
Pronome a palavra que substitui ou determina o nome. Classificam-se em pessoais,
possessivos, demonstrativos, indefinidos, interrogativos e relativos. Os pronomes
pessoais retos so usados como sujeito da orao, ocupando a posio antes do verbo
em ingls. So eles: I (eu), you(voc, tu), he (ele), she (ela), it(ele, ela), we(ns),
they(eles):

I am a teacher.

You are Brazilian.

He is a doctor.
She likes him.
It is blue.
We are hungry.
They are intelligent.
So sempre expressos, exceto em frases imperativas. I sempre escrito com letra
maiscula e o pronome neutro it usado:
a)
Para coisa ou animal quando no h afetividade: The dog is beautiful. It is
white.
b)

Para expressar tempo e medida: Its ten oclock. Its 30 miles to London.

The Verb To Be
um dos verbos mais usados na lngua inglesa. Serve para descrever ou dar
informao sobre algo ou alguma coisa. Nesse sentido equivale aos verbos ser e estar
do portugus. No entanto, pode apresentar muitos outros sentidos dependendo do
contexto: existir, ter, dever, etc. Apresenta a seguinte conjugao/estrutura:
Conjugao do verbo to be no simple present
Positive
Negative
Interrogative
I am
I am not
Am I?
You are
You are not
Are you?
He is
He is not
Is he?
She is
She is not
Is she?
It is
It is not
Is it?
We are
We are not
Are we?
You are
You are not
Are you?
They are
They are not
Are they?

Como possvel perceber, as perguntas so feitas mediante a inverso do verbo e do

sujeito enquanto as negativas so feitas apenas com o acrscimo da palavra not:

I am a student. Are you a student too?

They are happy.

She is an intelligent girl.

Is it ok with you?
It isnt cold today.
We are not at home now.

Contractions: So junes entre os pronomes pessoais e um verbo (no caso to be) ou

outras palavras, usadas geralmente na fala, na linguagem coloquial/informal:
Positive
I am = Im
You are = Youre
He is = Hes
She is = Shes
It is = Its
We are = Were
You are = Youre
They are = Theyre

Negative
Im not
Youre not ou You arent
Hes not ou He isnt
Shes not ou She isnt
Its not ou It isnt
Were not ou We arent
Youre not ou You arent
Theyre not ou They arent

Come on little boy, you arent brave enough to do it.

She isnt a good girl.
Thats a good idea!
Hows it going?
Whats your name?

Observaes:
1. O verbo there to be (haver, existir) tem apenas duas formas there is para o
singular e there are para o plural. There is not (there isnt) e there are not (there
arent) so usados para as formas negativas e is there? Are there? para as
interrogativas:

There is a book on the table. (H um livro sobre a mesa)

There are many books on the table. (H muitos livros sobre a mesa)
There isnt any bread.
There arent mountains in Nauru.
Is there a cat under the sofa?
Are there big cities in The Philippines?

2. Ao se referir a idade, use sempre o verbo to be:

Shes 19 years old.

Im in my sixties.

Lesson 02
Artigo Indefinido
A: um, uma usado antes de palavras no singular que comecem com som consonantal:
a horse, a door, a mouse, a pen, a university.
An: um, uma usado antes de palavras no singular que comecem por som voclico: an
apple, an hour, an office, an artist.
Usa-se a / an antes dos nomes das profisses:

I am a teacher.
Shes an engineer.
No usado antes de substantivos no plural. Nesse caso coloca-se some:
a boy some boys

Present Continuous
Descreve, geralmente, uma ao que est acontecendo agora, no momento da fala.

formado com as formas do presente do verbo to be mais a forma terminada em -ing

do verbo principal. Corresponde ao gerndio em portugus:
Verbo to be + verbo principal acrescido de ing I am working = estou
trabalhando

The birds are flying in the sky.

Shes speaking English.
Its raining a lot in Japan now.
Theyre not playing the video-game at the moment.
A forma negativa feita com o acrscimo de not ao verbo auxiliar to be e a
interrogativa invertendo-se o verbo auxiliar to be e o sujeito:

I am not watching tv.

Shes not writing a letter.
Are you working hard?
What are they looking at?
Is Peter going to Greece next summer?
Observaes:
1.
Nos verbos terminados em e omite-se esta letra antes do acrscimo de ing:
lose losing; make making
2.
Nos verbos curtos terminados em c-v-c (consoante+vogal+consoante) dobra-se a
consoante final antes do acrscimo de -ing: stop stopping; get getting
3.
Alguns verbos nunca so usados no present continuous. So eles: like, prefer,
love, hate, want, need, know, mean, understand, believe, remember, forget,
depend. Nesse caso, deve-se usar o simple present:

I dont remember his name (no me lembro do nome dele)

Notes:

Lesson 3
Simple Present
Descreve um fato, estado permanente ou ao que acontece com freqncia no
presente. A forma bsica do presente dos verbos principais na afirmativa a mesma
do infinitivo (aquela forma que voc encontra no dicionrio) sem o to (to smoke
smoke) com exceo das 3as pessoas do singular (he/she/it) que levam um s:

I get up at 7 everyday.
She gets up at 7 everyday.
Nas frases negativas do presente usa-se do not = dont, para I, You, We, They e does
not = doesnt, para He, She, It. O verbo principal seguido do auxiliar sempre fica no
infinitivo sem o to:

I dont like coffee.

She doesnt like coffee.
Mary and John dont eat meat. Theyre vegetarian.
As frases interrogativas so formadas colocando-se do ou does no incio das
perguntas sendo precedidos apenas por pronomes interrogativos. O verbo principal

sempre fica no infinitivo sem o to.

substituem o verbo principal:

Nas respostas curtas, do-dont, does-doesnt

Do you like hamburguers?

Does it often rain in Bahamas?
What time do you usually go to work?
Where do you go to school?
Do you speak English? Yes, I do.
Does she enjoy parties? Yes, she does.
Does he take the 10:00 am train? No, he doesnt.

Modelo de conjugao do verbo to work no simple present em ingls

Positive
Negative
Interrogative
I work
I dont work
Do I work?
You work
You dont work
Do you work?
He works
He doesnt work
Does he work?
She works
She doesnt work
Does she work?
It works
It doesnt work
Does it work?
We work
We dont work
Do we work?
You work
You dont work
Do you work?
They work
They dont work
Do they work?

Observaes:
1.
Verbos terminados em s/sh/ch/x/z/o levam es na 3a pessoa do singular: He
passes; she goes; it itches.
2.
Verbos terminados em y precedidos de consoante mudam para -ies nas 3as
pessoas do singular: reply=replies
3.
O verbo to be (ser, estar), por ser um verbo anmalo, tem uma conjugao
totalmente especial.

Object Pronouns
Os pronomes pessoais oblquos funcionam como objeto ou complemento. Tm uma nica

forma em ingls tanto para o objeto direto quanto para o indireto. So eles: me (me,
mim), you (te, voc), him (o, lhe), her (a, lhe), it (o, a, lhe), us (nos), them (os, as, lhes).

She likes him, but he doesnt like her.

Were going to the movies. Why dont you come with us?
I wrote a letter to Margaret yesterday. Can you post it to me?

Lesson 4
Pronomes e Adjetivos Demonstrativos
Determinam, no tempo ou no espao, a posio do ser indicado:
Near (Perto)
This
These

Far (Longe)
That
Those

This/These referem-se a coisa, pessoa ou animal que est prximo de quem fala. This
para o singular, these para o plural:
Mmm, this hot-dog is delicious!
These computers are made in Taiwan.
That/Those referem-se a coisa, pessoa ou animal que est distante de quem fala.
That para o singular, those para o plural:
That car isnt mine.
Those boys are students at Riverside University.
Todos podem funcinar como adjetivos antes dos substantivos ou como pronomes
substantivos:

These are good.

Those are bad.

The Plural of nouns

O plural dos substantivos formado, em geral, acrescentando-se s ao singular:
Coat Coats
Hat Hats
Se um substantivo singular terminar em s, sh, ch, z, ou o forma-se o plural
acrescentando es:
Class Classes
Church churches
Box boxes
Wish wishes
Potato potatoes

Para formar o plural dos substantivos terminados em y precedidos de consoante, o y

transformado em i, e acrescenta-se es:
Baby babies
Vocabulary vocabularies
Palavras como boys e days so regulares, pois o y precedido por vogal.
Certos substantivos tm um plural irregular. Alguns deles, terminados em f ou fe,
fazem o plural retirando-se o f e acrescentando-se a terminao ves. Outros
possuem forma prpria. Compare:
Leaf leaves
Loaf loaves
Thief thieves

wife wives
life - lives
knife - knives

Man men
Woman women
Child children
Foot feet
Tooth teeth

goose geese
mouse - mice
ox - oxen
deer - deer
sheep sheep

Excees: handkerchiefs, roofs, proofs, cuffs

Lesson 5
Possessive Pronouns
Possessive Adjectives: Vm sempre antes dos substantivos a que se referem. So
invariveis, concordam com o possuidor e no com a coisa possuda. So eles: my (meu),
your (seu), his (dele), her (dela), its (dele/dela), our (nosso), their (deles/delas):

My name is Philip.
Elton John is a famous singer. His songs are beautiful.
We are from France. Our city is Paris.

Possessive Pronouns: Nunca so seguidos de substantivo. So eles:

Mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs:

Whose book is that? Its mine.

Podem ser sujeito da frase:
This is my book. Where is yours? Mine is in the bookcase.

Genitive Case (s): usado quando o possuidor pessoa ou animal. Expressa a posse
no sentido amplo, podendo tambm ser usado com expresses de tempo:

The kings crown is made of gold.

The cats tail is long.
Yesterdays party was great!
Se forem dois ou mais os possuidores de uma mesma coisa, apenas o ltimo leva o
apstrofo:

Sara and Janices car is blue.

Se o objeto possudo separadamente, cada um seguido de s:

Eisteins and Newtons discoveries were very important.

Se o possuidor for plural, coloca-se apenas o apstrofo:

The flowers petals are red.

Substantivos compostos seguem as regras dos substantivos comuns:

My sister-in-laws house is enormous.

Em alguns casos comum a omisso do elemento possudo. Isso acontece em geral
com lugares j mencionados ou subentendidos. Entre eles esto house, shop,
cathedral, college, office, restaurant:

Were going to have a sandwich at McDonalds. (fast food restaurant)

See you at Marys! (house)
Quando o possuidor coisa, usa-se a construo com of:

The legs of the table.

Shes going to change the cover of the book.
Notes:

Lesson 6
Simple Past
Expressa uma ao terminada e realizada num passado definido (isto , em geral vem
acompanhado de advrbios como yesterday, last night, last month, last year, two
days ago, when, while). Todos os verbos em ingls pertencem a uma das duas
conjugaes: ou so regulares ou so irregulares. Os regulares formam o passado com
o acrscimo de -ed enquanto os irregulares possuem uma forma prpria para o
passado. Assim, so regulares verbos como:
Work worked
Travel travelled
Dance Danced

Mary worked at Coca-Cola Company in 1998.

They travelled to Jamaica last year.
We danced all night long.

E so irregulares:
Begin began
Fall Fell
Buy Bought

The game began earlier last night.

The boy fell off the tree this morning.
I bought a book for my cousin Ana two days ago.

Para uma lista completa de verbos irregulares veja o apndice dessa apostila.
H apenas uma forma no passado para todas as pessoas. Para se formar uma frase no
passado interrogativo usa-se o auxiliar did (invertendo-o com o sujeito); para formar
uma frase negativa usa-se did not = didnt. O verbo principal fica no infinitivo sem o

to:
Did Morris walk 100 miles yesterday?
Did you receive the letter?
They didnt like you at all.
Her parents did not approve of her boyfriend.

Observaes:

1.
Verbos que terminam em y precedidos de consoante mudam para ied: Cry
cried
2.
Verbos que terminam em y precedidos de consoante apenas recebem o ed: play
played
3.
O verbo to be, por ser anmalo, no segue o mesmo modelo de conjugao dos
outros verbos no passado. Lembre-se de que as interrogativas so formadas mediante
inverso sujeito-verbo e as negativas com o acrscimo de not. Tem no passado a
seguinte conjugao:
I was
You were
He was
She was
It was
We were
You were
They were
4. As contractions do verbo to be na negativa so wasnt e werent.

Notes:

Lesson 7
Quadro geral dos pronomes em ingls. Outros pronomes:

Pronouns
Personal
Subject
Object
I
Me
You
You
He
Him
She
Her
It
It
We
Us
You
You
They
Them
One
One
Usados
Usados
como
como
sujeito
objeto
direto ou
indireto

Reflexive
Myself
Yourself
Himself
Herself
Itself
Ourselves
Yourselves
Themselves
Oneself
Usados como
reflexivos,
enfticos ou
idiomticos

Possessive
Adjectives
Pronouns
My
Your
His
Her
Its
Our
Your
Their
Ones
Seguidos
de
substantiv
o

Mine
Yours
His
Hers
Its
Ours
Yours
Theirs

Case

(Of)

Indicam o
possuidor

You-One: You tem forma nica para o singular, plural, pronome reto e oblquo.
Tambm usado como pronome indefinido, funcionando como sujeito indeterminado,
referindo-se a pessoas no sentido geral: a gente, se. Nesse caso sinnimo de one,
que mais usado na linguagem formal.

You/One cant trust everybody nowadays.

Pronomes Reflexivos: Ocupam a posio aps o verbo. So usados quando o sujeito e
o objeto so a mesma pessoa ou coisa que faz e recebe os efeitos da ao.

Mary looks at herself in the mirror.

One should take care of oneself.
Tambm so usados enfaticamente, para reafirmar o fato de a prpria pessoa
praticar a ao:

You yourself told me that story.

You told me that story yourself.
Junto com a preposio BY adquirem o sentido idiomtico de sozinho, sem ajuda ou

companhia.

This machine works by itself. (=sozinha)

I did the homework by myself. (sem ajuda de ningum)
Observao:

1.
Each other e one another so pronomes recprocos, isto , so usados para
indicar reciprocidade ou relao mtua. Each other indica ao recproca entre dois
elementos, one another entre vrios elementos:

Jane and Will were playing in the park and hurt each other. (Um machucou o
outro).

The children were playing in the park and kissed one another. (vrias crianas
se beijaram mutuamente).

________________________________________________________________

Interrogatives
So empregados na formulao de perguntas. No quadro abaixo apresentamos os
principais pronomes interrogativos:
What
Where
When
Why
How
Who/Whom
Whose
Which

O que? Qual?
Onde?
Quando?
Por que?
Como?
Quem?
De quem?
O que? Qual?
(seletivo)

Whats your name?

Where did you go?
When did she arrive?
Why do you ask?
How are you?
Who sold the cat?
Whose car is that?
Which one do you want?

How pode ter diversas combinaes com adjetivos ou advrbios que lhe conferem
significados distintos:
How many? Quantos?
How much? Quanto?

How many cars do you have?

How much money do you have?
How much does it cost?

How often? Com que freqncia?

How far?
Qual a distncia? Quo
longe?
How long? Quanto tempo?
Qual o comprimento?
How wide?
How old?
How tall? Qual o
How high?

Qual a largura?
Quantos anos?
tamanho (estatura)?
Qual a altura?

How often do you come here?

How far will you go?
How long does it take you to go
home?
How long is that river?
How wide is it?
How old are you?
How tall are you?
How high is that building?

Observaes:
1.

What refere-se a um nmero ilimitado de elementos:

What would you like to have?

2.

Which seletivo e se refere a um nmero limitado de elementos:

Which do you prefer? Coffee or tea?

3.
Quando a pergunta feita sobre o sujeito da orao, no se usa verbo auxiliar.
Who usado para pessoas e what para coisas:

Who broke that window? The boys did.

Who understands Japanese? Sachiko does.
What broke the window? A stone broke it.
What happened? A collision between two cars.
4.
Whom usado no ingls formal e se refere ao objeto direto ou indireto da
orao. Por isso, tambm formal o uso de whom precedido de preposio:

Whom did you meet?

To whom did you give the letter?
5.

Why usado para fazer perguntas, Because para respond-las:

Why did you lie to her? Because I had to.

6.
Whose (de quem) tem uma estrutura diferente do portugus. seguido pelo
substantivo em ingls:

Whose car is that?

Whose house did he buy?
7.
No ingls informal as preposies geralmente vm no final da frase em
perguntas interrogativas:

What is that for?

Where is your family from?
Who are you looking at?
8.
Muitos dos pronomes acima so usados nas relative clauses.
informaes veja o captulo correspondente nesta apostila.

Notes:

Lesson 8

Para maiores

Artigo Definido
S existe uma forma the (o, a, os, as) que usada quando est claro a que pessoa ou
coisa nos referimos. empregado antes de substantivos masculinos ou femininos,
singulares ou plurais: the sky, the boys, the girls, the rain, the clouds.

Whats the name of this street?

My office is on the first floor.
Whats the time?
Com nomes de canais, rios, mares e oceanos:

The Atlantic Ocean

The Nile
The Suez Canal
No usamos the com as palavras television, breakfast, lunch, dinner, next e last:

What did you do last summer?

What time do you usually have dinner?
Do you like to watch television?
Tambm no usamos the diante de nomes de lugares (continentes, pases, cidades,
ilhas):

France is a very large country.

China is in Asia.
Mas usamos the em nomes como Republic (repblica), States (estados), Kingdom
(reino):

The Irish Republic

The United States of America
The United Kingdom
Em geral no se usa the diante de nomes de ruas, edifcios, aeroportos, universidades,
castelos, estaes e lugares dentro de uma cidade:

Kevin lives in Newton Street.

Times Square is in New York.
Kennedy airport
Victoria Station
London Zoo

Mas usamos the com nomes de restaurantes, cinemas, teatros, hotis, bares, museus:

The Hilton (Hotel)

(restaurant)

The National Theatre

The Star of India

Past Continuous
Expressa o que estava acontecendo num ponto do passado ou uma ao em andamento
quando outra aconteceu. formado pelas formas verbais do verbo to be no passado
(was/were) mais verbo principal acrescido de ing:

What were you doing at 6 oclock yesterday?

You were doing your lesson when I called.
As the man was looking at the picture, the thief stole his wallet.
Tambm pode expressar duas aes que ocorriam simultaneamente:

While Barbara was swimming, I was playing soccer.

Notes:

Lesson 9
Countable and Uncountable nouns
Um substantivo, em ingls, pode ser contvel ou incontvel. Dependendo dessa
caracterstica certas palavras podero ou no acompanh-lo. Veja a tabela abaixo:
Countable

Uncountable

A/an
Some
Few/ a few
Many
A lot of/ lots of

Some
Little/ a little
Much
A lot of/ lots of

Would you like an apple?

I need some new shoes.
Would you like some tea?
I have few/a few friends.
How much money do you have?
How many girlfriends does he have?
I got a lot of/ lots of presents.
Lets make a lot of/ lots of money .
As seguintes palavras so incontveis em ingls, mas geralmente contveis em
portugus:
Information
Advice
Weather
News
Bread
Hair
Furniture
Por serem incontveis, comum que com essas palavras, para que se d uma idia de
plural, usemos expresses como a piece of, a bar of, a pint of, a liter of, a glass of, a
can of, etc. Se assim acontecer, lembre-se de que essas expresses tm plural:

Would you like a piece of cheese?

I have some pieces of advice for you.
She bought two bars of soap in the market.
Se uma palavra incontvel, o verbo que a acompanha deve estar obrigatoriamente no
singular:

The news is amazing.

The weather is nice today.
The information was given yesterday night.

Notes:

Lesson 10
Modal Verbs
H certos verbos em ingls que exigem uma ateno especial. So os auxiliares
conhecidos como defectivos, anmalos ou simplesmente modais. So eles: can, could,
may, might, shall, should, ought to, must, mustnt e neednt. Apresentam as
seguintes caractersticas comuns:
1.
So seguidos do verbo principal no infinitivo sem o to. Exceo: ought to.
2.
No tem formas de particpio ou infinitivo. Se preciso, so substitudos por
expresses verbais de sentido equivalente.
3.
No levam s na 3a pessoa do singular do presente. Portanto, a mesma forma
usada para todas as pessoas.
4.
Formam a interrogativa e a negativa da mesma forma que o verbo to be.

Abaixo segue a tabela com os respectivos modais:

Modal
Can
Could

May

Might

Shall
Should
Ought to
Must

Mustnt
Neednt

Expressa
Habilidade
Capacidade
Permisso
informal
Possibilidade
Permisso
formal
Possibilidade
mais remota
Indicar futuro
Pedir opinio
Conselho
Recomendao
forte
Obrigao
Deduo
Concluso lgica
Proibio

Tempo
Pres.
Fut.
Pass.
Cond.
Pres.
Fut.
Pres.
Pass.
Cond.
Fut.
Pres.
Fut.
Pres.
Fut.

Forma substituda
To be able to
To be allowed to

To be possible
To be allowed to

What do you think

of?
To be advised to

Have to

No obrigao
No
necessidade

Can (poder, saber, ter capacidade ou aptido para): Indica habilidade em se fazer
alguma coisa, capacidade, permisso ou pedido informal. Tem como forma negativa
cannot = cant. Para formar a interrogativa basta invert-lo com o sujeito da frase:

Superman can fly, but we cant.

This machine can work non-stop for hours.
Can I help you?
Can I smoke here?
Could (podia, poderia): o passado e condicional do verbo can. Pode ser usado na
interrogativa como forma de fazer pedidos educados:

Could you bring me a glass of water, please?

Forma negativa: could not = couldnt.

They couldnt help the old man.

May ( poder, ter licena ou permisso para). usado em linguagem mais formal para
fazer pedidos. Indica tambm a possibilidade de certa ao ocorrer. Sua forma
negativa may not.

May I come in, teacher?

It may rain tomorrow.
They may not come.
Might: (poder) Indica a possibilidade de a ao ocorrer, no entanto com intensidade
menor, mais fraca:

It might rain tomorrow.

Shall: Assim como will, o auxiliar do futuro. No entanto apenas usado com as
primeiras pessoas (I e We):

I shall be late tomorrow. (=I will be late tomorrow)

I think we shall win.
(=I think we will win)
Pode tambm ser usado para pedir uma opinio. Nesse caso equivale a um implcito
voc acha que uma boa idia...

Its warm today. Shall I open the window?

Shall I phone you this evening? Yes, please.
Should/Ought to (dever, deveria):
Expressam conselho, recomendao forte,
obrigao moral. Formas negativas: shouldnt (should not) e oughtnt to (ought not to):

You should stop smoking.

You ought to stop smoking.
We should help the poor.
You oughtnt to say that to him.

Must (dever, ter que): expressa obrigao, no presente e no futuro:

We must go to the bank today. We havent got any money.

Must I clean the windows too? Yes, they are very dirty.
Must not = Mustnt: Expressa proibio:

Children mustnt play with matches.

You mustnt touch the pictures.
Neednt: expressa a no necessidade; no preciso fazer isso:

I neednt clean the windows. They arent dirty.

You neednt go to the bank today. I can give you some money.
Voc tambm pode dizer:

I dont need to clean the windows...

You dont need to go to the bank...

Lesson 11
Comparison of adjectives
Na tabela abaixo temos os graus de comparao dos adjetivos:

Inferioridade
Less...than

Comparativo
Igualdade
As...as So...as/as...as(neg.)

Superioridade
-er...than/more...than

O comparativo de inferioridade formado utilizando-se a estrutura less...than:

This car is less expensive than that one.

O comparativo de igualdade formado com as...as ou so...as (este ltimo apenas
para as frases negativas):

Peter is as intelligent as Homer.

Italy is not so rich as France.

O comparativo de superioridade formado dependendo do nmero de slabas do

adjetivo. Se este tiver apenas uma slaba recebe a desinncia er. Com palavras de
duas ou mais slabas usamos more...

This blouse is shorter than that blue one (short s uma slaba).
The house is more expensive than the apartment. (expensive vrias slabas)
Exceo: s palavras de duas slabas acabadas em y acrescenta-se er:
Shes luckier than her brother.

Observaes:
1.

Alguns comparativos so irregulares:

Good Better
Bad Worse
Far Farther/Further

2.
A conjuno than s necessria se o outro termo da comparao aparecer na
sentena.
Superlativo
Superioridade
Inferioridade
The...-est/The most....
The least...
O superlativo de superioridade formado acrescentando-se the...est aos adjetivos
de uma slaba e the most... para os mais de duas slabas:

Brian is the richest boy in the city. (rich uma s slaba)

They are the most important people in this city. (important vrias slabas)
O superlativo de inferioridade formado com the least...(o menos)

Willy is the least old of the group.

1.

Observaes:
Lembre-se dos irregulares e dos que acabam em y:
Good Best
Bad Worst
Far Farthest/Furthest

Easy - Easiest
2.
A estrutura the + comparativo de superioridade...the +comparativo de
superioridade corresponde a quanto mais(menos)...mais (menos):

The harder you work, the more you earn.

The more I try, the worse it gets.
The less you speak, the less itll ache.

3.
Ateno aos seguintes adjetivos que, devido a seu prprio significado, no
aceitam comparao:

perfect unique full empty daily

Lesson 12
Present Perfect
Tempo verbal composto com o auxiliar to have + past participle (particpio passado) do
verbo principal. O particpio passado dos verbos regulares em ingls formado
acrescentando-se ed, enquanto os verbos irregulares tm uma forma prpria:
Like liked (verbo regular)
Run Run (verbo irregular)
Present Perfect
Positive
I have eaten
You have eaten
He has eaten
She has eaten
It has eaten
We have eaten
You have eaten
They have eaten

Observaes:

do verbo comer (irregular) em ingls

Negative
Interrogative
I have not eaten
Have I eaten?
You have not eaten
Have you eaten?
He has not eaten
Has he eaten?
She has not eaten
Has she eaten?
It has not eaten
Has it eaten?
We have not eaten
Have we eaten?
You have not eaten
Have you eaten?
They have not eaten
Have they eaten?

1.
Na afirmativa, as formas contradas do auxiliar to have so: Ive, Youve, Hes,
Shes, Its, Weve, Youve, Theyve. No confunda as formas das 3 as pessoas do
singular que acabam em s com as contraes do verbo to be que tm a mesma forma.
O contexto dir qual forma est sendo usada.
2.
Na negativa, as formas contradas so havent e hasnt.
3.
As short answers so formadas com o auxiliar have:

-Have you ever been abroad?

-Yes, I have.
-No, I havent.

Usos do Present Perfect

1. Expressar uma ao que aconteceu num passado recente, porm no determinado.

O importante no quando algo aconteceu, mas a comunicao do fato em si e os
seus reflexos no momento presente:

I have painted the room.

2. Uma ao que acabou de acontecer, caso em que se usa o advrbio just. Outros
advrbios comumente usados neste caso so already, yet, ever, never:

He has just arrived.

He has already painted the room.
Has she washed the car yet?
You havent washed the car yet.
Have you ever been to Moscow?
I have never been to Moscow.
3. Expressar uma ao repetida em vrias ocasies de um passado indeterminado:

I have lost my keys several times.

4. Indicar que uma certa ao ou estado tem se desenvolvido desde (since...) certo
momento do passado, ou h certo tempo (for...), at o momento presente. Ao
que comeou no passado e continua at o momento presente:

Brazil has been a Republic since1889.

Brazil has been a Republic for more than one hundred years.
Marys learned ballet since she was a child.

Lesson 13
Diferenas entre o Present Perfect e o Simple Past
O simple past usado com alguma palavra/expresso que denote tempo definido, tais
como yesterday, in 1945, last year, etc.

I saw Paula yesterday.

We didnt have a holiday last year.
Tambm se usa o simple past com os interrogativos When e What time:

When did you go?

What time did she arrive?
E com a palavra ago:

They met 5 years ago.

Se no houver tempo definido, use o present perfect:

Have you ever seen a camel?

Has she got dressed yet?

Lesson 14
Present Perfect Continuous
Tempo verbal formado com:
To have + particpio passado do verbo to be + verbo principal no gerndio (-ing):
doing

have

been

Indica que uma certa ao ou estado iniciado no passado continua se desenrolando no

momento presente. comum, nesse caso, expressar tambm desde quando (since...)
ou h quanto tempo (for...) essa ao est se desenvolvendo:

It has been raining since yesterday evening. (Est chovendo desde ontem
noite a ao comeou no passado e ainda est se desenvolvendo).

s vezes o Present Perfect e o Present Perfect Continuous so equivalentes:

Theyve lived here for ten years. (Eles moram aqui h dez anos)
Theyve been living here for ten years. (Eles esto morando aqui h dez anos).
Em alguns casos indicam idias bem diferentes:

I have painted the room. ( O quarto est pintado. Ao completa)

I have been painting the room. (O quarto ainda est sendo pintado. Ao em
andamento)

Lesson 15
Past Perfect
Tempo verbal formado pelo auxiliar to have + past participle do verbo principal.
Expressa uma ao que aconteceu antes de outra no passado simples (de duas aes
passadas a que acontece em primeiro lugar). comum vir acompanhado de
conjunes como before, after, when:

When I called up Sue, Ralph had just left. (Isto , Ralph saiu antes de eu
chamar Sue.)

They had already cooked dinner before I got there with a pizza. ( isto , o
jantar j estava pronto quando cheguei com a pizza)
Veja o seguinte exemplo:
Sarah arrived at the party.
Este o ponto de partida da nossa histria. Se quisermos falar de coisas que
aconteceram antes desse tempo, usamos o past perfect:

When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul had already gone home.
Paul foi embora para a casa antes de Sarah chegar a festa.

Lesson 16

Past Perfect Continuous

Formado com had + been + verbo principal com ing. Enfatiza a durao ou repetio
da ao at determinado tempo no passado. comum vir acompanhado de advrbios
como for, when after:

It was 8:00 pm and she was tired because she had been working for ten hours.
Yesterday morning I got up and looked out of the window.The sun was shining
but the ground was very wet. It had been raining.
Ateno para no confundir past continuous com past perfect continuous:

When I met Sarah, I saw she was crying (ela estava chorando quando a
encontrei)

When I met Sarah, I saw she had been crying ( ela no estava mais chorando,
mas deu para perceber que estivera chorando antes).

Lesson 17
Future
O tempo futuro em ingls pode ser expresso de vrias formas:

1. Com o auxiliar will seguido de infinitivo sem o to. Esta construo tambm

comum com palavras como maybe, perhaps, probably, I think.... A forma contrada
de will ll. Perguntas so feitas invertendo-se will e o sujeito enquanto as
negativas com o simples acrscimo de not. Will not = wont:

Sue travels a lot. Shes in Madrid today. She will be in Rome tomorrow. Next
week shell be in Tokyo.
You cannot phone me this evening. I will not (=wont) be at home.
Leave the old bread in the garden. The birds will probably eat it.
I think Diana will pass the exam.

2. No se usa will para coisas ou situaes que j foram decididas ou planejadas.

Nesse caso deve-se usar to be + going to ou o present continuous:

I am going to buy some books tomorrow. (Eu j decidi, at deixei o dinheiro

reservado para isso)

I am not going to have breakfast this morning. I am not hungry.

Are you going to invite John to your party?
I am not working tomorrow. (present continuous)
Mary is playing tennis with Julia tomorrow. (present continuous)

3. Se estiver claro ou houver fortes indcios de que a ao vai acontecer, use going
to:

Look at those black clouds in the sky. Its going to rain!

Oh shit! Its 9:00 oclock now and the meeting is at 9:15. I am going to be late!

4. O future continuous formado com will + be + verbo principal com ing. Indica
uma ao que estar se desenvolvendo em algum ponto do futuro:

They will be leaving for Australia next month.

I will be reading this text in my English class tomorrow morning.

5. O Future Perfect formado com will + have + verbo principal no particpio

passado. Expressa uma ao que ter sido feita em algum ponto do futuro:

Classes will have finished by Christmas.

6. Would o auxiliar do condicional em ingls. Pode ser o passado de will em alguns

casos ou ento ter um uso idiomtico. seguido do infinitivo sem o to:

He said he would visit his family at Christmas. (Ele disse que visitaria a famlia
no Natal).

I would be with you now if he hadnt made that mistake. (Eu estaria com voc
agora se ele no tivesse feito aquela trapalhada.)
Would you like to come with us? (gostaria de vir conosco? Nesse caso usado
para fazer convites)

7. O condicional perfeito formado com would + have +verbo principal no past

participle. Usado em oraes condicionais (if clauses) ou como o passado de would:

I would have helped you if I had time. (Teria te ajudado se tivesse tempo).
I would have been there if you had asked me to. (eu teria ido l se voc tivesse
pedido).

8. Will e Would tambm so usados para fazer pedidos. Would mais formal que will:
Will you open the door, please? (Voc quer abrir a porta, por favor?)
Would you open the door, please? (poderia fazer o favor de abrir a porta?)

Lesson 18
Imperative
O imperativo afirmativo em ingls, usado para dar ordens ou fazer pedidos, formado
com o infinitivo sem o to para todas as pessoas, exceto a 1a pessoa do plural que usa o
auxiliar Let us = Lets. O imperativo negativo formado acrescentando-se o auxiliar
do not = dont ou let us not =lets not:

Go home! (V pra casa!)

Come here please! (venham aqui por favor!)
Please dont go! (por favor no v!)
Dont kill him! (no mate-o!)
Lets have some fun! (vamos nos divertir!)
Lets not disturb him. (no o atrapalhemos)
The light is green, lets cross the street.

( O sinal est verde, vamos

atravessar a rua)

Lesson 19
Infinitive and Gerund
O infinitivo a forma original do verbo tal qual se encontra num dicionrio. Pode
aparecer na frase com ou sem o to. O gerndio o verbo com a terminao ing.
O infinitivo com to de uso mais amplo aparecendo aps a grande maioria dos verbos,
adjetivos, advrbios, nomes, pronomes, etc:

I expect to be there.
This car is hard to park.
She knows where to find the keys.
Tambm pode indicar propsito, finalidade:

They went there to buy something = They went there in order to buy something.
Use o infinitivo sem o to:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

aps
aps
aps
aps
aps

modal verbs (can, could, must, etc.)

os auxiliares do-does-did-will-would
had better, would rather, rather than
as preposies but e except: She did nothing but complain.
os verbos make e let: You make me feel brand new.

Let me help you!

O gerndio usado como substantivo nas funes de sujeito, objeto indireto ou

objeto indireto (aps preposio use sempre o gerndio):

1.
2.
3.

Swimming is his favourite sport.

He likes swimming.
They were prevented from swimming.

usado tambm aps os verbos go e come indicando atividade fsica, e na expresso

go shopping:

Were going riding this afternoon.

When are you going shopping? As soon as we get our salary.
Sempre use o gerndio aps os verbos abaixo:
Admit
Avoid
Appreciate
Consider
Delay
Fancy
Deny
Detest
Dislike
Enjoy
Escape

Understand
Excuse
Finish
Keep
Mention
Mind
Miss
Practice
Resist
Risk
Quit

Da mesma forma com os verbos de percepo:

Feel
See
Observe Notice
Hear
Watch
Atente para o uso das seguintes expresses abaixo. Algumas vm acompanhadas de
infinitivo (com ou sem o to), outras de gerndio:

Had better (d better): melhor, seria melhor - sem o to (expressa

conselho)

1.

Youd better tell me the truth.

Had she better try again?
Youd better not leave late.

2.

Would rather (d rather): preferir

Wed rather stay home.

Would you rather watch tv?
Id rather not see her now.

3.

Used to: costumava; indica ao habitual no passado:

I used to love you.

Did he use to play tennis as a child?
They didnt use to go to the movies.
Be used to/Be accustomed to/ get used to: estar acostumado a so
sempre seguidas de gerndio porque o to, no caso, preposio:

4.

Were used to getting up late.

5.

Cant help: no poder deixar de sempre seguida de gerndio:

I cant help falling in love.

6.

To be worth/worthwhile: valer a pena

It was worth listening to him.

Lesson 20
If Clauses
O auxiliar will usado nas sentenas condicionais (iniciadas por if) para indicar o
que acontecer se determinada condio acontecer tambm. Assim,

If you fix my car, Ill give you a kiss.

O verbo na orao iniciada por if usado no presente e o da orao seguinte no
futuro. A ordem das oraes pode ser inversa, com o mesmo sentido:

Ill give you a kiss, if you fix my car.

Would usado nas sentenas condicionais para indicar o que aconteceria se
determinada condio fosse cumprida. Assim,

If they fixed my car, Id give them a kiss.

O verbo da orao iniciada por if usado no passado e o da orao seguinte vem no
Conditional (would + infinitivo sem to), iniciado por would. A ordem pode ser
invertida sem prejuzo do sentido.
Outros exemplos:

If you heat water, itll boil.

If you buy me a present, Ill be very glad.

If John hadnt drunk so much, the accident wouldnt have happened.
The firemen could have saved the boy if they had had more time.

Lesson 21
Relative Clauses
As relative clauses correspondem s oraes adjetivas. Para formul-las, usamos 3
conjunes com o sentido usual do que em portugus, mas distintas em ingls. So
elas:
Who: usada para pessoas. Exemplos:

I met a woman. She can speak 6 languages.

I met a woman who can speak 6 languages.
Which: usada para coisas:

An aeroplane is a machine. It flies.

An aeroplane is a machine which flies.
That: usada para pessoas e/ou coisas:

I met a woman that can speak 6 languages.

An aeroplane is a machine that flies.
Quando essas trs conjunes so o sujeito da frase subordinada, elas so
obrigatrias. Quando so o objeto, so opcionais. Compare:

Jim was wearing a hat that was too big for him. (that = sujeito da frase)
The people (who) we met were very nice (who = objeto direto)
Na ltima frase no poderamos omitir who.

Lesson 22
Prepositions
Preposies so palavras usadas com nomes para mostrar sua relao com outras
palavras da sentena. A seguir, apresentamos as principais preposies em ingls e
seu uso:

In

On

At

Time
Meses: In January
Anos, sculos: in 1995
Estaes: in winter
Partes do dia: in the morning, in
the afternoon, in the evening
Dias da semana: on Sunday
Datas (ms +dia) on April the 3rd
Determinadas datas: On
Christimas day
Horas: at 7

Certos feriados: At Christmas

Place
Cidades: In London
Estados: In Arkansas
Pases: in Nicaragua
Continentes: In Asia
Ruas, avenidas, praas:
on Portugal Avenue

Endereos (rua
+nmero): at 456
Lincoln St.
Lugares pblicos: at the
club, at the airport, at a
party

Na dvida, as sugestes abaixo podem ajud-lo a resolv-la, mas lembre-se: o uso nem
sempre segue a regra geral.
Use in para indicar dentro de alguma coisa:

In the box
In the fridge

In a shop
In a garden
In France

Use on para indicar contato:

On a shelf
On a plate
On the grass
Use at para indicar um lugar definido. Nesse caso, seu sentido o de junto a, na:

At the bus stop

At the top
At the bottom

Outras preposies:

About: sobre, a respeito de: Tell me about your life.

Above: acima de: Johns apartment is above Maras.
Across: atravs de, do outro lado: The dog swam across the river.
After: depois de: She always arrives after 9 oclock.
Against: contra: The motorbike was against the wall.
Among: entre (vrios): The pencil was among the books.
Around: em volta de: They travelled all around the world.
Before: antes de: She never arrives before 7 oclock.
Behind: atrs de: Tim is behind Peter.
Below: abaixo de: Mara lives below John.
Beside: ao lado de: The earphones are beside the monitor.
Besides: alm de: Besides English, she can also speak Russian.
Between: entre (dois): He was sitting between the two old ladies.
Beyond: alm de: The valley is beyond the mountains.
But: exceto: Everybody went to the party, but Philip.
By: por, junto, ao lado de: Lets rest by the fireplace.
They live by the sea.
Down: abaixo, para baixo
Up: acima, para cima
Their house is halfway down/up the hill
During: durante: He was in the army during the war.
For: a favor de: He whos not for us is against us.
For: por, para, h (tempo) The train for Moscow leaves at noon.
Fresh air is good for health.
Theyve lived here for ages.
From: de (origem): Where are you from?
In front of: na frente de: Peter is in front of Tim.

Inside/outside: dentro de/fora de:Let the dog sleep inside/outside.

Instead of: em vez de: You should be studying instead of playing videogames.
Into: para dentro, em: The cars disappeared into the mist.
Like: como: Whats that like?
Near: perto de: The post office is near the cathedral.
Off: para fora (de uma superfcie): Marky fell off his bike.
Out of: para fora de: Take these books out of the box.
Over: sobre, acima de, por cima de:
There were over 1.000 people in the concert
Throw the stone over the wall
Since: desde: Ive known her since 1995.
Through: atravs de: The soldiers walked through the forest.
Till/until: at (tempo): The book wont arrive till tomorrow.
To: para: People say that Teresa will go to France next week.
Towards: para, em direo a: The nasty boy threw the stone towards the
window.
Under: em baixo de: the cat lays under the bed.
With/without: com/sem: Go with us!
I cant live without you.
Within: dentro de : The noise came from within the stable.
Observaes:
1.
Assim como em portugus, em ingls tambm temos regncia verbal. Assim,
preste ateno aos seguintes verbos e s preposies regidas por eles:
Accuse of
Aim at
Apologise to somebody for
Apply for (a job)
Approve of
Ask for
Believe in
Blame somebody/something for
Break into
Bump into
Care about
Care for
Collide with
Concentrate on
Congratulate someone on/ compliment someone on
Consist of

Crash into
Cut into
Depend on
Die of
Divide into
Drive into
Explain/Describe something to somebody
Fill with
Glance at
Happen to
Have a discussion about
Have a look at
Insist on
Invite someone to (a party)
Laugh at
Leave a place for another place
Listen to
Live on
Look at
Look for
Pay for
Prefer one thing/person to another
Protect somebody/something from (ou against)
Provide with
Read about
Rely on
Run into
Search for
Smile at
Speak to somebody
Specialise in
Spend money on
Split into
Stare at
Succeed in
Suffer from
Supply with
Suspect of
Take care of
Talk about
Talk to somebody
Tell somebody about
Thank somebody for forgive somebody for

Translate (a book) from one language into another

Wait for
Write (a letter) to
2.
Alguns verbos tm regncia com mais de uma preposio, porm com mudana
de significado:
Hear about (ouvir sobre)
Hear of (saber que algo ou algum existe)
Remind somebody about (dizer para algum no se esquecer)
Remind somebody of (fazer algum se lembrar de algo)
Shout at somebody (quando se est nervoso)
Shout to (para que nos ouam)
Throw at somebody/something (para acert-los)
Throw something to somebody (para que algum pegue)
3.

Ateno tambm regncia de alguns substantivos e adjetivos:

A cause of
A increase/decrease/rise/fall in
A need for
A photograph/ picture/map/plan/drawing of
A reason for
An advantage/disadvantage of
Angry/annoyed/furious about something
Angry/annoyed/furious with somebody for doing something
Damage to
Delighted/pleased/satisfied/disappointed with something
Excited/worried/upset/nervous/happy about something
Fed up/ bored with
Invitation to
Nice/kind/good/generous/polite/cruel of (somebody doing something)
Nice/kind/good/generous/polite/cruel to somebody
Relationship/contact/connection with
Solution/answer/key/reply/reaction to
Sorry about something
Sorry for doing somethin

Lesson 23
Passive Voice
Usamos a voz passiva em ingls quando destacamos a ao do verbo em si, o objeto que
recebe a ao. A pessoa que praticou a ao o agente fica em segundo plano e
freqentemente no mencionado. Prefere-se a voz passiva, por exemplo, na
linguagem impessoal, quando no interessa o agente ou ele indefinido, ou
desconhecido, ou bvio. A voz passiva formada em ingls com o auxiliar to be + past.
participle do verbo principal. Veja a tabela abaixo:
Tempo verbal
Simple present
Simple past
Present Continuous
Past continuous
Simple Future
Simple conditional
Present perfect
Past perfect
Modal auxiliary

Voz ativa
Take/takes
Took
Am/is/are taking
Was/were taking
Will take
Would take
Have/has taken
Had taken
Can/could/must/etc...

Voz passiva
Is/are taken
Was/were taken
Am/is/are being taken
Was/were being taken
Will be taken
Would be taken
Have/has been taken
Had been taken
Modal+be+past.part.

Exemplos:
Voz ativa
Voz passiva
My father is a builder. He builds the The house is built (by my father).
house.
My father built the house.
The house was built.
My father is building the house.
The house is being built.
My father was building the house.
The house was being built.
My father will build the house.
The house will be built.
My father would build the house.
The house would be built.
My father has built the house.
The house has been built.
My father had built the house.
The house had been built.

My father could build the house.

The house could be built.

Compare estes outros exemplos:

Somebody cleans this room everyday.

This room is cleaned everyday.
Martin washed his car yesterday.
His car was washed yesterday.
The maid will do the dishes later.
The dishes will be done later.

The room looks nice. Somebody has put it away.

It has been put away.
The room looked nice. Somebody had put it away.
It had been put away.
She is making a cornmeal cake now.
The cornmeal cake is being made now.
She was making the cornmeal cake when I arrived.
The cornmeal cake was being made when I arrived.

Observaes:
1.

Verbos com dois objetos podem ter duas construes na passiva:

They asked me many questions.

A)
B)

I was asked many questions.

Many questions were asked to me.

1.
Em portugus no se faz voz passiva com verbos transitivos indiretos.
Em ingls, porm, isso bastante comum:

Someone is shooting at him. Hes been shot at.

The manager called off the meeting. The meeting was called off.

Muitas frases em ingls comeam com sujeito indeterminado (Dizem

que...; espera-se que...; acredita-se que...) especialmente com verbos como say,
think, know, expect, believe, report, hope, presume, prove, understand,
consider, etc. Quando isso acontecer, teremos duas formas na passiva:

2.

(Voz ativa) They believe that the old castle is haunted.

(Voz passiva) 1. It is believed that the old castle is haunted.

2. The old castle is believed to be haunted.

No primeiro caso o pronome It ser o sujeito da passiva.

No segundo caso o sujeito da orao subordinada ser o sujeito da voz passiva.
O verbo da orao subordinada passa para o infinitivo com to ou para o
infinitivo perfeito (to have + past. part.). O infinitivo perfeito usado quando o
tempo do verbo da orao subordinada for anterior ao tempo do verbo da
orao principal:

People say that he had too many enemies.

He is said to have had too many enemies.

Lesson 24
Direct and Indirect Speech

No discurso direto, ns temos as palavras exatamente como so ditas pela pessoa que
fala e geralmente indicadas entre aspas ou travesso. No discurso indireto, quando
relatamos as palavras ditas por algum, mantemos o mesmo significado, mas com uma
forma diferente. Say e tell so os verbos usados nesse tipo de estrutura. Veja nas
tabelas a seguir as principais mudanas a serem feitas para converter o discurso
direto em indireto:
Mudana nos tempos verbais
Discurso direto
Discurso Indireto
Simple Present
Simple Past
Present Continuous
Past Continuous
Simple Past
Past Perfect
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
Simple Future
Simple Conditional
Simple Conditional
Conditional Perfect
May
Might
Can
Could
Past Continuous
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect
Could
Could
Might
Might
Should
Should
Ought
Ought
Exemplos:

Ringo said, I study hard to pass my exams.

Ringo said he studied hard to pass his exams.
Anthony said I am going downtown now.
Anthony said he was going downtown then.
Emilia said I didnt buy that dog!
Emilia said she hadnt bought that dog.
I said I have lived here for ages.
I said I had lived there for ages.
The boys said to his friends well win the match!
The boys told his friends that they would win the match.
I said to my girlfriend love can tear us apart.
I told my girlfriend that love could tear us apart.

Observaes:
O verbo say usado tanto no discurso direto quanto no indireto e pede a
preposio to quando acompanha o objeto indireto. O verbo tell usado apenas
no discurso indireto, sem preposio.
2.
A conjuno that opcional.

1.

Outras mudanas
Discurso Direto
Discurso Indireto
Here
There
Now
Then
Today
That day
Tomorrow
The next day (the following day)
Yesterday
The day before (the previous day)
Last week
The week before
Ago
Before
This/these
That/those
Observaes:
As perguntas indiretas tm estrutura afirmativa aparecendo com verbos
como ask, know, wonder, tell, want to know:

1.

The boss wants to know where the files are.

Could you tell me where I can take a taxi?
Moms asking if youve got a pencil.

Lesson 25
Word order
O ingls muito mais rgido que o portugus quando o assunto a ordem de colocao

das palavras na sentena. Por isso, preste muita ateno s seguintes caractersticas:
1. Numa sentena afirmativa, em ingls, a ordem natural sujeito + verbo +
complementos. Nas interrogativas os pronomes interrogativos vm antes dos
verbos auxiliares e estes vm antes do sujeito; nas negativas os verbos auxiliares
vo depois dele:

What do you like?

Do you like pizza?
I like pizza.
I dont like pizza.
2. As posies para os advrbios so: I. antes do verbo. II. No final da frase. III.
No comeo da frase. Isso sempre vai depender de suas caractersticas:

It often snows at Christmas in Russia.

Authorized personnel only.
Sometimes I think Im crazy.
3. Os adjetivos, salvo raras excees, precedem os substantivos a que se referem:

That yellow ball is ours.

Have you seen my lovely cat?
4. No ingls informal e em certas estruturas, as preposies vm no final da frase:

Who were you talking to?

Shes just been operated on.
5. Quando houver phrasal verbs, os pronomes objetos devem vir entre o verbo e a
preposio. Com os substantivos duas posies so possveis:

Turn down the radio.

Turn it down.

ou

Turn the radio down.

6. Objetos diretos e indiretos vo aps o verbo. Quando o verbo puder ser seguido
pelos dois (give, send, por exemplo) duas ordens de colocao so possveis:

I love my car!
Hell never approve of our relationship.
Give that book to me! Ou Give me that book.
7. s vezes colocamos o verbo antes do sujeito em frases que no so interrogativas

para dar nfase, ou em poesia:

Here comes the sun...

Appendix
Numbers:
Abaixo est a relao dos nmeros cardinais e ordinais em ingls. Compare:
Cardinal
1 One
2 Two
3 Three
4 Four
5 Five

Ordinal
1o First
2o Second
3o Third
4o Fourth
5o Fifth

6 Six
7 Seven
8 Eight
9 Nine
10 Tem
11 Eleven
12 Twelve
13 Thirteen
14 Fourteen
15 Fifteen
16 Sixteen
17 Seventeen
18 Eighteen
19 Nineteen
20 Twenty
21 Twenty-one
22 Twenty-two
30 Thirty
40 Forty
50 Fifty
60 Sixty
70 Seventy
80 Eighty
90 Ninety
100 One (A) Hundred
101 One Hundred one
200 Two Hundred
300 Three Hundred
1,000 One (A) Thousand
1,000,000 One Million
1,000,000,000
One
Billion

6o Sixth
7o Seventh
8o Eighth
9o Ninth
10o Tenth
11o Eleventh
12o Twelfth
13o Thirteenth
14o Fourteenth
15o Fifteenth
16o Sixteenth
17o Seventeenth
18o Eighteenth
19o Nineteenth
20o Twentieth
21o Twenty-first
22o Twenty-second
30o Thirtieth
40o Fortieth
50o Fiftieth
60o Sixtieth
70o Seventieth
80o Eightieth
90o Ninetieth
100o One hundredth
101o One hundred-first
200o Two hundredth
300o Three hundredth
1,000o One thousandth
1,000,000 One millionth
1,000,000,000
One
billionth

Percebe-se facilmente que os nmeros ordinais so formados com o acrscimo do

sufixo th. No entanto, tome cuidado pois alguns nmeros mudam a grafia: twelfth,
ninth.
Observao:
muito comum, principalmente nos Estados Unidos, o uso do sistema imperial de
pesos e medidas que difere consideravelmente do sistema mtrico decimal.
Assim, caso voc precise fazer alguma converso, abaixo seguem as principais

medidas:

Weights and measures

1 inch (polegada) = 2.54cm
1 yard (jarda) = 0.9144m
1 mile (milha) = 1.609km
1 foot (p) = 30cm
1 ounce (ona) = 28.35g
C F
=
Tc/5=Tf-32/9
1 pound (libra) = 0.4536kg
1 pint ( - ) = 0.5683 dcm3
1 gallon (galo) = 4.546 (BrE)/ 3.785 (AmE) dcm3

Notes: