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Analise Exergia e Produçao Entropia PDF
Analise Exergia e Produçao Entropia PDF
Doctoral thesis
for the degree of doktor engenir
Trondheim, September 2006
Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology
Department of Chemistry
NTNU
Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Doctoral thesis
for the degree of doktor enginir
Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology
Department of Chemistry
Anita Zvolinschi
ISBN 82-471-8068-5 (printed version)
ISBN 82-471-8067-7 (electronic version)
ISSN 1503-8181
Doctoral theses at NTNU, 2006:151
Printed by NTNU-trykk
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loss
in
out
in
out
loss
loss
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QRI
dS
Eloss = T0
t
dt irr
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Lij = Lji
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T0 dS
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?> X zZ L/DGb , S D @ b @ S U[ A> S > [ MS [ D X [qz E }~XY>"@ SD @ Q P @g> D [ $ h
>"@AR h M U[ S @g> J8[ >"@A D A ] S y [q @A> D ,
@g> S w >"X L > E AP [ y|~D @ AP PKX } [ }~XY>"@ S D Pw D S > @> S M >qP D X DGYS
M U[ X P S D P DG*S L @ > SED [ @ D @A } 8[ P S > S U[ EE Q [ L yzD XGXn } 8[ P S g>
, @(} 8[ } [ E A S [ P [ @ S E P S A D @ S @ J S < > E < S S P8~@ D P1>"XA S > D X > E
S @ [ S @ [ @ < E M U[ E h S D @ b @ S U[ A> S > [ M-S {{ > [ ~S > D @ A M 8[ y
Z g>"} S |>"@A }~} @A D J E > > EE y A S g> SS > y [q @ S [ M X P S D P DG*S
@ , A A M U[ S }g>"} } 8[ A P SED [ @ h > S > S >"@A > S }g>"} S E > SEy @ S >"@A
> S }g>"} D @P D @ > SED [ @ D [ ~S > D @ A M 8[ y S {{
?> X Z L/DGb , S D @ b @ S U[ A> S > [ MS @g> S w >"X L > E AP [ y~D @ AP PKX } [
}~XY>"@ SD @ Q P @g> D [ $ h >"@AR h M U[ S @g> J8[ >"@A D A S y [q @A> D ,
?> X kZ jdE yzy > D E, S E,E X S z[ ~S > D @ A D @ ?> X ,Z >"@A Z D @ U[ A S [
[ ~S > D @ S A> S > M U[ S @ L P [ @ b E D [ @ E P S U[ D @ S \ S y
nkvwv o2qSrts ^
nkvwv o2qSrts ^
nkvwv o2qSrts ^
nkvwv o2qSrts
^
H
Np p<D:< &EFQq>ss3[t
@ S D E P SED [ @ S } 8[ P ,I A , P D } SED [ @ [ M > S > S S E > SEy @ S }~XY>"@ S cW{d
D } E,E @ S AA < > EE y } SED [ @ >"@A S M [U y XY> M [U S 9 J L P1>"XxP XY> SED [ @ [ MS
Pw yzD P1>"X >"@A yzD E D [ @ S g> S > E }g> S [ MS > S > S P [ y } [ DGSED [ @> E >"X 8[
L/DGb @ D @ b @ S U[ A> S > [ MS D }~XY>"@ SD @ Q P @g> D [ $ h >"@A> E } E,I @ S A
D @> X Z < o ,E A> S > E P [ XGX P S A M 8[ yS > S > S S E > SEy @ SM >qP D X DGSY
> S U[ EE Q [ L yzD XGnX
M [ XGX [ D @ L > EE y } SED [ @ >"@A DGy }~X D gP1> SED [ @ Ez E A M U[ S P1>"XxP XY> SED [ @ [ M
J L [ MD @~} S >"@A [q S } Sy > S D >"X [ Fc)d S > S > P [ @ D A E A>
> D AP [ @ S > D @ D @ L P [ y } [ @ @ S [ MWS y >"X J L c > S d>"@APw yzD P1>"X J L
c U[ L >"@ D P y > SES kE } E,E @ S A Z >"@AU h}~ [ }~ U[ Ez c{ t d>"@A@ DGS 8[ L @
c t dEid h<c d S [ J L P [ @ S @ S [ M PKX >"@ > S >"@A @P [ @ S > yzD @g> S A@ S D @ S D
@ [ S , SEDGy > S AA WcOd 9 J L y| [ A D A D @ D XxA D @ L >"@A S 9 J L @ , A A M U[
}~XY>"@ Sy > D @ S @g>"@P > E] J~PKX A A M 8[ y S ] J L P1>"XxP XY> SED [ @ cHTd ] S y
[q @A> [ M W{ D A > @> 8[q @A S }~XY>"@ S
> S > S S g> S P [ y , M 8[ y S [&[ A > AA h S y [ vy Pwg>"@ D P1>"X} XG} D @ L
}~XY>"@ S h>"@A }g>"} y > D @ L }~XY>"@ S g> > S y } > S w Ez[ M } 0 Z ^ D S y } > S w E
D A D E @ SM 8[ yS > b > L >"@~@ >"X @ bTD 8[ @ y @ S >"X S y } > S w E c T 0 Z id
D y >"@ S g> SS V J L P [ @ S @ S [ MS > S > S h~A z S [ DGS > S P [ @ S @ S h
D A D E @ S\M 8[ y 8[ S y >"X J L P [ @ S @ S c E thermal d [ M > S > S
wastewater
> P1>"XxP XY> S A> F
c Z < )d
T
T
ln( ))
E thermal = Q(1
0
wastewater
T T0
T0
E
c Z < d
Q = mcp (T T )
E h Q D S S y >"X @ L [ [ M > S > S c D @ dih m D S y > E [
> S [ M > S > S c D @ L / dih>"@A c D S [ } P D gP > S P1>"}g>qP DGS* [ M > S c D @
p
a / L id
S y } > S wE P8g>"@ L =[ M > S > S @ DGS }g> EE, S 8[q L S S E > SEy @ S
}~XY>"@ SD 9 y >"XGnX S > > EE y A S g> S\S J L X [E A z > S J~P8g>"@ L S , @
S > d S J > S L A >"@ y A>" @[ A S M U[ > S > D D D @ D LC@ S DGL @ D g> P1D >"@ S S y } @C >q> A~S wA EDGSE D [ D @@ h S DGS > D >XxA ED8@ L y DA S >"gX 8> [ S
D @ DGL @ D gP1>"@ S [ b h S > D D @ S D XxA D @ L [ MS S E > SEy @ S }~XY>"@ S P1>"@
P [&[ X AA [ @VA z S [ > S b >"} U[ > SED [ @ D y >"@ S g> SS S y >"X @ L
M U[ > SED @ L=S D XxA D @ L P1>"@ DGy } U[ S >"@ S h>"@A>"X 8[ h S W J L X [EE XY> S A S [
0
nkvwv o2qSrts ^
}
S } 8[ A P SED [ @hA D S DG SED [ @C>"@A JPwg>"@ L [ MS y >"X @ L z E > E >"X 8[
J L X [EE, @ S S E > S A > S > S D kE X > E A D @ S [ S > S 0E,E b [ D
,E\ J L X [EE, E @ [ S P [ @ D A E A D @ S ] S A
oNtu/iks=kqtOurq_g]hr/O!oKti> D >"@A>"@ M \ [ A>c j d [ A S g> SS S >"@
Af<> APw yzD P1>"X J L [ M [U L >"@ D P y > SES D @ > S > S P1>"@ Q, SEDGy > S A
c XGX S y jj /dNF
c Z < d
D S S :[UE SED P1>"X [ J TL @A y >"@A [ M > S > S XGX S y c jj /d
[ ~ S > ED @ TAOD
> b >"X z=[ M 1o a LM [U S Pw yzD P1>"X J L [ MS P8 yzD P1>"X [ J &L @
A y >"@Ac Z d y > SES h->"@A/ > b >"X z[ M a /LzM [U S Pw yzD P1>"X J L [ MS
~D [ P8 yzD P1>"X [ J &L @=A y >"@AcU d y > SES P [ @ S DG SED [ @ [ MS A D X SED [ @ [ M
Z >"@AU y > SES D @ S [ } wE > S > @ [ S P [ @ D A E A M [U S P1>"XxP XY> SED [ @
[ MS J L [ M > S > S \ J L P [ @ S @ S [ M > S > S > P1>"XxP XY> S A
P [ @ D A D @ L [ @~X S S y } > S wE P [ @ S DG SED [ @h I, I Z <
f>< oN> tyzu/iy k[ s|@ D mg &y k"!mgc&kq tN+Rd>"rq@_Ap>"_XG]XtE}~k8 u[oK_ }~ [U S Ez > > > }~E8 [ y }~ gA > S S g> D [ S @ >" XGXWc@ {DGS 8 [ L 2 @ id z J D S
S >"@A> APw yzD P1>"X 4J L [ M > yzy [ @ D y D G a /y [ X >"@A M U[ 4 { 2 D
4
1"HzG a /y [ X c QT > L S S >"nX j / id
f<SE D oNX D tEu/ i AkE> sSShN oN]Oh8rqji W {a [ y > > ED @ S P8 yzX DGy D P1 >"X c Z >">@A d[ >"@@A >S J D X D > yc > S S D >"X>"> X E
yzD @ D y > X 2 c Q 4 d 3JcKH 1d 2 >"@A oe S D 8[ @> 2 c Q 4d 3 J j 2 id h
>"@A S U[ L >"@ D P|} [ X &y E h E, } P SEDGb X P8 yzD P1>"X J L/D ,[ M?S ,E P8 yzDl
P1>"X E P [ XGX P S A M 8[ y QT > L S S >"nX c j / id
L >"@ D P} [ X &y E > E *S } D P1>"XGX PKXY> E D A> X [ @ Lq P8g> D @ U[ L >"@ D P y [ X P X , DGS
y [ X P XY> DGL S S , @V< 4 >"@A< 1 0 \ J L P [ @ S @ S [ M U[ L >"@ D P} [ X
y E D DGL ~X P U[ JE XY> S A S [ S > y [q @ S [ M [ J &L @ hT@ DGS 8[ L @(>"@A E XG}~ w D @ S
y [ X P X , QT > L S S >"nX c j / d L > b S b >"X z ,[ M S >"@A> A=P8 yzD P1>"X J L M U[
E b >"X U[ L >"@ D PP [ y } [q @A @ S D 0 S A h S P8 yzD P1>"X J L/D ,W[ MS U[ L >"@ D P
} [ X Ty E E], SEDGy > S A S [ S > y cH a /L } [ X &y id
f<DGS oN tu/Z i> k2+sU[ Nj ~p1uX ,o3+ >"@ A > S E E y E y A > SD @ gD > @ SL S P8 yzE D y P1>"[ X b M ACU[ }~y [ }~A 8U[ [ EJ z D A ,D >"} @EAP D P1} > DG S > S[ @ A
> S , P8 yzD P1>"X J L/D ,[ MWS ,E P8 yzD P1>"X E P1>"XxP XY> S A M 8[ y QT > L S
S >"nX c j / id M [ XGX [ D @ L P8 yzD P1>"X J L/D , E[ ~S > D @ AF a /LM U[
Z > 3 c{ 4 d 2 h< a /L(M U[ Xx{ 4 h<< a /LM U[ |Z > Z 3 h< a /L(M U[ X!cvd 3 h
Eorganic
matter
= 13.7 T OD
[kJ/l]
nkvwv o2qSrts ^
nkvwv o2qSrts ^
nkvwv o2qSrts
^
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Np <G &:< &EFq>s 3[t
@ S D E P SED [ @>=} 8[ P ,E A , P D } SED [ @ [ MS > S }g>"} S E > SEy @ S }~XY>"@ SD E S
} E,E @ S AA @ h S D @ b @ S [U A> S > M [U S D }~XY>"@ SD @ Q P @g> D [ $ h >"@A > E
L/DGb @ D @> X Z /
> S }g>"} S E > SEy @ S }~XY>"@ S c{W{dP [ @ D S ?[ M 8[U SED @ L >"@A >"X , } E,E D @ L
[ MS > S }g>"} P [ XGX P S A M 8[ y S [qz E [ XxA D @ 8[ @A DGy > S }g>"} h
A X DGb E A L > > L S E P m h D A y } A [ @ S SED }~} D @ L [&[U[ MS S [U > L
D XxA D @ L E >"@ @ [ @ }g>"} DGS yD WE y [ b AA @h S > S }g>"} D E @ S
S [ > y > L @ SED P E }g> > SED [ @ h>"@j
A @g>"XGX h S [ > y >"@ >"X P E, @ D @ L X P S D P DGS*
A y >"@A M U[ S D }~XY>"@ SD 0E }~}~X D A S @g> S w >"X L > E A(} [ }~XY>"@ S X [ P1> S A
> S U[ EE Q [ L yzD XGXc E, }~} @A D J Z id
?> X =Z / L/DGb , S D @ b @ S U[ A> S > [ MS > S }g>"} S E > SEy @ S }~XY>"@ SD @ Q P
@g> D [ $ h >"@AR h M U[ S @g> J8[ >"@A D A S y [q @A> D ,
nkvwv o2qSrts ^
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@ S D kE P SED [ @ h>|} 8[ P ,E A , P D } SED [ @ [ MS y @ D P D }g>"X > S D @P D @ > SED [ @R}~XY>"@ S
D } E,E @ S AA D @ b @ S U[ A> S > M [U S D }~XY>"@ S=D @ Q P @g> D [ $ h >"@A > E
>"X 8[ L/DGb @ D @> X Z
M >qP D X DG*S [ My @ D P D }g>"X > S D @P D @ > SED [ @(P [ @ D S [ M^S E,VI P SED [ @ FP [ y| z
SED [ @ h S y >"X @ L E P [ b >"@A z L > S E > SEy @ S P [ y z SED [ @ E P SED [ @
g> S E, }g> >"XGX XX D @ , h >qPw DGS >(P1>"}g>qP DG*S [ M S [ @~@ } [qw @ X D @
D M U[ D @P D @ > SED [ @ [ M > S }g>"} h D X S [ S S [ > E M U[ y > E P [ y z SED [ @
[ MM [T[ A > S >"@A [ S [qz E [ XxA >"@A D @A z S D >"X > S , P [ y z SED [ @
E P SED [ @ M U[ > S }g>"} D Pwg> >qP S D E A > y [ ~D X L > S P [ @ D SED @ L [ M > E
D ,[ M >"X S @g> S ~J AC>"@A y [ ~D X > E E S > S }g>"} M z X @A L m[ ,
P [ y z SED [ @ L > S D P [&[ X A > S D @P S X [ > SED @ LVb >"X z R[ M
> S }g>"} D DGL S g>"@ S g> S [ MS yzD J A > S , c) b Ba L id
M w @g>qP D A DGb&D A A D @ S E, [ @ , F S M , A D @ L [ @ h S P @ S >"X [ /@ c E
P [ y z SED [ @ S > , }~XY>qP id h?>"@A S @g>"X [ @ c E S > , > E A D P1> A Agid
@ S P [ y| z SED [ @ [ @ S >"X S @g> S y [ b y @ S [ M > E >"XGX [ S [ g> b > L [&[ A
yzD J D @ L [ M > S S g> SD ] J} [ E A S [ > y >qA D > SED [ @ L > S D D @PKX D @ A
< o D @ U[ A S [ @ Ew E >P [ @ SED @ [qz y [ b y @ S [ MS > S P [ y z SED [ @
} 8[ P ,E D P [ @ S 8[ XGX A (S > D @ LD @ S [ >qP:P [q @ S F S S > y y > E [ h S |[ J TL @
>"@A(P1> [ @ y [ @ [ J D A P [ @P @ S > SED [ @ D @ S z L > h S P [ y| z SED [ @ S y } >
S w E >"@A> y X @ L/S [ b S L > S < z L > >qP D A S E > SEy @ SWD A [ @ >
E yzD A P E ~ h D PwP [ @ D S [ M > M > D 7
P X S M U[ WE y [ b&D @ L > , >"@A
> I X P SEDGb P1> S >"X &SED P E A P SED [ @ @ DGSWM U[ VE y [ b >"X [ M @ DGS 8[ L @ [ J D A , >"@A U[ L >"@ D P
yzD P 8[ } [ XGX S >"@ S P E ~ z I, >X DGy 8[ X SED [ @ D @ > S S g> SD } > A
P [q @ S P w JE @ S X DGS [ S z L > > S D S [ S >"XGX b >"} U[ D I AA h D P8
y >"@ S g> S @ [ > S x z @ SS E > SEy @ SD @ P ,I >
?> X Z L/DGb , S D @ b @ S U[ A> S > [ MS y @ D P D }g>"X > S D @P D @ > SED [ @}~XY>"@ S
D @ Q P @g> D [ $ h >"@ARh M U[ S @g> J8[ >"@A D A ] S y [q @A> D ,
nkvwv o2qSrts ^
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^
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N>:N,F^<Ip qJt
@ S D E P SED [ @ S A D S >"@P , M U[ S S >"@ } [U S > SED [ @ [ M }g>"} >"@A > S }g>"}
> E } E,E @ S AA D @ b @ S U[ A> S > [ MS S >"@ } [U S > SED [ @ D @ Q P @g> D [ $ h >"@A
> E L/DGb @ D @R?> X =Z 1o
S > > E8 y A S g> SS P [ @ L w > SED [ @ [ MS >"@ } [U S > SED [ @@ S [UE D S > y
D @ >qPw P @g> D [ > S }g>"} Ww[qw P ]8U[ SED @ L [ M<S > S }g>" } > > EE y A
[ @~X D @ S P1> Iz[ M > S }g>"} E P PKX D @ L h>"@A@ [ SD @ S P1> E[ M > S }g>"}
D @P D @ > SED [ @
@ DGS S U[ EE Q [ L yzD XGXc@g> J8[ S y [q @A> id h> S >"@ } [U S A D S >"@P
[ M o~} y } S [ @~@ @ } D @ S }g>"} } 8[ A P A > > EE y AA V U[ S D A
S y [q @A> h S S >"@ } U[ S > SED [ @@ S U[ E$
S > S @ S @ } D @ S }g>"}
D S >"@ } U[ S A M 8[ y S U[ E8 Q [ L yz D XGX S [ 8[ @A DGy \ M [ XGX [ D @ L S }
D @ S S >"@ } U[ S > SED [ @@ S U[ E E P [ @ D A E AF
nkvwv o2qSrts ^
j
chem
Ediesel
= LHVdiesel + 9417S
= 1.0401 + 0.1728
H
O
S
H
+ 0.0432 + 0.2169 (1 2.0629 )
C
C
C
C
>"@A
LHVdiesel = 42.7
c Z 1 )d
[kJ/kg diesel]
[kJ/kg diesel]
[]
c Z 1 d
c Z 1 d
jH
nkvwv o2qSrts ^
nkvwv o2qSrts
j}
u vwvTxy{zw|W} {xLx<EzyU |
Ox
?|
^y{jw,xz |[yxEz{x
j
3v{SvTxz?|[yv{Opx"
>"@A
Tair
Tp
in air
Cp,H
dT
2O
sor H
R
vap H
ln((w, Tp )) +
Tp
M H2 O
Tp
! Z
in
air
in
air
Tair C
p H2 O
R
p,H2 O
ln
dT.
+
M H2 O
p
T
Tp
c )d
S =
ln(w, Tp )
.
(1/Tp )
>"@A
pp
= exp(1 Tp 2 ),
p
(D 2)
c d
c HTd
c }d
c d
ln(p /p )
,
(1/Tp )
c /d
n;vwv o2qSrts
p (Tp ) = 0.133 103 exp(18.303
3816.44
).
Tp 46.13
c d
c j d
D S [ } P D gP > S P1>"}g>qP DGSY [ M A }g>"} D XG X y E 8[ @ S >"nX
c jj EHT d C8 p,dryp
L/L , S A S g> SS > S P1>"}g>qP DGS* [ M @ } D @ SD }/za / L
Cp,p = Cp,dryp + wCp,H2 O ,
nkvwv o2qSrts
cI )d
#4/5
"
1/2
0.62ReD P r 1/3
ReD 5/8
0.3 + h
.
=
1
+
i
2/3 1/4
Dcyl
282000
1 + 0.4
Pr
cI d
Rel <
105
h>"@A DGSWD
hpair =
cI d
1/2
0.664Rel P r 1/3
l
cI HTd
1/3
4/5
Pr
0.037Rel 871
l
v Dcyl
Rel =
vl
Pr =
Cp
.
cI }d
XGX^}~ D P1>"X} 8[ } SED ,[ MS L > }~g> I c C h h >"@A d> E P1>"XxP XY> S A> SWS
>"@A T di p
T
air