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CalA 3 16 PDF
CalA 3 16 PDF
lim
lim
x 4
4
x4
4
= 0 . Portanto y = 0 uma assntota horizontal.
x4
4
= . Portanto x = 4 uma assntota vertical.
x4
(b) f ( x ) =
3
x+2
3
= 0 . Portanto y = 0 uma assntota horizontal.
x x + 2
3
lim
= . Portanto x = 2 uma assntota vertical.
x 2 x + 2
lim
4
x 3x + 2
4
lim = 2
= 0 y = 0 uma assntota horizontal.
x
x 3x + 2
4
4
lim = 2
= lim
= , assim, x = 2 uma assntota vertical.
x2
x
2
x 3x + 2
( x 2)( x 1)
4
4
lim = 2
= lim
= , assim, x = 1 uma assntota vertical.
x 1
x 3 x + 2 x 1 ( x 2)( x 1)
(c) f ( x ) =
1
(x 3)(x + 4)
1
lim =
= 0 y = 0 uma assntota horizontal.
x
(x 3)(x + 4)
1
lim =
= , assim, x = 3 uma assntota vertical.
x 3
( x 3) ( x + 4 )
1
lim =
= , assim, x = 4 uma assntota vertical.
x 4
( x 3) ( x + 4 )
d) f ( x ) =
e) f ( x ) =
1
x+4
176
1
= 0 y = 0 assntota horizontal.
x+4
1
lim
= x = 4 assntota vertical.
x 4
x+4
lim
x
2
x3
f) f ( x ) =
lim
x
lim
x
2
=0
x3
2
=
x3
x = 3 assntota vertical.
2x2
g) f ( x ) =
lim
y = 0 assntota horizontal.
x 2 16
2 x2
x 2 16
lim f ( x ) =
x +4
lim f ( x ) =
x 4
h) f ( x ) =
x + x 12
x
x
1
x
lim
= lim
= lim
=1
2
2
x +
x +
x +
1 12
x + x 12
x
x 12
1+ 2
+
x
x
x2 x2 x2
x
x
x
e lim
= lim
= 1
x
x 2 + x 12 x +
x 2 x 12
x2 x2 x2
Assim, y = 1 e y = 1 so assntotas horizontais.
x
= e
( x 3)( x + 4)
x + x 12
x
x
lim
= lim
=
2
x 4
x + x 12 x 4 ( x 3)( x + 4)
Portanto, x = 3 e x = 4 so assntotas verticais.
lim
x 3
= lim
x 3
177
i) f ( x ) = e
1
lim e
=1
lim+ e
x 0
j) f ( x ) = e x 1
lim e x 1 = e lim e x 1 = 1
x +
y = 1 assntota horizontal
/ assntota vertical.
k) y = ln x
lim ln x =
x
x 0 +
l) f ( x) = tgx
x + 2n
2
assntotas verticais.
2. Constatar, desenvolvendo exemplos graficamente, que as funes racionais do
p ( x)
tipo f ( x) =
com p (x) e q (x ) polinmios tais que a diferena entre o grau do
q ( x)
numerador e o grau de denominador igual 1 possuem assntotas inclinadas.
Seguem alguns grficos que mostram a afirmao:
y
y
7
6
2
5
4
3
2
1
x
-2
-1
x
-2
-1
1
-1
-2
178
y
x
-4
-3
-2
-1
-4
-3
-2
-1
-1
-1
-2
-2
-3
-3
-4
-4
x2
.
ex
y
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
x
-2
-1
-1
-2
-3
-4
cos 2 x
x2
179
y
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
x
-4
-3
-2
-1
-1
Observa-se que y=0 uma assntota horizontal e x=0 uma assntota vertical.
(c) f ( x) =
tgx x
x3
y
4
3
2
1
x
-/2
/2
-1
-2
-3
-4
2
Mas se ampliarmos o grfico vamos observar outras assntotas verticais.
(d) f ( x) = sen
x
e em x =
180
y
x
-15
-10
-5
10
15
-1
-2
senx
x
y =1 ;
lim f ( x)
x0
x
-7
lim
x0
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
senx
=1.
x
(b) f ( x) =
sen3 x
3x
y =1 ;
lim f ( x)
x0
181
y
x
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
sen3 x
= 1.
x0
3x
lim
(c) f ( x) =
sen3 x
x
y=3 ;
lim f ( x)
x0
x
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
sen3 x
3sen3 x
sen3x
= lim
= 3 lim
= 3 1 = 3 .
x0
x0
x0
x
3x
3x
lim
d) f ( x) =
sen4 x
x
y=4 ;
lim f ( x)
x0
182
y
x
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
sen4 x
4 sen4 x
sen4 x
= lim
= 4 lim
= 4 1 = 4 .
x0
x0
x 0
x
4x
4x
lim
e) f ( x) =
sen1 / 3 x
x
y = 1/ 3 ;
lim f ( x)
x0
x
-15
-10
-5
10
sen1 / 3 x
1 / 3sen1 / 3 x 1
sen1 / 3 x 1
1
= lim
= lim
= 1 = .
x0
x 0
x
1 / 3x
3 x 0 1 / 3x
3
3
lim
a) f ( x) =
sen 3 ( x / 2)
e
x3
y = 1/ 8 ;
lim f ( x)
x0
15
183
y
x
-15
-10
-5
10
15
sen3 ( x / 2)
1 / 2 sen( x / 2 1 1
sen( x / 2
lim
= lim
= lim
= 1 = .
3
x0
x0
x
x
x/2
x0
2 8
Nos exerccios 5 a 27, calcule os limites aplicando os limites fundamentais.
5. lim
sen9 x
9 sen9 x
= lim
= 9 1 = 9 .
x
0
x
9x
6. lim
sen4 x 4
=
3x
3
x0
x0
lim
x 0
sen4 x 4
4
= 1 = .
4x
3
3
sen10 x
10 sen10 x
7x
1
10
= lim
= 10 1 1 = .
x 0 sen7 x
x 0
10 x
7 sen7 x
7
7
7. lim
8. lim
x0
sen ax
,b0
sen bx
Se a = 0 , temos lim
x0
0
=0.
senbx
Se a 0 , temos
sen ax
a sen ax
bx
1
a
lim
= lim
= a 1 1 = .
x 0 sen bx
x 0
a x b sen bx
b
b
tg ax
sen ax
a
a
= lim
= 1. = a , a 0 .
x
0
x
ax cos ax
1
tg ax
Para a = 0, lim
=0
x 0
x
9. lim
x0
x +1
4
10. lim
x 1 ( x + 1) 3
tg 3
184
Fazemos u = x + 1 . x 1 u 0 . Substituindo no limite, vem
x +1
u
u
tg 3
tg 3
sen3
1
4 = lim
4 = lim
4 . 1 = 1 .1.1 = 1 .
lim
3
3
3
3
x 1 ( x + 1)
u 0 u
u 0 4
64
u cos3 u 64
4
4
x x
2 sen 2
1 cos x
2 4
11. lim
= lim
= 0 1 = 0 .
x 0
x 0
xx
x
4
1 cos x
= lim
x 0
x 0
x2
12. lim
2 sen 2
x
x
2
2 sen 2
x
= 1 cos x
2
2
sen
1
1 1
2
= 2 1 = 2 =
= 2 lim
4 2
x0 2 x
2
1
x 3
(3 x)
1
= lim
= lim
=
x
3
x
3
sen x
sen x
sen (3 x)
x 3
6 x 2sen2 x
6 x sen2 x
6 2 1
2
2x
14. lim
= lim x
=
=
x 0 2 x + 3sen4 x
x 0 2 x
(3sen4 x)4 2 + 3 1 4 7
+
x
4x
3x
3x
1 2 sen 2 x 1 2 sen 2
2 sen 2 x + 2 sen 2
cos 2 x cox3x
2
2 =
15. lim
= lim
= lim
2
2
2
x 0
x
0
x
0
x
x
x
2
3x
3x
2
2
2 sen 2
3 sen
2sen 2 x
senx
3
2
2
2
= lim
+
= 2 lim
= 2 1 + 2 1
+ 2 lim
x 0
x2
x2
x 0 2 3 x
x 0 x
2
2
=
5
.
2
1 21 2 sen 2 + (1 2 sen 2 x)
1 2 cos x + cos 2 x
2
16. lim
= lim
=
2
x 0
x
0
x
x2
185
2
1 2 + 4 sen 2
= lim
x 0
2n + 3
17. lim
n 2n + 1
n +1
x
x
2
2
+ 1 2 sen 2 x
sen
senx
1
2
2
2
= 4 lim
2 lim
= 4 .1 2 (1) = 1.
2
0
0
x
x
x
x
2
2
2n 3
+
2n + 3 2n + 3
2n 2n
= lim
=
lim
n 2n + 1
2n + 1 n 2n + 1
2n 2n
1+ 3
2n
3
= lim
n
1
1+
2n
2n 3
1
1 +
2n
3
= lim
n
18. lim 1 +
tgx
x
2
1 +
2n
tgx
3
2
10
x
1
10
20. lim1 + = lim1 +
x
x
x
x
10
10 x 2 1
= ln 10 .
x2
x2
21. lim
x+3
5
1 1
2
= ln 4 = ln 2.
x 3
x+3 5
5
5
5
22. lim
10
= e10 .
2n
2
e
e
3
2
1
2
= e.
186
5x
1
2
5 25
5x 2 1
23. lim
= lim 5
= lim
= 25 ln 5
x2 x 2
x2 x 2
x2 x 2
25
25
x
x 1
x 1
3 4 1
3 4 1
5( x 1)
1
1
ln 3
24. lim
= lim
= ln 3 1 =
x 1 sen5( x 1)
x 1
x 1 5sen5( x 1) 4
5
20
4
4
e ax
1
bx
e ax + bx 1
e e
e(b a ) x 1
= lim
25. lim
= lim b
= lim e bx
= b a.
x0
x 0
x 0
x
x
x
x 0 x(b a )
e bx
ba
ax
ax
2 ax
2 ax
tghax
e e
1
e 1 1
2ae 1
1
26. lim
= lim ax
= lim 2 ax
= lim
2 ax
=
ax
x 0
x
0
x
0
x
0
x
x
2ax
e +e
e +1 x
e +1
2/ a ln e
=
= a.
2/
ax
bx
e ax e bx
e ( a b ) x 1 e bx
= lim
= lim
x 0 senax senbx
x 0 ( sen ax sen bx )
x 0
27. lim
(e
( a b ) x
1 e bx
=
( a b) x
(a + b) x
2 sen
cos
2
2
ab 2
x
1 e( a b ) x 1
1
1
2
2 a b
= lim
ebx = (a b)
=1
x 0 2
x (a b)
( a + b) x
x
2
a b
sen
cos(a + b)
(a b)
2
2
28.
resultados encontrados.
1
(a) f ( x) = 1 +
x
1
lim 1 +
x +
x
x +5
x +5
1
1
= lim 1 + lim 1 + = e 1 = e .
x +
x
+
x
x
187
18 y
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
-20
2
b) f ( x) = 1 +
x
-15
-10
-5
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
x
5
10
15
20
1
2
2/ 2
lim 1 + = lim 1 +
= lim 1 +
x +
x x +
x / 2 x +
x/2
( x / 2 ) 2
( x / 2)
2
= lim 1 +
=e .
x +
x
/
2
18 y
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
-20
x
c) f ( x) =
1+ x
-15
-10
-5
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
x
5
10
15
20
188
x
1
1
1
x
=
lim
= .
= xlim
x
x + 1 + x
+ 1 + x
e
lim 1 +
x
x +
x
x
-2
-1