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http://www.aprh.pt/rgci/pdf/rgci-450_Rilo.pdf | DOI:10.5894/rgci450
Metodologia para o traado da Linha de Mxima Preia-Mar de guas Vivas Equinociais em ambientes de transio: aplicao ao esturio do Tejo (Portugal) *
Methodological framework for the definition and demarcation of the highest astronomical tide line in estuaries: the case of Tagus Estuary (Portugal)
AnaRilo @, 1, PaulaFreire 1, RicardoNogueiraMendes 2, RodrigoCeia 2, JooCatalo 3, RuiTaborda 3,
RicardoMelo 2, MariaIsabelCaador 2, Maria daConceioFreitas 4, AndrBustorffFortunato 1, ElsaAlves 1
RESUMO
Os trabalhos desenvolvidos por equipas de investigao sobre a zona costeira bem como as ferramentas de gesto e ordenamento das
regies hidrogrficas, como, por exemplo, os Planos de Gesto de Bacia Hidrogrfica e os Planos de Ordenamento de Esturios, necessitam
da definio de margem e de leito e, por conseguinte, do traado da Linha de Mxima Preia-Mar de guas Vivas Equinociais (LMPMAVE)
que corresponde ao seu limite. Muito embora a definio destas reas e respetivo limite esteja descrita na lei que estabelece a titularidade
dos recursos hdricos, existe uma dificuldade prtica em transpor para a realidade do terreno as concees legais, particularmente em
sistemas de transio, como os esturios. Assim, revela-se prioritrio o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia abrangente e objetiva capaz
de responder a este desafio.
No presente trabalho, apresenta-se uma abordagem metodolgica interdisciplinar e integrada, baseada na recolha e anlise de
informao bibliogrfica, cartogrfica e de campo sobre a rea de estudo (esturio do Tejo), bem como a experincia adquirida no
traado deste limite noutros locais do pas. Deste modo, foi possvel desenvolver um conjunto de critrios para o traado da LMPMAVE
em ambientes de transio, que podem ser divididos em quatro tipologias: a)biofsica, estabelecida atravs da presena ou ausncia de
vegetao halfita; b)tipo de estrutura/altimtrica, que se prende com as caractersticas intrnsecas da estrutura e sua elevao; c) de uso
do solo; d) de ndole legal, baseada na Lei 54/2005 de 15 de novembro.
O desenvolvimento e aplicao desta metodologia ao esturio do Tejo permitiu dispor pela primeira vez do traado deste limite neste
importante sistema de transio e, simultaneamente, ultrapassar a dificuldade de implementar os conceitos legais de LMPMAVE no
terreno, ao criar critrios objetivos de suporte sua marcao.
Palavras-chave: gesto costeira, leito, margem, metodologia integrada
* Submission: 31 October 2013; Evaluation: 2 December 2013; Reception of revised manuscript: 18 February 2014; Accepted: 8 March 2014; Available on-line: 25 March 2014
Rilo et al.
Revista de Gesto Costeira Integrada / Journal of Integrated Coastal Zone Management 14(1):95-107 (2014)
ABSTRACT
Important coastal management instruments, such as Estuary and Watershed Planning and Management Plans, require the cartographic
demarcation of the boundary between the estuarine bed and fringe. This boundary has important implications on the jurisdictional areas
of public entities that manage and regulate public water bodies, as well as on some aspects of the Water Framework Directive application,
particularly the ecological assessment and the evaluation of human disturbance factors.
Although this boundary is clearly defined by the Portuguese law as the water line at the highest astronomical tide, its practical determination
is not straightforward. First, different hydromorphological conditions and anthropogenic occupations of estuarine margins can affect the position
of the line. Also, maximum tidal elevations vary along the estuary. Finally, tidal effects are sometimes difficult to distinguish from other factors,
from riverine and atmospheric origin, that affect the water levels. Therefore, the development of a methodology to determine this line, based on
objective criteria, is both a challenge and a requirement to estuarine management.
A new approach based on different criteria is proposed and illustrated in the Tagus estuary (Portugal). Four types of criteria are proposed: a)
a biophysical criterion, based on the presence or absence of halophyte vegetation; b) the type of structure/elevation criterion, based on the height
and permeability characteristics of existing marginal structures; c) a land use criterion; d) a legal criterion based on the Law 54/2005 of 15
November.
The application of the new approach requires the collection and assessment of diverse information on the study area, including legal
documents, cartographic material, aerial photographs and orthophotos (0.50 m spatial resolution, RGB and near-infrared). Other imagery
sources were assessed, such as Bing Maps aerial (birds eye option) and Google Earth (using the historical imagery tool). Previous reports regarding
the definition of this boundary in other Portuguese systems were also analyzed and taken into consideration. The criteria associated to the type
of structure/elevation and to land use were supported by a recent (2011) topographic survey of the Tagus estuary marginal areas. Finally, the
LANDSAT 7 ETM+ image corresponding to the highest tide level in the Tagus registered by this satellite (from 22 February 2002 at 11:03:23)
was processed using the Image Analysis tool from ArcMap. The 752 composition bands were selected in order to highlight the extension of the
submerge area for those tide conditions, and allowed the validation of biophysical criteria. These criteria definition was further validated by
topographic field data and biophysical field observation acquired during January, August and September 2011.
The biophysical criterion is based on the presence, distribution and behavior of various species of salt marsh (salt tolerant). The underlying
principle is that the transition from this type of vegetation to another, with terrestrial features and little tolerance for salt water, is a reliable
indicator of the boundary between the bed and the margin. This criterion was applied in estuarine beaches, cliffs, limits of salt marsh areas and
waterways.
When the margin is occupied by anthropogenic structures (e.g., defense adherent structures, jetties, piers, dikes, salt pans and tidal mills)
the type of structure/altimeter criterion was applied. A previous analysis of extreme water levels in this estuary, considering tides and storm
surges, indicates maximum water levels ranging between 2.3m above mean sea level (MSL) at the estuary mouth and 2.8 m MSL in the upper
estuarine area, for a return period of 100 years. Considering that wave run-up was neglected in that study, the 3.0m (MSL) height was taken as
representative of altimetry positions that are not subject to frequent flooding. Thus, impermeable structures lower than 3.0 m (MSL) are included
in the bed and the structures higher than 3.0m (MSL) are in the margin. Permeable structures are always included in the estuarine bed.
The land use criterion is based on the observation that there can be agriculture lands in the estuary margins that are below high tide level,
due to historical human efforts to preserve those areas from estuarine flooding. Thus, these areas are included in the margin.
Finally, the legal criterion is based on the paragraph 1 of article 10 of Law 54/2005 dated from 15 November, which indicates that the
mouches (local term that designates islands and sandbanks formed by alluvial deposition) are included in the estuarine bed.
The methodological approach presented herein allowed for the first time the outline of the highest astronomical tide line for the Tagus estuary,
thus providing an important contribution to the management of this area. Constraints in the cartographic demarcation are associated not only to
morphological, hydrodynamic and anthropogenic diversity, but mainly with the application of legal definitions, since the Law 54/2005 adopts
average flood as the single guiding principle for setting the limit between bed and margin, not considering that wave swash, storm surge effects
and sea level rise also influence water levels in estuaries.
It is recognized that the boundary position varies in space as well as in time. Those aspects should be taken into account in future line
reassessments considering the effects of sea level rise. It is proposed that boundary line reassessments are associated with Estuary and Watershed
Planning and Management Plans for effectiveness. Finally, several issues that should be addressed in future work are pointed out.
Keywords: coastal management, estuarine bed, estuarine fringe, integrated methodology
1. INTRODUO
1.1. Enquadramento e objetivos
Atualmente, grande parte da populao mundial vive
na proximidade de zonas costeiras (sensu lato), o que levou
amplificao das presses antrpicas sobre estas zonas,
criando um equilbrio frgil entre os sistemas naturais e a
presena humana. Os instrumentos de gesto e ordenamento
da zona costeira procuram criar o quadro normativo para o
desenvolvimento sustentvel destas reas.
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Figura 1. Representao esquemtica dos conceitos de Linha de Mxima Preia-Mar de guas Vivas Equinociais (LMPMAVE), Leito,
Margem e Orla de acordo com a Lei 54/2005 de 15 de novembro e Decreto-lei 129/2008 de 21 de julho.
Figure 1. Schematic draw explaining the concepts of the highest astronomical tide line, estuarine bed, margin and fringe according to the Law
54/2005 of 15 November and decree law 129/2008 of July 21st of the Portuguese legislation.
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Figura 3. Localizao dos municpios do esturio do Tejo; a) pormenor do moucho do Lombo do Tejo e Ponta da Erva; b) pormenor
da baa do Seixal e praia do Alfeite.
Figure 3. Geographical framework of Tagus estuary municipalities; detail of moucho do Lombo do Tejo and Ponta da Erva; b) detail of Seixal
bay and Alfeite beach.
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Tabela 1. Distribuio das espcies vegetais de sapal no esturio do Tejo em funo da salinidade (adaptado de
Freire, 2003 e baseado em Caador, 1986).
Table 1. Distribution of salt marsh species in the Tagus estuary according to salinity (adapted from Freire, 2003 and
based on Caador, 1986).
REGIO
SALINIDADE
ESPCIES
CARACTERISTICAS
2-5
Scirpus lacustris;
Phragmites communis
5-10
Scirpus maritimus;
Aster tripolium;
Phragmites communis;
Pucinellia maritima
Ponta da Erva
Alcochete
10-15
Spartina martima;
Aster tripolium;
Arthrocnemum
fruticosum; A.perene;
Halimione potucaloides
Diversidade
bastante
elevada;
sistemas de drenagem bem
desenvolvidos; ilhas de vegetao
pioneira de contornos arredondados
dispersos nos rasos de mar
Montijo Corroios
15-20
Spartina martima;
Arthocnenum fruticosum;
Halimione portucaloides
Figura 4. a, b) Representao esquemtica da aplicao do critrio biofsico aos sapais e praias; c) LMPMAVE traada sobre ortofoto de
2007 (IGP) na praia do Alfeite e Baa do Seixal.
Figure 4. a, b) Biophysical criterion applied to salt marshes and beaches ; c) Highest Astronomical Tide Line drawn over orthophoto dated from
2007 (IGP) in Alfeite beach and Seixal Bay area.
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Figura 5. a, b) Representao esquemtica da aplicao do critrio relativo ao tipo de estrutura/altimtrico a salinas, caldeiras e moinhos
de mar e cais ou ponto impermevel com cota superior a 3 m; c) LMPMAVE traada sobre ortofoto de 2007 (IGP) no cais impermevel
e salinas abandonadas na zona do Seixalinho (Montijo).
Figure 5. a, b) Structure/altimetry criterion applied to salt pans and impermeable wharf higher than 3m (NMM); c) Highest Astronomical Tide
Line drawn over orthophoto dated from 2007 (IGP in Seixalinho area (Montijo).
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Figura 6. a) Representao esquemtica da aplicao do critrio de uso do solo ao caso de um valado; b)LMPMAVE traada sobre
ortofoto de 2007 (IGP) a sul da Ponta da Erva (margem esquerda do esturio do Tejo).
Figure 6.. a) Land use criterion schematic illustration; b) Highest Astronomical Tide Line drawn over orthophoto dated from 2007 (IGP) south
of Ponta da Erva (Tagus estuary left bank).
Figura 7. a) Representao esquemtica da aplicao do critrio legal; b) LMPMAVE traada sobre ortofotos de 2007 (IGP) no caso dos
mouches (moucho da Pvoa e moucho do Lombo do Tejo).
Figure 7. a) Legal criterion schematic illustration; b) Highest Astronomical Tide Line drawn over orthophotos dated from 2007 (IGP) for the
case of mouches (islands and sand banks formed by alluvial deposition).
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Figura 8. Traado da linha de mxima preia-mar de guas vivas equinociais para o esturio do Tejo de acordo com os critrios definidos
neste trabalho.
Figure 8. Highest Astronomical Tide Line for Tagus estuary, according to the defined criteria.
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