Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
1 Analsisi Sismico Por Desempeño - Aguiar 2
1 Analsisi Sismico Por Desempeño - Aguiar 2
5(/$&,1020(172&859$785$
<9,6,21
5(680(1
([LVWHQ IRUPXODV DSUR[LPDGDV SDUD HQFRQWUDU ORV SXQWRV QRWDEOHV GHO GLDJUDPD
PRPHQWR FXUYDWXUD HQ HVWH FDStWXOR VH SUHVHQWDQ HVWDV IyUPXODV SDUD YLJDV VLPSOHPHQWH
DUPDGDV \ YLJDV GREOHPHQWH DUPDGDV (Q HVWH FRQWH[WR VH SUHVHQWD HO IRUPXODULR SURSXHVWR
SRU < 3DUN TXH WLHQH XQ FDUiFWHU H[SHULPHQWDO \ DQDOtWLFR SDUD HQFRQWUDU ODV UHODFLRQHV
PRPHQWR FXUYDWXUDHQYLJDV\FROXPQDVVHUHVXHOYHQGRV HMHPSORV\ORVYDORUHVREWHQLGRV VH
FRPSDUDQFRQORVTXHUHSRUWDHOSURJUDPD&(,1&,
3RU RWUD SDUWH VH SUHVHQWDQ DSOLFDFLRQHV GH ORV GLDJUDPDV PRPHQWR FXUYDWXUD HQ HO
GLVHxRVtVPLFRGHHVWUXFWXUDV FRPR VRQODFDSDFLGDGGHGXFWLOLGDGSRUFXUYDWXUDODGHPDQGD
GH GXFWLOLGDG OD UHVHUYD GH GXFWLOLGDG OD UHGLVWULEXFLyQ GH PRPHQWRV OD GHWHUPLQDFLyQ GH
LQHUFLDVDJULHWDGDVtQGLFHVGHGDxRDQLYHOGHHOHPHQWRV
)LQDOPHQWH VH SUHVHQWD OD QXHYD ILORVRItD GH GLVHxR VtVPLFR GH HVWUXFWXUDV SURSXHVWR
SRU9,6,21VHLQGLFDQORVFXDWURVLVPRV GHDQiOLVLVGHQRPLQDGRVIUHFXHQWHRFDVLRQDO
UDUR \ PX\ UDUR TXH WLHQHQ SHUtRGRV GH UHWRUQR GH \ DxRV UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH
/XHJR VH LQGLFD HQ WpUPLQRV JHQHUDOHV HO GHVHPSHxR TXH GHEHQ WHQHU ODV HVWUXFWXUDV HQ
IXQFLyQGHOXVRGHODVPLVPDVSDUDHVWUXFWXUDVEiVLFDVHVHQFLDOHV\GHVHJXULGDGFUtWLFD
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
,1752'8&&,1
&XDQGR VH WHUPLQD XQ GLVHxR HVWUXFWXUDO HV PX\ LPSRUWDQWH FRQRFHU OD UHODFLyQ
PRPHQWRFXUYDWXUD M I GH ODVVHFFLRQHVGHVXV HOHPHQWRVFRQ HOREMHWR GHFRQRFHUFXDO
HV OD FDSDFLGDG GH GXFWLOLGDG SRU FXUYDWXUD P I OD Pi[LPD FDSDFLGDG D IOH[LyQ GHO
HOHPHQWR M u \FRPSDUDUHVWDVFDQWLGDGHV FRQODVGHPDQGDVTXHVHWLHQHQHQHOGLVHxR
6L XQ HOHPHQWR WLHQH PX\ SRFD FDSDFLGDG GH GXFWLOLGDG SRU FXUYDWXUD YD D SUHVHQWDU
XQDIDOODIUiJLOFXDQGRODHVWUXFWXUDLQJUHVHDOUDQJR QROLQHDOORFXDOQRHVGHVHDEOH/RLGHDO
HV TXHWHQJDXQYDORUDOWRGH P I SDUD TXHODHGLILFDFLyQGLVLSHODPD\RU FDQWLGDGGHHQHUJtD
SDUD TXH VHD SRVLEOH OD UHGLVWULEXFLyQ GH PRPHQWRV \ GH HVD PDQHUD WUDEDMHQ WRGRV ORV
HOHPHQWRVHQXQDIRUPDDGHFXDGD
(Q HO DQiOLVLV QR OLQHDO HV IXQGDPHQWDO FRQRFHU OD UHODFLyQ M I SDUD HQFRQWUDU OD
ULJLGH] GH FDGD XQD GH ODV UDPDV GHO GLDJUDPD KLVWHUpWLFR TXH VH XWLOL]D SDUD GHILQLU OD QR
OLQHDOLGDG GHO PDWHULDO /D UHODFLyQ M I HV OD EDVH GHO DQiOLVLV QR OLQHDO GLQiPLFR \ GHO
DQiOLVLVQROLQHDOHVWiWLFRFRPRVHYHUD HQORVFDStWXORVSRVWHULRUHVGHHVWHOLEUR
(O GLDJUDPD M I HV IXQFLyQ GH ORV PRGHORV FRQVWLWXWLYRV TXH VH XWLOL]DQ SDUD
GHWHUPLQDU OD UHODFLyQ HVIXHU]RGHIRUPDFLyQ GHO KRUPLJyQ \ GHO DFHUR (Q HIHFWR VL HPSOHD HO
EORTXH UHFWDQJXODU GH :KLWQH\ \ HO PRGHOR HODVWR SOiVWLFR SDUD HO KRUPLJyQ \ DFHUR
UHVSHFWLYDPHQWHORVYDORUHVGH P I TXHVHREWHQJDQ VHUiQEDMRV (QFDPELR VLVHXWLOL]DXQ
PRGHORGHKRUPLJyQ FRQILQDGRFRPRHOSURSXHVWRSRU3DUNHWDO \XQ PRGHORGHDFHUR
TXH FRQWHPSOH HQGXUHFLPLHQWR SRVW IOXHQFLD VH HQFRQWUDUDQ YDORUHV PiV DOWRV GH P I \ VRQ
PiV FHUFDQRVDODUHDOLGDG
(Q OD ILJXUD VH SUHVHQWDQ WUHV PRGHORV SDUD HO KRUPLJyQ QR FRQILQDGR HO GH OD
L]TXLHUGD HV HO PRGHOR GH -HQVHQ R EORTXH WUDSH]RLGDO HO GH OD PLWDG HV HO PRGHOR GH
+RJQHVWDG\HOGHODGHUHFKDHOEORTXHUHFWDQJXODUGHO$&,RGH:KLWQH\ (VWH
~OWLPR VH XWLOL]D SDUD HO GLVHxR SRU VHU XQ PRGHOR FRQVHUYDGRU \ VHQFLOOR SDUD HQFRQWUDU OD
UHVXOWDQWH GH OD IXHU]D D FRPSUHVLyQ HO YDORU GH E SDUD KRUPLJRQHV FRQ XQD
UHVLVWHQFLDDODFRPSUHVLyQPHQRUD03DHQHOPRGHORGH:KLWQH\
)LJXUD 0RGHORVGHOKRUPLJyQQRFRQILQDGR
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
)LJXUD 0RGHORVGHODFHUR
(648(0$'(&/&8/2
%iVLFDPHQWH KD\ DOJXQDV IRUPDV GH FiOFXOR GHO GLDJUDPD PRPHQWR FXUYDWXUD SHUR
WRGDVHOODV HVWiQEDVDGDVHQORVPLVPRVSULQFLSLRV TXHVRQFRPSDWLELOLGDG GHGHIRUPDFLRQHV
HTXLOLEULR GH IXHU]DV \ HTXLOLEULR GH PRPHQWRV (O SURFHGLPLHQWR GH FiOFXOR RULHQWDGR D OD
HODERUDFLyQGHXQSURJUDPDGHFRPSXWDFLyQ VHLQGLFDDFRQWLQXDFLyQ
LLL &RQ ODV GHIRUPDFLRQHV REWHQLGDV VH REWLHQHQ ORV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV HVIXHU]RV GHO
DFHUR\HOKRUPLJyQHQEDVHDODVFXUYDVFRQVWLWXWLYDVGHORVUHVSHFWLYRVPDWHULDOHV
LY (Q IXQFLyQ GH ORV HVIXHU]RV VHFDOFXODQ ODV IXHU]DV TXH DFW~DQ VREUH OD VHFFLyQ GH
DFHUR\KRUPLJyQPXOWLSOLFDQGRFDGDHVIXHU]RSRUVXiUHD UHVSHFWLYD
Y /D VXPD YHFWRULDO GH ODV IXHU]DV UHSUHVHQWD OD FDUJD D[LDO QHWD TXH JUDYLWD VREUH OD
VHFFLyQ6HYHTXHH[LVWDHTXLOLEULRGHIXHU]DVFRQVLGHUDQGRODFDUJDD[LDOGDGD6LQR
KD\HTXLOLEULRVHUHSLWHGHVGHHOSDVRLL DXPHQWDQGR RGLVPLQX\HQGRODSURIXQGLGDGGHO
HMHQHXWURVHJ~QFXDOVHDHOFDVR(OFiOFXORHVLQWHUDFWLYRKDVWDWHQHUHTXLOLEULR
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
/D FXUYDWXUD VH FDOFXOD FRPR OD UD]yQ GH OD GHIRUPDFLyQ GHO KRUPLJyQ c VREUH OD
GLVWDQFLDDOHMHQHXWUR
(MHPSORGHDSOLFDFLyQ1
(QFRQWUDUHO0RPHQWRM\ODFXUYDWXUD ISDUDODYLJDUHFWDQJXODUVLPSOHPHQWHDUPDGD
LQGLFDGD HQ OD ILJXUD SDUD XQD GHIRUPDFLyQ GHO KRUPLJyQ c 6H FRQVLGHUD HO
EORTXH GH -HQVHQ SDUD HO FRPSRUWDPLHQWR GHO KRUPLJyQ \ HO PRGHOR WULOLQHDO SDUD HO
FRPSRUWDPLHQWRGHODFHUR/RVGDWRVGH ODVHFFLyQWUDQVYHUVDOGHODYLJDVRQ
)LJXUD 6HFFLyQWUDQVYHUVDOGHXQDYLJDVLPSOHPHQWHUHIRU]DGDGLDJUDPDVGHGHIRUPDFLRQHV \
HVIXHU]RV
c s d c
s c
c d c c
fs E s s fs u s
Ts As f s Ts u fs
Cc cb f
c Cc u c u u u
H s HV OD GHIRUPDFLyQ GHO DFHUR D WUDFFLyQ d HV OD DOWXUD HIHFWLYD GH OD VHFFLyQ f s HV HO
HVIXHU]R GHO DFHUR SDUD HO UDQJR HOiVWLFR Ts OD IXHU]D D WUDFFLyQ HQ HO DFHUR C c HV OD
UHVXOWDQWH GH OD IXHU]D D FRPSUHVLyQ GHO KRUPLJyQ b h VRQ ODV GLPHQVLRQHV GH OD VHFFLyQ
WUDQVYHUVDOGHODYLJD\ E s HVHOPyGXORGHHODVWLFLGDGGHODFHUR
fy
3DUDHOHMHPSORODGHIRUPDFLyQGHODFHURHVPHQRUDOGHIOXHQFLD Hy 3RUHVWD
Es
UD]yQ f s E s H s (QODWDEODVHLQGLFDQORV FLFORV GH FiOFXORKDELHQGRHPSH]DGRFRQXQD
SURIXQGLGDGGHOHMHQHXWUR c FP
7DEOD &LFORVGH&iOFXORKDVWDREWHQHUHTXLOLEULRGHIXHU]DV
&,&/2 c s fs Ts Cc
cm kg/cm2 T T
(Q HO WHUFHU FLFOR VH FRQVLGHUD TXH H[LVWH HTXLOLEULR GH IXHU]DV HQ FRQVHFXHQFLD HO
0RPHQWR M \ODFXUYDWXUD I SDUDODGHIRUPDFLyQGHOKRUPLJyQLJXDO H c UHVXOWD
c
M Ts d Tm
H c
I
c m
1yWHVHTXHODXELFDFLyQGHODUHVXOWDQWHGHODIXHU]DDFRPSUHVLyQ C c HVWiXELFDGRD
c GHELGRDTXHODGLVWULEXFLyQGHHVIXHU]RVHVWULDQJXODU
(MHPSORGHDSOLFDFLyQ1
(Q OD PLVPD YLJD VLPSOHPHQWH DUPDGD GHO HMHPSOR HQFRQWUDU HO PRPHQWR \ OD
FXUYDWXUD SDUD XQD GHIRUPDFLyQ GHO KRUPLJyQ H c WUDEDMDU FRQ HO PRGHOR GH -HQVHQ
SDUDHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRGHOKRUPLJyQ\FRQHOPRGHORHODVWRSODVWRSDUDHODFHUR
(QODILJXUDVHLQGLFDHOPRGHORGH-HQVHQ\VHDSUHFLDTXHODYDULDFLyQOLQHDOGH
HVIXHU]RVILQDOL]DHQHOYDORUGH H o SDUDHOYDORUGH H c GHOHMHPSORTXH HV GHHO
GLDJUDPDGH HVIXHU]RVHVWiFRPSXHVWR SRUXQDYDULDFLyQOLQHDO\XQDYDULDFLyQ FRQVWDQWHFRPR
VHLQGLFDDODGHUHFKDGHODILJXUD6HKDGHQRPLQDGR FRQODOHWUD f DODSURIXQGLGDGGHO
GLDJUDPDHQWUHODVGHIRUPDFLRQHV H o \ H c
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
3DUD LQLFLDU HO FiOFXOR VH FRQVLGHUD XQD SURIXQGLGDG GHO HMH QHXWUR c cm FRPR
YDORULQLFLDO
H
H
3RUFRPSDWLELOLGDGGHGHIRUPDFLRQHVVHWLHQH
Hc Ho
f cm
c c f f
Cc b f
c
f b f
c
c f
Cc
Kg
3DUD HQFRQWUDU OD FRQWULEXFLyQ GHO DFHUR SULPHUR VH GHEH FDOFXODU OD GHIRUPDFLyQ GHO
DFHUR SDUD YHU VL HVWi HQ HO UDQJR HOiVWLFR R HQ HO SOiVWLFR \ GHWHUPLQDU VX FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH
HVIXHU]R f s
Hc Hs Hs
Hs
c d c
(O YDORU GH C c HV DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH LJXDO DO YDORU GH Ts SRU OR TXH VH DVXPH TXH OD
SURIXQGLGDG GHO HMH QHXWUR HV c cm VL VH GHVHD PD\RU H[DFWLWXG VH SXHGH UHDOL]DU XQ
QXHYRFLFORGHFiOFXORFRQXQYDORUGH c OLJHUDPHQWH PHQRU3DUDHOFiOFXORGHOPRPHQWRVH
GHEHHQFRQWUDUODXELFDFLyQGHODUHVXOWDQWHGHODIXHU]D C c SDUDHOORVHWLHQH
c f
X cg X cg f
f
cc f
Area f
c
f Area
X
Hc
I
c cm
(MHPSORGHDSOLFDFLyQ1SDUDXQPXURGHFRUWHVLQFDEH]DOHV
(QFRQWUDU OD FXUYDWXUD I SDUD HO PXUR GH FRUWH LQGLFDGR HQ OD ILJXUD SDUD XQD
GHIRUPDFLyQ GHO KRUPLJyQ c 6H FRQVLGHUD HO EORTXH UHFWDQJXODU GHO $&, SDUD HO
FRPSRUWDPLHQWRGHOKRUPLJyQ\HOPRGHORHODVWRSODVWRSDUDHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRGHODFHUR3RU
RWUDSDUWHODFDUJDD[LDODFWXDQWH VHFRQVLGHUDLJXDO D7
Po C c C s Ts
Cc f
cE c t w
Cs U s t w c E c fy
Ts U s t w >Lw c E c @ fy
As
Us
t w Lw
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
$O VXVWLWXLU Cc , Cs \ Ts HQ Po VH REWLHQH OD SURIXQGLGDG GHO HMH QHXWUR OXHJR GH
VLPSOLILFDUWpUPLQRV
fy Po
Us f
c A f
c
c w
Lw
E U fy
s
f
c
VLHQGR Aw Lw tw
cm2.
u
c
u u u
c cm
c
I
c cm
(MHPSORGHDSOLFDFLyQ1SDUDXQDFROXPQDFXDGUDGD
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
As cm f c
kg cm fy kg cm
Es kg cm P kg b h cm
x 'HIRUPDFLRQHVHQODVGLIHUHQWHVFDSDVGHDFHURTXHVHREWLHQHQ SRUFRPSDWLELOLGDGGH
GHIRUPDFLRQHV WULiQJXORV VHPHMDQWHV HQ ILJXUD FHQWUDO GH HQ IXQFLyQ GHO
UHFXEULPLHQWR r GH OD SURIXQGLGDG GHO HMH QHXWUR c GH OD DOWXUD GH OD VHFFLyQ GH OD
FROXPQD h GHODDOWXUDHIHFWLYD d \GHODGHIRUPDFLyQGHOKRUPLJyQ H c
r h d
H s H c H s H c H s H c
c c c
f si E s H si H si d H y
f si fy H si ! H y
FC CC Ts Po CC f c
E c b Ts As f s
FT Ts Ts Ts As f s Ts As f s
Hc
M Po Ts h r Ts a Cc d Ts I
c
x (QODWDEODVHPXHVWUDQODVLWHUDFLRQHVUHDOL]DGDVKDVWDREWHQHUHOHTXLOLEULR
0e72'2'('29(/$6
/DV LGHDV JHQHUDOHV GHO PpWRGR IXHURQ SURSXHVWDV SRU 0DQGHU \ FRQVLVWH HQ
GLYLGLUODVHFFLyQGHKRUPLJyQHQXQQ~PHURILQLWRGHHOHPHQWRV\ODVILODVGHUHIXHU]RGHDFHUR
HVWpQFRPSOHWDPHQWH GHILQLGDV
/DGHIRUPDFLyQHQXQDVHFFLyQFXDOTXLHUDYLHQHGDGDSRU
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
z d o zdI
N Ed dA
M Ed zdA
GRQGH ( HV HO UHVSHFWLYR PyGXORGH HODVWLFLGDG GHO KRUPLJyQ R GHO DFHUR VHJ~Q FXDO VHD OD
ILEUD, dHVODGHIRUPDFLyQGHODILEUD \G$HVHOiUHDGHODGRYHODGHKRUPLJyQRHOiUHDGHOD
ILODGHDFHURV
L 3DUDXQQXHYRLQFUHPHQWRGHFXUYDWXUDVHWLHQH
LL (O FDPELR HQ HO FHQWURLGH GH GHIRUPDFLyQ SDUD HTXLOLEULR GH IXHU]DV HV GHWHUPLQDGR
PHGLDQWH ODHFXDFLyQ (Q HO SULPHU SDVR VH FRQVLGHUD 'N*=Po 'N* HV LJXDO D OD
FDUJD D[LDO TXH DFW~D HQ OD VHFFLyQ \ HQ ORV SDVRV VXEVLJXLHQWHV 'N*=Po 'N (O
FiOFXOR VHUHDOL]DGHODVLJXLHQWHIRUPD
'N
E x 'I
' o
Ea
NCC NSS
Ea
i
f ci Aci f sj Asj
j
NCC NSS
Ex f
i
ci Aci z i f sj Asj z j
j
d o d o ' o
z d o zdI
(OSURFHGLPLHQWRLQWHUDFWLYRFRQHOPpWRGRGHODVGRYHODV FRQYHUJHUiSLGDPHQWH
)250$*(1(5$/'(81',$*5$0$020(172&859$785$
(QHOFDStWXORVHREWLHQHHOGLDJUDPDPRPHQWRFXUYDWXUDGHXQDYLJDHPSOHDQGRHO
PRGHORGH3DUNHWDO SDUDHOKRUPLJyQ\HOPRGHORWULOLQHDOSDUD HODFHUR(VWHGLDJUDPD
VHSUHVHQWD HQODILJXUD HQHOFXDO VHKDQGHILQLGRFXDWURSXQWRVQRWDEOHVORVPLVPRV TXH
VHH[SOLFDQDFRQWLQXDFLyQ
x (O SXQWR < VH GHWHUPLQD FXDQGR HO DFHUR D WUDFFLyQ DOFDQ]D HO SXQWR GH IOXHQFLD
GHILQLGRSRUXQHVIXHU]R f y \XQDGHIRUPDFLyQ H y (QYDULRV HVWXGLRV VHFRQVLGHUDHO
UDQJRHOiVWLFRDODUHFWDTXHXQHHORULJHQGHFRRUGHQDGDVFRQHOSXQWR<
x (O SXQWR 8 VH KDOOD FXDQGR HO KRUPLJyQ OOHJD D VX Pi[LPD GHIRUPDFLyQ ~WLO D
FRPSUHVLyQ H u 1R HV OD IDOOD GH OD VHFFLyQ GHO HOHPHQWR ([LVWH XQ SXQWR DGLFLRQDO
TXH WLHQH XQD PHQRU FDSDFLGDG D IOH[LyQ \ PD\RU GHIRUPDFLyQ TXH FRUUHVSRQGH DO
FRODSVRHVWHSXQWRGHIDOOR)PiVLQWHUHVDSDUD HYDOXDUGDxR$JXLDU\%DUEDW
3HURSDUDILQHVSUiFWLFRVORVFXDWURSXQWRVLQGLFDGRV VRQORVPiVLPSRUWDQWHV
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
)LJXUD 'LDJUDPDPRPHQWRFXUYDWXUDGHXQDYLJDGREOHPHQWHDUPDGDUHVXHOWDHQFDStWXOR
578/$3/67,&$
(VPX\FRP~QWUDEDMDUHOGLDJUDPDPRPHQWR FXUYDWXUDHQEDVHDWUHVSXQWRVQRWDEOHV
$ < 8 (Q FRQVHFXHQFLD HO SXQWR 6 VH VXHOH LJQRUDUOR $KRUD ELHQ XQD GHILQLFLyQ EDVWDQWH
XWLOL]DGD HQ HO FDPSR GH OD ,QJHQLHUtD 6tVPLFD HV HO GH 5yWXOD 3OiVWLFD VH GHILQH HVWH SXQWR
FRPR DTXHO HQ TXH OD VHFFLyQ QR HV FDSD] GH DEVRUEHU PD\RU PRPHQWR D IOH[LyQ \ HPSLH]D
~QLFDPHQWHDURWDU
)LJXUD 'HWHUPLQDFLyQGHXQPRGHORELOLQHDOHQIXQFLyQGHODGHILQLFLyQGHUyWXODSOiVWLFD
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
(O SXQWR < GHVFULWR HQ HO DSDUWDGR DQWHULRU QR HV HO LQLFLR GH OD UyWXOD SOiVWLFD (Q OD
ILJXUDVHSUHVHQWD FRQ ODVFRRUGHQDGDV IY
M n VHREWLHQHHVWH SXQWRSRU HOFULWHULRGH
LJXDOHV iUHDV (O iUHDGHOGLDJUDPDPRPHQWRFXUYDWXUDLQLFLDOGHEHVHULJXDODOiUHDGHOPRGHOR
ELOLQHDOLQGLFDGRHQODILJXUDHQIXQFLyQGHOSXQWRGHLQLFLRGHODUyWXODSOiVWLFD
(QODUHDOLGDGQRH[LVWHODUyWXODSOiVWLFDSHURHVXQDGHILQLFLyQ TXHVHODXWLOL]DHQHO
FDPSRGHOD,QJHQLHUtD6tVPLFDSDUDHQFRQWUDUIyUPXODVTXHVLPSOLILFDQDOJ~QSUREOHPD(QHO
SUHVHQWH OLEUR QR VH WUDEDMD FRQ OD GHILQLFLyQ GH UyWXOD SOiVWLFD VLQR HQ EDVH D ORV SXQWRV
QRWDEOHVLQGLFDGRV
)508/$6$352;,0$'$6
9LJDVVLPSOHPHQWHDUPDGDV
x 3XQWR$
I h
MA f ct f ct f c
Ct
Ct
MA b h
IA I
Ec I
GRQGH C t HVODGLVWDQFLDGHOFHQWURGHJUDYHGDGGHODVHFFLyQDODILEUDPiVWUDFFLRQDGD f ct
HVHOHVIXHU]RPi[LPRDWUDFFLyQGHOKRUPLJyQ I HVHOPRPHQWRGHLQHUFLDGHODVHFFLyQ/DV
UHVWDQWHVYDULDEOHVKDQVLGR\DLQGLFDGDV
x 3XQWR<
k
MY As f y jd jd d k nU nU nU
Es As Hy
n U IY
Ec bd k d
VLHQGR kd OD SURIXQGLGDG GHO HMH QHXWUR jd HV HO EUD]R GH SDODQFD R GLVWDQFLD GHVGH HO
FHQWURLGHGHODIXHU]DDFRPSUHVLyQGHO KRUPLJyQDOFHQWURLGHGHODIXHU]DGHWHQVLyQ d HVOD
DOWXUD HIHFWLYD As HV OD DUPDGXUD D WUDFFLyQ GH OD YLJD 6H KD XWLOL]DGR OD QRPHQFODWXUD
SUHVHQWDGDSRU0DUtQ
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
x 3XQWR8
As f y d HU As f y
MU As f y d I c
b f c
c b f c
GRQGH HU HV OD GHIRUPDFLyQ Pi[LPD ~WLO GHO KRUPLJyQ SDUD DQiOLVLV VH FRQVLGHUD
HU (VWH YDORU HV SDUD FXDQGR QR VH FRQVLGHUD OD FRQWULEXFLyQ GH OD DUPDGXUD
WUDQVYHUVDO DO FRQVLGHUDU HO FRQILQDPLHQWR GHO KRUPLJyQ HO YDORU GH H U HV PD\RU DODQRWDGR
(QODHFXDFLyQTXHGHILQHHOHMHQHXWUR c VHKDFRQVLGHUDGR E
9LJDVGREOHPHQWHDUPDGDV
3DUD HO FiOFXOR GHO SXQWR $ VH SURFHGH GH LJXDO PDQHUD TXH HQ HO FDVR GH YLJDV
VLPSOHPHQWHDUPDGDV
x 3XQWR<
d
MY As f y jd jd
k
d k U U
n U U
n U U
n
d
As As
Es HY
U U
n IY
bd bd Ec k d
x 3XQWR8
MU a b f c
d a As
f y d d
a
As As
f y
b f c
Hc H c E
IU
c a
)RUPXODULRJHQHUDOSDUD9LJDV\&ROXPQDV
x 3XQWR$
I P MA
MA f ct o A bh IA
Ct A Ec I
GRQGH Po HVODIXHU]DD[LDOGHFRPSUHVLyQ/DVRWUDVYDULDEOHVKDQVLGR\DGHILQLGDV
x 3XQWR<
MY >
f c
b d E c K K o K pt K E c D c p t
@
d
Hc Hy Po
Ec K Dy Ko
d D y Ho Ho b d f c
As f y As
f y
pt p
Hc Iy d HY d HU
b d f c
b d f c
Hc Ko H y
Dc E c Ec d Iy C
Hy k d
k p t pt
D
pt E c pt
D p t pt
D C
pt
y y y
/DV IRUPXODV LQGLFDGDV HQ IXHURQ SURSXHVWDV SRU < 3DUN WLHQHQ XQ
UHVSDOGRWHyULFR\H[SHULPHQWDOEDVDGR HQHO HQVD\RGHHOHPHQWRV /DVYDULDEOHVWRGDYtD
QRGHILQLGDV VRQ d HVHOUHFXEULPLHQWRGHODDUPDGXUDDFRPSUHVLyQ H o HVODGHIRUPDFLyQ
x 3XQWR8
GRQGH pw HVODFXDQWtDGHFRQILQDPLHQWRGHOUHIXHU]RWUDQVYHUVDOHQSRUFHQWDMH6L pw !
VHFRQVLGHUD pw 3RU RWUD SDUWH OD GXFWLOLGDG SRU FXUYDWXUD PI VHUi LJXDO D VL HOYDORU
TXHUHVXOWDDODSOLFDUODUHVSHFWLYDHFXDFLyQHVPHQRU DOD/DVYDULDEOHVWRGDYtDQRGHILQLGDV
VRQ
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
Hp H b H b T s
Ko
Hb C C C I y
C Para pt
z
C pt Para pt
C
pt
pt
L
Ts u o !
L d
d
Ts
L
> u @ u! y
L
d
d
u L
Ts u! y
L
pw d
d
Wb
u
f c
GRQGH T s HV OD URWDFLyQ SRU FRUWH W b HV HO HVIXHU]R SURPHGLR GH DGKHUHQFLD \ L HV OD
ORQJLWXGGHOHOHPHQWR
(MHPSORGH$SOLFDFLyQ1SDUDXQDYLJDGREOHPHQWHDUPDGD
'HWHUPLQDU ORV SXQWRV $ < 8 GH OD UHODFLyQ PRPHQWR FXUYDWXUD SDUD OD YLJD FX\D
VHFFLyQWUDQVYHUVDOVHLQGLFDHQODILJXUDXWLOL]DQGRORVIRUPXODULRVLQGLFDGRVHQHOSUHVHQWH
DSDUWDGR /RV GDWRV GH OD YLJD VRQ As cm As cm b cm
d cm d
cm f c
kg cm f y kg cm L m pw
E T m
x 3XQWR$
I
m
M A
Tm
IA m
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
)LJXUD 'HVFULSFLyQGHVHFFLyQWUDQVYHUVDOGHYLJDGHHMHPSOR1
x 3XQWR<
pt
pt
pt pt
Dy
Ec
k
IY m
Hc
K
D c
M Y
MY Tm
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
x 3XQWR8
C
Hb
Ts
H p
3HURODGXFWLOLGDGSRUFXUYDWXUDQRGHEH VHUPHQRUTXH3RUORWDQWR P I
IU m
MU
Tm
(MHPSORGH$SOLFDFLyQ1SDUDXQDFROXPQD
6H GHVHD HQFRQWUDU ORV SXQWRV QRWDEOHV $ < 8 SDUD OD FROXPQD UHFWDQJXODU FX\D
VHFFLyQWUDQVYHUVDO VHLQGLFDHQODILJXUDODEDVHGHODVHFFLyQHVGHFPODDOWXUD
FPHVWiDUPDGDFRQKLHUURVGHPPGHGLiPHWUR FDGDXQRODORQJLWXGGHOHOHPHQWRHV
GHP\ODFDUJDD[LDOTXHJUDYLWDVREUHODPLVPDHVGH7
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
x 3XQWR$
I
m
MA
Tm
IA m
x 3XQWR<
pt pt
pt pt
Dy
Ec
k
C
Ko
IY
m
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
x 3XQWR8
(Q OD WDEOD VH SUHVHQWDQ ORV SXQWRV $ < 8 REWHQLGRV FRQ HO IRUPXODULR \ FRQ HO
SURJUDPD&(,1&,1XHYDPHQWHVH DSUHFLD TXH ORVPRPHQWRVREWHQLGRVFRQ ORVGRV PpWRGRV
VRQ EDVWDQWHSDUHFLGRV&RQODVFXUYDWXUDVH[LVWHDOJXQDGLIHUHQFLDSDUDORVSXQWRV $<3DUD
HOSXQWR8 GHILQLWLYDPHQWHODGLIHUHQFLD HVQRWDEOHHVWRVHGHEHDTXHQRUHSRUWDUHVXOWDGRV
DGHFXDGRVHOFiOFXORGHODGXFWLOLGDGSRUFXUYDWXUDREWHQLGRSRU<3DUN
([LVWHQ RWURV WUDEDMRV SDUD HQFRQWUDU HQ IRUPD DSUR[LPDGD ORV SXQWRV QRWDEOHV GHO
GLDJUDPDPRPHQWRFXUYDWXUDFRPRORVTXHSUHVHQWD6DW\DUQR
/R PiV DGHFXDGR HV FRQWDU FRQ XQ SURJUDPD GH RUGHQDGRU SDUD HQFRQWUDU WRGRV ORV
SXQWRVGHOGLDJUDPDPRPHQWRFXUYDWXUD\ORVSXQWRVQRWDEOHV(VWHSURJUDPDGHEHFRQWHPSODU
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
XQ PRGHOR SDUD HO KRUPLJyQ FRQILQDGR \ XQ PRGHOR TXH WRPH HQ FXHQWD OD ]RQD GH
HQGXUHFLPLHQWRGHODFHUR
$3/,&$&,21(6'(/$5(/$&,1020(172&859$785$
'XFWLOLGDGORFDOSRUFXUYDWXUD
Iu
PI
Iy
5HVHUYDGHGXFWLOLGDGSRUFXUYDWXUD
Id
Pd
Iy
Iu I d
Pr
Iy Iy
0LHQWUDV PiV DOWD VHD OD UHVHUYD GH GXFWLOLGDG SRU FXUYDWXUD GH ORV GLIHUHQWHV
HOHPHQWRVTXHFRQIRUPDQXQDHVWUXFWXUDPHMRUVHUiHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRVtVPLFRTXHVHHVSHUD
GH OD HGLILFDFLyQ WRGD YH] TXH VH SHUPLWLUi OD UHGLVWULEXFLyQ GH PRPHQWRV VH REOLJDUi D TXH
RWURV HOHPHQWRV DG\DFHQWHV D ORV TXH HVWiQ VREUHFDUJDGRV DEVRUEDQ SDUWH GH ODV FDUJDV
DOLYLDQGRGHHVWDPDQHUDODV]RQDVUHFDUJDGDV
5HGLVWULEXFLyQGH0RPHQWRV
3DUDTXHVHGHODUHGLVWULEXFLyQGHPRPHQWRVHVQHFHVDULRTXH ORVHOHPHQWRVWHQJDQ
VXILFLHQWH UHVHUYDGHGXFWLOLGDGSRUFXUYDWXUD HQ ODVVHFFLRQHVFUtWLFDVTXHVRQORVH[WUHPRV GH
ORV HOHPHQWRV (O &yGLJR $&, FDOFXOD HQ IRUPD PX\ EXUGD HVWD UHVHUYD GH GXFWLOLGDG HQ
IXQFLyQ GH OD FXDQWtD GHO DFHUR D WUDFFLyQ U GHO DFHUR D FRPSUHVLyQ U
\ GH OD FXDQWtD
EDODQFHDGD U b \SHUPLWHTXHHOPRPHQWRQHJDWLYRHQORVH[WUHPRVGHHOHPHQWRVFRQWLQXRVD
IOH[LyQSXHGDLQFUHPHQWDUVHRGLVPLQXLUVHHQQRPiVGHORLQGLFDGRHQODHFXDFLyQ
U U
U b
U U
6L HVPD\RUTXHHO$&,QRSHUPLWHUHGLVWULEXFLyQGHPRPHQWRV
Ub
x 5HGLVWULEXFLyQGHPRPHQWRVDWUDYpVGHXQQXGR(QHVWHFDVRVLHOPRPHQWRQHJDWLYR
GH XQ QXGR VH UHGXFH HQ XQ GHWHUPLQDGR SRUFHQWDMH HQ HO PLVPR SRUFHQWDMH GHEH
DXPHQWDUVH HO PRPHQWR SRVLWLYR GHO QXGR HQ DQiOLVLV 3RU OR WDQWR HO PRPHQWR WRWDO
LQWURGXFLGRDOQXGRSHUPDQHFHLQDOWHUDGRHQFRQVHFXHQFLDORV PRPHQWRV\FRUWDQWHV
GHODFROXPQDTXHFRQFXUUHDOQXGRQRFDPELDQ 3DXOD\\3ULHVWOH\
XQRVQXHYRV FRUWDQWHVTXHDFWXDUiQVREUHODVFROXPQDV
6H SXHGH ~QLFDPHQWH FDPELDU ORV PRPHQWRV HQ ORV H[WUHPRV GH ODV YLJDV GHMDQGR
FRQVWDQWH HO PRPHQWR HQ HO FHQWUR GHO WUDPR 3DUD ORJUDU HO HTXLOLEULR DQWH FDUJDV
YHUWLFDOHV VH FRQVLGHUD TXH OD YLJD VH HQFXHQWUD VLPSOHPHQWH DSR\DGD 3RU OR WDQWR
ORV PRPHQWRV VH FRQVLGHUDQ VXSHUSXHVWRV VREUH OD EDVH GH XQD OtQHD UHFWD TXH XQH
ORVPRPHQWRVGHORVH[WUHPRVGHODVYLJDV
/DV VHFFLRQHV GH ODV YLJDV FX\RV PRPHQWRV VH KDQ UHGXFLGR GHELGR D OD
UHGLVWULEXFLyQLQJUHVDUDQDOUDQJRQROLQHDOHQIRUPDDQWLFLSDGD SHURWLHQHQVXILFLHQWHUHVHUYD
GH GXFWLOLGDG SRU FXUYDWXUD \ HVWR LPSOLFD TXH WLHQHQ VXILFLHQWH UHVHUYD GH GXFWLOLGDG SRU
URWDFLyQ OR TXH SHUPLWH TXH HO KRUPLJyQ WUDEDMH D JUDQGHV GHIRUPDFLRQHV \ OD VHFFLyQ URWH
LQHOiVWLFDPHQWHWUDQVPLWLHQGRODVDFFLRQHVDRWURVHOHPHQWRV
,QHUFLDV$JULHWDGDV
8QD YH] TXH VH WLHQH OD UHODFLyQ PRPHQWR FXUYDWXUD GH XQD VHFFLyQ GHILQLGD SRU XQ
PRGHOR QXPpULFR GH FiOFXOR VLPLODU DO LQGLFDGR HQ OD ILJXUD R VH SXHGH HQFRQWUDU OD
ULJLGH]DIOH[LyQEISDUDGLIHUHQWHVFRQGLFLRQHVDODV FXDOHVSXHGHHVWDUVXMHWR HOHOHPHQWR
MA
EI EI g
IA
6L HQ OD ILJXUD VH XQH HO SXQWR < FRQ HO RULJHQ VH GHWHUPLQD OD ULJLGH] D IOH[LyQ
DJULHWDGD EI cr
My
EI cr
Iy
'HVGH XQ SXQWR GH YLVWD PiV ULJXURVR HQ EDVH D OD UHODFLyQ 0RPHQWR &XUYDWXUD VH
GHWHUPLQDQORVPRGHORVKLVWHUpWLFRVTXHVHXWLOL]DQSDUDHODQiOLVLVGLQiPLFRQROLQHDO5RXIDLHO
\0H\HUWHPDEDVWDQWHFRPSOHMRTXHQRVHORDERUGDHQ HOSUHVHQWHFDStWXOR/RTXH
LQWHUHVDLOXVWUDUSRUDKRUDHVODIRUPDGHFDOFXODU I cr GHOGLDJUDPDPRPHQWRFXUYDWXUD
$QWH XQ VLVPR PX\ VHYHUR OD HVWUXFWXUD YD D VXIULU GDxR (Q FRQVHFXHQFLD HO DQiOLVLV
VtVPLFR SDUD HVWRV HYHQWRV VH ORV UHDOL]D FRQVLGHUDQGR OD ,QHUFLD $JULHWDGD I cr /RV FyGLJRV
HVWDEOHFHQHVWRVYDORUHV HQIXQFLyQ GHOD,QHUFLDQR DJULHWDGD I g \HVWiHQIXQFLyQGHOQLYHOGH
GHVHPSHxR HVWUXFWXUDO HVSHUDGR GH OD HGLILFDFLyQ $ FRQWLQXDFLyQ VH SUHVHQWDQ ORV YDORUHV
HVWLSXODGRV HQ HO &yGLJR (FXDWRULDQR GH OD &RQVWUXFFLyQ &(& \ HQ OD1RUPDWLYD 6LVPR
5HVLVWHQWHGH&RORPELD165
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
i &yGLJR(FXDWRULDQRGHOD&RQVWUXFFLyQ &(&
i 1RUPDWLYD6LVPR5HVLVWHQWHGH&RORPELD165
(VWDGR/tPLWHGH6HUYLFLR
(VWDGR/tPLWHGH5HVLVWHQFLD
(Q OD 1RUPD 165 VH SXHGH DSUHFLDU TXH HO YDORU GH
I cr GHSHQGH GHO (VWDGR GH
'LVHxR VLVHHVSHUDSRFRGDxR(VWDGR/tPLWHGH6HUYLFLRORVYDORUHVGH I cr VRQPiVDOWRVHQ
UHODFLyQDFXDQGR VHHVSHUDPiVGDxR(VWDGR/tPLWHGH5HVLVWHQFLD
(V LPSRUWDQWH GHVWDFDU TXH FXDQGR VH WUDEDMD FRQ ,QHUFLDV $JULHWDGDV WRGRV ORV
HOHPHQWRVGHODHVWUXFWXUDVHYHQUHGXFLGRV VXULJLGH] SHUR HVWR QRHV FLHUWR\DTXHQRWRGRV
ORV HOHPHQWRV YDQ D LQJUHVDU DO UDQJR QR OLQHDO GXUDQWH XQ VLVPR PX\ VHYHUR (VWR HV XQD
GHELOLGDGGHWUDEDMDU FRQ I cr
QGLFHVGHGDxRVtVPLFRORFDO
/DWHQGHQFLD GHOGLVHxRVLVPRUHVLVWHQWHHVFXDQWLILFDUHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRQROLQHDOTXH
VH HVSHUD GH XQD HGLILFDFLyQ \ HVWR HQWUH RWUDV FRVDV VLJQLILFD FDOFXODU HO QGLFH GH GDxR D
QLYHO GH VHFFLyQ GH ORV HOHPHQWRV D QLYHO GH SLVR \ D QLYHO GH OD HVWUXFWXUD (Q HO SUHVHQWH
DSDUWDGR VH HVWXGLDODHYDOXDFLyQ GHOtQGLFHGHGDxRDQLYHOGH VHFFLyQWDPELpQ GHQRPLQDGR
tQGLFH GHGDxRORFDO\VHGHVHDSUHVHQWDUXQPRGHORPX\VHQFLOOREDVDGR~QLFDPHQWHHQODV
UHODFLRQHV PRPHQWR FXUYDWXUD (O REMHWLYR HV TXH HO OHFWRU HPSLHFH D IDPLOLDUL]DUVH FRQ ORV
tQGLFHVGHGDxR I D
Md M y
ID
Mu M y
(Q IRUPD VLPLODU VH SXHGH GHILQLU RWUR PRGHOR GH FiOFXOR GHO tQGLFH GH GDxR I D HQ
IXQFLyQGHODFXUYDWXUD
Id I y
ID
Iu I y
6,6026'($1/,6,6'($&8(5'2$9,6,21
/DV QRUPDV TXH HVWiQ YLJHQWHV HQ OD PD\RUtD GH ORV FyGLJRV \ QRUPDWLYDV VtVPLFDV
WLHQHQ XQREMHWLYRSULQFLSDOFXDOHVTXHODHVWUXFWXUDWHQJDXQEXHQ FRPSRUWDPLHQWRLQHOiVWLFR
DQWH XQ VLVPR VHYHUR HO PLVPR TXH VH GHILQH PHGLDQWH HVWXGLRV GH SHOLJURVLGDG VtVPLFD
FRQVLGHUDQGR XQD YLGD ~WLO GH OD HVWUXFWXUD GH DxRV \ FRQ XQ GH SUREDELOLGDG GH
H[FHGHQFLD (VWHVLVPRWLHQHXQSHUtRGRGHUHWRUQRTXHHVWi DOUHGHGRUGHORVDxRV 3DUD
HVWHHYHQWRTXHWLHQHPX\SRFDSUREDELOLGDGGHUHJLVWUDUVHGXUDQWHODYLGD~WLOGHODHVWUXFWXUD
VHGHVHDTXHODHGLILFDFLyQGLVLSHODPD\RUFDQWLGDG GHHQHUJtD\QRFRODSVH De tal forma que
el objetivo principal de la mayor parte de los cdigos es salvar vidas para el sismo severo
(OREMHWLYRLQGLFDGRHQHO SiUUDIRDQWHULRUVHKDYHQLGRFXPSOLHQGRHQODSUiFWLFDHQ
HVWUXFWXUDV ELHQ GLVHxDGDV SHUR FXDQGR VH KDQ UHJLVWUDGR VLVPRV GH PHQRU PDJQLWXG FRQ
DFHOHUDFLRQHVPHQRUHVDODVHVSHUDGDVHQHOVLVPRVHYHURVHKDYLVWRTXHHOGDxRHVWUXFWXUDO
\QRHVWUXFWXUDOHVGHPDVLDGRJUDQGHHQODVHVWUXFWXUDVFRQDOWRQLYHOGHGLVHxRVtVPLFRGH
WDOPDQHUDTXHODVSpUGLGDV UHJLVWUDGDVKDQ VLGR FXDQWLRVDV3RUHVWHPRWLYRHVIXQGDPHQWDO
XQD YH] TXH VH KD WHUPLQDGR GH GLVHxDU ORV HOHPHQWRV HVWUXFWXUDOHV YHULILFDU HO GHVHPSHxR
TXH YD D WHQHU OD HGLILFDFLyQ DQWH VLVPRV GH PHQRU LQWHQVLGDG \ TXH GH VHJXUR VH YDQ D
UHJLVWUDU GXUDQWH OD YLGD ~WLO GH OD HVWUXFWXUD KD\ TXH YHULILFDU HO GHVHPSHxR HQ WpUPLQRV
HVWUXFWXUDOHV\HFRQyPLFRV
(O UHVXOWDGR GHO WUDEDMR UHDOL]DGR SRU HO &RPLWp 9,6,21 IXH SXEOLFDGR SRU OD
6RFLHGDG GH ,QJHQLHURV(VWUXFWXUDOHVGH&DOLIRUQLD6($2&HQGRV9RO~PHQHV(QHO9ROXPHQ
,VHGHILQHQORVVLVPRVGHDQiOLVLVQLYHOHVGHGHVHPSHxRH[SUHVDGRVHQWpUPLQRVFXDOLWDWLYRV
SDUD OD HVWUXFWXUD SDUD ORV HOHPHQWRV QR HVWUXFWXUDOHV \ SDUD ORV GLIHUHQWHV VLVWHPDV GH
LQVWDODFLRQHV TXH FRQIRUPDQ OD HGLILFDFLyQ 6H GHILQH DGHPiV HO PDUFR FRQFHSWXDO SDUD HO
GLVHxR SRU GHVHPSHxR (Q HO 9ROXPHQ ,, VH SUHVHQWy XQ LQIRUPH SUHOLPLQDU GHO VLVPR GH
1RUWKULGJH GH TXH QR KDFtD PiV TXH UDWLILFDU OD QHFHVLGDG GH FRQWDU D IXWXUR FRQ
SURFHGLPLHQWRVGHDQiOLVLVVtVPLFRSRUGHVHPSHxRRSHUIRUPDQFH
(O &RPLWp 9,6,21 GHILQLy FXDWUR VLVPRV GH DQiOLVLV ORV PLVPRV TXH VH
SUHVHQWDQ HQ OD WDEOD 'HVGH XQ SXQWR GH YLVWD ULJXURVR OR TXH VH HVWDEOHFLy VRQ ORV
SDUiPHWURV SDUD GHILQLU ORV HVWXGLRV GH SHOLJURVLGDG VtVPLFD WHQGLHQWHV D REWHQHU HYHQWRV
GHQRPLQDGRVVLVPRVIUHFXHQWHRFDVLRQDOUDUR\PX\UDUR
YLVLyQHVTXHVHWRPHHQFXHQWDHVWHVLVPRHQHOGLVHxR\QR~QLFDPHQWHHOsismo raroTXH
VHWRPHHQFXHQWD\TXHVHYHULILTXHHOGHVHPSHxRTXHYDDWHQHUODHGLILFDFLyQDFRUGHDOR
LQGLFDGRHQODVWDEODV\/RSURSLRVHSXHGHLQGLFDUSDUDHOsismo ocasionalTXHWLHQH
XQD DOWD SUREDELOLGDG GH UHJLVWUDUVH GXUDQWH OD YLGD ~WLO GH OD HVWUXFWXUD )LQDOPHQWH VH KD
DxDGLGR XQ QXHYR HYHQWR GHQRPLQDGR sismo muy raro FRQ XQD EDMD SUREDELOLGDG GH
RFXUUHQFLD
7DEOD 3DUiPHWURVGHORVVLVPRVGHDQiOLVLVHVWDEOHFLGRVSRUHO&RPLWp9,6,21
352%$%,/,'$' 3(52'2'(
6,602 9,'$7,/
'((;&('(1&,$ 5(72512
)UHFXHQWH DxRV DxRV
&203257$0,(172(63(5$'2
(Q OD WDEOD VH LQGLFD XQD GHVFULSFLyQ PX\ UHVXPLGD GH ODV GHILQLFLRQHVXWLOL]DGDV
SRU HO &RPLWp SDUD ORV GLIHUHQWHV QLYHOHV GH GHVHPSHxR H[SUHVDGR HQ WpUPLQRV GH ORV
HIHFWRVTXHXQVLVPRSXHGHGHMDUHQODVHGLILFDFLRQHV
7DEOD 'HILQLFLRQHVGHOGHVHPSHxRHVWUXFWXUDOVHJ~QODVSXEOLFDFLRQHV1(+53\9,6,21
*8,$1(+53 9,6,21 '(6&5,3&,1
,QPHGLDWDPHQWH 2FXSDFLRQDO 1R KD\ GDxR VLJQLILFDWLYR D OD HVWUXFWXUD OD PLVPD
2FXSDFLRQDO TXHVHPDQWLHQHPX\FHUFDGHODUHVLVWHQFLD\ULJLGH]
TXH WHQtD DQWHV GHO VLVPR /RV FRPSRQHQWHV
HVWUXFWXUDOHVVRQVHJXURV\PDQWLHQHQVXIXQFLyQ(O
HGLILFLR SXHGH VHU XWLOL]DGR OXHJR GH SHTXHxRV
DUUHJORV
(Q HO 9ROXPHQ , VH LQGLFD HQ YDULDV SDJLQDV HO GHVHPSHxR \ SRU VX UHGDFFLyQ VH
DSUHFLD TXH HVWi GLULJLGR DO S~EOLFR HQ JHQHUDO \ PiV QR H[FOXVLYDPHQWH D ORV SUR\HFWLVWDV
HVWUXFWXUDOHV
'H DFXHUGR DO XVR TXH YD D WHQHU XQD HVWUXFWXUD HO &RPLWp 9,6,21 KD
SUHVHQWDGRXQQLYHOPtQLPRGHGHVHPSHxRHOPLVPRTXHVHLQGLFDHQODWDEODSDUDWUHV
WLSRVGHHGLILFDFLRQHVbsica, esencial y de seguridad crtica.
/DYLVLyQDIXWXURGHGLVHxRVtVPLFRGHHVWUXFWXUDVFRQVLVWHHQYHULILFDUHOGHVHPSHxR
HQ WpUPLQRV HVWUXFWXUDOHV \ HFRQyPLFRV TXH YD D WHQHU OD HGLILFDFLyQ SDUD FDGD XQR GH ORV
VLVPRVLQGLFDGRVHQODWDEODGHDFXHUGRDOXVRGHODPLVPD(VWDYHULILFDFLyQVHODUHDOL]D
VREUHODEDVHGHODVGLVWRUVLRQHVPi[LPDVSHUPLWLGDVHQEDVHDOJUDGRGHGDxRORFDO\JOREDO
GHODHVWUXFWXUD\HQEDVHDOQGLFHGH'HVHPSHxR(OFRVWRGHFRQVWUXFFLyQHVXQDYDULDEOH
LPSRUWDQWHTXHQRVHGHEHGHVFXLGDUHQODVGHFLVLRQHVTXHVHDGRSWHQHVPX\SUREDEOHTXH
LQLFLDOPHQWHVHWHQJDXQDHVWUXFWXUDFRQXQEDMRFRVWRSHURTXHYDDVXIULUGHPDVLDGRGDxRHQ
HOHPHQWRVQRHVWUXFWXUDOHVDQWHXQVLVPRIUHFXHQWH\HOFRVWRGHUHSDUDFLyQVHDWDQJUDQGHD
PiVGHODVPROHVWLDVTXHHVWRFRQOOHYDTXHDORPHMRUVHGHFLGHHQKDFHUXQDHVWUXFWXUDPiV
UHVLVWHQWH
7DEOD 6LVPRVGHDQiOLVLV\GHVHPSHxRHVSHUDGRHQODVHGLILFDFLRQHV
,10(',$7$0(1
6LVPRGH 6(*85,'$''( 35(9(1&,1
23(5$&,21$/ 7(
$QiOLVLV 9,'$ '(&2/$362
2&83$&,21$/
)UHFXHQWH i
2FDVLRQDO x i
5DUR x i
0X\5DUR x i
i (GLILFDFLRQHVEiVLFDVFRPRUHVLGHQFLDV\RILFLQDV
x (GLILFDFLRQHVHVHQFLDOHVFRPRKRVSLWDOHVGHVWDFDPHQWRVPLOLWDUHVERPEHURVHWF
(GLILFDFLRQHVGHVHJXULGDGFUtWLFD
(QODQXHYDILORVRItDGHGLVHxRVtVPLFRHODQiOLVLVHVWiWLFRQROLQHDOHVHOVRSRUWHGH
YDULDV PHWRGRORJtDV TXH VH KDQ SURSXHVWR SDUD HQFRQWUDU OD UHVSXHVWD VtVPLFD GH XQD
HGLILFDFLyQ\GHQWURGHHVWHDQiOLVLVODGHWHUPLQDFLyQGHODcurva de capacidad resistenteHVOD
EDVHGHODQiOLVLVWHPDTXHVHDERUGDUiFRQGHWHQLPLHQWRHQHOFDStWXOR
5()(5(1&,$6
$JXLDU 5 &RPSRUWDPLHQWR 6tVPLFR GHO +RUPLJyQ $UPDGR Centro de
Investigaciones Cientficas. Escuela Politcnica del Ejrcito, &(,1&, 7DPELpQ
SXEOLFDGR HQ XII Curso Nacional de Estructuras, Escuela Politcnica del Ejrcito (1999),
4XLWR(FXDGRU
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
$7& *XLGHOLQHV IRU 6HLVPLF 5HKDELOLWDWLRQ RI %XLOGLQJV 75% Submittal,
Third Draft 9RO5HGZRRG&LW\
%OXPH - 1HZPDUN 1 \ &RUQLQJ / 'HVLJQ RI 0XOWLVWRU\ 5HLQIRUFHG &RQFUHWH
%XLOGLQJVIRU(DUWKTXDNH0RWLRQVPortland Cement Association.
&iUGHQDV $ \ 0DJXUD ' 6WUHJWK RI +LJK5LVH 6KHDU :DOOV5HFWDQJXODU FURVV
VHFWLRQV A.C.I. Response of Multistorey Concrete Structures to Lateral Forces, Special
Publication,
&yGLJR (FXDWRULDQR GH OD &RQVWUXFFLyQ &(& &DStWXOR 3HOLJUR VtVPLFR
HVSHFWURV GH GLVHxR \ UHTXLVLWRV GH FiOFXOR SDUD GLVHxR VLVPR UHVLVWHQWH
XIII Jornadas
Nacionales de Estructuras. Pontificia Universidad Catlica del Ecuador4XLWR(FXDGRU
+RJQHVWDG ( +DQVRQ 1 DQG 0F+HQU\ ' &RQFUHWH 6WUHVV 'LVWULEXWLRQ LQ
8OWLPDWH6WUHQJWK'HVLJQJournal ACI,
0DQGHU - 6HLVPLF GHVLJQ RI EULGJH SLHUV Ph.D Thesis, Department of Civil
Engineering, University of Canterbury, 1HZ=HDODQG
165 1RUPDV FRORPELDQDV GH GLVHxR \ FRQVWUXFFLRQHV VLVPR UHVLVWHQWH
Asociacin Colombiana de Ingeniera Ssmica7RPR&RORPELD
3DUN < 6HLVPLF GDPDJH DQDO\VLV DQG GDPDJHOLPLWLQJ GHVLJQ IRU UHLQIRUFHG
FRQFUHWHVWUXFWXUHVPh.D. Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign.
3DUN < 5HLQKRUQ $ \ .XQQDWK ,'$5& ,QHODVWLF GDPDJH DQDO\VLV RI UHLQIRUFHG
FRQFUHWHIUDPHVKHDUZDOOVWUXFWXUHVTechnical Report NCEER-87-0008. National Center
for Earthquake Engineering Research, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo.
3DXOD\ 7 DQG 3ULHVWOH\ 0 6HLVPLF GHVLJQ RI UHLQIRUFHG FRQFUHWH DQG PDVRQU\
EXLOGLQJV John Wiley and Sons, IncS86$
5RXIDLHO 0 DQG 0H\HU & $QDO\WLFDO PRGHOLQJ RI K\VWHUHWLF EHKDYLRU RI 5&
IUDPHV Journal of Structural Division, ASCE
6DW\DUQR , $GDSWLYH SXVKRYHU DQDO\VLV IRU WKH VHLVPLF DVVHVVPHQW RI ROGHU
UHLQIRUFHG FRQFUHWH EXLOGLQJV Ph.D Tesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of
Canterbury,S1HZ=HDODQG
6($2& 9LVLRQ 5HSRUW RQ SHUIRUPDQFH EDVHG VHLVPLF HQJLQHHULQJ RI
EXLOGLQJV Structural Engineers Association of California,9ROXPH,6DFUDPHQWR
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
:KLWQH\ & 3ODVWLF 7KHRU\ RI 5HLQIRUFHG &RQFUHWH 'HVLJQ Proceedings ASCE
1940, Transactions ASCE, 9RO
CAPTULO 2
'(6&5,3&,1'(/$7e&1,&$'(/386+29(5
<02'(/26'(3/$67,&,'$'
5(680(1
(OVHJXQGRHMHPSOR VHDQDOL]DODHVWUXFWXUDFRPRXQVLVWHPDGHXQJUDGRGHOLEHUWDG
SDUDORFXDO VHWUDEDMDFRQ ODPDWUL]GHULJLGH]GHODVFROXPQDVFRQGHQVDGDDXQVRORJUDGRGH
OLEHUWDG(QORVGRVHMHUFLFLRVQRVHFRQVLGHUDODFDUJDYHUWLFDOTXHJUDYLWDVREUHHOSyUWLFRWRGR
HVWR FRQ HO PLVPR REMHWLYR VLPSOLILFDU OD H[SOLFDFLyQ GH OD WpFQLFD GHO SXVKRYHU (Q HO WHUFHU
HMHPSORVLVHFRQVLGHUD ODFDUJDYHUWLFDO
(O $QiOLVLV 0DWULFLDO GH (VWUXFWXUDV HV XQ WHPD IXQGDPHQWDO HQ HO $QiOLVLV QR /LQHDO
(VWiWLFRSRU HVHPRWLYRVHH[SOLFDQDOJXQRVWHPDVFRPRODREWHQFLyQGHOD PDWUL] GHULJLGH]
GH XQD HVWUXFWXUD D SDUWLU GH OD PDWUL] GH FRPSDWLELOLGDG GH GHIRUPDFLRQHV \ SRVWHULRUPHQWH
SRU HQVDPEODMH GLUHFWR 6H LQGLFD DGHPiV OD VROXFLyQ GH XQ SyUWLFR DQWH FDUJDV ODWHUDOHV OD
FRQGHQVDFLyQHVWiWLFDGHODPDWUL]GHULJLGH]ODPDWUL]GHULJLGH] GHODWHUDO/DIRUPXODFLyQ GH
HVWRVWHPDVHVJHQHUDOWDQWRSDUDHODQiOLVLVOLQHDOFRPRSDUDHODQiOLVLVQROLQHDO
3RVWHULRUPHQWH VH LQGLFDQ DOJXQRV PRGHORV GH SODVWLFLGDG H[WHQGLGD \ VH KDOODQ ODV
FXUYDVGHFDSDFLGDGVtVPLFD UHVLVWHQWH HQHOSyUWLFR GHXQYDQR\XQSLVRSHUR FRQVLGHUDQGROD
FDUJDYHUWLFDO\XWLOL]DQGRHOSURJUDPDGHFRPSXWDFLyQGHQRPLQDGR&$3$&,'$)LQDOPHQWHVH
H[SOLFD FRPR VHREWLHQHQODVSURSLHGDGHVGLQiPLFDV GHXQDHVWUXFWXUD
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
,1752'8&&,1
(Q HVWH FRQWH[WR HO DQiOLVLV QR OLQHDO HVWiWLFR HV XQ SDVR LQWHUPHGLR HQWUH HO DQiOLVLV
OLQHDOHOiVWLFR\HODQiOLVLV QROLQHDOGLQiPLFR 'HQWUR GHODQiOLVLV QROLQHDOHVWiWLFRORTXHPiV
VH XWLOL]D HV OD 7pFQLFD GHO 3XVKRYHU SDUD HQFRQWUDU OD FXUYD GH FDSDFLGDG UHVLVWHQWH GH ODV
HVWUXFWXUDV DQWH DFFLRQHV VtVPLFDV FXUYD TXH UHODFLRQD HO FRUWDQWH EDVDO V FRQ HO
GHVSOD]DPLHQWRODWHUDOPi[LPRHQHOWRSH Dt
/DVHVWUXFWXUDVDQDOL]DGDVFRQODVFXDOHVVHDVSLUDH[SOLFDUODWpFQLFDGHOSXVKRYHUVRQ
GHXQSLVRODFDUJDTXHVHDSOLFDHV FRQFHQWUDGDHQXQQXGRGHSLVR &RQFDGDLQFUHPHQWRGH
FDUJD VH GHWHUPLQD ODV QXHYDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV REWHQLGDV HQ EDVH D ODV UHODFLRQHV PRPHQWR
FXUYDWXUD REWHQLGDV GHO SURJUDPD &(,1&, $JXLDU HVWR SDUD HO VHJXQGR HMHPSOR HQ
TXHVHFRQVLGHUDTXHODUHODFLyQPRPHQWRFXUYDWXUD HVIXQFLyQ GHODFDUJDD[LDOSDUDHOSULPHU
HMHPSORQRVHFRQVLGHUDHVWDIRUPDGHFiOFXOR
/D WpFQLFD GHO SXVKRYHU VH UHDOL]D FRQ SHTXHxRV LQFUHPHQWRV GH FDUJD DOUHGHGRU GH
7 HVWR SDUD FXDQGR VH XWLOL]D XQ SURJUDPD GH RUGHQDGRU 3DUD UHVROYHU PDQXDOPHQWH HQ
ORV GRV SULPHURV HMHPSORV VH SODQWHD LQFUHPHQWR GH FDUJD GH 7 OD FDUJD FRQ OD TXH VH
UHVXHOYHHVPX\DOWDSHURVHWHQGUiQ PHQRVRSHUDFLRQHV\VHUiIDFWLEOHPRVWUDUODVHFXHQFLD
GHFiOFXOR
M
U
Mu
Y
My
Modelo Elasto-Plasto
2\ 2X 2
$1/,6,6&2102'(/2(/$6723/$672
/D IRUPD PiV VHQFLOOD GH H[SOLFDU OD 7pFQLFD GHO 3XVKRYHU HV FRQVLGHUDQGR XQ
GLDJUDPD PRPHQWR FXUYDWXUD HODVWRSODVWRSDUDODVYLJDV\FROXPQDV FRPRHOTXH VHPXHVWUD
HQ OD ILJXUD 3RU RWUD SDUWH \ FRPR VH LQGLFy DQWHULRUPHQWH HQ HO SULPHU HMHUFLFLR TXH VH
SUHVHQWDHQ HOVLJXLHQWHDSDUWDGR VH FRQVLGHUDTXHHOGLDJUDPD PRPHQWRFXUYDWXUDSDUDODV
FROXPQDV QR GHSHQGH GH OD FDUJD D[LDO 7RGR HVWR FRQ HO REMHWR GH VLPSOLILFDU OD H[SOLFDFLyQ
WHyULFD
(Q HO PRGHOR SUHVHQWDGR HQ OD ILJXUD VH WLHQH HQ OtQHDV HQWUHFRUWDGDV ORV WUHV
SXQWRVQRWDEOHVGHOGLDJUDPD0RPHQWR&XUYDWXUD $ < 8\HQOtQHDFRQWLQXDHOPRGHORHODVWR
SODVWR (Q HO SULPHU HMHUFLFLR TXH VH YD D UHVROYHU VH XWLOL]DUi HO PRGHOR HODVWR SODVWR TXH
FRQVLGHUD TXH FXDQGR OD VHFFLyQ DOFDQ]D HO PRPHQWR GH IOXHQFLD M y VH IRUPD XQD
DUWLFXODFLyQSOiVWLFDHQGLFKRSXQWRHQ FRQVHFXHQFLDQRHVFDSD] GHUHVLVWLUPiVPRPHQWR\OD
VHFFLyQ ~QLFDPHQWHHPSLH]D DURWDUDGLVLSDUHQHUJtD3HURSDUDHOVHJXQGRHMHPSOR VL VHYDD
FRQVLGHUDUHOLQFUHPHQWR GHUHVLVWHQFLDXQDYH]TXHVHKDOOHJDGRDOPRPHQWR M y HVGHFLU
VHYDDSHUPLWLUTXHODVHFFLyQOOHJXHDOPRPHQWR~OWLPR M u
(QODILJXUDVHLQGLFDQ ODVWUHVSRVLELOLGDGHVGHWUDEDMRTXHWLHQHXQHOHPHQWRSDUD
HO HMHPSOR D OD L]TXLHUGD SDUD FXDQGR WUDEDMD HQ HO UDQJR HOiVWLFR DO FHQWUR FXDQGR OD
VHFFLyQOOHJy DOPRPHQWRGHIOXHQFLD HQ HOQXGRILQDO \DODGHUHFKDFXDQGR VH DOFDQ]yHOSXQWR
GHIOXHQFLDHQHOQXGRLQLFLDO3RUHOPRGHORPDWHPiWLFRTXHVHHVWiWUDEDMDQGRHODVWRSODVWR
FXDQGR VHOOHJDDODIOXHQFLDVHWLHQHXQDUyWXODSOiVWLFDHQGLFKRSXQWR
/ / /
)LJXUD &RQGLFLRQHVGHWUDEDMRGHXQHOHPHQWR
/DVPDWULFHV GHULJLGH]GHOHOHPHQWRSDUDORVWUHVFDVRVLQGLFDGRVHQODILJXUDVH
GHQRPLQD FDVR DOUDQJRHOiVWLFR FDVRFXDQGRVHIRUPDXQD UyWXODSOiVWLFDHQHOQXGRILQDO
\ FDVR FXDQGR OD UyWXOD SOiVWLFD VH IRUPD HQ HO QXGR LQLFLDO \ SDUD ORV JUDGRV GH OLEHUWDG
LQGLFDGRVVRQODVVLJXLHQWHVHQHOPLVPRRUGHQ
EI EI
L EI
L L
k k
k
EI
EI EI
L L
L
GRQGH E HV HO PyGXOR GH HODVWLFLGDG GHO PDWHULDO I HV OD LQHUFLD GHO HOHPHQWR \ L HV OD
ORQJLWXG GHOHOHPHQWR(QHVWHHMHUFLFLRVHYDD FDOFXODUODLQHUFLDFRPRHOSURGXFWR GHODEDVH
b SRUODDOWXUDGHODVHFFLyQWUDQVYHUVDO h DOFXER GLYLGLGRSDUD &XDQGRVHIRUPDQUyWXODV
SOiVWLFDVHQORVGRVH[WUHPRVGHOHOHPHQWRODPDWUL]GHULJLGH]HVQXOD/DGHGXFFLyQGHHVWDV
PDWULFHV VH HQFXHQWUD HQ $JXLDU R HQ FXDOTXLHU WH[WR GH $QiOLVLV 0DWULFLDO GH
(VWUXFWXUDV
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
n
K A
i
i t
k i A i
GRQGH HO tQGLFH i LGHQWLILFD DO HOHPHQWR \ n HV HO Q~PHUR WRWDO GH HOHPHQWRV 3RU RWUD SDUWH
SDUD OD VROXFLyQ PDWULFLDO VH GHEH GHWHUPLQDU HO YHFWRU GH FDUJDV JHQHUDOL]DGDV Q (Q ORV
HMHUFLFLRVTXHVHUHVXHOYHQHQHVWHDUWtFXORQRVH FRQVLGHUDODFDUJDYHUWLFDOTXHJUDYLWDVREUH
ODHVWUXFWXUD~QLFDPHQWHSRUIDFLOLGDGGHH[SOLFDFLyQ(QUHDOLGDGHOSULPHUHVWDGRGHFDUJD HV
GHELGRDODFDUJDYHUWLFDO
/D HFXDFLyQ GH $QiOLVLV PDWULFLDO UHODFLRQD HO YHFWRU GH FDUJDV Q FRQ HO YHFWRU GH
FRRUGHQDGDV JHQHUDOL]DGDV q HV SRU PHGLR GH OD PDWUL] GH ULJLGH] GH OD HVWUXFWXUD K
(QWRQFHV SDUD HQFRQWUDU ORV GHVSOD]DPLHQWRV \ URWDFLRQHV GH XQD HVWUXFWXUD TXH VH
HQFXHQWUDQHQHOYHFWRU q VHGHEHUHVROYHUHOVLJXLHQWHVLVWHPDGHHFXDFLRQHV
Q K q
(O YHFWRU GH FRRUGHQDGDV q JHQHUDQ GHIRUPDFLRQHV HQ OD HVWUXFWXUD TXH VH
GHQRPLQDQFRQODOHWUD p \HVWRVDVXYH] GDQ RULJHQDODVIXHU]DV\PRPHQWRV HQ FDGDXQR
GH ORV HOHPHQWRV TXH VH ORV OODPD FRQ OD OHWUD P /DV GHIRUPDFLRQHV p VH HQFXHQWUDQ SRU
PHGLR GH OD PDWUL] GH FRPSDWLELOLGDG A GH FDGD XQR GH ORV HOHPHQWRV \ HO YHFWRU P VH
REWLHQHSRUPHGLRGHODPDWUL]GHULJLGH]GHOHOHPHQWR k FRQHOVLJXLHQWHIRUPXODULR
p i Ai q
P i k i p i
(-(5&,&,2180(52812
6H GHVHD H[SOLFDU OD 7pFQLFD GHO 3XVKRYHU HQ HO SyUWLFR SODQR GH XQ SLVR \ XQ YDQR
LQGLFDGR HQ OD ILJXUD ODV FROXPQDV \ ODV YLJDV VRQ GH (O PyGXOR GH HODVWLFLGDG
E T m 3RU RWUD SDUWH VH FRQVLGHUD TXH WRGRV ORV HOHPHQWRV VRQ D[LDOPHQWH
UtJLGRVGHWDOPDQHUDTXH HOVLVWHPDWLHQHWUHVJUDGRVGHOLEHUWDG XQGHVSOD]DPLHQWRKRUL]RQWDO
\ GRV URWDFLRQHV HQ ORV QXGRV ORV PLVPRV TXH VH LQGLFDQ D OD L]TXLHUGD GH OD ILJXUD
)LQDOPHQWHHOPRPHQWR GHIOXHQFLDSDUDODVFROXPQDVHV M y T m \HOPRPHQWR GH
IOXHQFLDSDUDODYLJDHV M y T m
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
A
Io
A A
Io Io
30/30 30/30
)LJXUD 3yUWLFRGHO(MHUFLFLR1~PHURXQR
2 3 2
1
1 2
2 1
1 3
2
1
Q-q P-p
$ OD GHUHFKD GH OD ILJXUD VH LQGLFD OD QXPHUDFLyQ GH ORV HOHPHQWRV GHQWUR GH XQ
FtUFXOR \ HO VLVWHPD P p HQ EDVH D OD FXDO VH REWLHQH OD PDWUL] GH FRPSDWLELOLGDG GH
GHIRUPDFLRQHV A VHHQFXHQWUDQODVGHIRUPDFLRQHV\PRPHQWRVGHORVHOHPHQWRV
$O LQLFLR GHO FiOFXOR WRGRV ORV HOHPHQWRV YDQ D WUDEDMDU HQ HO UDQJR HOiVWLFR OXHJR VH
WLHQH TXH OD I
m (O SURGXFWR
EI ILQDOPHQWH ODV
PDWULFHVGHULJLGH]GHORVHOHPHQWRVVRQ
H
A H
A
H
A H
$O HIHFWXDU HO WULSOH SURGXFWR PDWULFLDO LQGLFDGR HQ OD HFXDFLyQ \ OXHJR GH OD
VXPDWRULD VH REWLHQHODPDWUL]GHULJLGH]GHODHVWUXFWXUDSDUDHOUDQJRHOiVWLFR(VWDUHVXOWD
2T.
p A q
1.0827T.m
1.0827T.m
1.0827T.m 2.0 T.
1.0827T.m
1.617T.m 1.617T.m
)LJXUD 'LDJUDPDGHPRPHQWRVSDUDHOSULPHUFLFORGHFDUJD
8.707 T
4.7105 T.m
4.7105 T.m
E I I EI EI
H H H
EI EI
K
H H
EI EI
H H
2.0T.
(Q OD ILJXUD VH DSUHFLD TXH VH KD UHLQLFLDGR HO FiOFXOR \ QXHYDPHQWH VH KD DSOLFDGR XQD
IXHU]D GH 7 D QLYHO GH SLVR VH YD D YHU VL FRQ HVWH LQFUHPHQWR GH FDUJD DOJXQD VHFFLyQ
VXSHUD HO PRPHQWR GH IOXHQFLD HO TXH HVWi PiV SUy[LPR GH KDFHUOR HV HO QXGR LQLFLDO GH ODV
FROXPQDV$FRQWLQXDFLyQ VHLQGLFDHOVLVWHPDGHHFXDFLRQHVSDUDHQFRQWUDUHOYHFWRU q
/DV GHIRUPDFLRQHV p \ ORV PRPHQWRV P GH OD FROXPQD L]TXLHUGD VH REWLHQHQ GH OD
VLJXLHQWHPDQHUD
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
p A q
P k p
)LJXUD 0RPHQWRVREWHQLGRVHQODHVWUXFWXUDFXDQGRVHDSOLFDXQDIXHU]DODWHUDOGH7
/RVPRPHQWRVDFXPXODGRVHQODHVWUXFWXUD VHLQGLFDQHQODILJXUDDKRUDVHKDQ
IRUPDGRGRVQXHYDVUyWXODVSOiVWLFDVHQORVSLHVGHFROXPQD\VHWLHQHXQPHFDQLVPRGHWDO
PDQHUDTXHODHVWUXFWXUDKDOOHJDGRDOFRODSVR
4.7105 T.m
4.7105 T.m
7.714T.m
7.714 T.m
&RQ ORV YDORUHV GH FRUWH \ GHVSOD]DPLHQWR ODWHUDO HQFRQWUDGRV VH GLEXMD OD FXUYD GH
FDSDFLGDG VtVPLFD UHVLVWHQWH OD PLVPD TXH VH LQGLFD HQ OD ILJXUD VH LQGLFD DGHPiV OD
VHFXHQFLDGHIRUPDFLyQGHODVDUWLFXODFLRQHVSOiVWLFDVHQODHVWUXFWXUD
1
&XUYDGH&DSDFLGDG
9.207 T.
1
9.207 T.
3
3
&RUWDQWH9
7RQP
'W\ 'WX
'HVSOD]DP LHQWRV'W
FP
)LJXUD &XUYDGHFDSDFLGDGUHVLVWHQWHVtVPLFDGHHMHPSOR\VHFXHQFLDGHIRUPDFLyQGH
DUWLFXODFLRQHVSOiVWLFDV
/D SHQGLHQWH GH OD FXUYD GH FDSDFLGDG UHVLVWHQWH UHSUHVHQWD OD ULJLGH] GHO VLVWHPD
SDUDHOUDQJRHOiVWLFRHVWDSHQGLHQWH HVPD\RUTXHSDUD HOUDQJRLQHOiVWLFR 1yWHVHTXHSRU HO
PRGHORPDWHPiWLFRDGRSWDGRODHVWUXFWXUDLQJUHVDPX\SRFRHQHOUDQJRLQHOiVWLFR
0$75,='(5,*,'(=3$5$02'(/2'(*,%(5621
(Q OD ILJXUD VH LQGLFD HO PRGHOR GH SODVWLFLGDG FRQFHQWUDGD FRQ HO FXDO VH
UHVXHOYH HO HMHPSOR HO PLVPR TXH IXH SURSXHVWR SRU *LEHUVRQ &RPR VH DSUHFLD HVWH
PRGHOR FRQFHQWUDODLQHODVWLFLGDGHQORVSXQWRVH[WUHPRVGHOHOHPHQWR6HD EI a EI o \
EI b OD ULJLGH] D IOH[LyQ GHO QXGR LQLFLDO FHQWUR GH OX] \ QXGR ILQDO ODV PLVPDV TXH VH
REWLHQHQGHOUHVSHFWLYRGLDJUDPDPRPHQWRFXUYDWXUD
(, D (, (,E E
)LJXUD 0RGHORGHSODVWLFLGDGFRQFHQWUDGDHQORVH[WUHPRV
L S a
EI o S b
f
EI o EI o
Sa Sb
EI a EI b
3RU RWUD SDUWH OD PDWUL] GH ULJLGH] GHO HOHPHQWR k QR HV PiV TXH OD LQYHUVD GH OD
PDWUL]GHIOH[LELOLGDG(VWDUHVXOWD
EI o S b
k S a
L > S a S b @
0DWUL]GHULJLGH]GHOHOHPHQWRFRQGHQVDGD
(QHOHMHUFLFLRTXHVHYDDUHVROYHUSRVWHULRUPHQWH VHWLHQHXQHOHPHQWRDUWLFXODGR(Q
HVWH WLSR GH YtQFXOR HO PRPHQWR HV FHUR +D\ GRV IRUPDV GH UHDOL]DU HO DQiOLVLV OD SULPHUD
WUDEDMDQGR FRQ OD PDWUL] GH ULJLGH] GHO HOHPHQWR LQGLFDGD HQ OD HFXDFLyQ TXH HV XQD
PDWUL] GH GRV SRU GRV \ OD RWUD IRUPD HV FRQ XQD PDWUL] FRQGHQVDGD ~QLFDPHQWH DO JLUR
L]TXLHUGR GHO HOHPHQWR SDUD HO HIHFWR VH GHEH HQFRQWUDU SULPHUR OD PDWUL] GH ULJLGH]
FRQGHQVDGD$JXLDU
k
k AA k AB k BB k BA
EI o S b EI o
k AA k AB
L > S a S b @ L > S a S b @
EI o EI o S a
k BA k BB
L > S a S b @ L > S a S b @
$O UHHPSOD]DU ODV VXEPDWULFHV LQGLFDGDV HQ OD HFXDFLyQ VH WLHQH OD PDWUL] GH
ULJLGH]GHOHOHPHQWRFRQGHQVDGDDOJLURL]TXLHUGRHVWDUHVXOWD
EI o
k
L S a
(QIRUPDVLPLODUVHSXHGHHQFRQWUDUODPDWUL]GHULJLGH]GHOHOHPHQWRFRQGHQVDGDDO
QXGRGHUHFKRRQXGRILQDO(VWDUHVXOWD
EI o
k
L S b
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
(6758&785$'($1/,6,6'((-(03/2'26
(Q OD ILJXUD VH LQGLFD OD HVWUXFWXUD GH XQ SLVR \ XQ YDQR FX\DV FROXPQDV HVWiQ
DUWLFXODGDV HQVXEDVHVHLQGLFD DGHPiVODVKLSyWHVLVGHOPRGHORGHFiOFXORDGRSWDGR/DYLJD
VHFRQVLGHUD WRWDOPHQWHUtJLGD\ODVFROXPQDVD[LDOPHQWHUtJLGDV
$f
,f
$f $f
,R ,R
4T
FP
FP
( PP
#\FP
FP
PP
H A
A
H A
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
VLHQGR + OD DOWXUD GHO SLVR SDUD HO HMHPSOR HV LJXDO D P $O UHDOL]DU HO WULSOH SURGXFWR
PDWULFLDOLQGLFDGRHQODHFXDFLyQVHHQFXHQWUDTXHODPDWUL]GHULJLGH]GHODHVWUXFWXUD
GHODILJXUDHV
EI o EI o
K
EI o EI o
H H
EI b EI b
6HGHWHUPLQDODPDWUL]GHULJLGH]GHODHVWUXFWXUD K \HOYHFWRUGHFDUJDVJHQHUDOL]DGDV Q
6HHQFXHQWUDQORVGHVSOD]DPLHQWRV q UHVROYLHQGRHOVLVWHPDGHHFXDFLRQHV Q Kq
i i
6HREWLHQHQODVGHIRUPDFLRQHV p XWLOL]DQGRODHFXDFLyQ p A q
)LQDOPHQWH VH KDOODQ ODV IXHU]DV \ PRPHQWRV P HQ FDGD HOHPHQWR FRQ OD HFXDFLyQ
VLJXLHQWH P i k i p i
'(6&5,3&,1'(/352&(62'(&/&8/2
3DUD HQFRQWUDU OD FXUYDGH FDSDFLGDG UHVLVWHQWH GH OD HVWUXFWXUD LQGLFDGD HQ OD ILJXUD
HPSOHDQGRODWpFQLFDGHOSXVKRYHUVHSURFHGHGHODVLJXLHQWHIRUPD
(Q OD ILJXUD VH DSUHFLDQ ORV PRGHORV FRQVWLWXWLYRV GHO DFHUR \ GHO KRUPLJyQ
XWLOL]DGRV HQ HO HMHPSOR 6H GHVWDFD TXH OD YHUVLyQ GHO &(,1&, TXH VH XWLOL]y HV GH
$JXLDU HQ OD FXDO VH PRGHODED HO KRUPLJyQ FRQ OD FXUYD SURSXHVWD SRU .HQW \ 3DUN
(QODYHUVLyQGHO&(,1&,GHVHWUDEDMDFRQHOPRGHORGHKRUPLJyQGH3DUNHWDO
/RV SXQWRV QRWDEOHV GHO GLDJUDPD PRPHQWR FXUYDWXUD TXH VH REWLHQHQ DO XWLOL]DU HO
SURJUDPD&(,1&, VH LQGLFDQHQODWDEOD
7DEOD 5HODFLyQPRPHQWRFXUYDWXUDSDUDFROXPQDFXDGUDGDGHFPGHODGRVLQFDUJDD[LDO
MA IA MY IY MU IU
NJ FP FP NJ FP FP NJ FP FP
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
3DUD LQLFLDU HO FiOFXOR VH WLHQH TXH OD ULJLGH] HQ HO QXGR LQLFLDO EI a HV LJXDO D OD
ULJLGH] HQ HOFHQWUR GH OX] EI o \ HV LJXDO D OD ULJLGH] HQ HO QXGR ILQDO EI b /D ULJLGH] D
IOH[LyQ\ODVGHFDGDHOHPHQWRVRQODVVLJXLHQWHV
MA
EI o kg cm
IA
EI o
k kg cm
EI o
H
EI b
k k kg cm
3RURWURODGRODPDWUL]GHULJLGH]GHODHVWUXFWXUDUHVXOWD
EI o EI o kg
K
EI o EI o cm
H H
EI b EI b
(VWD PDWUL] GH ULJLGH] HV YDOLGD VLHPSUH \ FXDQGR HO PRPHQWR DFWXDQWH HQ OD SDUWH
VXSHULRUGHODVFROXPQDVQRVXSHUHQHOPRPHQWR M A LQGLFDGRHQODWDEOD
3RU VHU XQ VLVWHPD GH XQ JUDGR GH OLEHUWDG HO GHVSOD]DPLHQWR ODWHUDO q VH REWLHQH
GLYLGLHQGR HOYHFWRUGHFDUJDV Q SDUDODULJLGH]GHODHVWUXFWXUD(OUHVWRGH FiOFXORVH
LQGLFDDFRQWLQXDFLyQ
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
Q
q cm
K
p A q
p A q
.J
&2/801$
&2/801$
)LJXUD 3ULPHUDIXHU]DODWHUDOWHQWDWLYDSDUDODGHWHUPLQDFLyQGHODFXUYDGHFDSDFLGDG
)LQDOPHQWHORVPRPHQWRV HQODSDUWHVXSHULRUGHODFROXPQDYDOHQ
kg o kg cm
X o kg cm
X kg
/D IXHU]D ODWHUDO TXH VH GHEH DSOLFDU HV GH NJ (QWRQFHV VH GHEH UHSHWLU HO
FiOFXORSDUDHVD IXHU]D ODWHUDO \GHVGHXQSXQWR GHYLVWDULJXURVR FRQRWUDV ULJLGHFHVHQIXQFLyQ
GHODFDUJDD[LDOTXHJUDYLWDVREUH FDGDFROXPQD(QODILJXUDVHLQGLFD HOQXHYRHVWDGR
GHFDUJDTXHHQUHDOLGDG HVHOHVWDGR GHFDUJDLQLFLDOVHLQGLFDDGHPiVODVIXHU]DV D[LDOHV N
TXHDFW~DQHQODVFROXPQDV1yWHVHTXHODFROXPQDL]TXLHUGDHVWiWUDEDMDQGRDWUDFFLyQ \OD
FROXPQDGHUHFKDDFRPSUHVLyQ
'HO HTXLOLEULR GH PRPHQWRV VH REWLHQH OD IXHU]D D[LDO N HQ ODV FROXPQDV HVWD
UHVXOWD
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
N kg
&RQ HVWD IXHU]D D[LDO VH GHWHUPLQD OD QXHYD UHODFLyQ PRPHQWR FXUYDWXUD \ SRU
FRQVLJXLHQWH ODQXHYDPDWUL]GHULJLGH] GHFDGDXQRGHORVHOHPHQWRV\GHODHVWUXFWXUD(QOD
WDEODVHLQGLFDQORVYDORUHVGHPRPHQWR\FXUYDWXUD SDUDODFROXPQDL]TXLHUGD\GHUHFKD\
HQOD~OWLPDFROXPQDODULJLGH]GHOHOHPHQWR3RURWURODGRHQODWDEODVHUHVXPHHODQiOLVLV
HVWiWLFR
.J .J
1 1
7DEOD 5HVXPHQGHODQiOLVLVHVWiWLFRSDUDHOSULPHULQFUHPHQWRGHFDUJDODWHUDO
)XHU]D/DWHUDO K q M M
7 7P FP 7P 7P
'HVGH XQ SXQWR GH YLVWD ULJXURVR OD FROXPQD L]TXLHUGD VXSHUy HO PRPHQWR M A VH
GHEHUtD YROYHU D UHSHWLU HO DQiOLVLV FRQ XQD PHQRU FDUJD ODWHUDO KDVWD OOHJDU H[DFWDPHQWH DO
PRPHQWR M A 3RU RWUD SDUWH OD FROXPQD GHUHFKD WRGDYtD QR VXSHUD HO PRPHQWR M A 3RU
FRQVLJXLHQWHSDUD HO SUy[LPR FLFORGHFDUJDVLVHWUDEDMDUD FRQ FDUJDVODWHUDOHVPX\SHTXHxDV
ODVULJLGHFHVDIOH[LyQVHUtDQ
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
MY M A
EI b T m
IY I A
1yWHVHFRPREDMDODULJLGH] EI b GHODFROXPQDL]TXLHUGDGHD(Q
HOFHQWURGHOX]ODULJLGH] GHODFROXPQDXQRHV EI o T m /DFROXPQDGHUHFKD
VH PDQWLHQH FRQ ULJLGH] D IOH[LyQ EI b T m EI o SRU TXH WRGDYtD QR VH
VXSHUD HO PRPHQWR M A 6H UHFXHUGD TXH HQ HVWH HMHUFLFLR HO LQFUHPHQWR GH FDUJD VH
FRQVLGHUDGH7
'HLJXDOIRUPDVHUHDOL]DUDORVLQFUHPHQWRVVXFHVLYRVKDVWDOOHJDUDOSXQWR Y\GHOD
PLVPD IRUPD FXDQGR SDVHQ HVH SXQWR FDGD XQD GH ODV FROXPQDV VH WUDEDMDUD FRQ OD QXHYD
ULJLGH]TXHSDUDOD~OWLPDUDPDVHUi
MU MY
EI b
IU IY
5(680(1'(/&/&8/2'(,1(5&,$6<5,*,'(='(/(/(0(172
(Q ODV WDEODV \ VH SUHVHQWD HO UHVXPHQ GH ORV FiOFXORV HIHFWXDGRV SDUD
HQFRQWUDUODULJLGH]DIOH[LyQGHODV FROXPQDVXQR\GRVGHDFXHUGRDOD UDPDGHODUHODFLyQ
PRPHQWR FXUYDWXUDHQODTXHVHHQFXHQWUDQ
/D SULPHUD FROXPQD GH ODV WDEODV \ FRUUHVSRQGH D OD IXHU]D ODWHUDO DSOLFDGD
$KRUDELHQQRVLHPSUHVHKDDSOLFDGRHVWDIXHU]D(QHIHFWRDOLQLFLRGHOFiOFXORVHDSOLFy XQD
IXHU]D GH 7 SHUR FRPR VH SDVy HO PRPHQWR M A T m VH YROYLy D DSOLFDU OD
IXHU]DGH7FRQODFXDOVHOOHJDEDD M A \VHLJQRUDODSULPHUDIXHU]D
(Q OD WHUFHUD ILOD VH DSUHFLD TXH QXHYDPHQWH VH DSOLFD OD IXHU]D GH 7 SHUR FRQ
HVWH YDORU VH VREUHSDVD HVWD YH] HO PRPHQWR M A GH OD FROXPQD GHUHFKD SRU OR TXH VH
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
SURFHGH HQ IRUPD VLPLODU D OD FROXPQD L]TXLHUGD \ VH DSOLFD XQD IXHU]D GH 7 \ DVt
VXFHVLYDPHQWH+XERXQ HUURUODFDUJDTXHGHELy DSOLFDUVHHUD7SDUDOOHJDUDO M A
GHODFROXPQDGHUHFKDVHUHVXHOYHFRQpVWHHUURU
$O VHU XQ DQiOLVLV LQFUHPHQWDO VH YDQ VXPDQGR ODV DFFLRQHV TXH VH SURGXFHQ HQ OD
HVWUXFWXUD FRPR VRQ ODV IXHU]DV D[LDOHV \ ORV PRPHQWRV ORV PRPHQWRV VH FRPSDUDQ SDUD
DMXVWDUVHFRQODUHODFLyQ PRPHQWR FXUYDWXUDFRPR VHKDLQGLFDGRFXDQGR VH SDVDXQRGHORV
SXQWRVTXHGHILQHQ HVDUHODFLyQ VHGHEHKDFHUXQD UHJODGHWUHVSDUDGHWHUPLQDU HOYDORUGHOD
IXHU]DODWHUDO FRQODFXDOVHOOHJDUDDOSXQWRGHWHUPLQDGR(QODWDEODVHLQGLFDXQUHVXPHQ
GH OD FDUJD ODWHUDO DSOLFDGD OD PDWUL] GH ULJLGH] GH OD HVWUXFWXUD K HOGHVSOD]DPLHQWR ODWHUDO
TXH VH REWLHQH SDUD OD IXHU]D ODWHUDO LQGLFDGD ORV PRPHQWRV HQ HO QXGR VXSHULRU GH ODV
FROXPQDV\HOPRPHQWRDFXPXODGR
7DEOD 5HVXOWDGRVGHODQiOLVLVHVWUXFWXUDODQWHODVFDUJDVODWHUDOHV
)XHU]D (6758&785$ &203/(7$
q M M
/DWHUDO K M M DFXPXODGR $FXPXODGR
7 7P P 7P 7P 7P 7P
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
(QODVGRV~OWLPDV FROXPQDVGHODWDEODVHLQGLFDQORVPRPHQWRVDFXPXODGRVTXH
VRQ ORV TXH UHDOPHQWH VH FRPSDUDQ FRQ ORV PRPHQWRV M A M Y R M U GHO UHVSHFWLYR
GLDJUDPDPRPHQWRFXUYDWXUDFXDQGRODIXHU]DODWHUDOKDVHUYLGR~QLFDPHQWH SDUDGHWHUPLQDU
ORV PRPHQWRV LQGLFDGRV VH KD GHMDGR HQ EODQFR HO FDVLOOHUR FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH DO PRPHQWR
DFXPXODGR3DUDVLPSOLILFDUHOSURFHVRHVTXHVHKDFRORFDGRTXHODVGRVFROXPQDVLQJUHVDQ
VLPXOWiQHDPHQWHDXQDQXHYDUDPDGHOGLDJUDPD M I
5(68/7$'26'(/$&859$'(&$3$&,'$'5(6,67(17(
(QEDVHDORVUHVXOWDGRVLQGLFDGRVHQODWDEODVHREWLHQHQODFXUYDGHFDSDFLGDG
UHVLVWHQWH TXH UHODFLRQD HO FRUWDQWH EDVDO V FRQ HO GHVSOD]DPLHQWR ODWHUDO Dt SHUR HVWRV
YDORUHV VH ORV GHWHUPLQD HQ IRUPD DFXPXODGD (Q OD WDEOD VH SUHVHQWD OD IXHU]D ODWHUDO
DSOLFDGD HO GHVSOD]DPLHQWR ODWHUDO GHELGR DO LQFUHPHQWR GH FDUJD \ HQ ODV GRV ~OWLPDV
FROXPQDV V \ Dt
7DEOD 5HVXPHQGHOFiOFXORGHODFXUYDGHFDSDFLGDGUHVLVWHQWH
)XHU]D/DWHUDO q V Dt
.J P .J FP
(Q OD ILJXUD VH LQGLFD OD FXUYD GH FDSDFLGDG VtVPLFD UHVLVWHQWH GH OD HVWUXFWXUD
DQDOL]DGD
0$75,='(5,*,'(=25,(17$'2$/862'(/&20387$'25
(Q DQiOLVLV OLQHDO VH FRQVLGHUD TXH OD ULJLGH] D IOH[LyQ (EI)o HV FRQVWDQWH OR SURSLR
VXFHGH FRQODULJLGH]DOFRUWH (GA)o(QFRQVHFXHQFLDODPDWUL] GHULJLGH] GHXQHOHPHQWRHV
FRQVWDQWH WRGR HO WLHPSR OR PLVPR VXFHGH FRQ OD PDWUL] GH ULJLGH] GH OD HVWUXFWXUD /D
REWHQFLyQ GH ODV PDWULFHV LQGLFDGDV VH SUHVHQWD FRQ GHWHQLPLHQWR HQ $JXLDU DTXt VH
RPLWHODGHGXFFLyQ\~QLFDPHQWHVHSUHVHQWDQORVIRUPXODULRVGHFiOFXOR
$QiOLVLVVLQQXGRUtJLGR
(Q OD ILJXUD VH LQGLFD HO VLVWHPD GH FRRUGHQDGDV ORFDOHV GH XQ HOHPHQWR
KRUL]RQWDO GH XQ SyUWLFR SODQR HQ HO TXH QR VH FRQVLGHUD OD GHIRUPDFLyQ D[LDO KLSyWHVLV GH
FiOFXOR TXH VH SXHGH XWLOL]DU HQ HO DQiOLVLV VtVPLFR GH HVWUXFWXUDV SDUD ORV HOHPHQWRV
KRUL]RQWDOHV
)LJXUD 6LVWHPDGHFRRUGHQDGDVORFDOHVSDUDXQHOHPHQWRD[LDOPHQWHUtJLGR
3DUD HO HOHPHQWR KRUL]RQWDO LQGLFDGR HQ OD ILJXUD VH WLHQH TXH HO VLVWHPD GH
FRRUGHQDGDV ORFDOHVHVLJXDODOVLVWHPDGHFRRUGHQDGDVJOREDOHV3RURWUDSDUWH VH UHFXHUGD
TXHODVHVWUXFWXUDV VHUHVXHOYHQHQFRRUGHQDGDVJOREDOHV
/D PDWUL] GH ULJLGH] GHO HOHPHQWR HV VLPpWULFD FRQ UHVSHFWR D OD GLDJRQDO SULQFLSDO
UD]yQ SRU OD FXDO VROR VH SUHVHQWD OD PDWUL] WULDQJXODU VXSHULRU &RQ UHODFLyQ DO VLVWHPD GH
FRRUGHQDGDV ORFDOHVGHODILJXUDODPDWUL]GHULJLGH]HVODVLJXLHQWH
t b t b
k b a
N
t b
k
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
EI o I
L I
k
k
k
EI o I
L I
a
EI o
b
L I
b
b
EI o
t
L I
EI o E
I
GA o L
GRQGH E HV HO PyGXOR GH HODVWLFLGDG GHO PDWHULDO I HV OD LQHUFLD D IOH[LyQ GH OD VHFFLyQ
WUDQVYHUVDO E HV HO IDFWRU GH IRUPD SRU FRUWH GH OD VHFFLyQ A HV HO iUHD GH OD VHFFLyQ
WUDQVYHUVDO GHVHOPyGXORGHFRUWH\LODORQJLWXGGHOHOHPHQWR
h &RPR HMHPSOR GH DSOLFDFLyQ VH GHVHD HQFRQWUDU OD PDWUL] GH ULJLGH] VLQ
FRQVLGHUDUQXGRV UtJLGRVSDUD XQDYLJD GHVHFFLyQFRQVWDQWHGHFP GHEDVH SRU
FPGHDOWXUD\WLHQHXQDORQJLWXGGHP3RURWUDSDUWH E T/m2\
G T/m2
x 6ROXFLyQ
3DUD XQ HOHPHQWR FROXPQD HQ OD ILJXUD VH LQGLFD HO VLVWHPD GH FRRUGHQDGDV
JOREDOHV SDUD HO FDVR GH TXH HO HOHPHQWR VHD WRWDOPHQWH IOH[LEOH 6H GHVWDFD TXH DVt VH
FRQVLGHUDQODVFROXPQDVHQHODQiOLVLV VtVPLFR
/DPDWUL]GHULJLGH]GHOHOHPHQWRFROXPQDHQFRRUGHQDGDVJOREDOHVHVODVLJXLHQWH
t b t b
r r
k b a
N
t b
r
k
EA
r
L
/RV UHVWDQWHV WpUPLQRV GH OD PDWUL] GH ULJLGH] IXHURQ LQGLFDGRV HQ ODV HFXDFLRQHV
DQWHULRUHV
$QiOLVLVFRQQXGRUtJLGR
(Q HO DQiOLVLV HVWUXFWXUDO VH SXHGH FRQVLGHUDU TXH ORV QXGRV VRQ FRPSOHWDPHQWH
UtJLGRV(QFRQVHFXHQFLDODORQJLWXGGHORVHOHPHQWRVTXHLQJUHVDDOQXGRWLHQHQULJLGH]D[LDO
LQILQLWD\ULJLGH]DIOH[LyQLQILQLWD6HDQc1\c2ODVORQJLWXGHVGHULJLGH]LQILQLWDGHXQHOHPHQWR
FRPRHOLQGLFDGRHQODILJXUD
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
$KRUDODPDWUL]GHULJLGH] GHOHOHPHQWRHVODVLJXLHQWH
t b ct t b
c t
k cb c t b ct a cb
c b cc t
N
t b
c t
k
c b
c t
h 6H GHVHD HQFRQWUDU OD PDWUL] GH ULJLGH] SDUD OD YLJD GH VHFFLyQ FRQVWDQWH GHO
HMHPSORDQWHULRUFRQVLGHUDQGRTXHORVQXGRVUtJLGRVWLHQHQORVVLJXLHQWHVYDORUHV
c1 c2 P(QODILJXUDVHLQGLFDODYLJDDDQDOL]DU
)LJXUD *HRPHWUtDGHODYLJDFRQGRVVHFWRUHVGHULJLGH]LQILQLWD
x 6ROXFLyQ
(Q OD ILJXUD VH LQGLFD HO VLVWHPD GH FRRUGHQDGDV JOREDOHV GH XQ HOHPHQWR
YHUWLFDO HQ HOFXDO VH FRQVLGHUDQGRVVHFWRUHVGHULJLGH]LQILQLWDGHORQJLWXGHV c1SDUDHOQXGR
LQLFLDO\c2SDUDHOQXGRILQDO/DPDWUL]GHULJLGH]GHOHOHPHQWRHQHVWHFDVRHVODLQGLFDGD HQ
t b ct t b
c t
r r
k cb c t b ct a cb
c b cc t
N
t b
c t
r
k
c b
c t
(QVDPEODMHGHODPDWUL]GHULJLGH]
/D PDWUL] GH ULJLGH] GH XQD HVWUXFWXUD . VH REWLHQH SRU HQVDPEODMH GLUHFWR GH ODV
PDWULFHVGHULJLGH]HQFRRUGHQDGDVJOREDOHVGHFDGD XQRGHORVHOHPHQWRVGHODPLVPD3DUD
HOOR HV QHFHVDULR GHILQLU HO YHFWRU GH FRORFDFLyQ 9& HO PLVPR TXH ...est conformado por los
grados de libertad del nudo inicial y final...GHXQHOHPHQWR
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
h 3DUD LOXVWUDU HO FiOFXOR VH GHVHD HQFRQWUDU OD PDWUL] GH ULJLGH] GH OD HVWUXFWXUD
LQGLFDGD HQODILJXUDFRQVLGHUDQGR QXGRVUtJLGRV 7RGRV ORVHOHPHQWRVVRQ GH
6HFRQVLGHUDQORVPLVPRVYDORUHVGHE\GGHORVHMHPSORVDQWHULRUHV
x 6ROXFLyQ
VC > @
VC
> @
VC > @
/D PDWUL] GH ULJLGH] GHO HOHPHQWR GRV VH LQGLFy HQ HO HMHPSOR DQWHULRU \ OD GH ORV
HOHPHQWRVXQR\WUHVDODSOLFDU VHREWLHQHODVLJXLHQWH
3DUD HQWHQGHU HO HQVDPEODMH GLUHFWR GH OD PDWUL] GH ULJLGH] VH FRORFD HO YHFWRU GH
FRORFDFLyQ VREUH \ D OD GHUHFKD GH OD PDWUL] GH ULJLGH] GHO HOHPHQWR &XDQGR HO YHFWRU GH
FRORFDFLyQ HV VLJQLILFD TXH HVD ILOD R FROXPQD QR FRQWULEX\H D OD PDWUL] GH ULJLGH] GH OD
HVWUXFWXUD\FXDQGRHVGLIHUHQWHGHFHURVHXELFDHOHOHPHQWR HQODSRVLFLyQTXHHVSHFLILFD HO
YHFWRUGHFRORFDFLyQVLHQGLFKDSRVLFLyQVHHQFXHQWUDRWURHOHPHQWRVHVXPD
&RQGHQVDFLyQHVWiWLFDGHODPDWUL]GHULJLGH]
(QODILJXUDVHSUHVHQWDQXHYDPHQWHODHVWUXFWXUDTXHVHKDYHQLGRDQDOL]DQGR\
FX\RVJUDGRVGHOLEHUWDG VHLQGLFDURQHQODILJXUD$KRUDSULPHURVHGHEHQQXPHUDUORV
JUDGRVGHOLEHUWDG FRQORV FXDOHV VHGHVHD UHDOL]DU HODQiOLVLVVtVPLFR\OXHJR VHQXPHUDQORV
GHPiVJUDGRVGHOLEHUWDG/RLPSRUWDQWHHVGHVWDFDU TXHVHVHSDUDQORVJUDGRVGHOLEHUWDG
(Q HO VLVWHPD GH FRRUGHQDGDV GH XQD HVWUXFWXUD VH SXHGH GLIHUHQFLDU XQ JUXSR GH
FRRUGHQDGDV DODVTXHVHGHQRPLQDFRRUGHQDGDV D
TXHHQHOHMHPSORGHODILJXUDHV OD
XQR\ODVUHVWDQWHVDODV TXH VHGHQRPLQDFRRUGHQDGDV E
$OKDFHUHVWRWDQWRHOYHFWRUGH
FDUJDVJHQHUDOL]DGDV 4FRPRHOYHFWRUGHFRRUGHQDGDV JHQHUDOL]DGDV THVWiQSDUWLFLRQDGRV
GHODVLJXLHQWHIRUPD
Qa
Q
Q
b
qa
q
q
b
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
3RURWUDSDUWHODHFXDFLyQ EiVLFDGHDQiOLVLVHVWiWLFRTXHUHODFLRQDHOYHFWRUGHFDUJDV
JHQHUDOL]DGDV 4 FRQ HO YHFWRU GH FRRUGHQDGDV JHQHUDOL]DGDV T SRU PHGLR GH OD PDWUL] GH
ULJLGH] GH OD HVWUXFWXUD . YLHQH GHILQLGD SRU OD HFXDFLyQ OD PLVPD TXH VH HVFULEH
QXHYDPHQWH
Q Kq
Qa K aa K ab q a
Q
b k ba k bb qb
&RQGHQVDFLyQDODVFRRUGHQDGDVD
Qa K aa K ab q a
ba
k k bb q b
GHGRQGH
Qa k aa q a K ab qb
K ba q a K bb qb
OXHJR
qb k bb K ba q a
Qa K aa K ab K bb K ba q a
6HD . ODPDWUL]GHULJLGH]FRQGHQVDGDDODVFRRUGHQDGDVD
K K aa K ab K bb K ba
&RQGHQVDFLyQDODVFRRUGHQDGDVE
6H SUHVHQWD FXDQGR HO YHFWRU GH FDUJDV 4D 3URFHGLHQGR HQ IRUPD VLPLODU VH
REWLHQH
Qb K bb K ba K aa K ab q b
6HD .ODPDWUL]GHULJLGH]FRQGHQVDGDDODVFRRUGHQDGDVE
K
K bb K ba K aa K ab
x 6ROXFLyQ
K aa >@
K ab > @
/D VXEPDWUL] .ED HV OD WUDQVSXHVWD GH OD VXEPDWUL] .DE 3DUD DSOLFDU OD HFXDFLyQ
HVQHFHVDULRFDOFXODUODLQYHUVDGH.EE
K ab K bb K ba >@
K
K aa K ab K bb K ba
K
>@
&RQGHQVDFLyQPHGLDQWHVROXFLyQGHHFXDFLRQHV
(O WUDEDMDU FRQ OD HFXDFLyQ R FRQ OD HFXDFLyQ LPSOLFD FDOFXODU XQD
PDWUL]LQYHUVDORFXDOGHPDQGDEDVWDQWHWLHPSRGHFiOFXORUD]yQSRUODFXDOORTXHVHKDFHHQ
ODSUiFWLFDHVWUDQVIRUPDUHOFiOFXORGH ODPDWUL]LQYHUVDSRUXQVLVWHPDGHHFXDFLRQHVOLQHDOHV
FRPR VHYHDFRQWLQXDFLyQ
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
&DVRHQTXH4E
K bb T K ba
h (QFRQWUDUODPDWUL]GHULJLGH]FRQGHQVDGDGHOHMHUFLFLRDQWHULRUSRULQWHUPHGLR GH
ODPDWUL]7
x 6ROXFLyQ
/DVROXFLyQGHOVLVWHPDGHHFXDFLRQHVOLQHDOHVUHSRUWD
T
K ab T >@
K
K aa K ab T
K
>@
&DVRHQTXH4D
6HSURFHGHHQIRUPDVLPLODUDOLQGLFDGRHQHODSDUWDGRDQWHULRUFRQORTXHVHREWLHQH
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
$KRUD OD PDWUL] 7 VH REWLHQH UHVROYLHQGR XQ FRQMXQWR GH HFXDFLRQHV OLQHDOHV TXH
WLHQHQXQDVRODPDWUL]GHFRHILFLHQWHVTXHHV.DDSHURGLIHUHQWHVWpUPLQRVLQGHSHQGLHQWHVTXH
VRQODVGLIHUHQWHVFROXPQDVGHODPDWUL] NDE(Q$JXLDUVHSUHVHQWDORH[SXHVWR FRQ PiV
GHWDOOH
&RQGHQVDFLyQPHGLDQWHHOLPLQDFLyQGH*DXVV
6L ELHQ HV FLHUWR PHGLDQWH OD VROXFLyQ GH XQ FRQMXQWR GH HFXDFLRQHV OLQHDOHV VH
RSWLPL]DODREWHQFLyQGHODPDWUL]GHULJLGH]FRQGHQVDGD1RHV PHQRV FLHUWRTXHWRGDYtDVH
SXHGH RSWLPL]DU HO SURFHVR GH FiOFXOR ~QLFDPHQWH WULDQJXODUL]DQGR OD PDWUL] GH ULJLGH] WHPD
TXHVHWUDWDDFRQWLQXDFLyQ\HVYiOLGR~QLFDPHQWHSDUDHOFDVRGHTXH4D
K aa K ab q a
Q
b k ba k bb qb
GHGRQGH
k aa q a K ab qb
Qb K ba q a K bb qb
6L D OD HFXDFLyQ PXOWLSOLFDPRV SRU .DD \ HQ pVWD VH UHHPSOD]D OD HFXDFLyQ
VHREWLHQH
I q a K aa K ab q b
I q a T qb
$KRUD VL D OD HFXDFLyQ PXOWLSOLFDPRV SRU .ED \ VXPDPRV D OD HFXDFLyQ
VHHQFXHQWUD
Qb q a K bb K ba T
Qb qa K T
I T qa
Q
b k qb
3RU FRQVLJXLHQWH GDGD OD PDWUL] GH ULJLGH] WRWDO VH DSOLFD OD HOLPLQDFLyQ GH *DXVV
-RUGDQ KDVWD HOLPLQDU ORV HOHPHQWRV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV D ODV FRRUGHQDGDV D \ OR TXH VH
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
REWLHQHQVRQODVPDWULFHV 7 \ .
h (QFRQWUDU OD PDWUL] GH ULJLGH] FRQGHQVDGD GH OD HVWUXFWXUD TXH VH KD YHQLGR
DQDOL]DQGRSHURDSOLFDQGRODHOLPLQDFLyQGH*DXVV-RUGDQ
x 6ROXFLyQ
3ULPHUR VH GHEH HQFRQWUDU OD PDWUL] GH ULJLGH] GH OD HVWUXFWXUD SDUD OD QXHYD
QXPHUDFLyQ GH ORV JUDGRV GH OLEHUWDG TXH VH LQGLFDQ HQ OD ILJXUD 1yWHVH TXH OD
FRRUGHQDGDODWHUDOVHKDQXPHUDGRDO~OWLPR
)LJXUD 1XPHUDFLyQGHORVJUDGRVGHOLEHUWDGSDUDSRGHUDSOLFDUODHOLPLQDFLyQGH*DXVV-RUGDQ
$OWULDQJXODUL]DUODPDWUL]GHULJLGH]VHREWLHQH
/RV YDORUHV GH ODV FXDWUR SULPHUDV ILODV GH OD TXLQWD FROXPQD FRUUHVSRQGHQ D 7 OD
GLIHUHQFLD TXHH[LVWHHVGHELGR DOUHGRQGHR(O~OWLPRYDORUHVODPDWUL] GHULJLGH] FRQGHQVDGD
DODFRRUGHQDGDODWHUDOGHODHVWUXFWXUD DQDOL]DGD
0$75,='(5,*,'(=/$7(5$/
6H GHILQH ...matriz de rigidez lateral ./ D OD PDWUL] GH ULJLGH] DVRFLDGD D ODV
FRRUGHQDGDVODWHUDOHVGHSLVR&XDQGR HQ HO DQiOLVLVVtVPLFRGHSyUWLFRVSODQRVVH FRQVLGHUD
XQ VROR JUDGR GH OLEHUWDG SRU SLVR D HVWH PRGHOR VH GHQRPLQD piso rgido \ VLUYH
~QLFDPHQWHSDUDHODQiOLVLVDQWHODFRPSRQHQWHKRUL]RQWDOGHPRYLPLHQWRGHOVXHOR
([LVWHQ GRV IRUPDV GH PRGHODU ORV HOHPHQWRV GH XQ SyUWLFR SODQR DQWH OD DFFLyQ
VtVPLFDKRUL]RQWDO (Q ODSULPHUD IRUPDVHFRQVLGHUD TXH~QLFDPHQWHODVYLJDV VRQD[LDOPHQWH
UtJLGDV\ODVFROXPQDVWRWDOPHQWHIOH[LEOHV(QFDPELRHQODVHJXQGDIRUPDVHFRQVLGHUDTXH
WRGRV ORV HOHPHQWRV VRQ D[LDOPHQWH UtJLGRV (O SyUWLFR DQDOL]DGR HQ ORV QXPHUDOHV DQWHULRUHV
FRUUHVSRQGHDODSULPHUDIRUPDGHFiOFXOR
(QODILJXUDVHLQGLFDQORVGRVPRGHORVDQRWDGRVSDUDXQSyUWLFRSODQRGHGRV
SLVRV\GRVYDQRV(OPRGHORGHODL]TXLHUGD FRUUHVSRQGH DODSULPHUDIRUPDGHFiOFXOR\HOGH
OD GHUHFKD D OD VHJXQGD IRUPD GH FiOFXOR (Q HO SyUWLFR GH OD L]TXLHUGD VH QRWD TXH VROR ODV
YLJDV VRQ D[LDOPHQWH UtJLGDV HQ FDPELR HQ HO GH OD GHUHFKD WRGRV ORV HOHPHQWRV VRQ
D[LDOPHQWHUtJLGRV
)LJXUD 0RGHORVGHFiOFXORSDUDGHWHUPLQDUODPDWUL]GHULJLGH]ODWHUDO
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
9LJDVD[LDOPHQWHUtJLGDV
h 3DUD HO SyUWLFR SODQR LQGLFDGR HQ OD ILJXUD FX\DV YLJDV VRQ GH \ ODV
FROXPQDV GH 6H GHVHD HQFRQWUDU OD PDWUL] GH ULJLGH] ODWHUDO FRQVLGHUDQGR
TXH VRORODV YLJDV VRQD[LDOPHQWH UtJLGDV$ODGHUHFKDGHODILJXUDVHLQGLFD
ODQXPHUDFLyQGHORVHOHPHQWRV3RURWUDSDUWHQRVHFRQVLGHUDQXGRVUtJLGRV \HO
PyGXORGHHODVWLFLGDG E T/m2
x 6ROXFLyQ
(QODILJXUDVHLQGLFDDODL]TXLHUGDORVJUDGRV GHOLEHUWDGGHOSyUWLFRGHODILJXUD
DO FRQVLGHUDU TXH VROR ODV YLJDV VRQ D[LDOPHQWH UtJLGDV 6H KD QXPHUDGR SULPHUR ORV
FRUULPLHQWRVODWHUDOHVGHSLVR\OXHJRORVUHVWDQWHVJUDGRVGHOLEHUWDG$ODGHUHFKDGHODILJXUD
VHSUHVHQWDQODVFRRUGHQDVODWHUDOHVGHSLVR
)LJXUD *UDGRVGHOLEHUWDGFRQVLGHUDQGRYLJDVD[LDOPHQWHUtJLGDV\FRRUGHQDGDVODWHUDOHVGHSLVR
SDUDHODQiOLVLVVtVPLFRDQWHODFRPSRQHQWHKRUL]RQWDOGH PRYLPLHQWRGHOVXHOR
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
KL
9LJDV\FROXPQDVD[LDOPHQWHUtJLGDV
x (OHPHQWRYLJD
k a
N
a k
)LJXUD &RRUGHQDGDVJOREDOHVSDUDXQHOHPHQWRYLJDGHXQSyUWLFRHQTXHWRGRVORVHOHPHQWRV
VRQD[LDOPHQWHUtJLGRV
x (OHPHQWRFROXPQD
t b t b
b k b a
N
t b t b
b
a b
k
)LJXUD &RRUGHQDGDVJOREDOHVSDUDXQHOHPHQWRFROXPQDGHXQSyUWLFRHQTXHWRGRVORV
HOHPHQWRVVRQD[LDOPHQWHUtJLGRV
h &RQ UHODFLyQDOSyUWLFRSODQRGHODILJXUD(QFRQWUDUODPDWUL]GHULJLGH]ODWHUDO
FRQVLGHUDQGRTXHWRGRVORVHOHPHQWRV VRQD[LDOPHQWHUtJLGRV
x 6ROXFLyQ
(Q OD ILJXUD D OD L]TXLHUGD VH LQGLFD ORV JUDGRV GH OLEHUWDG GHO SyUWLFR FXDQGR
WRGRVORVHOHPHQWRV VRQD[LDOPHQWHUtJLGRV([LVWHXQFRUULPLHQWR KRUL]RQWDOHQ FDGDSLVR\XQD
URWDFLyQ HQ FDGD XQR GH ORV QXGRV $ OD GHUHFKD GH OD ILJXUD VH PXHVWUDQ ODV
FRRUGHQDGDV ODWHUDOHVSDUDODVFXDOHVVHGHWHUPLQDODPDWUL]GHULJLGH]ODWHUDO
x 0DWUL]GHULJLGH]GHOHOHPHQWRYLJD
N
x 0DWUL]GHULJLGH]GHOHOHPHQWRFROXPQD
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
x 9HFWRUHVGHFRORFDFLyQ 9&GHODVYLJDV
VC > @
VC > @
VC > @
VC > @
x 9HFWRUHVGHFRORFDFLyQ 9&GHODVFROXPQDV
VC > @
VC > @
VC > @
VC > @
VC > @
VC > @
x 6XEPDWULFHV .DD.DE.EE
K aa
x 0DWUL]GHULJLGH]ODWHUDO
KL
'(7(50,1$&,1'(&859$'(&$3$&,'$'5(6,67(17(
&RQ HO REMHWR GH LOXVWUDU HO FiOFXOR GH OD FXUYD GH FDSDFLGDG UHVLVWHQWH GH XQ SyUWLFR
SODQR FRPR OR KDFHQ ORV SURJUDPDV GH FRPSXWDFLyQ VH REWLHQH HVWD FXUYD SDUD ODHVWUXFWXUD
LQGLFDGDHQODILJXUDTXHVHUHSLWHHQODILJXUD7RGRVORVHOHPHQWRV GHODHVWUXFWXUD
VRQGH(QODSDUWH FHQWUDO VHLQGLFDODQXPHUDFLyQGHORV QXGRV\GHORVHOHPHQWRV \D
ODGHUHFKDGHODILJXUDVHLQGLFDHOQ~PHURGHORVHOHPHQWRVWLSR
P
P
(Q OD WDEOD VH LQGLFD HO PRPHQWR HQ HO SXQWR $ < \ 8 GHQRPLQDGRV
M a M y M u SDUDODYLJDHQHOQXGRLQLFLDO DHQHOFHQWURGHOX] R\HQHOQXGRILQDOE
7DQWR SDUD YDORUHV SRVLWLYRV FRPR QHJDWLYRV /D FRQYHQFLyQ GH VLJQRV FRQ OD FXDO VH HVWi
WUDEDMDQGRHVKRUDULRSRVLWLYR7DPELpQVHLQGLFDODcapacidad de ductilidad por curvatura P I
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
IPP#
FP
\FP IPP
&2/801$ 9,*$
7DEOD &DSDFLGDGUHVLVWHQWHGHODYLJD
6HFFLyQ Ma My Mu PI
7P 7P 7P
1XGR ,QLFLDO
&HQWUR /X]
1XGR )LQDO
(QODFROXPQDODDUPDGXUDHVLJXDO HQ WRGDODORQJLWXGGHOHOHPHQWR(QFRQVHFXHQFLD
OD FDSDFLGDG UHVLVWHQWH HV LJXDO HQ HO QXGR LQLFLDO ILQDO \ FHQWUR GH OX] (Q OD WDEOD VH
LQGLFDQORVYDORUHVLQLFLDOHVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVDXQDFDUJDD[LDOQXOD
7DEOD &DSDFLGDGUHVLVWHQWHLQLFLDOGHODFROXPQD
Ma My Mu PI
7P 7P 7P
6H KD GHFLGLGR TXH ORV LQFUHPHQWRV GH FDUJD ODWHUDO VHDQ GH 7 &RQ HVWH
DQWHFHGHQWHHQODILJXUDVHLQGLFDHOSULPHU FLFORGHFDUJDSDUDODHVWUXFWXUDHQODFXDO
DFW~DODFDUJDYHUWLFDOTXHVHKD FRQVLGHUDGRLJXDOD 7P6HGHVWDFD TXH HQHOSULPHU FLFOR
GHFDUJDODWHUDOVHGHEH KDFHU DFWXDUD ODFDUJDYHUWLFDOHQORV UHVWDQWHVLQFUHPHQWRVGHFDUJD
VRORDFWXDUiODFDUJDODWHUDOGH7
$ OD GHUHFKD GH OD ILJXUD VH LQGLFDQ ORV JUDGRV GH OLEHUWDG (Q JHQHUDO VH
FRQVLGHUD XQ FRUULPLHQWR ODWHUDO SRU SLVR HO PLVPR TXH HPSLH]D D QXPHUDUVH GHVGH HO SLVR
LQIHULRUKDVWDHO~OWLPRSLVR\OXHJRVHFRQVLGHUDXQGHVSOD]DPLHQWRYHUWLFDO\XQD URWDFLyQ HQ
FDGDXQR GHORVQXGRV SDUDSRGHUDSOLFDUOD FRQGHQVDFLyQHVWiWLFDGHODPDWUL]GHULJLGH]TXH
VHYLRHQORVDSDUWDGRVDQWHULRUHV
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
(O YHFWRU GH FRRUGHQDGDV JHQHUDOL]DGDV q TXH VH REWLHQH SDUD HO FLFOR GH FDUJD
LQGLFDGR HQODILJXUDHVHOVLJXLHQWHHQPHWURVSDUDORV GHVSOD]DPLHQWRV\UDGLDQHV SDUD
ORVJLURV
u
u
q u
u
u
7P
7
4T
)LJXUD &DUJDYHUWLFDO\SULPHULQFUHPHQWRGHFDUJDODWHUDO$ODGHUHFKDVHLQGLFDQORVJUDGRVGH
OLEHUWDG
3DUD HO VHJXQGR LQFUHPHQWR GH FDUJD ~QLFDPHQWH DFW~D XQD FDUJD ODWHUDO GH 7
TXH VXPDGR DODIXHU]DLQLFLDO GH 7VHWLHQHXQD IXHU]DWRWDODFWXDQWHGH7(QODILJXUD
VH LQGLFD HO QXHYR FLFOR GH FDUJDV \ ODV DFFLRQHV HQ ORV HOHPHQWRV (O QXHYR YHFWRU GH
FRRUGHQDGDV q UHVXOWD
u
u
q u
u
u
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
7P 7P
7 7
7
7 7 7
)LJXUD $FFLRQHVHQORVHOHPHQWRVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVDOFLFORGHFDUJDLQLFLDO
$OREVHUYDUORVUHVXOWDGRVVHDSUHFLDTXHHOPRPHQWRHQHOQXGR ILQDOGHODYLJDHVGH
7PTXHHVPD\RUDOPRPHQWRGHDJULHWDPLHQWR M a 'HLJXDOIRUPDHOPRPHQWRHQHO
QXGRILQDOGHODFROXPQD GHUHFKDWLHQH HOPLVPRYDORU\WDPELpQ KDVXSHUDGR HOPRPHQWR M a
GHODFROXPQD3RUORWDQWRHVWiVHFFLyQGHVGHXQSXQWRGHYLVWDULJXURVRVHSXHGHGHFLU TXH
LQJUHVy DO UDQJR QR OLQHDO (Q OD WDEOD VH LQGLFDQ ODV LQHUFLDV \ ORV FyGLJRV GH ODV
VHFFLRQHV TXH WLHQHQ HO Q~PHUR HV SDUD HO UDQJR HOiVWLFR FXDQGR HO PRPHQWR HV PHQRU
TXH HO GH DJULHWDPLHQWR HO SDUD FXDQGR HO PRPHQWR HV PHQRU TXH HO GH IOXHQFLD \ HO
FXDQGR VHVXSHUDHOPRPHQWRGHIOXHQFLD
3DUD HO WHUFHU FLFOR GH FDUJD OD PDWUL] GH ULJLGH] GH OD HVWUXFWXUD VH REWHQGUi FRQ ODV
LQHUFLDVLQGLFDGDVHQODWDEOD
(O QXHYR SXQWR GH ODFXUYD GHFDSDFLGDG UHVLVWHQWH GH ODHVWUXFWXUD WLHQH XQ FRUWDQWH
EDVDOGH7\XQGHVSOD]DPLHQWRODWHUDOGHFP
7P 7P
7 7
7P
7
7 7 7
7
7P 7 7P 7
7P
7P 7
7
7 7
)LJXUD &DUJDVWRWDOHV\DFFLRQHVUHVXOWDQWHVHQORVHOHPHQWRV
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
3DUD ORV UHVWDQWHV FLFORV GH FDUJD VH YD LQFUHPHQWDQGR OD FDUJD ODWHUDO HQ 7 VH
FRQWURODORV PRPHQWRVHQFDGDXQDGHODVVHFFLRQHV FRQ UHODFLyQDORVGHODFXUYDPRPHQWR
FXUYDWXUD\VHPRGLILFDQODV ULJLGHFHV DIOH[LyQVLHVGHOFDVR$OJRVLPLODU VHUHDOL]D FRQODV
ULJLGHFHVDOFRUWH
02'(/26'(3/$67,&,'$'(;7(1','$
(Q OD ILJXUD VH LQGLFDQ YDULRV PRGHORV GH SODVWLFLGDG H[WHQGLGD TXH HVWiQ
GHWDOODGRVHQ$JXLDUFRQORVFXDOHV VHKDREWHQLGRODFXUYDGHFDSDFLGDGUHVLVWHQWHGH
ODHVWUXFWXUDLQGLFDGDHQODVILJXUDV\/DH[SOLFDFLyQGHOFiOFXORTXHVHORKDYHQLGR
UHDOL]DQGRVHORKDKHFKRHPSOHDQGRHOPRGHORGHSODVWLFLGDG
(O PRGHOR GH OD ILJXUD HV XWLOL]DGR HQ HO SURJUDPD ,'$5& Inelastic Damage
Analysis of Reinforced Concrete, 9HUVLyQ3DUN HWDO (VWHPRGHOR FRQVLGHUDTXH
ODYDULDFLyQGHULJLGH]HVOLQHDOHQHOHOHPHQWRGHVGHHOYDORUGH EI a R EI b GRQGH
H[LVWH GHWHULRUR GH ULJLGH] KDVWD OD ULJLGH] EI o TXH VH PDQWLHQH VLHPSUH HQ HO UDQJR
HOiVWLFR/RVWpUPLQRVGHODPDWUL]GHIOH[LELOLGDGVRQGHGXFLGRVSDUDFXDQGRH[LVWHSXQWR
GHLQIOH[LyQ\SDUDFXDQGR QRORKD\
(O PRGHOR HV XWLOL]DGR HQ HO SURJUDPD 6$5&) Seismic Analysis of Reinforced
Concrete FramesLPSOHPHQWDGRSRU&KXQJHWDO(QHVWHPRGHORVHGHWHUPLQDOD
ORQJLWXGGHOD]RQDTXHLQJUHVD DO UDQJR QROLQHDO O a L SDUDHOQXGRLQLFLDO\ O b L SDUDHO
QXGR ILQDO HQ IXQFLyQ GH ORV PRPHQWRV DFWXDQWHV \ FRQVLGHUDQGR TXH DQWH DFFLRQHV
VtVPLFDV HO GLDJUDPD GH PRPHQWRV HV WULDQJXODU (Q ODV ]RQDV FRQ GDxR HO PRGHOR
FRQVLGHUDTXHODULJLGH]DIOH[LyQHVFRQVWDQWHFRPR VHDSUHFLDHQODILJXUD
Oa-L Ob-L
Da-L Db-L
,QLFLDOPHQWH VH WUDEDMD FRQ HO PRGHOR FXDQGR OD HVWUXFWXUD VH HQFXHQWUD HQ HO
UDQJR HOiVWLFR /XHJR SDUD HO UDQJR QR OLQHDO HO SURJUDPD WUDEDMDUi FRQ XQR GH ORV PRGHORV
TXHHOXVXDULRKDVHOHFFLRQDGRHLQGLFDGRVGHODOHQODILJXUD
3523,('$'(6',10,&$6
6H SXHGH GHFLU TXH ODV FRRUGHQDGDV SULQFLSDOHV VRQ ORV GHVSOD]DPLHQWRV ODWHUDOHV
XQRSRUFDGDSLVR\TXHODVFRRUGHQDGDVVHFXQGDULDVVRQORVGHVSOD]DPLHQWRV\JLURVGHFDGD
XQRGHORVQXGRV3RUHMHPSORFRQUHODFLyQDORV JUDGRVGHOLEHUWDGLQGLFDGRV HQODILJXUD
ODFRRUGHQDGDSULQFLSDOHVODQ~PHUR\ODVVHFXQGDULDVODVFXDWURUHVWDQWHV
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
(O DQiOLVLV VtVPLFR GH HVWUXFWXUDV VH ODV UHDOL]D QRUPDOPHQWH HQ FRRUGHQDGDV
SULQFLSDOHV SRU HVH PRWLYR VH DFRVWXPEUD XWLOL]DU OD FRQGHQVDFLyQ HVWiWLFD GH OD PDWUL] GH
ULJLGH]SDUDORJUDUHVWHREMHWLYRSHURSDUDHYDOXDUHOHVWDGRHQTXHVHHQFXHQWUDFDGDXQR GH
ORVHOHPHQWRVDQWHFDUJDVODWHUDOHVVHQHFHVLWDWUDEDMDU FRQWRGRVORVJUDGRV GHOLEHUWDG 3HUR
SDUD HO FiOFXORGHORVPRGRVGHYLEUDFLyQVHWLHQHXQSUREOHPD\HVHOVLJXLHQWHTXHODPDWUL]
GHULJLGH]HV GHRUGHQQJO;QJO\ODPDWUL]GHPDVD HV GH RUGHQQS;QS'RQGH QJO HVHO
Q~PHURWRWDOGHJUDGRVGH OLEHUWDG\QS HV HOQ~PHUR GHFRRUGHQDGDVODWHUDOHV GHSLVR3DUDOD
HVWUXFWXUDGHODILJXUDVHWLHQHXQDPDWUL]GHULJLGH]GH;\ODGHPDVDVGH;
SXHVWR TXH WRGD OD PDVD VH FRQFHQWUD D QLYHO GH SLVR (Q FRQVHFXHQFLD GLUHFWDPHQWH QR VH
SXHGHUHVROYHUHOSUREOHPDGHYDORUHV \YHFWRUHVSURSLRVORTXHVHUHDOL]DHVORVLJXLHQWH
(QFRQWUDUODPDWUL]GHULJLGH] FRQGHQVDGDDODFRRUGHQDGDODWHUDO K
/D PDWUL] GH ULJLGH] FRQGHQVDGD \ OD PDWUL] GH PDVDV VRQ DKRUD GHO PLVPR RUGHQ QS ;
QS3RUORWDQWRVHSXHGHHPSOHDUFXDOTXLHUD GHORVPpWRGRV FRQRFLGRVSDUDUHVROYHUHO
SUREOHPDGHYDORUHV\YHFWRUHVSURSLRV\REWHQHUORVPRGRVGHYLEUDFLyQHQFRRUGHQDGDV
SULQFLSDOHV
Ib
K BB K BA I a
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
(O SURFHGLPLHQWR GHVFULWR GHPDQGD XQD JUDQ FDQWLGDG GH RSHUDFLRQHV SRU OR TXH HV
PiV ySWLPR XWLOL]DU HO 0pWRGR GH OD %~VTXHGD GHO GHWHUPLQDQWH TXH SHUPLWH HQFRQWUDU XQ
Q~PHURGHWHUPLQDGR GHPRGRVGHYLEUDFLyQSDUDORFXDOVHSODQWHDHOSROLQRPLRFDUDFWHUtVWLFR
FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH
u
I
u
/RV SHUtRGRV GH YLEUDFLyQ VH LQFUHPHQWDQ FRQIRUPH OD HVWUXFWXUD YD LQJUHVDQGR DO
UDQJRQROLQHDOHVGHFLUODHVWUXFWXUDVHKDFHPiVIOH[LEOHHQHOUDQJRLQHOiVWLFR
5()(5(1&,$6
$JXLDU 5 6LVWHPD GH FRPSXWDFLyQ &(,1&, SDUD HYDOXDU GDxR VtVPLFR HQ ORV
3DtVHV %ROLYDULDQRV Centro de Investigaciones Cientficas. Escuela Politcnica del
Ejrcito, S9DOOHGHORV&KLOORV(FXDGRU
$JXLDU 5 $QiOLVLV 'LQiPLFR (VSDFLDO Escuela Politcnica del Ejrcito, S
4XLWR(FXDGRU
$JXLDU 5 \ 5XL] 6 ,QIOXHQFLD GH ORV PRGHORV GH SODVWLFLGDG HQ OD UHVSXHVWD
VtVPLFDREWHQLGDPHGLDQWHHO0pWRGRGHO(VSHFWURGH&DSDFLGDG Sociedad Mexicana de
Ingeniera Estructural, A.C. XIII Congreso Nacional de Ingeniera Estructural,S3XHEOD
0p[LFR
%DUEDW $ \ &DQHW - (VWUXFWXUDV VRPHWLGDV D DFFLRQHV VtVPLFDV &iOFXOR SRU
RUGHQDGRU Centro Internacional de Mtodos Numricos en Ingeniera. Segunda Edicin,
S%DUFHORQD(VSDxD
*LEHUVRQ 0) 7ZR 1RQOLQHDU %HDPV ZLWK 'HILQLWLRQV RI 'XFWLOLW\ Journal of the
Structural Division, ASCE, 9RO1R67
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
.HQW ' DQG 3DUN 5 )OH[XUDO PHPEHUV ZLWK FRQILQHG FRQFUHWH
Journal of
Structural Engineering ASCE, 67
.XQQDWK 6 5HLQKRUQ $ DQG /RER 5 ,'$5& 9HUVLRQ $ 3URJUDP IRU WKH
,QHODVWLF 'DPDJH $QDO\VLV RI 5HLQIRUFHG &RQFUHWH 6WUXFWXUHV
3DUN < 5HLQKRUQ $ DQG .XQQDWK 6 ,'$5& ,QHODVWLF GDPDJH DQDO\VLV RI
UHLQIRUFHG FRQFUHWH IUDPH VKHDUZDOO VWUXFWXUHV
6($2& 9LVLyQ 5HSRUW RQ SHUIRUPDQFH EDVHG VHLVPLF HQJLQHHULQJ RI
EXLOGLQJV Structural Engineers Association of California,9ROXPH, 6DFUDPHQWR
CAPTULO 3
8118(9202'(/2'(3/$67,&,'$'
<(/386+29(5&21752/$'2
5(680(1
3DUD YHULILFDU OD ERQGDG GHO PRGHOR SURSXHVWR VH FRPSDUDQ ODV FXUYDV GH FDSDFLGDG
VtVPLFD UHVLVWHQWHHQHGLILFDFLRQHVGH\ SLVRVXWLOL]DQGRORVPRGHORVGHSODVWLFLGDGGH
ORVSURJUDPDV'5$,1';,'$5&,QHODVWLFGDPDJHDQiOLVLVRIUHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWH\6$5&)
6HLVPLFDQiOLVLVRIUHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWH IUDPHV(VWRV~OWLPRVPRGHORVKDQVLGRLQFRUSRUDGRV
DOSURJUDPD &(,1&,
/DV FXUYDV GH FDSDFLGDG VtVPLFD UHVLVWHQWH UHODFLRQD HO FRUWDQWH EDVDO FRQ HO
GHVSOD]DPLHQWR ODWHUDO Pi[LPR GH OD HGLILFDFLyQ (Q OD FRPSDUDFLyQ TXH VH UHDOL]D VH
FRQVLGHUD\QRVHFRQVLGHUDHOHIHFWR P ' 3RURWUDSDUWHVHUHDOL]D HOHVWXGLRHVWDGtVWLFR
GHORVGLIHUHQWHVPRGHORV XWLOL]DGRVFRQUHODFLyQDOPRGHOR GHSODVWLFLGDGTXHVHSURSRQH HQ
ORV VLJXLHQWHV SDUiPHWURV UHVLVWHQFLD ~OWLPD DVRFLDGD DO GH OD DOWXUD WRWDO GHO HGLILFLR
UHVLVWHQFLD GHIOXHQFLDGHVSOD]DPLHQWRGHIOXHQFLD \UHODFLyQHQWUHODULJLGH]SRVWIOXHQFLD FRQ
UHVSHFWR D OD ULJLGH] HOiVWLFD SDUD HO HIHFWR VH FRQVWUX\HQ PRGHORV ELOLQHDOHV GH OD FXUYD GH
FDSDFLGDG VtVPLFDHPSOHDQGRHOFULWHULRGHLJXDOHViUHDV
3RU RWUD SDUWH PHGLDQWH OD UHDOL]DFLyQ GH GRV HMHPSORV VH LOXVWUD OD 7pFQLFD GHO
3XVKRYHU &RQWURODGR HQ ORV FXDOHV OD FDUJD ODWHUDO VH DSOLFD HQ IXQFLyQ GH OD IRUPD GH OD
GHIRUPDFLyQODWHUDOGHODHVWUXFWXUD/DH[SOLFDFLyQ VHODUHDOL]DHQIRUPDGLGiFWLFDUD]yQSRUOD
FXDO VH SUHVHQWDQ ORV UHVXOWDGRV HQ FDGD FLFOR GH FDUJD \ ILQDOPHQWH VH GHWHUPLQDQ ORV
HVSHFWURV GH FDSDFLGDG D SDUWLU GH ODV FXUYDV GH FDSDFLGDG VtVPLFD UHVLVWHQWH GH ORV GRV
HMHPSORV
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
,1752'8&&,1
$QWHDFFLRQHVVtVPLFDVVRQORVH[WUHPRVGHORVHOHPHQWRVORVTXHYDQDHVWDUVXMHWRV
D JUDQGHV HVIXHU]RV HQ FRQVHFXHQFLD HO GDxR VH LQLFLD HQ HVWRV SXQWRV \ VH YD SURSDJDQGR
KDFLD HO FHQWUR GH OX] ([LVWHQ YDULRV PRGHORV GH SODVWLFLGDG TXH KDQ VLGR SURSXHVWRV SDUD
VLPXODU HVWH FRPSRUWDPLHQWR YDULRV GH HOORV VH LQGLFDQ HQ OD ILJXUD ORV PLVPRV TXH VH
GHVFULEHQDFRQWLQXDFLyQ SUHYLDPHQWHVHGHVWDFDTXH EI a EI o EI b VRQODVULJLGH]D
IOH[LyQ HQ HO QXGR LQLFLDO FHQWUR GH OX] \ QXGR ILQDO UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH ORV PLVPRV TXH VH
GHWHUPLQDQGHOGLDJUDPDPRPHQWRFXUYDWXUD M C
&XDQGR HO HOHPHQWR VH HQFXHQWUD HQ HO UDQJR HOiVWLFR OD ULJLGH] D IOH[LyQ GHO QXGR
LQLFLDO FHQWURGHOX]\QXGRILQDOHVLJXDOFXDQGRVHWUDWDGHHOHPHQWRVGHVHFFLyQ FRQVWDQWH
SHURXQDYH]TXHXQDVHFFLyQLQJUHVDDOUDQJRQROLQHDOHVWDULJLGH] EI GLVPLQX\H
)LJXUD0RGHORVGHSODVWLFLGDGH[WHQGLGD
(OPRGHORHVHOQXHYRPRGHORGHSODVWLFLGDGTXHVHSURSRQHHQHVWHFDStWXOR(QOD
ORQJLWXG GDxR O a L GHO QXGR LQLFLDO VH FRQVLGHUDQ FXDWURQLYHOHV GH ULJLGH] D IOH[LyQ \ QR XQR
VROR FRPRHQ HO PRGHOR /RSURSLR VH FRQVLGHUD SDUD HO QXGR ILQDOFRPR VH DSUHFLD HQ OD
ILJXUD /D ORQJLWXG GH FDGD QLYHO GH LQHUFLD HQ HO QXGR LQLFLDO HV LJXDO D O a L \ OD
PDJQLWXG VH FRQVLGHUD SURSRUFLRQDO D ODV ULJLGHFHV FRPSUHQGLGDV HQWUH EI a \ EI o
,JXDOHVFRQVLGHUDFLRQHVVHUHDOL]DQSDUDHOQXGRILQDO
',$*5$0$'(0$6$6(/$67,&$6
'DGRXQHOHPHQWRFRQFXDOTXLHUYDULDFLyQGHLQHUFLDDIOH[LyQFRPRHOSUHVHQWDGRHQ
OD ILJXUD HQ HO FXDO VH KDQ GHILQLGR XQ SDU GH HMHV YHUWLFDOHV GHQRPLQDGRV < H < HQ HO
QXGR LQLFLDO \ ILQDO UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH $JXLDU $GLFLRQDOPHQWH VH FRQVLGHUDQ GRV
FRRUGHQDGDV SDUDGHILQLUODSRVLFLyQGHXQSXQWRGHOHOHPHQWRTXHVRQ X \ Z FXPSOLpQGRVH
TXH X Z L
(Q OD SDUWH VXSHULRU GH OD ILJXUD VH SUHVHQWD OD IRUPD JHQHUDO GH YDULDFLyQ GH
ULJLGH]DIOH[LyQ EI x \HQODSDUWHLQIHULRUHOGLDJUDPDGHPDVDVHOiVWLFDVTXHUHVXOWDDOXQLU
ORVSXQWRV FX\RYDORUHV
EI x
)LJXUD 'LDJUDPDGH0DVDV(OiVWLFDV
$O FRQVLGHUDU HO HOHPHQWR GLIHUHQFLDO dx VH QRWD TXH HO GLIHUHQFLDO GH iUHD YDOH
dx
(QFRQVHFXHQFLDHOiUHDWRWDOGHOGLDJUDPDGHPDVDVHOiVWLFDV W YHQGUiGDGRSRUOD
EI x
VLJXLHQWHHFXDFLyQ
L
dx
W EI
x
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
3RURWUDSDUWHHOPRPHQWRGHLQHUFLDGHOGLDJUDPDGHPDVDVHOiVWLFDV FRQUHVSHFWR DO
HMH <GHQRPLQDGR I Y \FRQUHVSHFWRDOHMH <OODPDGR I Y
YDOHQ
L
dx
X
IY
EI x
L
dx
I Y
Z
EI x
)LQDOPHQWH HO PRPHQWR GH LQHUFLD FRPSXHVWR GHO GLDJUDPD GH PDVDV HOiVWLFDV
UHVSHFWRDORVHMHV < <GHQRPLQDGR I YY
HV
L
dx
I YY
XZ EI
x
(Q EDVH D ODV HFXDFLRQHV LQGLFDGDV VH GHWHUPLQDQ ORV HOHPHQWRV GH OD PDWUL] GH
IOH[LELOLGDG
0$75,='()/(;,%,/,'$'
/D IRUPD GH OD PDWUL] GH IOH[LELOLGDG SDUD HO VLVWHPD GH FRRUGHQDGDV LQGLFDGR HQ OD
ILJXUDHVODVLJXLHQWH
f f
f f f
GRQGHORVHOHPHQWRVGHODSULPHUDFROXPQDGH f VRQORVJLURVHQHOQXGRLQLFLDO\ILQDOTXH
UHVXOWDQ DODSOLFDUXQPRPHQWRXQLWDULR HQHOQXGR LQLFLDO ORSURSLR HVSDUD ORVHOHPHQWRVGH OD
VHJXQGDFROXPQDSHURHVWDYH]HOPRPHQWRXQLWDULRVHDSOLFDHQHOQXGRILQDO
(Q IRUPD JHQHUDO ODV GHIRUPDFLRQHV f ij VH REWLHQHQ SDUD HO FDVR GH PDUFRV SODQRV
FRQODHFXDFLyQVLJXLHQWH
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
L
MiM j L
E ViV j L
Ni N j
f ij EI
x
dx
GA x
dx
EA x
dx
GRQGH M i M j VRQ ORV PRPHQWRV D IOH[LyQ Vi V j VRQ ORV FRUWDQWHV N i N j ODV FDUJDV
D[LDOHV EI OD ULJLGH] D IOH[LyQ GA OD ULJLGH] DO FRUWH EA OD ULJLGH] D[LDO \ E HO
FRHILFLHQWHGHIRUPDTXHFDUDFWHUL]DODGLVWULEXFLyQGHODVWHQVLRQHVWDQJHQFLDOHV
$O DSOLFDU XQ PRPHQWR XQLWDULR HQ HO QXGR LQLFLDO GH OD ILJXUD ODV HFXDFLRQHV GH
PRPHQWRFRUWH\FDUJDD[LDOVRQODVVLJXLHQWHV
L X
M V N
L L
$OUHHPSOD]DUHVWDVHFXDFLRQHVHQODHFXDFLyQVHWLHQH
L
M L
E V
f EI x dx GA x dx
L X dx
L L
dx
f
L
E
EI x L GA x
$O GHVSUHFLDU HO HIHFWR GH FRUWH HV GHFLU QR VH FRQVLGHUD OD VHJXQGD LQWHJUDO \ DO
UHHPSOD]DU X L Z VHHQFXHQWUD
Z dx Z
L L
f L EI x L EI x
dx
I Y
f
L
&iOFXORGH f
$O DSOLFDU HO PRPHQWR XQLWDULR HQ HO QXGR ILQDO ODV HFXDFLRQHV GH PRPHQWR FRUWH \
FDUJDD[LDOUHVXOWDQ
X
M V N
L L
$OUHHPSOD]DUHQHFXDFLyQVHHQFXHQWUD
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
L
M L
E V
f
EI x
dx
GA x
dx
X dx E
L L
f
L EI x L GA x
dx
IY
f
L
X X L dx
L L
M M
f EI x dx
L EI x
L L
XZ dx XZ
f
L EI x
L EI x
dx
I YY
f
L
5HODFLyQ,PSRUWDQWH
$/*25,702'(&/&8/2
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
/RV WpUPLQRV GH OD PDWUL] GH IOH[LELOLGDG SDUD HO HOHPHQWR GH SODVWLFLGDG TXH VH
SURSRQH VHREWLHQHQDSDUWLUGHOFiOFXORGH I y I y
\ W (QODILJXUDVHLQGLFDHOGLDJUDPD
GHPDVDVHOiVWLFDVGHOPRGHORHQHOFXDOVHKDXWLOL]DGROD VLJXLHQWHQRPHQFODWXUD
)LJXUD 1RPHQFODWXUDXWLOL]DGDSDUDHOFiOFXORGHORVWpUPLQRVGHODPDWUL]GHIOH[LELOLGDG
A E I C
EI a EI o EI b EI a EI o
B D
EI a EI o EI a EI o
EI a EI o
Oa L Oa L Oa L
X X X X Oa L X L Ob L
I I
W
y y
I
y
L L
f L
W y y
I I
L L I y
L
7DEOD &iOFXORGHOiUHD\PRPHQWRVGHLQHUFLDGHOGLDJUDPDGHPDVDVHOiVWLFDV
)LJ W Iy I y
A X A X >
A L L X @
B X X B X X
>
B L X L X
@
C X X C X X
>
C L X L X
@
D X X D X X >
D L X L X @
E X X E X X >
E L X L X @
F X X F X X
>
F L X L X
@
G X X G X X
>
G L X L X
@
H X X H X X
>
H L X L X
@
I L X I L X
I L X
W Iy I
5(/$&,21(6020(172&859$785$0&
Ma E b h
EI o
Ia
M y Ma
EI
I y Ia
Mu M y
EI
Iu I y
6H KD RPLWLGR HO VLJQR r SDUD GDUOH HO FDUiFWHU JHQHUDO 3DUD OD SULPHUD UDPD TXH
FRUUHVSRQGHDOUDQJRHOiVWLFR EI o VHWLHQHTXHODULJLGH]VHFDOFXODFRQOD,QHUFLDJUXHVD(Q
FRQVHFXHQFLDHQODHFXDFLyQVHWLHQHTXH b HVODEDVH\ h HVODDOWXUDGHODVHFFLyQ
WUDQVYHUVDO
)LJXUD 0RGHORQXPpULFRDGRSWDGRSDUDODFXUYDPRPHQWRFXUYDWXUD
/21*,78''('$f2
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
(QODILJXUDVHLQGLFDHOGLDJUDPDGHPRPHQWRV GHXQHOHPHQWRDSDUWLUGHOFXDOVH
GHWHUPLQDODORQJLWXGGHGDxR O a L SDUDHOQXGRLQLFLDO\ Ob L SDUDHOQXGRILQDO6HDQ M i \
M j ORVPRPHQWRVDFWXDQWHV HQHOQXGRLQLFLDO\ILQDOUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH(VWULFWDPHQWHFXDQGR
HVWRV YDORUHV VXSHUDQ HO YDORU GH M a VH WLHQH GDxR HQ HO HOHPHQWR SHUR QRUPDOPHQWH VH
FRQVLGHUD OD ORQJLWXG GH GDxR FXDQGR HO PRPHQWR DFWXDQWH VXSHUD HO PRPHQWR GH IOXHQFLD
My
'HODILJXUDSRUWULiQJXORV VHPHMDQWHVVHGHGXFHTXH
Mi M y
Oa
Mi M j
M j M y
Ob
Mi M j
'(6&5,3&,1'(/$6(6758&785$6
/D DOWXUD GH ORV HQWUHSLVRV GH ODV HVWUXFWXUDV TXH VH DQDOL]DQ HV GH P 3RU RWUD
SDUWH FDGD XQDWLHQHOXFHVLJXDOHV\HVGH PSDUDODVGH\SLVRVODGHSLVRVWLHQH
OXFHVGHP(Q$JXLDU\$JXLDUHWDOVHSUHVHQWD HODUPDGRGHODVFROXPQDV\
YLJDV\HQODWDEODVHSUHVHQWDODVGLPHQVLRQHVGHODVPLVPDVDOLJXDOTXHODFDUJDYHUWLFDO
DFWXDQWH
7DEOD'HVFULSFLyQGHODVHVWUXFWXUDVDQDOL]DGDV
(VWUXFWXUD 9DQRV &DUJD 9HUWLFDO &ROXPQDV 9LJDV
'LPHQVLRQHV 1LYHOHV
3LVRV 7P ;FP 7RGRV ;FP
(Q HO SUHVHQWH DSDUWDGR VH SUHVHQWDQ ODV FXUYDV GH FDSDFLGDG UHVLVWHQWH TXH VH
REWLHQHQ FRQ FDGD XQR GH ORV PRGHORV GH SODVWLFLGDG LQGLFDGRV HQ OD ILJXUD PHGLDQWH HO
SURJUDPDGH FRPSXWDFLyQ &(,1&,\PHGLDQWHHOSURJUDPD '5$,1';3UDNDVKHWDO
6H SUHVHQWDQ UHVXOWDGRV VLQ FRQVLGHUD HO HIHFWR P ' /DVFXUYDVGH FDSDFLGDGUHVLVWHQWH
UHODFLRQDQHOFRUWDQWHEDVDO V FRQHOGHVSOD]DPLHQWRODWHUDOPi[LPRGHODHVWUXFWXUD Dt \VH
REWLHQHQDSOLFDQGRODWpFQLFDGHOSXVKRYHU
(Q OD ILJXUD VH PXHVWUD HQ OD SDUWH VXSHULRU ODV FXUYDV GH FDSDFLGDG HQ OD
HVWUXFWXUD GH SLVRV VH DSUHFLD TXH OD FXUYD TXH VH REWLHQH FRQ HO PRGHOR GH SODVWLFLGDG
SURSXHVWR VH HQFXHQWUD DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH HQ OD PLWDG GH ODV TXH VH REWLHQHQ FRQ ORV RWURV
PRGHORV /D FXUYD GH FDSDFLGDG TXH VH KDOOD FRQ HO SURJUDPD '5$,1'; HV XQD FRWD
VXSHULRU\ODTXHVHHQFXHQWUDFRQHOPRGHORGHULJLGH]OLQHDOHVXQDFRWDLQIHULRU
/D FXUYD GH FDSDFLGDG TXH VH HQFXHQWUD FRQ HO PRGHOR GH SODVWLFLGDG TXH VROR
FRQVLGHUD XQ HVFDOyQ GH LQHUFLD SDUD GHIRUPDFLRQHV PD\RUHV DO GH OD DOWXUD WRWDO GHO
HGLILFLR SUHVHQWD YDORUHV PHQRUHV GH UHVLVWHQFLD HQ FRPSDUDFLyQ FRQ HO PRGHOR TXH VH
SURSRQHHQHVWHHVWXGLRORFXDOHUDGHHVSHUDUVHSRUODIRUPDGHOPRGHOR
(Q OD WpFQLFD GHO SXVKRYHU VH DSOLFDQ FDUJDV ODWHUDOHV TXH VH YDQ LQFUHPHQWDQGR HQ
XQD VROD GLUHFFLyQ (Q FRQVHFXHQFLD HO HIHFWR P ' YD D VHU LPSRUWDQWH FXDQGR ORV
GHVSOD]DPLHQWRV ODWHUDOHV VRQ FRQVLGHUDEOHV (Q $JXLDU VH SUHVHQWD HO PDUFR WHyULFR
UHVSHFWLYRUD]yQSRUODFXDOVHLQGLFDDFRQWLQXDFLyQODIRUPDFRPRVHFDOFXOD3RUHMHPSOR
SDUD XQD HVWUXFWXUD GH WUHV SLVRV FRPR OD LQGLFDGD HQ OD ILJXUD HQ OD FXDO VH KDQ
FRQFHQWUDGRODVPDVDV DQLYHOGHFDGD SLVR6HDQ m m m ODVPDVDVWRWDOHV GHORV SLVRV
XQR GRV \ WUHV 3RU RWUD SDUWH VHDQ D D D ORV GHVSOD]DPLHQWRV ODWHUDOHV GH ORV
UHVSHFWLYRV SLVRV )LQDOPHQWH D OD GHUHFKD GH OD ILJXUD VH KD LQGLFDGR XQD GHIRUPDGD
ODWHUDO HQ ORV FXDOHV ORV SHVRV W W W WLHQGHQ D YROWHDU D OD HVWUXFWXUD (VWH HIHFWR
DGLFLRQDO VH FRQVLGHUD FRPR XQ HVWDGR GH FDUJDV KRUL]RQWDOHV DFWXDQGR HQ FDGD XQR GH ORV
SLVRVHQODHVWUXFWXUDGHIRUPDGDFRPRVHLOXVWUDDODGHUHFKDGHODILJXUD
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
)LJXUD&XUYDVGHFDSDFLGDGUHVLVWHQWHTXHVHREWLHQHQ FRQGLIHUHQWHVPRGHORVGH
SODVWLFLGDGHQHVWUXFWXUDVGH\SLVRV$QiOLVLVVLQFRQVLGHUDUHIHFWR P '
(OYHFWRUGHFDUJDVJHQHUDOL]DGDV Q SDUDODVFRRUGHQDGDVLQGLFDGDVHQODILJXUD
GHELGRDOHIHFWR P ' UHVXOWD
W
H D
Q W D D (3.16)
H
W
D D
H
6LHQGR H H H ODV DOWXUDV GH ORV SLVRV XQR GRV \ WUHV 3RU OR WDQWR HO HIHFWR
P ' OR TXH LQFUHPHQWD HV HO YHFWRU GH FDUJDV Q 6LQ HIHFWR P ' ~QLFDPHQWH FRQWLHQH
ODV IXHU]DV ODWHUDOHV TXH VH DSOLFDQ D OD HVWUXFWXUD FRQ HO HIHFWR P ' HVWDV IXHU]DV VH
LQFUHPHQWDQ SRU HO SURGXFWR GHO GHVSOD]DPLHQWR UHODWLYR GH SLVR PXOWLSOLFDGR SRU HO SHVR GH
SLVR\GLYLGLGRSDUDODDOWXUDGHOHQWUHSLVR
x (O YHFWRU TXH FRQWLHQH ODV FRRUGHQDGDV GH ORV QXGRV GH OD HVWUXFWXUD GHEH
DFWXDOL]DUVH HQ FDGD LQFUHPHQWR GH FDUJD ODWHUDO &XDQGR QR VH FRQVLGHUD HO
HIHFWR P ' ODV FRRUGHQDGDV GH ORV QXGRV SHUPDQHFHQ FRQVWDQWH (Q HO
HIHFWR P ' ODV FRRUGHQDGDV GH ORV QXGRV FDPELDQ D OD SRVLFLyQ GH OD
HVWUXFWXUDGHIRUPDGD
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
x (O 9HFWRU GH FDUJDV Q HV LJXDO DO YHFWRU GH FDUJDV GHELGR D ODV IXHU]DV
KRUL]RQWDOHV GH OD WpFQLFD GHO SXVKRYHU PiV HO YHFWRU GH FDUJDV GHELGR DO
HIHFWR P '
(Q OD SDUWH VXSHULRU GH OD ILJXUD VH WLHQH OD FXUYD GH FDSDFLGDG UHVLVWHQWH GH OD
HVWUXFWXUD GHSLVRVSHURFRQVLGHUDQGRHOHIHFWR P ' HQODSDUWH FHQWUDO VHWLHQHORSURSLR
SHURHQODHVWUXFWXUD GH SLVRV\HQODSDUWHLQIHULRU ODFXUYDGHFDSDFLGDGSDUDODHVWUXFWXUD
GHSLVRV
(O FRPSRUWDPLHQWR GH ODV FXUYDV LQGLFDGDV HQ OD ILJXUD HV VLPLODU DO
FRPSRUWDPLHQWRTXHVHREWXYRHQODVPLVPDVHVWUXFWXUDVSHURVLQFRQVLGHUDUHOHIHFWR P '
02'(/2%,/,1($/
(QODVILJXUDV\VHWLHQHQODVFXUYDVGHFDSDFLGDGUHVLVWHQWHVLQFRQVLGHUDU\
FRQVLGHUDQGRHOHIHFWR P ' $KRUDELHQHQ HODQiOLVLVWHQGLHQWHDREWHQHUODUHVSXHVWDGHOD
HVWUXFWXUDDQWHXQDDFFLyQVtVPLFD VHDFRVWXPEUDHQFRQWUDUXQPRGHORELOLQHDOGHODFXUYDGH
FDSDFLGDGUHVLVWHQWHGHHVWDPDQHUD VHVLPSOLILFDHOSUREOHPD
([LVWHQ YDULRV FULWHULRV SDUD HQFRQWUDU HO PRGHOR ELOLQHDO XQR GH HOORV \ HV HO TXH VH
XWLOL]D HQ HO SUHVHQWH DUWtFXOR HV HO criterio de iguales reas TXH FXPSOH FRQ OD FRQGLFLyQ GH
TXHHOiUHDEDMRODFXUYDGHFDSDFLGDGUHVLVWHQWHHVLJXDODOiUHDGHOPRGHORELOLQHDO
(QODILJXUDVHSUHVHQWDDODL]TXLHUGDORVPRGHORVELOLQHDOHVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVD
OD HVWUXFWXUD GH SLVRV VLQ FRQVLGHUDU HO HIHFWR P ' \ D OD GHUHFKD FRQVLGHUDQGR GLFKR
HIHFWR1yWHVHTXHHQODILJXUDGHODGHUHFKDODUHVLVWHQFLDHVPHQRU
(Q OD ILJXUD VH LQGLFDQ ORV PRGHORV ELOLQHDOHV GH ODV FXUYDV GH FDSDFLGDG
UHVLVWHQWH GH ODHVWUXFWXUD GHSLVRV\HQODILJXUDGHODGHSLVRVHQHOPLVPRIRUPDWR
GHSUHVHQWDFLyQDODL]TXLHUGD VLQHIHFWR P ' \DODGHUHFKDFRQHIHFWR P '
&RPR ORV PRGHORV ELOLQHDOHV VH REWLHQHQ GH ODV FXUYDV GH FDSDFLGDG UHVLVWHQWH ORV
FRPHQWDULRV TXH VH SXHGHQKDFHUFRQUHODFLyQDOQXHYRPRGHORGHSODVWLFLGDG VRQORVPLVPRV
TXH\DVHKDQLQGLFDGR
(Q EDVH D ORV PRGHORV ELOLQHDOHV VH GHWHUPLQDQ ORV SDUiPHWURV TXH HVWiQ LQGLFDGRV
HQ ODV WDEODV D FRQ ORV FXDOHV VH UHDOL]D HO HVWXGLR HVWDGtVWLFR (Q EDVH D WRGRV ORV
GDWRV VHKDGHWHUPLQDGRHOYDORUPHGLRODGHVYLDFLyQ HVWiQGDU\HOFRHILFLHQWHGHYDULDFLyQ
/D QRPHQFODWXUD XWLOL]DGD SDUD HO HVWXGLR HVWDGtVWLFR HV OD VLJXLHQWH Dty HV HO
GHVSOD]DPLHQWRDQLYHOGHIOXHQFLDGHODHVWUXFWXUD V y \ Vu VRQORVFRUWDQWHV EDVDOHVDQLYHO
GH IOXHQFLD \ GH FDSDFLGDG ~OWLPD K elas HV OD ULJLGH] HOiVWLFD GH OD HVWUXFWXUD \ ILQDOPHQWH
K plas HVODULJLGH] SRVWIOXHQFLD GHODHVWUXFWXUD
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
)LJXUD&XUYDVGHFDSDFLGDGUHVLVWHQWHTXHVHREWLHQHQ FRQGLIHUHQWHVPRGHORVGH
SODVWLFLGDGHQHVWUXFWXUDVGH\SLVRV&RQVLGHUDQGRHIHFWR P '
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
)LJXUD 0RGHORVELOLQHDOHVFRQGLIHUHQWHVPRGHORVGHSODVWLFLGDGGHODHVWUXFWXUDGH
SLVRV$QiOLVLVVLQHIHFWR P ' DODL]TXLHUGD\FRQHIHFWR P ' DODGHUHFKD
)LJXUD 0RGHORVELOLQHDOHVFRQGLIHUHQWHVPRGHORVGHSODVWLFLGDGGHODHVWUXFWXUDGH
SLVRV$QiOLVLVVLQHIHFWR P ' DODL]TXLHUGD\FRQHIHFWR P ' DODGHUHFKD
)LJXUD 0RGHORVELOLQHDOHVFRQGLIHUHQWHVPRGHORVGHSODVWLFLGDGGHODHVWUXFWXUDGH
SLVRV$QiOLVLVVLQHIHFWR P ' DODL]TXLHUGD\FRQHIHFWR P ' DODGHUHFKD
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
7DEOD9DORUHVREWHQLGRVHQHGLILFLRGHSLVRV\SDUiPHWURVHVWDGtVWLFRV
0RGHOR 6LQHIHFWR P ' &RQ HIHFWR P '
Dty Vy Vu K elas K plas Dty Vy Vu K elas K plas
FP 7 7 7P 7P FP 7 7 7P 7P
3URSXHVWR
0HGLD
'HVYLDF
&RHI9DU
7DEOD9DORUHVREWHQLGRVHQHGLILFLRGHSLVRV\SDUiPHWURVHVWDGtVWLFRV
0RGHOR 6LQHIHFWR P ' &RQ HIHFWR P '
Dty Vy Vu K elas K plas Dty Vy Vu K elas K plas
FP 7 7 7P 7P FP 7 7 7P 7P
3URSXHVWR
0HGLD
'HVYLDF
&RHI9DU
7DEOD9DORUHVREWHQLGRVHQHGLILFLRGHSLVRV \SDUiPHWURVHVWDGtVWLFRV
0RGHOR 6LQHIHFWR P ' &RQ HIHFWR P '
Dty Vy Vu K elas K plas Dty Vy Vu K elas K plas
FP 7 7 7P 7P FP 7 7 7P 7P
3URSXHVWR
0HGLD
'HVYLDF
&RHI9DU
$1/,6,6(67$'67,&2
(QODWDEODVHFRPSDUDQORVYDORUHVPHGLRVTXHVHREWLHQHQFRQORVWUHVSULPHURV
PRGHORV\ORVTXHVHHQFXHQWUDQ FRQ HOPRGHOR SURSXHVWR /DFRPSDUDFLyQVHUHDOL]DSDUD HO
GHVSOD]DPLHQWR\FRUWDQWHGHIOXHQFLD SDUD HOFRUWDQWH~OWLPR\SDUDODUHODFLyQGHULJLGH]SRVW
IOXHQFLDFRQUHVSHFWRDODULJLGH]HOiVWLFD
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
&RQH[FHSFLyQGHODUHODFLyQHQWUHODULJLGH]GHSRVWIOXHQFLDFRQ UHVSHFWRDODULJLGH]
HOiVWLFDWRGDVODVUHVWDQWHVFRPSDUDFLRQHV HQWUHHOPRGHORSURSXHVWR\HOSURPHGLR GHORV WUHV
SULPHURV PRGHORV LQGLFDGRV HQ OD ILJXUD HV PHQRU DO /R FXDO GHPXHVWUD TXH HO
PRGHOR SURSXHVWR SUHVHQWD YDORUHV FX\D PHGLD VH DSUR[LPD EDVWDQWH ELHQ D OD PHGLD GH ORV
PRGHORVDQRWDGRV/DUHODFLyQGHULJLGH]SUHVHQWDYDORUHVEDVWDQWHEDMRVGHWDOIRUPDTXHDO
FRQVLGHUDUGRVGtJLWRVORVYDORUHVREWHQLGRV FRLQFLGHQ
2752602'(/26'(3/$67,&,'$'
(Q HO SUHVHQWH DSDUWDGR VH SUHVHQWD OD PDWUL] GH IOH[LELOLGDG GH ORV PRGHORV GH
SODVWLFLGDGGHQRPLQDGRV HQODILJXUDFRPR5LJLGH]/LQHDO\5LJLGH]&RQVWDQWH(OPRGHOR
GH5LJLGH]&RQFHQWUDGDGH*LEHUVRQVHGHWDOORHQHOFDStWXORDQWHULRU
0RGHORGH5LJLGH]/LQHDO
VHJXQGR FXDQGR HO SXQWR GH LQIOH[LyQ VH HQFXHQWUD IXHUD GHO HOHPHQWR FDVR GH VLPSOH
FXUYDWXUD (O ~OWLPR FDVR VH SUHVHQWD FXDQGR DPERV H[WUHPRV GHO HOHPHQWR KDQ SDVDGR HO
OtPLWHGHIOXHQFLD3DUDHO FDVR GHGREOHFXUYDWXUDORV HOHPHQWRVGHODPDWUL] GHIOH[LELOLGDGGH
PLHPEURVRQ
f
EI a
D D D
EI b
D D D
EI o
D D
f f
EI a
D D EI
b
D D D EI
o
D D
f
EI a
D
EI b
D D D
EI o
D D
'M a
D
'M a 'M b
GRQGH 'M a \ 'M b VRQ ORV LQFUHPHQWRV GH PRPHQWR HQ HO QXGR LQLFLDO \ ILQDO
UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH8QDGHODVIRUPDVGHFRQWURODUTXHHOHOHPHQWRQRWLHQHSXQWRGHLQIOH[LyQ
HV FKHTXHDQGR TXH 'Ma 'Mb HQ HVWH FDVR VH KDQ IRUPDGR UyWXODV SOiVWLFDV HQ VXV
H[WUHPRV(QHOSURJUDPD,'$5&VH FRQVLGHUDTXHVLHOYDORUGH DHVPHQRUDVHWRPDUi
D \VLHOYDORUGH DHVPD\RUDVHFRQVLGHUD D 3RURWUDSDUWHSDUDHOFDVRGH
VLPSOH FXUYDWXUDVHWLHQH
f
EI a EI b
f f
EI a EI b
f
EI a EI b
0RGHORGH5LJLGH]&RQVWDQWH
/D ORQJLWXG GH ODV VHFFLRQHV TXH KDQ LQJUHVDGR DO UDQJR QR OLQHDO Oa L \ Ob L VH
REWLHQHQ FRQ ODV HFXDFLRQHV \ UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH HQ HO SURJUDPD 6$5&) (VWH
SURJUDPD WUDEDMD FRQ LQHUFLD FRQVWDQWH HQ HO QXGR LQLFLDO FHQWUR GH OX] \ QXGR ILQDO /D
IRUPXODFLyQGHORVWpUPLQRVGHODPDWUL]GHIOH[LELOLGDGIXHUHDOL]DGD SRU5RXIDLHO
f
EI L
>
Q j O b L Qi L O a L Qi L @
f
EI L
>
Qi O a L Q j L Ob L Q j L @
L
f f
jQ O L
L O L Q O L
L O L
EI L
b b i a a
Qi QjVRQODVUHODFLRQHV HQWUHODULJLGH]DIOH[LyQHOiVWLFDFRQUHODFLyQDODULJLGH]LQHOiVWLFDHQ
HOQXGRLQLFLDO\ILQDOUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
(Q OD 7pFQLFD GHO 3XVKRYHU VH DSOLFDQ FDUJDV ODWHUDOHV HQ FDGD XQR GH ORV SLVRV HQ
IRUPDLQFUHPHQWDO\HQ XQDPLVPD GLUHFFLyQ KDVWDOOHYDU DODHVWUXFWXUD DO FRODSVR /DIRUPDGH
DSOLFDFLyQ GHHVWDVFDUJDVHVIXQGDPHQWDO\DTXH ODFXUYDGH &DSDFLGDG6tVPLFD5HVLVWHQWH
TXH UHODFLRQD HO &RUWDQWH %DVDO V FRQ HO 'HVSOD]DPLHQWR /DWHUDO Pi[LPR HQ HO WRSH GH OD
HVWUXFWXUD Dt HVIXQFLyQ GHO WLSRGH FDUJDVTXHVHDSOLFDQ3RUHVWHPRWLYRVHKDQSUHVHQWDGR
YDULDVSURSXHVWDVSDUDGHILQLUODIRUPD GHODVFDUJDVODWHUDOHVTXHVHDSOLFDQ HQ FDGD XQR GH
ORVSLVRV$\DOD
8QD DOWHUQDWLYD FRQVLVWH HQ DSOLFDU ODV FDUJDV HQ IRUPD SURSRUFLRQDO D ODV
GHIRUPDFLRQHV\DHVWD7pFQLFD VHFRQRFH FRQ HOQRPEUHGHPushover ControladoWHPDTXH
VH DERUGD HQ HVWH FDStWXOR PHGLDQWH OD VROXFLyQ GH GRV HMHPSORV HQ XQD HVWUXFWXUD GH GRV
SLVRV HQ OD FXDO VH REWLHQH OD FXUYD GH FDSDFLGDG UHVLVWHQWH HPSOHDQGR GRV PRGHORV GH
SODVWLFLGDGHOSULPHURGHHOORV HVHOHODVWRSHUIHFWDPHQWHSOiVWLFR \HOVHJXQGR HOGH*LEHUVRQ
ORVGRV\DIXHURQXWLOL]DGRVHQHOFDStWXOR
'HVFULSFLyQGHODHVWUXFWXUD\PRGHORGHFiOFXOR
6HGHVHDHQFRQWUDUODFXUYDGH&DSDFLGDG 6tVPLFD5HVLVWHQWHSDUDHOSyUWLFRTXHVH
PXHVWUDHQODILJXUDVLQWHQHUHQFXHQWDODFDUJDYHUWLFDO&RQVLGHUDU( 7P
(VWDHVWUXFWXUDWLHQHXQDSDUWHFRP~QSDUDORVGRV HMHPSORVTXHVHYDQDUHDOL]DU\HVTXHOD
PDWUL] GH FRPSDWLELOLGDG GH GHIRUPDFLRQHV HV OD PLVPD UD]yQ SRU OD FXDO D FRQWLQXDFLyQ VH
LQGLFDQHVWDVPDWULFHVSDUDFDGDXQRGHORVHOHPHQWRVSHURDQWHVGHHOORHVLPSRUWDQWHLQGLFDU
TXHHQODILJXUDDODL]TXLHUGDVHHQFXHQWUDODQXPHUDFLyQGHORVHOHPHQWRVHQHOFHQWUR
ORV JUDGRVGHOLEHUWDG\DODGHUHFKDHOVLVWHPD GH FRRUGHQDGDV GHORVHOHPHQWRV FRQHOFXDO
VHUHVXHOYHQ ORVHMHUFLFLRV
$ f
,R
$ f $ f
,R ,R
+ P
$ f
,R
$ f $ f
+ P ,R ,R
/ P
)LJXUD 3yUWLFRHQHVWXGLRSDUDORVHMHUFLFLRVTXHVHUHDOL]DQHQHOSUHVHQWHDSDUWDGR
(OHPHQWRV 4 T 3 S
)LJXUD (OHPHQWRVGHOSyUWLFRJUDGRVGHOLEHUWDGGHODHVWUXFWXUD\GHORVHOHPHQWRV
)LJXUD 'HIRUPDGDVHOHPHQWDOHVSDUDODVGRVSULPHUDVFROXPQDVGHODPDWUL] A
H
A H
H H
A H H
H
A H
H H
A H H
A
A
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
$QiOLVLVFRQPRGHORHODVWRSODVWR
3DUD HO SULPHU HMHPSOR VH WLHQH TXH HO PRPHQWR GH IOXHQFLD HQ ODV FROXPQDV HV
FRQVWDQWH HV GHFLUTXHQR GHSHQGH GHODFDUJDD[LDO\YDOH7PHQWRGDVODVFROXPQDV
SDUD ODVYLJDVHO M y HV7P$QWHVGHDOFDQ]DU M y HQFXDOTXLHUDGHORVHOHPHQWRV
OD ULJLGH] D IOH[LyQ VH REWHQGUi FRQ OD VHFFLyQ FRPSOHWD VLQ DJULHWDUVH \ FXDQGR VH OOHJD D OD
IOXHQFLDHVWDULJLGH] VHUi FHUR
EI H EI H
K EI H K K K
EI H
EI L EI L
K EI L EI L K
3DUD HQFRQWUDU OD PDWUL] GH ULJLGH] GH OD HVWUXFWXUD VH DSOLFD OD VLJXLHQWH HFXDFLyQ
n
K A
i
i t
k i A i ORVUHVXOWDGRVTXHVHREWLHQHQ VRQ
7
7
9 7
)LJXUD 3ULPHUFLFORGHFDUJDV
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
(O primer ciclo VH LQLFLD FRORFDQGR FDUJDV ODWHUDOHV GH 7 \ 7 DO SULPHU \
VHJXQGR QLYHO UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH FRPR OR PXHVWUD OD ILJXUD (O YHFWRU GH FDUJDV Q
>
WUDQVSXHVWR UHVXOWD @ 'H OD VROXFLyQ GHO VLVWHPD GH HFXDFLRQHV
Kq Q VHREWLHQHHOYHFWRUGHFRRUGHQDGDV q HOYHFWRUWUDQVSXHVWRGH q UHVXOWD
/RV GHVSOD]DPLHQWRV GHO YHFWRU q LQGLFDGRV HVWiQ HQ PHWURV \ ODV URWDFLRQHV HQ
UDGLDQHV &RQ HO YHFWRU q VH KDOOD ODV GHIRUPDFLRQHV p DSOLFDQGR OD VLJXLHQWH HFXDFLyQ
p i A i q )LQDOPHQWHSRUPHGLRGHODPDWUL]GHULJLGH]GHFDGDXQRGHORVHOHPHQWRVVH
KDOODQORVPRPHQWRVHQ FDGD HOHPHQWRTXHHVWiQ DJUXSDGRV HQHOYHFWRU P FRQODVLJXLHQWH
i
HFXDFLyQ P k i p i /D FRQYHQFLyQ GH VLJQRV SRVLWLYD GHO YHFWRU P VH LQGLFD D OD
GHUHFKDGHODILJXUD/RVUHVXOWDGRVTXH VH REWLHQHQ VHPXHVWUDQHQODILJXUD QR VH
KDQ FRORFDGRODVIXHU]DV D[LDOHV \ GH FRUWH TXH JUDYLWDQHQORVHOHPHQWRV SDUDQRGHVYLDUOD
DWHQFLyQ GH ODIRUPDGHFiOFXOR
7P 7P
7P 7P
7P 7P
7P
7P
7P 7P
7P 7P
)LJXUD 0RPHQWRVDOSULPHUFLFORGHFDUJDV
7RGRV ORV PRPHQWRV VRQ PHQRUHV D ORV GH IOXHQFLD 3RU OR WDQWR VH FRQWLQ~D FRQ HO
FiOFXOR SHUR DQWHV GH HOOR HV LPSRUWDQWH DQRWDU HO FRUWDQWH EDVDO V \ HO GHVSOD]DPLHQWR
ODWHUDO Pi[LPR Dt SDUD JUDILFDU ODFXUYD GH FDSDFLGDG VtVPLFD UHVLVWHQWH (VWRV YDORUHVVRQ
V T \ Dt cm
(Q OD IRUPD WUDGLFLRQDO SDUD HO QXHYR FLFOR GH FDUJD VH KDEUtDQ DSOLFDGR ODV PLVPDV
FDUJDV ODWHUDOHVSHURHQHOSXVKRYHUFRQWURODGRODVFDUJDVVHDSOLFDQHQIRUPDSURSRUFLRQDOD
ODV GHIRUPDFLRQHV DFXPXODGDV GH OD HVWUXFWXUD SDUD HO SUHVHQWH HMHPSOR VL VH GLYLGH ORV
GHVSOD]DPLHQWRVODWHUDOHVSDUD Dt VHREWLHQH TXHODUHODFLyQGHODV QXHYDVIXHU]DVODWHUDOHV
HVWDV UHVXOWDQ 7 HQ HO SULPHU SLVR \ 7 HQ HO VHJXQGR SLVR (Q OD ILJXUD VH
LQGLFDQHVWDV IXHU]DVSDUDHOVHJXQGRFLFORGHFDUJD
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
7
7
9 7
)LJXUD 6HJXQGRFLFORGHFDUJDV
)LJXUD 0RPHQWRVDOVHJXQGRFLFORGHFDUJDV
(O FRUWDQWH EDVDO DFXPXODGR DO VHJXQGR FLFOR HV V T \ HO GHVSOD]DPLHQWR
ODWHUDO Dt cm 1XHYDPHQWH DO GLYLGLU ORV GHVSOD]DPLHQWRV ODWHUDOHV DFXPXODGRV
SDUD Dt VHHQFXHQWUDOD IRUPDPRGDOTXHLQGLFDQODUHODFLyQ GHODV FDUJDVODWHUDOHVDDSOLFDUVH
HQ HO WHUFHU FLFOR SDUD HO HMHPSOR VH WLHQH TXH HVWDV IXHU]DV VRQ 7 HQ HO SULPHU SLVR\
7HQHOVHJXQGRSLVR
(O FRUWDQWH EDVDO DFXPXODGR DO ILQDO GHO WHUFHU FLFOR HV V T \ HO
GHVSOD]DPLHQWRODWHUDOPi[LPRDFXPXODGRHV Dt cm
3DUD HO FXDUWR FLFOR GH FDUJD LQLFLDOPHQWH VH DSOLFDQ ODV PLVPDV FDUJDV ODWHUDOHV GH
7 HQ HO SULPHU SLVR \ 7 HQ HO VHJXQGR SLVR SHUR UHVXOWD TXH FRQ HVWDV FDUJDV HO
PRPHQWRDFXPXODGRHQOD YLJDGHOSULPHU SLVRUHVXOWD7PTXHHV PD\RU TXH HOPRPHQWR
GH IOXHQFLD M y Tm (Q FRQVHFXHQFLD HQ SULPHU OXJDU VH GHEH GHWHUPLQDU HOFRUWDQWH
EDVDOGHO FXDUWR FLFORGH FDUJD FRQHOFXDO VHOOHJDDOPRPHQWRGHIOXHQFLDGH ODYLJDHVWR VH
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
OR KDFH PHGLDQWH XQD UHJOD GH WUHV \ GHVSXpV VH GHEH HQFRQWUDU ODV IXHU]DV TXH VH GHEHQ
DSOLFDUHQFDGDXQRGHORVSLVRVSDUDTXHVHDQSURSRUFLRQDOHVD\
Parciales Acumulados
)LJXUD 0RPHQWRVDOWHUFHUFLFORGHFDUJDV
&DUJD 0RPHQWR
7 I
f
V
7
7
9 7
)LJXUD 1XHYRFXDUWRFLFORGHFDUJDV
/RVPRPHQWRVTXHVHREWLHQHQHQHOQXHYRFXDUWRFLFORVHLQGLFDQHQODILJXUDD
ODL]TXLHUGD ORVSDUFLDOHV \DODGHUHFKDORVDFXPXODGRV$ODOFDQ]DUODYLJDGHOSULPHUQLYHOOD
IOXHQFLDGDRULJHQDODIRUPDFLyQGHODVSULPHUDVUyWXODVSOiVWLFDVHQVXVH[WUHPRVSRUORWDQWR
ODPDWUL] GH ULJLGH]GHHVH HOHPHQWRHV FHUR\DTXH VHDUWLFXOyHQORV GRVH[WUHPRV\ODPDWUL]
GHULJLGH]GHODHVWUXFWXUD FDPELD
)LJXUD 0RPHQWRVDOQXHYRFXDUWRFLFOR
/D QXHYD PDWUL] GH ULJLGH] OXHJR GH TXH VH KDQ IRUPDGR UyWXODV SOiVWLFDV HQ ORV GRV
H[WUHPRVGHODYLJDGHOSULPHUSLVRHVODVLJXLHQWH
7
7
9 7
)LJXUD 4XLQWRFLFORGHFDUJDV
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
(QODILJXUDVHDSUHFLDTXHODYLJDGHOVHJXQGRSLVRHVWiPX\SUy[LPDDDOFDQ]DU
OD IOXHQFLDSRUORTXHVLVHDSOLFDODIXHU]DGH7HQHOSULPHU SLVR\7HQHOVHJXQGR
SLVR TXH VH REWLHQHQHQ EDVHDODIRUPDPRGDOGHOYHFWRUGHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRVDODSOLFDUHVDV
IXHU]DVORV PRPHQWRV HQODYLJDVXSHULRU VXSHUDQHOPRPHQWR GHIOXHQFLD(Q FRQVHFXHQFLDVH
GHEH UHDOL]DU QXHYDPHQWH XQD UHJOD GH WUHV \ HQFRQWUDU HO IDFWRU I FRPR VH UHDOL]y
DQWHULRUPHQWH$OKDFHUWRGRHVWRVHKDOODQODVIXHU]DVTXHGHEHQDSOLFDUVHHQHOVH[WRFLFOR GH
FDUJDODVPLVPDVTXHVHLQGLFDQHQODILJXUD
7
7
9 7
5HVROYLHQGR HFXDFLRQHV OLQHDOHV VH REWLHQH SDUD ODV FDUJDV GHO VH[WR FLFOR VH
HQFXHQWUD TXH q m \ q m (OFRUWDQWHDFXPXODGRHV V
7 \ HO GHVSOD]DPLHQWR ODWHUDO Pi[LPR HV Dt cm (Q OD ILJXUD VH PXHVWUDQ ORV
PRPHQWRVSDUFLDOHV\DFXPXODGRVHQHO VH[WR FLFORGH FDUJD
/DYLJDGHOVHJXQGRSLVRHQVXVGRVH[WUHPRVKDOOHJDGRDOPRPHQWRGHIOXHQFLDSRUOR
TXH OD PDWUL] GH ULJLGH] GH HVWH HOHPHQWR HV QXOD \ FRQVHFXHQWHPHQWH VH WLHQH XQD QXHYD
PDWUL]GHULJLGH]SDUDSURVHJXLU FRQ HODQiOLVLVHVWiQXHYDPDWUL]HV
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
)LJXUD 0RPHQWRVDOVH[WRFLFOR
7P 7P
7P 7P
Parcial Acumulados
)LJXUD 0RPHQWRVDOVpSWLPRFLFORLQLFLDO
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
7
7
9 7
/RV PRPHQWRV DVRFLDGRV DO QXHYR VpSWLPR FLFOR GH FDUJD VH PXHVWUDQ HQ OD ILJXUD
$KRUDVHKDQIRUPDGRGRVUyWXODVSOiVWLFDVPiVHQORVSLHVGHFROXPQDSRUORTXHVHKD
WHUPLQDGR HO FiOFXOR GHELGR D TXH VH KD IRUPDGR XQ PHFDQLVPR HQ OD HVWUXFWXUD (Q OD WDEOD
VHUHVXPHQORVYDORUHVREWHQLGRVHQFDGDFLFORGHFDUJD
7P 7P
7P 7P
)LJXUD 0RPHQWRVDOVpSWLPRFLFOR
7DEOD 5HVXPHQGHUHVXOWDGRVFRQHOPRGHORHODVWRSODVWR
&,&/2'(
CARGA
47
47
TFP
TFP
9DFXPXODGR7
'WFP
I
(Q OD ILJXUD VH LQGLFD OD FXUYD GH FDSDFLGDG VtVPLFD UHVLVWHQWH GH OD HVWUXFWXUD
DQDOL]DGD\FRQHOPRGHORHODVWRSODVWR6HLQGLFDDGHPiVODIRUPDFLyQGHODVUyWXODVSOiVWLFDV
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
386+29(5&21752/$'2 &859$'(&$3$&,'$'
&RUWDQWH%DVDO 97
)RUPDFLyQGH
UyWXODVSOiVWLFDV
'HVSOD]DPLHQWRHQHOWRSH 'WFP
)LJXUD &XUYDGH&DSDFLGDG6tVPLFD5HVLVWHQWH
$QiOLVLVFRQPRGHORGH*LEHUVRQ
3DUD GHVDUUROODU HO HMHPSOR FRQ HO PRGHOR GH *LEHUVRQ VH QHFHVLWD GHILQLU ORV
PRPHQWRV\ODVFXUYDWXUDVSDUDORVSXQWRV <\8 GHO GLDJUDPD0RPHQWR&XUYDWXUDORVFXDOHV
HVWiQUHVXPLGRVHQODWDEODDGHPiVHQHVWDWDEODHVWiQ FDOFXODGDVODV ULJLGHFHVSDUD FDGD
HOHPHQWRWDQWRSDUDHOUDQJRHOiVWLFR GHILQLGDSRU(,HFRPRSDUD HOUDQJRSOiVWLFRGHILQLGD SRU
(,S1yWHVHTXHHQHVWHHMHUFLFLR(,H VHKDREWHQLGR FRPRODUHODFLyQGHOPRPHQWRGHIOXHQFLD
D OD FXUYDWXUD GH IOXHQFLD GH WDO PDQHUD TXH QR YD D VHU LJXDO D OD TXH VH REWLHQH FRQ ODV
LQHUFLDVJUXHVDVSRU HVWD UD]yQODPDWUL]GH ULJLGH]GHORVHOHPHQWRV SDUD HOUDQJR HOiVWLFR HV
GLIHUHQWHDODVSUHVHQWDGDVDQWHULRUPHQWH7RGRHVWRFRQILQHVGLGiFWLFRV
(QODWDEOD VHLQGLFDQORVYDORUHVGH6D\6ESDUDFDGDHOHPHQWRWDQWRHQHOUDQJR
HOiVWLFR FRPRSOiVWLFRORVPLVPRVTXHGHEHQ VHU UHHPSOD]DGRVHQODHFXDFLyQTXHGHILQHOD
ULJLGH] GHO HOHPHQWR HQ HO PRGHOR GH *LEHUVRQ TXH IXH WUDWDGR HQ HO FDStWXOR HQ IRUPD
GHWHQLGD
7DEOD 9DORUHVGH6D\6E
5DQJR(OiVWLFR 5DQJR3OiVWLFR
(/(0(172
6D 6E 6D 6E
9,*$
&2/801$
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
/D PDWUL] GH ULJLGH] GH FDGD HOHPHQWR DO LQLFLR GHO FiOFXOR 6D 6E VRQ ODV
VLJXLHQWHV
EI e H EI e H
K EI e H K K K
EI e H
EI e L EI e L
K EI e L EI e L K
/XHJRODPDWUL]GHULJLGH]GHODHVWUXFWXUDUHVXOWD
7P 7P
7P 7P
7P 7P
7P
7P
7P 7P
7P 7P
)LJXUD 0RPHQWRVDOSULPHUFLFOR
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
(Q OD ILJXUD VH LQGLFDQ ORV PRPHQWRV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV DO SULPHU FLFOR GH FDUJD
5HDOL]DQGRHOHTXLOLEULRGHHOHPHQWRV\MXQWDVVH KDOODHOFRUWDQWH\ODIXHU]DD[LDOTXHJUDYLWD
HQFDGDHOHPHQWR(VWRQRVHORUHDOL]DSDUDQRGLVWUDHUODDWHQFLyQ3DUDHOVHJXQGRFLFORGH
FDUJDODIXHU]DODWHUDOTXH VH DSOLFDHQORV SyUWLFRVHV7HQHOSULPHUSLVR\7HQHO
VHJXQGR SLVR /RV UHVXOWDGRV SULQFLSDOHV VH LQGLFDQ D FRQWLQXDFLyQ \ HQ OD ILJXUD ORV
PRPHQWRVSDUFLDOHV\DFXPXODGRVDOILQDOGHOVHJXQGRFLFOR
x
&RUWDQWH $FXPXODGR V 7RQ
x
x Desplazamiento Acumulado: Dt = 2.497 cm
q
x
x
Nuevo Incremento de Carga: I
x
)LJXUD 0RPHQWRVDOVHJXQGRFLFOR
7RGRV ORV HOHPHQWRV VLJXHQ WUDEDMDQGR HQ HO UDQJR HOiVWLFR HQ FRQVHFXHQFLD VH
PDQWLHQH OD PDWUL] GH ULJLGH] GH OD HVWUXFWXUD 3DUD HO WHUFHU FLFOR GH FDUJD GHO YHFWRU GH
GHVSOD]DPLHQWRVDFXPXODGRVVHHQFXHQWUDHOYHFWRUPRGDO\HQEDVHDHVWHVHGHWHUPLQDQODV
IXHU]DV ODWHUDOHV TXH UHVXOWDQ VHU LJXDOHV D ODV GHO FLFOR GRV $O UHVROYHU HFXDFLRQHV OLQHDOHV
SDUDORVLQFUHPHQWRVGHFDUJD GH7 \7SDUD HOSULPHU\VHJXQGR QLYHOUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH
VHKDOOD
(QODILJXUDVHPXHVWUDQORVPRPHQWRVHQHOWHUFHUFLFORGHFDUJD
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
)LJXUD 0RPHQWRVDOWHUFHUFLFOR
(QODILJXUDVHDSUHFLDTXHODYLJDGHOSULPHUQLYHOHVWiSUy[LPDDOOHJDUDO
PRPHQWR GH IOXHQFLD 0\ 7P SRU HOOR VH GHWHUPLQD OD FDUJD QHFHVDULD TXH VH GHEH
DSOLFDU SDUDTXHODYLJDDOFDQFHODIOXHQFLDKDFLHQGR XQD UHJODGHWUHVFRPR \DVHH[SOLFy HQHO
DSDUWDGRDQWHULRUGHORFXDOVHREWLHQHQORVVLJXLHQWHVYDORUHV
I V 7
5HVROYLHQGR ODV HFXDFLRQHV OLQHDOHV SDUD ORV LQFUHPHQWRV GH FDUJD GH 7 \ 7
SDUDHOSULPHU\VHJXQGRQLYHOUHVSHFWLYDPHQWHVHGHWHUPLQD
/RVPRPHQWRVHQHOFXDUWRFLFORVHPXHVWUDQHQODILJXUD
)LJXUD 0RPHQWRDOFXDUWRFLFOR
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
(QODILJXUDVHSXHGHQRWDUTXHODVYLJDVGHOSULPHUQLYHOKDQLQJUHVDGR DOUDQJR
QROLQHDO1RVH SXHGHKDEODU TXHVHKDQIRUPDGRODV SULPHUDV UyWXODVSOiVWLFDV\DTXHGLFKDV
VHFFLRQHV VRQ FDSDFHV GH UHVLVWLU PD\RUHV PRPHQWRV FRQ ILQHV GLGiFWLFRV VH DFRVWXPEUD
UHSUHVHQWDUORV HQ IRUPD VLPLODU D OR UHDOL]DGR HQ HO HMHUFLFLR DQWHULRU FRPR VH DSUHFLD HQ OD
ILJXUD $O LQJUHVDU DO UDQJR QR OLQHDO OD YLJD GHO SULPHU SLVR VH GHEH FDOFXODU OD QXHYD
PDWUL]GHULJLGH]GHHVHHOHPHQWR\ODPDWUL]GHULJLGH]GHODHVWUXFWXUD
)LJXUD,QFXUVLyQGHODYLJDGHOSULPHUSLVRDOUDQJRQROLQHDO
3DUD OD YLJD GHO SULPHU SLVR VH WLHQH 6D 6E 5HHPSOD]DQGR HQ OD
PDWUL]GHULJLGH]GHOHOHPHQWRVHHQFXHQWUD
EI o S a
K S b
L> S a S b @
K
/DQXHYDPDWUL]GHULJLGH] GHODHVWUXFWXUDFRQODFXDOVHSURVLJXH HOFiOFXORHV
3DUD HO TXLQWR FLFOR ORV LQFUHPHQWRV GH FDUJD VRQ 7 \ 7 SDUD HO SULPHU \
VHJXQGR QLYHO UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH &RQ HVWDV IXHU]DV ODWHUDOHV VH REWLHQHQ ORV VLJXLHQWHV
GHVSOD]DPLHQWRV\ORVPRPHQWRVTXHVHLQGLFDQHQODILJXUD
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
)LJXUD 0RPHQWRVDOTXLQWRFLFOR
(QODILJXUDVHSXHGHYHUTXHODYLJDGHOQLYHOVXSHULRUYDDOOHJDU DOPRPHQWRGH
IOXHQFLDUD]yQSRUOD FXDO VH GHWHUPLQD ODFDUJDTXH GHEHDSOLFDUVHSDUD TXHODYLJDDOFDQFHOD
IOXHQFLDFX\RYDORUHV
I V 7
$O UHVROYHU ODV HFXDFLRQHV OLQHDOHV SDUD ORV LQFUHPHQWRV GH FDUJD GH 7 \ 7
SDUDHOSULPHU\VHJXQGRQLYHOUHVSHFWLYDPHQWHVHGHWHUPLQD
/RV PRPHQWRV TXH VH HQFXHQWUDQ HQ HO VH[WR FLFOR VH PXHVWUDQ HQ OD ILJXUD $O
DOFDQ]DUODIOXHQFLDORVH[WUHPRVGHOD YLJDGHOQLYHOVXSHULRU FRPRVHDSUHFLD HQODILJXUD
ODPDWUL]GHULJLGH]GHHVH HOHPHQWRFDPELD(OQXHYRPRGHORSDUDHOFiOFXORHVHOGHODILJXUD
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
)LJXUD 0RPHQWRVDOVH[WRFLFOR
)LJXUD,QFXUVLyQGHOD YLJDGHOVHJXQGRSLVRDOUDQJRQROLQHDO
/D QXHYD PDWUL] GH ULJLGH] GH OD YLJD GHO VHJXQGR SLVR VH REWLHQH DO UHHPSOD]DU
6D 6E
K
/DQXHYDPDWUL]GHULJLGH] GHODHVWUXFWXUDUHVXOWD
3DUDHOVpSWLPRFLFORGHFDUJDDODSOLFDUODVFDUJDV GH7\7VHKDOOD
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
/RVPRPHQWRVHQHOVpSWLPRFLFORGHFDUJD VHLQGLFDQHQODILJXUD
)LJXUD 0RPHQWRVDOVpSWLPRFLFORLQLFLDO
I V 7
5HVROYLHQGRODVHFXDFLRQHVOLQHDOHVSDUDORVLQFUHPHQWRVGHFDUJDGH7\7
SDUDHOSULPHU\VHJXQGRQLYHOUHVSHFWLYDPHQWHVHREWLHQH
/RVPRPHQWRVHQHOVpSWLPRFLFORQXHYRVHPXHVWUDQHQODILJXUD
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
7P 7P
7P 7P
)LJXUD 0RPHQWRVDOVpSWLPRFLFOR
$KRUDORVSLHVGHODVFROXPQDVLQJUHVDQDOUDQJRQROLQHDOHQORVH[WUHPRVLQIHULRUHVGH
ODV FROXPQDV GHO SULPHU QLYHO FRPR VH SXHGH YHU HQ OD ILJXUD GH DKt TXH OD PDWUL] GH
ULJLGH]GHHVRVHOHPHQWRVFDPELH(OQXHYRPRGHORGHODHVWUXFWXUDVHLQGLFDHQODILJXUD
)LJXUD)RUPDFLyQGHUyWXODVHQODVFROXPQDV
K K
3DUD HO RFWDYR FLFOR ORV GHVSOD]DPLHQWRV \ JLURV TXH VH REWLHQHQ SDUD ODV FDUJDV
ODWHUDOHVGH\7VRQ
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
(QHVWHRFWDYRFLFORGHFDUJDODHVWUXFWXUDWLHQHXQGHVSOD]DPLHQWRPi[LPRHQ HOWRSH
GH 39.213 cm OR TXH VLJQLILFD TXH KD FRODSVDGR SXHV ODV FDUJDV TXH VH KDQ DSOLFDGR KDQ
JHQHUDGRXQGHVSOD]DPLHQWRPi[LPRVXSHULRU DOGHODDOWXUDWRWDOGHODHVWUXFWXUDTXH HV
HO GHVSOD]DPLHQWR Pi[LPR TXH FRQVLGHUD HO FRODSVR GH XQD HVWUXFWXUD FULWHULR GH IDOOD
DGRSWDGRHQHVWHHMHUFLFLR
6H PXHVWUD HQ UHVXPHQ HQ OD WDEOD ORV UHVXOWDGRV REWHQLGRV SDUD HO HMHPSOR
XWLOL]DQGRHOPRGHORGHSODVWLFLGDGGH*LEHUVRQFRQVLGHUDQGRLQFUHPHQWRVGHUHVLVWHQFLDHQOD
UHODFLyQ 0RPHQWR &XUYDWXUD SRVW IOXHQFLD )LQDOPHQWH HQ OD ILJXUD GH LQGLFD OD FXUYD GH
FDSDFLGDGVtVPLFDREWHQLGD
7DEOD 5HVXPHQGHUHVXOWDGRVFRQHOPRGHORGHSODVWLFLGDGGH*LEHUVRQ
CICLODE
CARGA
47
47
TFP
TFP
9DFXPXO7
'W FP
I
386+29(5&2 1752/$'2&859$'(&$3$&,'$'
&RUWDQWH%DV DO9 7
)RUP DFLyQGH
U yWXODVSOi VWLFDV
)LJXUD &XUYDGH&DSDFLGDG6tVPLFD5HVLVWHQWHFRQPRGHORGH*LEHUVRQ
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
&RPSDUDFLyQGHUHVXOWDGRVFRQHOSURJUDPD&(,1&,
(O VLVWHPD GH FRPSXWDFLyQ &(,1&, $JXLDU SHUPLWH HQFRQWUDU OD FXUYD GH
FDSDFLGDG VtVPLFDUHVLVWHQWHGHSyUWLFRVSODQRV FRQVLGHUDQGR TXHORVHOHPHQWRVKRUL]RQWDOHV
VRQ D[LDOPHQWHUtJLGRVGHWDOIRUPDTXHVHWLHQHXQGHVSOD]DPLHQWRKRUL]RQWDOSRUSLVR\WRGRV
ORVHOHPHQWRVYHUWLFDOHVVRQWRWDOPHQWHIOH[LEOHV(VLPSRUWDQWHWHQHUHQFXHQWDORLQGLFDGR\D
TXH D PiV GH ORV JUDGRV GH OLEHUWDG LQGLFDGRV DQWHULRUPHQWH HQ FDGD QXGR VH FRQVLGHUD HO
GHVSOD]DPLHQWRYHUWLFDOFRPRJUDGRGHOLEHUWDG
&RUWDQWH%DVDO9 7
0 RGHOR(ODVW RSODVW R
0 RGHORGH*LEHUVRQ
3URJUDPD&(,1&,
'HVSOD]DPLHQWRHQHOWRSH'W FP
)LJXUD &XUYDVGH&DSDFLGDGUHVLVWHQWHSDUDODHVWUXFWXUDHQHVWXGLR
&RPR VH SXHGH DSUHFLDU HQ OD ILJXUD HO PRGHOR (ODVWRSODVWR UHSRUWD
GHIRUPDFLRQHV PX\ EDMDV HQ FRPSDUDFLyQ FRQ ODV RWUDV FXUYDV HVWR HV GHELGR D TXH HVWH
PRGHOR QR FRQVLGHUD OD ULJLGH] SOiVWLFD GH ORV HOHPHQWRV /D FXUYD GH &DSDFLGDG TXH VH
REWLHQH GH IRUPD PDQXDO FRQ HO PRGHOR GH *LEHUVRQ VH DFHUFD PiV D OD GHO SURJUDPD
&(,1&,\HVTXHORVGRVHPSOHDQ HO PLVPRPRGHORGHSODVWLFLGDGODGLIHUHQFLD HVWiHQTXH
HO SURJUDPD REWLHQH HO GLDJUDPD 0RPHQWR &XUYDWXUD HQ IXQFLyQ GH OD FDUJD D[LDO SDUD ODV
FROXPQDV \ FRQWHPSOD WRGRV ORV SXQWRV GHO GLDJUDPD OR TXH QR VH FRQVLGHUy HQ OD VROXFLyQ
PDQXDO SRU ILQHV GLGiFWLFRV HQ FRQVHFXHQFLD HQ FDGD LQFUHPHQWR GH FDUJD GLFKR SURJUDPD
REWLHQHODPHQFLRQDGDUHODFLyQ
(63(&752'(&$3$&,'$'
5HVLVWHQWH HO PDUFR WHyULFR VH SUHVHQWD HQ HO FDStWXOR $ FRQWLQXDFLyQ VH PXHVWUDQ ODV
HFXDFLRQHVIXQGDPHQWDOHVSDUDHQFRQWUDUHO(VSHFWURGH&DSDFLGDG
6HD I HOSULPHUPRGRGHYLEUDFLyQQRUPDOL]DGRGHWDOIRUPDTXHODDPSOLWXGHQHOWRSH
HVODXQLGDG&RQHVWDFRQVLGHUDFLyQODVHFXDFLRQHVFRQODVFXDOHVVHGHWHUPLQDHO(VSHFWUR
GH&DSDFLGDGVRQODVVLJXLHQWHV
m It M I
I t
M J
J
m
D
I t
M J
M T m
Dtj
S dj
J
Vj
S aj
D M T
6HGHVHDHQFRQWUDUHOHVSHFWURGHFDSDFLGDGGHOSyUWLFRGHXQYDQR\GRVSLVRVFX\DV
FXUYDVGHFDSDFLGDG VtVPLFDUHVLVWHQWHVHKDQREWHQLGRSDUDGRVPRGHORVGHSODVWLFLGDG VLHQ
GLFKRSyUWLFR JUDYLWDXQDFDUJDYHUWLFDO XQLIRUPHUHSDUWLGDGH7PFRPRORPXHVWUDODILJXUD
7P
$ P
,R
$ $
,R ,R
+ P
7P
$ P
,R
$ $
+ P ,R ,R
/ P
&DUJD9HUWLFDODFWXDQWH HQXQSyUWLFR
)LJXUD 3yUWLFRHQHVWXGLRSDUDORVHMHUFLFLRVTXHVHUHDOL]DQHQHOSUHVHQWHDUWtFXOR
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
3DUD HO FDVR SODQR OD PDWUL] GH PDVD HV GLDJRQDO \ HVWi FRPSXHVWD SRU OD PDVD GH
FDGDSLVR3RURWUD SDUWH J HVXQYHFWRU XQLWDULR$JXLDU SDUD HOHMHPSOR HQHVWXGLROD
PDWUL]GHPDVDV\HOYHFWRU J VHLQGLFDQDFRQWLQXDFLyQ(OSHVRGHFDGDXQRGHORVSLVRVHV
LJXDOD T m
m \ODPDVDHVLJXDODOSHVRGLYLGLGRSDUDODDFHOHUDFLyQGHODJUDYHGDGDO
UHDOL]DU ODV RSHUDFLRQHV LQGLFDGDV VH REWLHQH m m T s m 'H GRQGH OD PDVD
WRWDOGHODHVWUXFWXUDHVLJXDOD07 7TXHHVLJXDODODVXPDGHODVGRVPDVDV
m
M m
J
7DEOD 5HVXPHQGHUHVXOWDGRVSDUDHO(VSHFWURGH&DSDFLGDGXWLOL]DQGRHOPRGHOR(ODVWRSODVWR
&,&/2'(
CARGA
97
'WMFP
I
07VP
J
D
7DEOD 5HVXPHQGHUHVXOWDGRVSDUDHO(VSHFWURGH&DSDFLGDGXWLOL]DQGRPRGHORGH*LEHUVRQ
&,&/2'(
CARGA
97
'W FP
I
07VP
J
D
6GM FP
6DMPV
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
6L ELHQ HV FLHUWR HO FiOFXOR VH UHDOL]D HQ IRUPD LQFUHPHQWDO HQ HIHFWR SDUD FDGD
LQFUHPHQWRGHFDUJDODWHUDOVHREWLHQHHOLQFUHPHQWRGHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRVQRHVPHQRVFLHUWR
TXH HO YHFWRU PRGDO VH REWLHQH HQ EDVH D ORV GHVSOD]DPLHQWRV DFXPXODGRV &RQ HVWD ~OWLPD
LQGLFDFLyQHQ ODILJXUD VHLQGLFDQORVHVSHFWURVGHFDSDFLGDG DODL]TXLHUGD SDUDHOPRGHOR
HODVWRSODVWR \DODGHUHFKDSDUDHOPRGHORGH*LEHUVRQ
'HVSOD]DPLHQWR(VSHFWUDO 6GFP 'HVSOD]DPLHQWR (VSHFWUDO6GFP
)LQDOPHQWH HQ OD ILJXUD VH LQGLFDQ ORV HVSHFWURV GH FDSDFLGDG FRQ HO PRGHOR
HODVWR SODVWR FRQ HO PRGHOR GH *LEHUVRQ TXH VH KDQ GHVDUUROODGR HQ IRUPD PDQXDO HQ HVWH
FDStWXOR\HOTXHVHREWLHQHDOXWLOL]DUHOVLVWHPDGHFRPSXWDFLyQ &(,1&,$JXLDU
386+29(5&21752/$'2(63(&752'(&$3$&,'$'
'HVSOD]DPLHQWR(VSHFWUDO6D PV
)LJXUD (VSHFWURVGHFDSDFLGDGSDUDODHVWUXFWXUDHQHVWXGLR
&21&/86,21(6
3ULPHUDPHQWH VH KD SUHVHQWDGR OD WHRUtD GH XQ QXHYR PRGHOR GH SODVWLFLGDG SDUD
HQFRQWUDU OD FXUYD GH FDSDFLGDG UHVLVWHQWH GH XQD HVWUXFWXUD HPSOHDQGR DQiOLVLV HVWiWLFR QR
OLQHDO3RVWHULRUPHQWHVHKDQFRPSDUDGRODVFXUYDV GHFDSDFLGDGTXHVHREWLHQHQDOXWLOL]DUHO
PRGHORSURSXHVWRFRQRWURVPRGHORV GH SODVWLFLGDG\HPSOHDQGRGRVSURJUDPDV GH RUGHQDGRU
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
TXHVRQHO&(,1&,\HO'5$,1';/DFRPSDUDFLyQVHKDUHDOL]DGRHQHVWUXFWXUDVGH\
SLVRVFRQVLGHUDQGRHOHIHFWR P ' \VLQFRQVLGHUDUGLFKRHIHFWR
3DUD HO DQiOLVLV HVWDGtVWLFR VH KD FRQVWUXLGR XQ PRGHOR ELOLQHDO FX\D iUHD LQWHULRU HV
LJXDO DO iUHD GH OD FXUYD GH FDSDFLGDG UHVLVWHQWH (Q HVWH PRGHOR VH KDQ FRPSDUDGR ORV
GHVSOD]DPLHQWRV \ FRUWDQWHV D QLYHO GH IOXHQFLD ORV FRUWDQWHV ~OWLPRV OD ULJLGH] HOiVWLFD \
SOiVWLFD \ ILQDOPHQWH OD UHODFLyQ GH HVWDV GRV ULJLGHFHV 'H WRGR HO HVWXGLR UHDOL]DGR VH
GHVSUHQGHQODVVLJXLHQWHV FRQFOXVLRQHV
x (O PRGHOR SURSXHVWR SUHVHQWD FXUYDV GH FDSDFLGDG UHVLVWHQWH TXH VH DSUR[LPDQ PX\
ELHQ D ODV REWHQLGDV FRQ RWURV PRGHORV GH SODVWLFLGDG H[WHQGLGD 3RU OR WDQWR HV XQ
PRGHOR FRQILDEOH SDUD HO DQiOLVLV GH HVWUXFWXUDV FRPSXHVWDV SRU FROXPQDV \ YLJDV VLQ
PXURVGHFRUWHTXHHVORTXHVHKDDQDOL]DGRHQHOSUHVHQWHFDStWXOR
x (O FRQVLGHUDU FXDWUR QLYHOHV GH LQHUFLD HQ OD ]RQD GH GDxR PRGHOD GH PHMRU IRUPD HO
FRPSRUWDPLHQWRVtVPLFRGHOHOHPHQWRHQOXJDUGHFRQVLGHUDUXQVRORQLYHOGHLQHUFLD
5()(5(1&,$6
$JXLDU 5 Sistema de computacin CEINCI3 para evaluar dao ssmico en los
Pases Bolivarianos &HQWURGH,QYHVWLJDFLRQHV&LHQWtILFDV(VFXHOD3ROLWpFQLFD GHO(MpUFLWR,
S9DOOHGHORV&KLOORV(FXDGRU
$JXLDU 5 Anlisis Matricial de Estructuras &HQWUR GH ,QYHVWLJDFLRQHV &LHQWtILFDV
(VFXHOD3ROLWpFQLFDGHO(MpUFLWR, S6HJXQGD(GLFLyQ9DOOHGHORV&KLOORV
*LEHUVRQ 0) 7ZR 1RQOLQHDU %HDPV ZLWK 'HILQLWLRQV RI 'XFWLOLW\ Journal of the
Structural Division, ASCE, 9RO1R67
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
.XQQDWK 6 . 5HLQKRUQ $ 0 DQG $EHO - ) $ FRPSXWDWLRQDO WRRO IRU VHLVPLF
SHUIRUPDQFHRIUHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWH EXLOGLQJV
3UDNDVK 9 3RZHOO * + DQG &DPSEHOO 6 DRAIN-2DX Base Program Description
and User Guide'HSDUWPHQWRI&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ8QLYHUVLW\RI&DOLIRUQLD, %HUNHOH\&$
,1&25325$&,1'(/()(&72'(&257((1/26
',$*5$0$6020(172&859$785$
5(680(1
6HFRQVLGHUDHOHIHFWRGHFRUWH HQORVGLDJUDPDV0RPHQWR&XUYDWXUDGHHOHPHQWRVHQ
HOHPHQWRV FRQ SRFR UHIXHU]R WUDQVYHUVDO OD IDOOD YD D VHU GH FRUWH \ HO HOHPHQWR QR YD D VHU
FDSD]GHGHVDUUROODUWRGDVXFDSDFLGDGDIOH[LyQGHWDOIRUPD TXHODGXFWLOLGDGSRUFXUYDWXUD
TXHVHREWLHQHDOFRQVLGHUDU~QLFDPHQWHHOHIHFWRGHIOH[LyQQRYDDVHUUHDO\QRVRORHVR VLQR
TXHHQHODQiOLVLVQROLQHDOODULJLGH]HQHOUDQJRLQHOiVWLFRHVIXQFLyQGHOPRPHQWRGHURWXUD\
VL HVWH SXQWR QR HVWi ELHQ GHWHUPLQDGR SRU TXH IDOOD HO HOHPHQWR SRU FRUWH VH HVWDUi
UHDOL]DQGRHQIRUPDHTXLYRFDGDHODQiOLVLVVtVPLFR
3RU RWUD SDUWH VH SUHVHQWDQ ORV GLDJUDPDV PRPHQWR FXUYDWXUD TXH VH REWLHQHQ HQ
YLJDV TXH WLHQHQ OD PLVPD VHFFLyQ UHFWDQJXODU SHUR GLIHUHQWH DUPDGXUD D WUDFFLyQ \
FRPSUHVLyQ (VWH FiOFXOR VH OR UHDOL]D FRQ GRV PRGHORV TXH GHILQHQ HO FRPSRUWDPLHQWR GHO
KRUPLJyQFRQILQDGR 6HDQDOL]DQ ODVFXUYDVTXHVHREWLHQHQSDUDYHUOD LQFLGHQFLDGHOPRGHOR
GHO KRUPLJyQ \ GHO PRGHOR WULOLQHDO TXH VH DFRVWXPEUD DGRSWDU SDUD OD UHODFLyQ PRPHQWR
FXUYDWXUD )LQDOPHQWH VH DQDOL]D HO FRPSRUWDPLHQWR GH FXDWUR FROXPQDV FXDGUDGDV FRQ
GLIHUHQWH DUPDGXUD ORQJLWXGLQDO \ UHIXHU]R WUDQVYHUVDO PX\ EDMR GH WDO IRUPD TXH FXDQGR OD
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
/DV FRQVWUXFFLRQHV DQWLJXDV WLHQHQ XQD JUDQ FDQWLGDG GH DUPDGXUD ORQJLWXGLQDO SHUR
PX\SRFR UHIXHU]RWUDQVYHUVDOHQHVWRV FDVRV HVIXQGDPHQWDO FRQVLGHUDUODLQWHUDFFLyQ HQWUH
HOHIHFWRGHIOH[LyQ\HOGHFRUWH
,1752'8&&,1
'HO GLDJUDPD 0RPHQWR &XUYDWXUD 0& VH REWLHQH OD ULJLGH] HQ XQD VHFFLyQ GH XQ
HOHPHQWR TXHKDGHXWLOL]DUVHHQHODQiOLVLVQROLQHDO(QJHQHUDO HVWHGLDJUDPDHVXQDFXUYD
FRPR VH YHUi SRVWHULRUPHQWH SHUR SDUD HO DQiOLVLV VH DFRVWXPEUD WUDEDMDU FRQ XQ PRGHOR
WULOLQHDO FRPR HO LQGLFDGR HQ OD ILJXUD GRQGH HO SXQWR $ VH DOFDQ]D FXDQGR HO KRUPLJyQ
OOHJDDVXPi[LPRHVIXHU]RDWUDFFLyQHOSXQWR<VHGHWHUPLQDFXDQGRHODFHURDWUDFFLyQOOHJD
D OD IOXHQFLD ILQDOPHQWH HO SXQWR 8 VH REWLHQH FXDQGR HO KRUPLJyQ DOFDQ]D VX Pi[LPD
GHIRUPDFLyQ ~WLODFRPSUHVLyQ$JXLDU
)LJXUD 0RGHORQXPpULFRGHOGLDJUDPD0RPHQWR&XUYDWXUD
6H WLHQHQGRV GLDJUDPDV 0& HQ OD ILJXUD GHELGR DTXH XQ HOHPHQWR SXHGH WHQHU
XQD FXUYDWXUD FyQFDYD R FRQYH[D 1RUPDOPHQWH HQ OD OLWHUDWXUD VH LQGLFD ~QLFDPHQWH HO
GLDJUDPD GHOSULPHU FXDGUDQWH\HQODV HFXDFLRQHV GHFiOFXOR VH RPLWHHOVLJQRPiVRPHQRV
SHURHVLPSRUWDQWHTXH VHFRPSUHQGD TXHGHSHQGLHQGRODIRUPD FRPRWUDEDMDHOHOHPHQWR VH
WHQGUi HO GLDJUDPD 0& GHO SULPHU FXDGUDQWH R GHO WHUFHU FXDGUDQWH (Q XQD YLJD HVWRV GRV
GLDJUDPDV VHUiQLJXDOHV VRODPHQWHFXDQGRODDUPDGXUD DWUDFFLyQ As HVLJXDODODDUPDGXUD
DFRPSUHVLyQ As
5HWRPDQGR HO WHPD OD SHQGLHQWH GH ODV GLIHUHQWHV UDPDV GHO GLDJUDPD 0&
FRUUHVSRQGHQDODULJLGH]DIOH[LyQ EI 6LHOPRPHQWRDFWXDQWHHVPHQRUTXH M A VHWHQGUi
ODULJLGH] EI o VLHOPRPHQWRDFWXDQWH VXSHUD M A SHURHVPHQRUTXH M Y VHWUDEDMDUiFRQ
ODULJLGH] EI ILQDOPHQWHVLHOPRPHQWR DFWXDQWHHQXQDVHFFLyQGHO HOHPHQWR HV PD\RUTXH
M Y VHGHEHUiWUDEDMDUFRQ EI &DGDULJLGH] DIOH[LyQVHREWLHQHFRPRVLJXH
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
Ma E b h
EI o
Ia
M y Ma
EI
I y Ia
Mu M y
EI
Iu I y
+DVWD DKRUD QR VH KD GLFKR QDGD GH OD FDSDFLGDG DO FRUWH GHO HOHPHQWR \ HV PX\
LPSRUWDQWH TXH VH FRQVLGHUH HVWH HIHFWR WRGD YH] TXH HO PLHPEUR SXHGH WHQHU XQD JUDQ
FDSDFLGDGDIOH[LyQ\XQDEDMDFDSDFLGDGDFRUWH GHWDOPDQHUDTXHVHSURGXFHSULPHURODIDOOD
GH FRUWH \ OD VHFFLyQ QR OOHJy DO SXQWR 8 SXHGH GDUVH HO FDVR TXH ODVHFFLyQ QR OOHJXH QL DO
SXQWR <
(Q HIHFWR VH SXHGH WHQHU SRU HMHPSOR XQD YLJD FRQ XQD JUDQ FDQWLGDG GH UHIXHU]R
ORQJLWXGLQDO SHUR FRQ XQD FDQWLGDG LQVXILFLHQWH GH DUPDGXUD WUDQVYHUVDO (QHVWH FDVR OD IDOOD
TXHVHYDDGDUHQHOHOHPHQWRHVSRUFRUWH\SUREDEOHPHQWHODYLJDRFROXPQDQRDOFDQ]DD
OOHJDUQLVLTXLHUDDOSXQWR <
(QHOVLVWHPDGHFRPSXWDFLyQ &(,1&,VHWHQtDGHVDFRSODGRHOHIHFWRGHIOH[LyQ\HO
GH FRUWH$JXLDU VHFRQVLGHUDED TXH XQDVHFFLyQVLHPSUHYDDOOHJDUDOSXQWR 8$KRUD
HQ HO VLVWHPD GH FRPSXWDFLyQ &(,1&, VH LQFRUSRUD HO HIHFWR GH FRUWH HQ HO GLDJUDPD
0RPHQWR &XUYDWXUD \ VH GHWHUPLQD VL OD IDOOD YD D VHU SRU IOH[LyQ R SRU FRUWH WHPD TXH HV
WUDWDGRHQHOSUHVHQWH FDStWXOR
18(9202'(/23$5$(/+250,*1&21),1$'2
(QODILJXUDVHLQGLFDHOPRGHORGHKRUPLJyQFRQILQDGRSURSXHVWRSRU.HQW\3DUN
HQ TXH KD VLGR LPSOHPHQWDGR HQ HO VLVWHPD GH FRPSXWDFLyQ &(,1&, HVWH PRGHOR D
SHVDU GH TXH IXH SXEOLFDGR KDFH DOJXQDV GpFDGDV KD VLGR PX\ XWLOL]DGR SRU YDULRV
LQYHVWLJDGRUHV HQ SURJUDPDV FRPR HO SURJUDPD ,'$5& ,QHODVWLF 'DPDJH $QiOLVLV RI
5HLQIRUFHG&RQFUHWH3DUNHWDO.XQQDWKHWDO+DVLGRPX\XWLOL]DGRSRUTXHHV
XQ PRGHOR EDVWDQWH FRQVHUYDGRU SDUD KRUPLJyQ FRQILQDGR 6H GHVWDFD TXH HVWH PRGHOR
FRQWHPSOD LQFUHPHQWR GH OD GXFWLOLGDG SRU HO FRQILQDPLHQWR SHUR QR FRQWHPSOD LQFUHPHQWR GH
UHVLVWHQFLD SRU FRQILQDPLHQWR (O PRGHOR GH 3DUN HW DO VL FRQWHPSOD LQFUHPHQWR GH
UHVLVWHQFLD\GXFWLOLGDGSRUHOFRQILQDPLHQWR
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
)LJXUD 0RGHORGH.HQW\3DUNSDUDHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRGHOKRUPLJyQFRQILQDGRXWLOL]DGRHQHO
6LVWHPDGH&RPSXWDFLyQ &(,1&,
(Q OD ILJXUD VH DSUHFLDQ ODV GRV FXUYDV OD LQWHULRU FRUUHVSRQGH DO PRGHOR GH
KRUPLJyQ QR FRQILQDGR VLQ FRQVLGHUDU HO UHIXHU]R WUDQVYHUVDO \ OD H[WHULRU DO PRGHOR GH
KRUPLJyQ FRQILQDGR TXH FRQVLGHUD HO UHIXHU]R WUDQVYHUVDO 1yWHVH TXH HQ ORV GRV FDVRV VH
DOFDQ]D OD PLVPD UHVLVWHQFLD Pi[LPD D OD FRPSUHVLyQ f c SHUR HQ HO PRGHOR GH KRUPLJyQ
FRQILQDGR OD GHIRUPDFLyQ D OD URWXUD H c HV PD\RU FRQ UHODFLyQ DO PRGHOR GH KRUPLJyQ QR
FRQILQDGR H c 'HODILJXUDVHWLHQHTXH
f c f c Z
tg T H c Ho
H c H o fc Z
(QODILJXUDVHSUHVHQWDQGRVFXUYDVTXHGHILQHQHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRGHOKRUPLJyQ
FRQILQDGROD LQWHULRU FRUUHVSRQGHDOPRGHOR \ODVXSHULRU DOPRGHORTXHIXHSURSXHVWD SRU
3DUNHWDO
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
)LJXUD 0RGLILFDFLyQGHOPRGHORGH.HQW\3DUNSRU3DUNHWDOHQ
VLJXLHQWHHFXDFLyQ
U v f yv
k
f c
H Hc
fc k f
c
Hc k Ho
k H o k H o
c
fc k f c
> Z H c k H o @ k Ho d Hc d Hu
Z
H u H h k H o
f c
H u
f c
b
H h Uv
s
Hu k Ho
Z
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
3DUDODUDPDDVFHQGHQWHVHPDQWLHQHODHFXDFLyQGH+RJQHVWDGSHURFRQVLGHUDQGRHO
IDFWRU k SDUDODUDPDGHVFHQGHQWHVHWLHQHODHFXDFLyQGHODUHFWDDIHFWDGDSRUHOIDFWRU k
/D HFXDFLyQ TXH GHILQH H u KD VLGR PRGLILFDGD VRQ UHODFLyQ DO PRGHOR /DV YDULDEOHV QR
02'(/2'(/$&(52
(Q HO VLVWHPD GH FRPSXWDFLyQ &(,1&, VH PDQWLHQH HO PRGHOR WULOLQHDO SDUD GHILQLU HO
FRPSRUWDPLHQWRGHODFHUR(QODILJXUDVHLQGLFDGLFKRPRGHORTXH FRQWHPSODLQFUHPHQWR
GHUHVLVWHQFLDSRUHQGXUHFLPLHQWRGHODFHURHQHOUDQJRLQHOiVWLFR
/DV HFXDFLRQHV D GHILQHQ HO PRGHOR WULOLQHDO DGRSWDGR SDUD HO DFHUR (O
VLJQLILFDGR GH ODV YDULDEOHV XWLOL]DGDV HV E s HV HO PyGXOR GH HODVWLFLGDG GHO DFHUR H y HV OD
GHIRUPDFLyQ DQLYHOGHIOXHQFLD H sh HVODGHIRUPDFLyQ DOLQLFLRGHOD]RQDGHHQGXUHFLPLHQWR
f y HVHOHVIXHU]RGHODFHURHQHOOtPLWHGHIOXHQFLD f su HVHOPi[LPRHVIXHU]RGHODFHURTXH
QR QHFHVDULDPHQWH FRLQFLGH FRQ HO HVIXHU]R HQ OD URWXUD GHO DFHUR H su HV OD GHIRUPDFLyQ
DVRFLDGD D f su E sh HV HO PyGXOR GH HODVWLFLGDG GHO PDWHULDO DO LQLFLR GH OD ]RQD GH
HQGXUHFLPLHQWR
)LJXUD 0RGHOR7ULOLQHDOSDUDHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRGHODFHUR
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
fs Es H s Hs d Hy
fs fy H y H s d H sh
fs f y E sh H s H sh H s ! H sh
fy
Es
Hy
f su f y
E sh
H su H sh
(-(03/2180e5,&2'()/(;,1
6HGHVHDHQFRQWUDUODUHODFLyQ 0&SDUDXQDYLJDGHFPGHEDVHSRUFPGH
DOWXUD \ FP GH UHFXEULPLHQWR /D UHVLVWHQFLD GHO KRUPLJyQ D OD FRPSUHVLyQ HV GH
NJFP \ D OD WUDFFLyQ HV GH NJFP (O PyGXOR GH HODVWLFLGDG GHO KRUPLJyQ TXH VH
FRQVLGHUD HQ HO HMHPSOR HV GH NJFP 3RU RWUD SDUWH HO DFHUR WLHQH XQ OtPLWH GH
IOXHQFLDGHNJFPXQHVIXHU]R Pi[LPRGHNJFPXQPyGXORGHHODVWLFLGDGHQHO
UDQJRHOiVWLFRGHNJFPDOLQLFLRGHOD]RQDGH HQGXUHFLPLHQWRHO YDORUGH E sh HV
GHNJFPILQDOPHQWHVHFRQVLGHUD H sh
6H GHVHD HQFRQWUDU YDULRV GLDJUDPDV 0& SDUD GLVWLQWDV FRQGLFLRQHV GH DUPDGR \ HQ
WRGRVORV FDVRV HO UHIXHU]RWUDQVYHUVDOHVHOPLVPR\HVWi FRPSXHVWRSRUXQHVWULERGHPP
GH GLiPHWUR HVSDFLDGRV FDGD FP HO OtPLWH GH IOXHQFLD GH ORV HVWULERV HV LJXDO DO GH OD
DUPDGXUD ORQJLWXGLQDO/DFXDQWtD ORQJLWXGLQDO VH ODREWLHQHHQEDVHDODVFXDQWtDV PHFiQLFDV
q \ q
As f y As
f y
q q
b d f c
b d f c
(Q OD WDEOD VH LQGLFDQ ORV FDVRV FRQVLGHUDGRV \ OD LGHQWLILFDFLyQ GH FDGD XQR GH
HOORV &RQHVWRVGDWRV VH HQFXHQWUDQORVGLDJUDPDV 0&XWLOL]DQGRORVPRGHORV GHOKRUPLJyQ
\/RVUHVXOWDGRVREWHQLGRVVHLQGLFDQ HQODVILJXUDV\
7DEOD$UPDGXUDORQJLWXGLQDOFRQVLGHUDGDHQHOHMHPSOR
&$62 q q
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
)LJXUD 5HODFLyQ0RPHQWR&XUYDWXUDGHXQDYLJDFRQGLIHUHQWHDUPDGXUDXWLOL]DQGRPRGHORGHO
KRUPLJyQGH.HQW \3DUN
(Q ODV ILJXUDV \ VH DSUHFLD HO FRPSRUWDPLHQWR TXH HUD GH HVSHUDUVH HQ OD
PHGLGD TXH VH LQFUHPHQWD OD FXDQWtD PHFiQLFD q ODV YLJDV WLHQHQ PD\RU UHVLVWHQFLD SHUR
PHQRU GXFWLOLGDG (Q HIHFWR ODV FXUYDV VXSHULRUHV VRQ SDUD q \ ODV LQIHULRUHV SDUD
q 3DUDFDGDJUXSRGHYDULDFLyQGHODFXDQWtDPHFiQLFD q VHDSUHFLDTXHFRQIRUPHVH
LQFUHPHQWDODDUPDGXUDDFRPSUHVLyQODVYLJDVWLHQHQPD\RUGXFWLOLGDG\UHVLVWHQFLD
)LJXUD 5HODFLyQ0RPHQWR&XUYDWXUDGHXQDYLJDFRQGLIHUHQWHDUPDGXUDXWLOL]DQGRPRGHORGHO
KRUPLJyQGH3DUNHWDO
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
Iu
PI
Iy
(QODVILJXUDV\QRVHDSUHFLD FRQTXHPRGHORGHOKRUPLJyQVHREWXYRPD\RU
UHVLVWHQFLD \ GXFWLOLGDG SDUD YHU HVWH HIHFWR VH SUHVHQWD HQ OD ILJXUD ORV GLDJUDPDV 0&
SDUDORVWUHVSULPHURV FDVRVLQGLFDGRV HQODWDEOD\HQODILJXUD SDUDORV FDVRV D
6H DSUHFLD TXH FRQ HO PRGHOR TXH HV HO GH 3DUN HW DO VH REWLHQHQ PD\RUHV
UHVLVWHQFLDV \ GXFWLOLGDGHV HQ UHODFLyQ DO PRGHOR SHUR QR HV PX\ QRWDEOH HVWH LQFUHPHQWR
$OJRVLPLODUVHREWXYRFRQORVRWURV FDVRV
5(/$&,1&257('8&7,/,'$'325527$&,1
9DULRV VRQ ORV WUDEDMRV TXH H[LVWHQ HQ HO TXH VH LQFRUSRUD HO HIHFWR GH FRUWH DO GH
IOH[LyQHQWUHHOORV VHWLHQHQORVGHVDUUROODGRVSRU3DUN\3DXOD\HQ9HFFKLR\&ROOLQVHQ
\&ROOLQV\0LWFKHOOHQ,FKLQRVHHQ3ULHVWOH\\&DOYLHQ3ULHVWOH\\
6HLEOH HQ +DNXWR HW DO HQ 3ULHVWOH\ HW DO HQ 6DW\DUQR HQ &RPR VH
DSUHFLDODPD\RUSDUWHGH HVWRVWUDEDMRVVRQUHFLHQWHVSRU HVWDUD]yQHQHOGLVHxRDFWXDO QRVH
FRQVLGHUDHODFRSODPLHQWRHQWUHODIOH[LyQ\HOFRUWHORKDFHPRVHQIRUPDLQGHSHQGLHQWH
9HQWDMRVDPHQWH HQ HO GLVHxR DFWXDO OD DUPDGXUD WUDQVYHUVDO GH XQD HVWUXFWXUD
FRPSXHVWDSRUYLJDV\FROXPQDVVHODREWLHQHSRUFDSDFLGDGSDUDTXHSULPHURRFXUUDODIDOOD
SRU IOH[LyQ \ SRVWHULRUPHQWH OD IDOOD GH FRUWH DGLFLRQDOPHQWH HQ FROXPQDV OD DUPDGXUD
WUDQVYHUVDOGHEHVHUPD\RUDODTXHVHQHFHVLWDSRU FRQILQDPLHQWRFRQODTXHVHLQFUHPHQWDOD
GXFWLOLGDG\UHVLVWHQFLD
'HWDOIRUPDTXHHQORVGLVHxRVDFWXDOHVVHSXHGHSDVDUSRUDOWRODQRFRQVLGHUDFLyQ
GHO DFRSODPLHQWR HQWUH OD IOH[LyQ \ HO FRUWH SHUR HQ ORV HGLILFLRV DQWLJXRV TXH IXHURQ
FRQVWUXLGRVKDFHPiV GHGRVGpFDGDVTXHWLHQHQXQDJUDQFDQWLGDGGHDUPDGXUDORQJLWXGLQDO\
SRFDDUPDGXUDWUDQVYHUVDOHVLPSRUWDQWHHODFRSODPLHQWRGHODIOH[LyQ\HOFRUWH\DTXHSXHGH
SUHVHQWDUVHXQDIDOODSRUFRUWHTXHHV IUiJLORHPSH]DUXQDIDOODGHIOH[LyQ\DFWRVHJXLGRXQD
IDOODGHFRUWH
(QODILJXUDVHSUHVHQWDHOPRGHORQXPpULFRTXH KDVLGRDGRSWDGRSRUOD1RUPDWLYD
6tVPLFDGH1XHYD=HODQGD1=6 SDUDYHUOD GHJUDGDFLyQGHOD FDSDFLGDGDO FRUWHHQ HO
UDQJRLQHOiVWLFR
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
8QD VHFFLyQ WUDQVYHUVDO GH XQ HOHPHQWR GH KRUPLJyQ DUPDGR WLHQH XQD FDSDFLGDG
Pi[LPDGHFRUWDQWH VPD[ ODPLVPDTXH HVIXQFLyQGHODFDSDFLGDG DO FRUWHGHOKRUPLJyQGHOD
FDSDFLGDG DO FRUWH GHO UHIXHU]R WUDQVYHUVDO \ GH OD FDUJD D[LDO (VWD FDSDFLGDG DO FRUWH YD D
SHUPDQHFHU FRQVWDQWHKDVWDHOSXQWRTXHHVWiDVRFLDGRDXQDGXFWLOLGDGSRUURWDFLyQ PTv
OXHJR GH OR FXDO YD D H[LVWLU XQD SpUGLGD HQ OD WUDED]yQ GH ORV DJUHJDGRV \ SRU HQGH XQD
GHJUDGDFLyQ GHODUHVLVWHQFLDDOFRUWHKDVWDHOSXQWRHQTXHVHSURGXFHODIDOODGHFRUWH(O
SXQWRHVWiDVRFLDGRDXQDGXFWLOLGDG SRUURWDFLyQ PTv FRQXQFRUWDQWHGHQRPLQDGR VPLQ
3DUD HO FDVR GH YLJDV OD GHJUDGDFLyQ GH OD FDSDFLGDG DO FRUWH HQ IXQFLyQ GH OD
GXFWLOLGDGGHURWDFLyQVHLQGLFDHQODILJXUD\ODVHFXDFLRQHVGHFiOFXORVRQODVVLJXLHQWHV
Av f vy d
VPD[ I r f c
b d
s
Av f vy d
f c
b d
RTv s
Av f vy d
f b d c
s
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
GRQGH f c
HV OD UHVLVWHQFLD D OD FRPSUHVLyQ GHO KRUPLJyQ H[SUHVDGD HQ 03D HQ ODV
UHVWDQWHV HFXDFLRQHV TXH VH LQGLFDQ SDUD FROXPQDV WDPELpQ f c GHEHUi H[SUHVDUVH HQ 03D
Ir HVHOIDFWRUGHUHGXFFLyQGHHVIXHU]RVSRUFRUWHTXHHVLJXDOD
3DUD HO FDVR GH FROXPQDV FRQ HVWULERV UHFWDQJXODUHV ODV HFXDFLRQHV VRQ ODV
VLJXLHQWHV
Av f vy d
VPD[
I r f c Ag
Av f vy d
f Ag
c
FRW N WDQ D
s
RTv
Av f vy d
f c Ag
FRW N WDQ D
s
GHWHUPLQDUSULPHURODSRVLFLyQGHODUHVXOWDQWHGHODIXHU]DDFRPSUHVLyQGHOQXGRLQLFLDO\ILQDO
GH OD FROXPQD (Q OD ILJXUD VH LQGLFD HO PRGHOR GH GHJUDGDFLyQ GHO FRUWDQWH HQ XQD
FROXPQD
1 3 5 7 PTV
)LJXUD'HJUDGDFLyQGHODFDSDFLGDG DOFRUWHHQFROXPQDV
(Q OD ILJXUD VH DSUHFLDQ GRV FXUYDV OD VXSHULRU HV SDUD HO FDVR GH IXHU]DV
VtVPLFDV DFWXDQGR HQ XQ VROR VHQWLGR HV GHFLU OD FROXPQD HVWi VXMHWD D IOH[R FRPSUHVLyQ
XQLD[LDO \ OD LQIHULRU HV SDUD HO FDVR GH TXH ODV IXHU]DV VtVPLFDV DFW~DQ HQ GRV VHQWLGRV OD
FROXPQDWUDEDMDDIOH[RFRPSUHVLyQELD[LDO/yJLFDPHQWHSDUDHOFDVRELD[LDOOD GHJUDGDFLyQ GH
UHVLVWHQFLDHQHOUDQJRLQHOiVWLFRVHSURGXFHPiVUiSLGR
5HODFLyQFRUWHGXFWLOLGDGSDUDFROXPQDVFLUFXODUHV
/DV HFXDFLRQHV GH FiOFXOR VRQ PX\ VLPLODUHV D ODV LQGLFDGDV SDUD XQD FROXPQD
6DW\DUQR (O FDPELR UDGLFD HQ HO iUHD GHO UHIXHU]R WUDQVYHUVDO GH OD FROXPQD
GHQRPLQDGR Asp (VWDVHFXDFLRQHVVRQODVVLJXLHQWHV
S Asp f vy d
VPD[
I r f c Ag
S Asp f vy d
f Ag
c
FRW N WDQ D
s
RTv
S Asp f vy d
f c
Ag FRW N WDQ D
s
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
$&23/$0,(172(175((/()(&72'(&257(<'()/(;,21
/RV H[WUHPRV GH ORV HOHPHQWRV VRQ ORV PiV DIHFWDGRV GXUDQWH XQ VLVPR DKt VH YD D
SURGXFLU GDxR 6HD l p OD ORQJLWXG GH OD ]RQD GDxDGD HQ XQ HOHPHQWR (YLGHQWHPHQWH TXH HQ
HVWD]RQDGHGDxRODGLVWULEXFLyQGHFXUYDWXUDQRYD DVHULJXDOSHURVHDFRVWXPEUD FRQVLGHUDU
TXHVLORHVHQFRQVHFXHQFLD VHFRQVLGHUD FXUYDWXUDHVFRQVWDQWHHQODORQJLWXG l p
6H SXHGH FRQVLGHUDU TXH HQ OD ]RQD GH GDxR OD GXFWLOLGDG SRU URWDFLyQ HV
DSUR[LPDGDPHQWHLJXDODODGXFWLOLGDGSRUFXUYDWXUD6DW\DUQR &RQHVWD KLSyWHVLV
ODGXFWLOLGDG SRU URWDFLyQ H[SUHVDGDHQODVILJXUDV DVHFRQVLGHUD FRPRGHPDQGDV GH
FXUYDWXUD SDUD SRGHU H[SUHVDU HQ XQ VROR JUiILFR HO FRPSRUWDPLHQWR D IOH[LyQ \ HO
FRPSRUWDPLHQWRDFRUWH
M V L
x 6L OD FXUYD GH PRPHQWR SURYHQLHQWH GHO FRUWH VH HQFXHQWUD VREUH OD FXUYD GH IOH[LyQ
WUDGLFLRQDOODIDOODTXHVHYDDSURGXFLUSULPHURHVGHIOH[LyQ
x 6L OD FXUYD GH PRPHQWR SURYHQLHQWH GHO FRUWH VH HQFXHQWUD EDMR OD FXUYD GH IOH[LyQ
WUDGLFLRQDO OD IDOOD TXH VH YD D SURGXFLU SULPHUR HV OD GH FRUWH (Q HVWH FDVR OD VHFFLyQ
DQDOL]DGDQR YDDVHUFDSD]GHGHVDUUROODUVXFDSDFLGDGDIOH[LyQ
(-(03/2180e5,&2'()/(;,1<&257(
)LJXUD &RPSRUWDPLHQWRDIOH[LyQ\FRUWHGHXQDYLJDGHFPGHEDVHSRUFPGHDOWXUDFRQ
HVWULERVGHPPGHGLiPHWURHVSDFLDGRV FDGDFP&DVR
)LJXUD&RPSRUWDPLHQWRDIOH[LyQ\FRUWHGHXQDYLJDGHFPGHEDVHSRUFPGHDOWXUDFRQ
HVWULERVGHPPGHGLiPHWURHVSDFLDGRV FDGDFP&DVR
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
)LJXUD&RPSRUWDPLHQWRDIOH[LyQ\FRUWHGHXQDYLJDGHFPGHEDVHSRUFPGHDOWXUDFRQ
HVWULERVGHPPGHGLiPHWURHVSDFLDGRV FDGDFP&DVR
3RURWUDSDUWHHQODILJXUDVHLQGLFDHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRGHODYLJDSDUDHOFDVR
HQ TXH ORV HVWULERV VRQ GH PP GH GLiPHWUR 6H DSUHFLD TXH OD YLJD QR GHVDUUROOD WRGD VX
FDSDFLGDGDIOH[LyQHPSH]yODYLJDDLQFXUVLRQDUHQHOUDQJRQROLQHDO\FXDQGRODFXUYDWXUD
HUDPD\RUD m VHSURGXFHODIDOODSRUFRUWH
(O FRPSRUWDPLHQWR GH OD YLJD SDUD HO FDVR HQ TXH ORV HVWULERV VRQ GH PP GH
GLiPHWURHVSDFLDGRVFDGDFPHV PiV FUtWLFR\DTXHODYLJDFXDQGRKDLQFXUVLRQDGR PX\
SRFRHQHOUDQJRQROLQHDO VHSURGXFHODIDOODSRUFRUWH
(Q OD WDEOD VH LQGLFD OD FXUYDWXUD GH IOXHQFLD I y PRPHQWR GH IOXHQFLD M y
FXUYDWXUD \ PRPHQWR DVRFLDGRV D OD GHIRUPDFLyQ Pi[LPD GHO KRUPLJyQ Iu M u GXFWLOLGDG
SRU FXUYDWXUD PI \ OD ULJLGH] EI LQGLFDGD HQ HFXDFLyQ SDUD ORV WUHV FDVRV
DQDOL]DGRV HQ HO SUHVHQWH DSDUWDGR VL QR VHFRQVLGHUDED OD LQWHUDFFLyQ FRQ HO FRUWH HV GHFLU
VRORHOHIHFWRGHIOH[LyQ
5HGXFFLyQGHODFDSDFLGDGDIOH[LyQSRUHIHFWRGHOFRUWH
/DV YLJDV GH ORV FDVRV \ GHO HMHPSOR GHVDUUROODGR QR YDQ D GHVDUUROODU WRGD VX
FDSDFLGDGDFRUWH\DTXHFRPR VHLQGLFyYDQDIDOODUSULPHUR SRUFRUWH(QODVILJXUDV \
VHSUHVHQWDQODUHGXFFLyQGHODFDSDFLGDGDIOH[LyQSRUHOHIHFWRGHFRUWH
)LJXUD 5HGXFFLyQGHODFDSDFLGDGDIOH[LyQGHODYLJDGHFRQHVWULERVGHPPGHGLiPHWUR
HVSDFLDGDVFDGDFP
)LJXUD 5HGXFFLyQGHODFDSDFLGDGDIOH[LyQGHODYLJDGHFRQHVWULERVGHPPGHGLiPHWUR
HVSDFLDGDVFDGDFP
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
,1&25325$&,1'(/381726(1(/',$*5$0$0&
/XHJR GHO DQiOLVLV GH ODV ILJXUDV HQ ODV FXDOHV VH SUHVHQWDQ ODV UHODFLRQHV 0& VH
REVHUYDTXH HVQHFHVDULR PRGLILFDUHOPRGHOR GHFiOFXORLQGLFDGRHQODILJXUDHLQFOXLUXQ
QXHYRSXQWR HQWUH <8(VWHQXHYRSXQWRHVHO 6TXHHVWiDVRFLDGRDODLQLFLDFLyQ GHOWUDEDMR
HQIUtRGHODFHURRLQLFLRGHOD]RQD GH HQGXUHFLPLHQWRGHODFHUR RSXQWRGHILQDOL]DFLyQ GHOD
SODWDIRUPDGHIOXHQFLD GHODFHUR&RQODLQFRUSRUDFLyQGHHVWHSXQWR VHGHEHQFDOFXODUFXDWUR
YDORUHVGHODULJLGH]DIOH[LyQHQOXJDUGHORVWUHVTXHVHWHQtDQHQODVHFXDFLRQHVD
(-(03/2&2181&2/801$
(Q OD ILJXUD VH LQGLFDQ ORV GLDJUDPDV PRPHQWR FXUYDWXUD SDUD HO FDVR GH FXDWUR
FROXPQDVTXHWLHQHQODPLVPD VHFFLyQWUDQVYHUVDO SHURODVFXDQWtDV GH DFHUR U YDUtDQ
GHVGH HOKDVWDHO3DUDORVFXDWURFDVRV HOUHIXHU]RWUDQVYHUVDOHVWiFRPSXHVWR SRUXQ
VLPSOH HVWULER GH PP GH GLiPHWUR HVSDFLDGR D FP /D FDUJD D[LDO TXH JUDYLWD HQ OD
FROXPQD HV GH7(OKRUPLJyQ XWLOL]DGRWLHQHXQDUHVLVWHQFLDDODFRPSUHVLyQGH03D\HO
DFHUR WLHQH XQ OtPLWH GH IOXHQFLD GH 03D HV GHFLU ORV PDWHULDOHV HPSOHDGRV VRQ ORV
PLVPRVGHOHMHPSORDQWHULRU/DFROXPQDWLHQHXQDORQJLWXGGHP
(QODILJXUDVHDSUHFLDTXHFXDQGRHOUHIXHU]RORQJLWXGLQDOGHODVFROXPQDVHVGHO
\ODIDOODVHSURGXFHSRUIOH[LyQSHURSDUDHOFDVRHQTXHODDUPDGXUDORQJLWXGLQDO
HVGHOODIDOODTXHVHSURGXFHHVGHFRUWH\ODFROXPQDQRHV FDSD]QLVLTXLHUDGHDOFDQ]DU
HOPRPHQWRGHIOXHQFLD
FRUWH (YLGHQWHPHQWH TXH HQ HVWH WLSR GH FRQVWUXFFLRQHV HO UHIRU]DPLHQWR HVWUXFWXUDO HVWDUi
RULHQWDGRDGDUOHXQDPD\RUUHVLVWHQFLDDOFRUWH
)LJXUD )DOODSRUFRUWHHQXQDFROXPQDTXHWLHQHXQDFXDQWtDGHDFHURGHO
&21&/86,21(6
6HKDSUHVHQWDGRODYDULDFLyQGHOGLDJUDPD 0&HQIXQFLyQGHODYDULDFLyQGHODFXDQWtD
PHFiQLFDDWUDFFLyQ\GHODFXDQWtDPHFiQLFD D FRPSUHVLyQHQFRQWUiQGRVHTXHODUHVLVWHQFLD
VH LQFUHPHQWD FRQIRUPH OD FXDQWtD PHFiQLFD D WUDFFLyQ VH LQFUHPHQWD SHUR OD GXFWLOLGDG SRU
FXUYDWXUD GLVPLQX\H 3RU RWUD SDUWH VH KD YLVWR TXH FRQIRUPH OD FXDQWtD PHFiQLFD D
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
3RU RWUR ODGR VH KD YLVWR TXH FRQ HO PRGHOR GH KRUPLJyQ FRQILQDGR GH 3DUN HW DO GH
ORV GLDJUDPDV 0& UHSRUWDQ PD\RUHV UHVLVWHQFLDV \ GXFWLOLGDGHV FRQ UHODFLyQ DO TXH VH
REWLHQH FRQ HOPRGHORGHKRUPLJyQ FRQILQDGRGH.HQW\3DUNGHSHUR HOLQFUHPHQWRQR
HVQRWDEOH
)LQDOPHQWH SHUR D VX YH] OR PiV LPSRUWDQWH GH HVWH HVWXGLR HV OD LQFRUSRUDFLyQ GHO
HIHFWR GH FRUWH HQ HO HIHFWR GH IOH[LyQ GHO HVWXGLR UHDOL]DGR VH GHVSUHQGHQ ODV VLJXLHQWHV
FRQFOXVLRQHV
x (Q HOHPHQWRV FRQ XQD EDMD FDSDFLGDG DO FRUWH OD IDOOD VH YD D SURGXFLU SRU FRUWH \ VH
UHGXFH OD FDSDFLGDG D IOH[LyQ GHO PLVPR OR TXH LPSOLFD GLVPLQXFLyQ GH OD GXFWLOLGDG SRU
FXUYDWXUD GLVPLQXFLyQ GHODULJLGH]DIOH[LyQHQHOUDQJRGHOPRGHORWULOLQHDO FRPSUHQGLGR
HQWUHORVSXQWRV<8GLVPLQXFLyQGHOPRPHQWR M u \FXUYDWXUD Iu
x 6L VH HVWi SHQVDQGR HQ PHMRUDU ORV SURJUDPDV GH DQiOLVLV QR OLQHDO FRQ OD LQFRUSRUDFLyQ
GHOHIHFWRGHFRUWHHQODUHODFLyQ 0& YDOHODSHQDWDPELpQSHQVDUHQPHMRUDUHOPRGHOR
WULOLQHDO $<8FRQODLQFRUSRUDFLyQGHOSXQWR6
$*5$'(&,0,(172
(O DXWRU GHVHD GHMDU FRQVWDQFLD GH VX DJUDGHFLPLHQWR DO 'U -RVp ,JQDFLR 5HVWUHSR
3URIHVRU$VRFLDGRGHOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH&DOLIRUQLD6DQ'LHJRSRUODGRFXPHQWDFLyQIDFLOLWDGD
VREUH OD LQFRUSRUDFLyQ GHO HIHFWR GH FRUWH HQ ORV GLDJUDPDV 0& WHPD TXH HO OR WUDEDMy
H[WHQVDPHQWHHQOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH&DQWHUEXU\HQ 1XHYD=HODQGDHQHOFRQMXQWDPHQWH
FRQ HO'U$-&DUU\HO'U,6DW\DUQR$GHPiVGHHOORSRUWRGDVODVFRQVXOWDVUHDOL]DGDVYtD
,QWHUQHG SRGHURVR PHGLR GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ GHO VLJOR ;;, TXH SHUPLWH KDFHU LQYHVWLJDFLyQ
FLHQWtILFDDODGLVWDQFLD
5()(5(1&,$6
&ROOLQV 0 DQG 0LWFKHOO ' 3UHVWUHVVHG FRQFUHWH VWUXFWXUHV Response
Publication ,S&DQDGD
,FKLQRVH 7 $ VKHDU GHVLJQ HTXDWLRQ IRU GXFWLOH 5& PHPEHUV Earthquake
Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 9RO
.HQW ' DQG 3DUN 5 )OH[XUDO PHPEHUV ZLWK FRQILQHG FRQFUHWH
Journal of
Structural Engineering ASCE, 67
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
1=6 &RGH RI 3UDFWLFH IRU *HQHUDO 6WUXFWXUDO 'HVLJQ DQG 'HVLJQ
/RDGLQJVIRU%XLOGLQJVStandards Association of New Zeland.
3DUN < 5HLQKRUQ $ DQG .XQQDWK 6 ,'$5& ,QHODVWLF GDPDJH DQDO\VLV RI
UHLQIRUFHG FRQFUHWH IUDPH VKHDUZDOO VWUXFWXUHV
3DUN 5 3ULHVWOH\ 0 *LOO : ' 'XFWLOLW\ RI 6TXDUH &RQILQHG &RQFUHWH
&ROXPQVJournal of Structural Division, ASCE,
6DW\DUQR , $GDSWLYH SXVKRYHU DQDO\VLV IRU WKH VHLVPLF DVVHVVPHQW RI ROGHU
UHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWHEXLOGLQJVPh.D Tesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University
of Canterbury,S
&$3$&,'$'6,60,&$(63$&,$/'(/$6(6758&785$6
5(680(1
6HSUHVHQWDQGRVPRGHORVSDUDHQFRQWUDUODFXUYDGHFDSDFLGDG VtVPLFDUHVLVWHQWHHQ
HVWUXFWXUDVHVSDFLDOHV(OSULPHUPRGHORFRQVLGHUDTXHODHVWUXFWXUDHQWUHVGLPHQVLRQHVWLHQH
HQ WRWDO WUHV JUDGRV GH OLEHUWDG \ HO VHJXQGR PRGHOR HQ FDPELR FRQVLGHUD WUHV JUDGRV GH
OLEHUWDG SHUR SRU FDGD XQD GH ODV SODQWDV GHO HGLILFLR 3DUD ORV GRV PRGHORV HV QHFHVDULR
HQFRQWUDU OD FXUYD GH FDSDFLGDG UHVLVWHQWH GH FDGD XQR GH ORV SyUWLFRV SODQRV HPSOHDQGR
FXDOTXLHU SURJUDPD HQ GRV GLPHQVLRQHV \ DSOLFDQGR OD 7pFQLFD GHO 3XVKRYHU FRQ FXDOTXLHU
PRGHORGHSODVWLFLGDGH[WHQGLGD\GHHOODVHREWLHQHXQPRGHORELOLQHDOHQHOTXHVHGHILQHHO
SXQWRGHIOXHQFLDGHOSyUWLFRODULJLGH] HOiVWLFDGHOPLVPR\ODULJLGH]SRVWIOXHQFLD
6HSUHVHQWD HOPDUFRWHyULFR\HMHPSORVGHVDUUROODGRVPDQXDOPHQWHSDUDFDGDXQRGH
ORV GRV PRGHORV \ SDUD IDFLOLWDU HO FiOFXOR VH KD GHVDUUROODGR ORV SURJUDPDV (63$&,$/ TXH
VLUYH SDUD HO PRGHOR \ HO SURJUDPD (63$&,$ SDUD HO PRGHOR (Q ORV GRV PRGHORV VH
FRQVLGHUDTXHFDGD XQR GHORVSyUWLFRVHVXQ HOHPHQWRGHXQD HVWUXFWXUDTXHWLHQHXQDORVD
UtJLGDTXHXQHDHVWRVHOHPHQWRV
3DUD YHULILFDU OD ERQGDG GH ORV PRGHORV VH HQFXHQWUD OD FXUYD GH FDSDFLGDG VtVPLFD
UHVLVWHQWHHQ WUHV HVWUXFWXUDV GHSLVRVFRQORVGRV PRGHORV\FRQHOTXH UHSRUWDHOSURJUDPD
5XDXPRNR
3RU RWUD SDUWH VH KD REWHQLGR OD FXUYD GH FDSDFLGDG UHVLVWHQWH GH HVWUXFWXUDV FX\R
FHQWUR GH UHVLVWHQFLD QR FRLQFLGH FRQ HO FHQWUR GH PDVD \ VH DQDOL]DQ ORV UHVXOWDGRV HQ HO
UDQJRQROLQHDOHQWpUPLQRVGHOGHVSOD]DPLHQWRODWHUDOGHFDGDXQRGHORVSyUWLFRV
,1752'8&&,1
/DWHQGHQFLD IXWXUDGHODQiOLVLVVtVPLFRGHHGLILFLRVDQLYHOPXQGLDOVHUiODUHDOL]DFLyQ
GH XQ DQiOLVLV QR OLQHDO GLQiPLFR 6H SRGUtD GHFLU TXH DFWXDOPHQWH QRV HQFRQWUDPRV HQ OD
pSRFD GHWUDQVLFLyQ HQWUHHODQiOLVLVOLQHDOFRQ DOJXQDVYDULDQWHV SDUDSUHGHFLUFRPSRUWDPLHQWR
QROLQHDO\HODQiOLVLVQROLQHDOGLQiPLFR
1RUPDOPHQWH VH KD YHQLGR WUDEDMDQGR HO FDVR GHO SXVKRYHU SODQR $JXLDU E
DKRUD HQ HVWH FDStWXOR VH SUHVHQWD HO FDVR GHO SXVKRYHU HVSDFLDO 3DUD HO FDVR SODQR ODV
IXHU]DV ODWHUDOHV VH DSOLFDQ HQ XQ QXGR D QLYHO GH FDGD SLVR 3DUD HO FDVR HVSDFLDO HVWDV
IXHU]DVODWHUDOHV VHDSOLFDUiQHQHO &HQWURGH0DVDV &0GHFDGDSLVRSDUDHOPRGHOR \HQ
HO&0GHO~OWLPRSLVRSDUDHOPRGHOR
)LJXUD0RGHORVFRQVLGHUDGRVSDUDHQFRQWUDUODFXUYDGHFDSDFLGDGVtVPLFDHQ'
(Q OD ILJXUD VH SUHVHQWD XQD HVWUXFWXUD GH FXDWUR SLVRV FRPSXHVWD SRU FXDWUR
SyUWLFRVGRV HQVHQWLGR;\GRVHQVHQWLGR</RVPRGHORVTXHVHGHVDUUROODQHQHVWHFDStWXOR
SXHGHQ VHUDSOLFDGRVDHVWUXFWXUDV FRQ FXDOTXLHUQ~PHUR GH SyUWLFRV$ODL]TXLHUGDGHODILJXUD
VHLQGLFDQORV JUDGRV GHOLEHUWDGTXH VHFRQVLGHUDQSDUDHQ HOPRGHOR\DODGHUHFKDORV
JUDGRV GH OLEHUWDG SDUD HO PRGHOR GRV (Q HO PRGHOR ORV WUHV JUDGRV GH OLEHUWDG VRQ XQD
FRPSRQHQWH GHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRKRUL]RQWDOHQVHQWLGR;TXH VHKDQRWDGR FRQ HOQ~PHURXQD
FRPSRQHQWHGHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRKRUL]RQWDOHQVHQWLGR<TXHVHKDLGHQWLILFDGRFRQHOQ~PHUR
\XQDURWDFLyQGHSLVRDOUHGHGRUGHXQ HMHYHUWLFDOTXHVHKDGHQRWDGRFRQHOQ~PHUR3DUDHO
PRGHORVH FRQVLGHUDQORVPLVPRV JUDGRVGHOLEHUWDGSHUR HQ FDGDXQR GHORVSLVRV 1yWHVH
TXH HQ HO PRGHOR ORV JUDGRV GH OLEHUWDG VH QXPHUDQ SULPHUR ORV GHVSOD]DPLHQWRV
KRUL]RQWDOHV HQ;OXHJRORVHQ<ILQDOPHQWHODVURWDFLRQHVGHSLVRSDUDORVWUHVFDVRV VH KD
HPSH]DGRODQXPHUDFLyQGHVGHHOSULPHUSLVRKDVWDHO~OWLPRSLVR
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
$ ORV VLVWHPDV GH FRRUGHQDGDV LQGLFDGRV HQ OD ILJXUD WDQWR SDUD HO PRGHOR
L]TXLHUGD FRPR SDUD HO PRGHOR GHUHFKD 6H OHV YD D GHQRPLQDU VLVWHPD 4T GRQGH OD 4
UHSUHVHQWD HO YHFWRU GH FDUJDV JHQHUDOL]DGDV \ OD T UHSUHVHQWD HO YHFWRU GH FRRUGHQDGDV
JHQHUDOL]DGDV$JXLDU (OYHFWRUGHFDUJDVHVWiFRQIRUPDGRSRUODVIXHU]DV\PRPHQWRV
HQ FDPELR HO YHFWRU GH FRRUGHQDGDV HVWi FRQVWLWXLGR SRU ORV GHVSOD]DPLHQWRV \ JLURV 7RGR
HVWRHQFRRUGHQDGDVGHSLVR(OVHQWLGRSRVLWLYRGHOVLVWHPD4T HVHOLQGLFDGRHQODILJXUD
$1/,6,63/$12
3DUD HQFRQWUDU OD FXUYD GH FDSDFLGDG UHVLVWHQWH HVSDFLDO HV QHFHVDULR DQDOL]DU FDGD
XQR GH ORV SyUWLFRV HQ IRUPD DLVODGD \ HQFRQWUDU OD UHVSHFWLYD FXUYD GH FDSDFLGDG VtVPLFD
UHVLVWHQWHSHUR SDUDHO FDVRSODQRSDUDHOORVHSURFHGHUi FRPRVHLQGLFD HQODILJXUD8QD
YH]TXHVHWLHQHODFXUYDGHFDSDFLGDGVHHQFXHQWUDXQPRGHORELOLQHDOHTXLYDOHQWHDSOLFDQGR
DOJXQR GH ORV FULWHULRV H[LVWHQWHV 6H UHFRPLHQGD XWLOL]DU HO FULWHULR GH LJXDOHV iUHDV SDUD
HQFRQWUDUHO PRGHORELOLQHDO\HVSHFtILFDPHQWH HOSXQWRTXHGHILQHHOOtPLWHHOiVWLFRGHOSyUWLFR
TXHWLHQHXQGHVSOD]DPLHQWRGHIOXHQFLD d ty \XQFRUWDQWHGHIOXHQFLD v y
/DVSHQGLHQWHVGHOPRGHORELOLQHDOUHSUHVHQWDQODULJLGH]HOiVWLFD k e \GHSRVWIOXHQFLD
k p UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH3DUDILQHVGHH[SOLFDFLyQ VHGHQRPLQD k DODULJLGH]GHXQSyUWLFRSODQR
\ VH WHQGUi TXH k k e VL HO GHVSOD]DPLHQWR ODWHUDO Pi[LPR GHO SyUWLFR HV PHQRU D d ty FDVR
FRQWUDULR k k p (VWRSDUDHOPRGHOR
k ke Si dt d d ty
k kp Si d t ! d ty
Y
Q WH % D V D O 7 R Q
Y\
Y 7RQ
& R UWD
GW\ GW
GWP
Vi
ki
d i d i
kp
D
ke
Vi
ki K Si d t ! d ty
d i d i
(&8$&,21(6*(1(5$/(63$5$/26'2602'(/26
3DUDHOPRGHORHOYHFWRUGHFDUJDV Q WLHQHWUHVHOHPHQWRVHOSULPHURHVODIXHU]D
KRUL]RQWDO HQVHQWLGR ; TXHVHGHQRPLQD Fx HOVHJXQGRODIXHU]D KRUL]RQWDOHQ VHQWLGR<<
Fy \ HO 0RPHQWR 7RUVRU &XDQGR VH GHVHH REWHQHU OD FXUYD GH FDSDFLGDG UHVLVWHQWH FRQ
UHODFLyQDOHMH;~QLFDPHQWHWHQGUiYDORU Fx \ORVUHVWDQWHVYDORUHVGH Q VRQQXORV3DUDHO
FDVR HQ TXH VH GHVHH HQFRQWUDU OD FXUYD GH FDSDFLGDG FRQ UHODFLyQ DO HMH < OD FDQWLGDG
GLIHUHQWHGHFHURVHUi Fy
3DUD HO PRGHOR HO RUGHQ GHO YHFWRU GH FDUJDV Q HV LJXDO D PXOWLSOLFDGR SRU HO
1~PHUR GH 3LVRV 13 /DV SULPHUDV 13 ILODV FRUUHVSRQGHQ D ODV IXHU]DV KRUL]RQWDOHV D
DSOLFDUVH HQ FDGD XQR GH ORV SLVRV HQ VHQWLGR ; GH WDO PDQHUD TXH HVWDV WHQGUiQ YDORUHV
GLIHUHQWHVGHFHURVLHOREMHWLYRHVKDOODUODFXUYDGHFDSDFLGDG VtVPLFD UHVLVWHQWHHQVHQWLGR ;
ODV UHVWDQWHV ILODV GH Q VHUiQ FHUR /DV VLJXLHQWHV 13 ILODV FRUUHVSRQGHQ D ODV IXHU]DV
KRUL]RQWDOHV HQ VHQWLGR < TXH WHQGUiQ YDORUHV FXDQGR VH GHVHD HQFRQWUDU OD FXUYD GH
FDSDFLGDG VtVPLFDHQVHQWLGR<\ODVILQDOHV13ILODVVHUiQSDUDORVPRPHQWRVGHWRUVLyQTXH
SDUDHOFDVR TXHQRVLQWHUHVDTXHFRQVLVWHHQDSOLFDUOD7pFQLFDGHO3XVKRYHUVHUiQQXODV
Q KE q
YHFWRUGHFRRUGHQDGDV q QRVHORFRQRFH\VHORREWLHQHPHGLDQWHODVROXFLyQGHXQVLVWHPD
GHHFXDFLRQHVOLQHDOHV
3DUD HO FDVR SODQR VH KDEtD QRWDGR FRQ OD OHWUD d ORV GHVSOD]DPLHQWRV ODWHUDOHV GH
FDGD SLVR $JXLDU E HVWD QRWDFLyQ VH PDQWXYR KDVWD HO DSDUWDGR DQWHULRU $KRUD D ODV
FRRUGHQDGDV ODWHUDOHV GHSLVR VHYDQDGHQRPLQDUFRQODOHWUD p /DUHODFLyQTXH H[LVWHHQWUH
HO YHFWRU GH FRRUGHQDGDV GH SLVR q \ HO GHVSOD]DPLHQWR ODWHUDO GH XQ SyUWLFR p YLHQH GDGR
SRUHOYHFWRU GHFRPSDWLELOLGDGGHGHIRUPDFLyQ A GHODVLJXLHQWHPDQHUD
p A q
(Q IRUPD JHQHUDO HO SURFHGLPLHQWR GH DSOLFDFLyQ GH OD 7pFQLFD GHO 3XVKRYHU FRQ ORV
GRVPRGHORV TXHVHKDQSODQWHDGRHQHVWHFDStWXORHVHOVLJXLHQWH
6HGHWHUPLQDHOYHFWRUGHFDUJDVJHQHUDOL]DGDV Q
i
6H REWLHQH OD PDWUL]GH ULJLGH] GHFDGD SyUWLFR k SDUD HO PRGHOR WLHQH XQ VROR
HOHPHQWR HQ FDPELR SDUD HO PRGHOR HV GH RUGHQ 13[13 \ HV OD PDWUL] GH ULJLGH]
ODWHUDO
i
6HKDOODODPDWUL]GHFRPSDWLELOLGDGGHFDGDSyUWLFR A
6HHQFXHQWUDODPDWUL]GHULJLGH]HQFRRUGHQDGDVGHSLVR KE
n
KE A
i
i t
k i Ai
6H UHVXHOYH HO VLVWHPD GH HFXDFLRQHV LQGLFDGR HQ \ VH GHWHUPLQD ORV
GHVSOD]DPLHQWRV\JLURVHQFRRUGHQDGDVGHSLVR q
6HGHWHUPLQDORVGHVSOD]DPLHQWRVODWHUDOHVHQ FDGDSyUWLFR p PXOWLSOLFDQGRODPDWUL]
GH FRPSDWLELOLGDG GHO SyUWLFR SRU HO YHFWRU GH FRRUGHQDGDV GH SLVR HFXDFLyQ
3DUDHOPRGHORHOYHFWRU p WLHQHXQVRORHOHPHQWRHQFDPELRSDUD HOPRGHORHVWH
YHFWRUWLHQH13HOHPHQWRV
6H HQFXHQWUD HO GHVSOD]DPLHQWR Pi[LPR GHO YHFWRU p SDUD FRPSDUDUOR FRQ HO
GHVSOD]DPLHQWRGHIOXHQFLDGHOSyUWLFR d ty 6LHVPHQRU TXH d ty VHPDQWLHQHODPDWUL]
GHULJLGH]GHOHOHPHQWR\VLHVPD\RUVHFDPELDHVWD PDWUL]
6H FRQWLQ~DFRQ HO SURFHVR GH FiOFXOR LQFUHPHQWDQGR OD FDUJD ODWHUDO D DSOLFDUVH HQ
ODVFRRUGHQDGDVGHSLVR\VHUHSLWHHOSURFHVRGHFiOFXORKDVWDTXHXQSyUWLFROOHJXH
DOFRODSVR
'(6&5,3&,1'(/02'(/2
(Q OD ILJXUD VH WLHQH XQD HVWUXFWXUD HVSDFLDO FRPSXHVWD SRU FXDWUR SyUWLFRV 6H
GHQRPLQD D HOiQJXORTXHIRUPDODRULHQWDFLyQSRVLWLYDGHOSyUWLFR FRQUHODFLyQ DOHMH;3RU
RWUD SDUWH VH OODPD r OD GLVWDQFLD TXH H[LVWH GHO &0 DO SyUWLFR VHUi SRVLWLYR VL OD RULHQWDFLyQ
SRVLWLYDGHOSyUWLFR URWDFRQUHODFLyQDO&0HQIRUPDDQWLKRUDULD /DRULHQWDFLyQSRVLWLYDGHORV
SyUWLFRV HV DTXHOOD TXH HV SDUDOHOD D ORV HMHV ; < /D IRUPD GHO YHFWRU GHFRPSDWLELOLGDG GH
GHIRUPDFLRQHV A SDUDHOSyUWLFRLHVODVLJXLHQWH$JXLDU
)LJXUD 1RWDFLyQGHORVHMHVGHFRRUGHQDGDVGHSLVR\ODRULHQWDFLyQSRVLWLYDGHORV
SyUWLFRV
/DPDWUL]GHULJLGH] KE VHREWHQGUiGHOVLJXLHQWHWULSOHSURGXFWRPDWULFLDO
n
KE A
i
i t
k i Ai
GRQGHQHVHOQ~PHURGHSyUWLFRVGHODHVWUXFWXUD/DPDWUL] KE YDFDPELDQGRGHDFXHUGRDO
GHVSOD]DPLHQWR ODWHUDO GH FDGD SyUWLFR LQLFLDOPHQWH WRGRV ORV SyUWLFRV WUDEDMDQ FRQ OD ULJLGH]
HOiVWLFD k e SHURGHVSXpVGHDFXHUGRDFRPRYDQLQJUHVDQGR DOUDQJRQROLQHDOFDPELDQ VX
ULJLGH]D k p (OFiOFXORVHYDUHDOL]DQGRHQIRUPDLQFUHPHQWDODSOLFDQGRFDUJDVKRUL]RQWDOHV
HQHO&0 KDVWDOOHYDUDOFRODSVRDODHVWUXFWXUD
(MHPSORQ~PHUR
6HGHVHDHQFRQWUDUODFXUYDGHFDSDFLGDGUHVLVWHQWHHQVHQWLGR;GHODHVWUXFWXUD GH
FLQFRSLVRVFX\DFRQILJXUDFLyQHQSODQWDVHLQGLFDHQODILJXUD3RUIDFLOLGDGFDGDXQRGH
ORV SyUWLFRV VH FRQVLGHUD TXH WLHQHQ LJXDO UHVLVWHQFLD WDQWR HQ VHQWLGR ; FRPR HQ VHQWLGR <
/RVYDORUHVTXHGHILQHQDOPRGHORELOLQHDOGHXQRGHORVSyUWLFRVVHLQGLFDQHQODWDEOD
7DEOD 'DWRVGHOPRGHORELOLQHDOGHXQSyUWLFRWLSRGHODHVWUXFWXUDGHODILJXUD
3XQWRGH)OXHQFLD 5LJLGH](OiVWLFD 5LJLGH]3RVW)OXHQFLD
d ty vy ke kp
P 7 7P 7P
(Q OD ILJXUD VH LQGLFD HO &0 TXH GLFKR VHD GH SDVR FRLQFLGH FRQ HO FHQWUR GH
JUDYHGDG GH OD SODQWD SDUD HO HMHPSOR 6H LQGLFDQ DGHPiV ORV WUHV JUDGRV GH OLEHUWDG
FRQVLGHUDGRV
&RQUHVSHFWRDO&0HQOD7DEODVHLQGLFDQODGLVWDQFLDDFDGDXQRGHORV SyUWLFRV
\HOiQJXOR D TXH VLUYH HQSULPHUOXJDU SDUD GHWHUPLQDUHOYHFWRU$GHFDGDSyUWLFR\OXHJROD
PDWUL]GHULJLGH] KE
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
&RQORVGDWRVLQGLFDGRVHQODVWDEODV\VHREWLHQHODVLJXLHQWHPDWUL]GHULJLGH]
$O DSOLFDU XQD IXHU]D KRUL]RQWDO HQ VHQWLGR ; GH 7 OD HVWUXFWXUD VH GHVSOD]D
P HQ VHQWLGR ; QR VH GHVSOD]D HQ VHQWLGR < QL URWD /D VROXFLyQ GHO VLVWHPD GH
HFXDFLRQHVDUHVROYHUSDUDHQFRQWUDUORVGHVSOD]DPLHQWRVHVODVLJXLHQWH
/RVSyUWLFRV \VHPXHYHQH[DFWDPHQWHORPLVPRP3RUORVGDWRV
GHOHMHUFLFLRODULJLGH]HOiVWLFDVHPDQWLHQH FRQVWDQWHKDVWDWHQHUXQGHVSOD]DPLHQWRODWHUDOGH
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
P&RPRVHHVWiWUDEDMDQGRHQHOUDQJRHOiVWLFRVHREWLHQHGLUHFWDPHQWHPHGLDQWHXQD
UHJODGHWUHVODIXHU]DKRUL]RQWDO FRQODFXDO VHOOHJDDOGHVSOD]DPLHQWR GHIOXHQFLD(VWDIXHU]D
HVGH 7$ODSOLFDUGLFKDIXHU]DVHHQFXHQWUDQ ORVVLJXLHQWHVGHVSOD]DPLHQWRV\JLUR
$O DSOLFDU XQD FDUJD GH 7 HQ HO UDQJR LQHOiVWLFR VH WLHQH DKRUD TXH HO
GHVSOD]DPLHQWRKRUL]RQWDOHQVHQWLGR;HVGH P3URFHGLHQGR GHLJXDOPDQHUD TXHHO
FDVRHOiVWLFRODIXHU]DFRQODTXHVHOOHJDDOFRODSVRHVGH7
(Q OD ILJXUD VH LQGLFD OD FXUYD GH FDSDFLGDG UHVLVWHQWH GH OD HVWUXFWXUD GH FLQFR
SLVRV TXH VH KD DQDOL]DGR 6H GHVWDFD TXH FRPR VH WUDEDMy FRQ PRGHORV ELOLQHDOHV SDUD OD
FDSDFLGDG UHVLVWHQWHGHORVSyUWLFRVWDPELpQ VH KD REWHQLGRXQ PRGHORELOLQHDO(QUHDOLGDGHV
XQDFXUYDTXHVHDSUR[LPDEDVWDQWHDOPRGHORLQGLFDGRHQODILJXUD
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
(MHPSORQ~PHUR
(QFRQWUDU OD FXUYD GH FDSDFLGDG VtVPLFD UHVLVWHQWH HQ VHQWLGR < GH OD HVWUXFWXUD
LQGLFDGDHQODILJXUDTXHFRUUHVSRQGHDXQDHGLILFDFLyQGH SLVRV VLODULJLGH]HOiVWLFD H
LQHOiVWLFD DO LJXDO TXH ORV GHVSOD]DPLHQWRV GH IOXHQFLD \ GH FRODSVR GH FDGD SyUWLFR VRQ ORV
LQGLFDGRVHQ ODWDEOD ([DPHQ WRPDGRDORVDOXPQRVGH9,,,1LYHOGH,QJHQLHUtD&LYLO HO
GH(QHURGH
$ %
&0
P
)LJXUD 'HVFULSFLyQGHODHVWUXFWXUDGHSLVRVHLGHQWLILFDFLyQGHORVSyUWLFRV
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
7DEOD 3DUiPHWURVTXHGHILQHQHOPRGHORELOLQHDOGHODFXUYDGHFDSDFLGDGVtVPLFDUHVLVWHQWH
3yUWLFR k k d d
e p ty tu
7P 7P P P
$
%
7DEOD 0DWUL]GHFRPSDWLELOLGDGGHORVSyUWLFRV
3yUWLFR D r Ai
A > @
A
> @
$ A A
> @
% A B
> @
3DUDHOUDQJRHOiVWLFRODPDWUL]GHULJLGH]UHVXOWD
KE
1yWHVH TXH HO WpUPLQR KE HV LJXDO D OD VXPD GH OD ULJLGH] GH ORV SyUWLFRV HQ
VHQWLGR ; HOWpUPLQR KE HV LJXDO D ODVXPD GH ODULJLGH] GH ORV SyUWLFRV HQ VHQWLGR <
)LQDOPHQWHHOWpUPLQR KE HVLJXDODODVXPDGHOSURGXFWR r SRUODUHVSHFWLYDULJLGH]$O
DSOLFDUXQDFDUJDGH7HQVHQWLGR<ORVGHVSOD]DPLHQWRVTXH VHREWLHQHQ VRQ
(O GHVSOD]DPLHQWR GH IOXHQFLD GH ORV SyUWLFRV HQ VHQWLGR < HV (Q FRQVHFXHQFLD
SDUD DOFDQ]DU HVWH YDORU VH GHEH DSOLFDU XQD IXHU]D ODWHUDO GH 7 /D PLVPD TXH VH
REWLHQHGLYLGLHQGRSDUD$ODSOLFDUHVWDIXHU]DVHWLHQH
/XHJR DVRFLDGR DO FRUWDQWH EDVDO GH 7 HO GHVSOD]DPLHQWR ODWHUDO Pi[LPR HV
P(OGHVSOD]DPLHQWR GHFRODSVRGHODHVWUXFWXUDHVP3RUORWDQWRSXHGHLQFXUVLRQDU
HQHOUDQJRLQHOiVWLFRP3DUDHOUDQJRLQHOiVWLFRODULJLGH]GHORVSyUWLFRVHQVHQWLGR;VH
PDQWLHQHORTXHFDPELDHVODULJLGH]HQVHQWLGR</DQXHYDPDWUL] GHULJLGH] VHUi
KE
$KRUDDODSOLFDUODIXHU]DGH7HQVHQWLGR<HOGHVSOD]DPLHQWRODWHUDOTXH VH REWLHQH
HV\SDUDOOHJDUDOFRODSVRODIXHU]DTXH VHGHEHDSOLFDUHV7
(O FRUWDQWH EDVDO DFXPXODGR HV 7 \ HO GHVSOD]DPLHQWR ODWHUDO DVRFLDGR HV
P(QODILJXUDVHLQGLFDODUHVSHFWLYDFXUYDGHFDSDFLGDGHQVHQWLGR<
)LJXUD &XUYDGH&DSDFLGDG6tVPLFD5HVLVWHQWHHQ6HQWLGR<GH(MHPSOR1
3URJUDPD(63$&,$/
3DUDHQFRQWUDUODFXUYDGHFDSDFLGDG UHVLVWHQWHHQIRUPDHVSDFLDOSDUDHO0RGHORD
SDUWLUGHODVFXUYDVGHFDSDFLGDGGHORVPRGHORVELOLQHDOHVGHORVSyUWLFRV6HKDGHVDUUROODGR
XQ SURJUDPD GH FRPSXWDFLyQ GHQRPLQDGR (63$&,$/ 3DUD XVDU HVWH SURJUDPD VH GHEH
SUHSDUDUHODUFKLYRGHGDWRVFRQHOVLJXLHQWHIRUPDWR
x 7tWXORGHOSUREOHPD
6HGLVSRQHGHFDUDFWHUHVDOIDQXPpULFRVSDUDLGHQWLILFDUHOSUREOHPD
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
x 'DWRV*HQHUDOHVGHOHGLILFLRIRUPDWROLEUH
x 'DWRVGHORVSyUWLFRVIRUPDWROLEUH3ULPHURLQGLFDU ORVGDWRVGHORVSyUWLFRVHQ;
OLEUH D QJXORTXHIRUPDODRULHQWDFLyQSRVLWLYDGHOSyUWLFRFRQHOHMH;
OLEUH r 'LVWDQFLDGHO&HQWURGH0DVDDOSyUWLFR3RVLWLYRVLODRULHQWDFLyQSRVLWLYDURWD
FRQUHVSHFWRDO&HQWURGH0DVDHQIRUPDDQWLKRUDULR
OLEUH k e 5LJLGH]HOiVWLFDGHOSyUWLFR
OLEUH k p 5LJLGH]SRVWIOXHQFLDGHOSyUWLFR
OLEUH d ty 'HVSOD]DPLHQWRGHIOXHQFLDGHOSyUWLFR
OLEUH d tu 'HVSOD]DPLHQWRDVRFLDGR DOFRODSVRGHOSyUWLFR
x )XHU]DHVWiWLFDDDSOLFDUHQFDGDFLFORGHFDUJDIRUPDWROLEUH
(ODUFKLYRGHGDWRVSDUDODHVWUXFWXUDGHO(MHPSOR1HVODVLJXLHQWH
x $UFKLYRGHGDWRVSDUDHMHPSOR
386+29(5(63$&,$/'(81(',),&,2'(3,626(-(03/2
(OSURJUDPD(63$&,$/IRUPDSDUWHGHOVLVWHPDGHFRPSXWDFLyQ &(,1&,TXHDQDOL]D
HOGHVHPSHxRVtVPLFRGHHVWUXFWXUDVHQWUHVGLPHQVLRQHV
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
'(6&5,3&,1'(/02'(/2
4T 3S
n
KE A
i
i t
KL i A i
i
GRQGH Q HV HO Q~PHUR GH SyUWLFRV GH OD HVWUXFWXUD HOHPHQWRV A HV OD PDWUL] GH
FRPSDWLELOLGDG GHO SyUWLFR L TXH UHODFLRQD ODV FRRUGHQDGDV ODWHUDOHV GH XQ SyUWLFR FRQ ODV
FRRUGHQDGDV GHSLVRGHODHVWUXFWXUD/DIRUPDGHODPDWUL] A i HVODVLJXLHQWH
CosD SenD r
CosD SenD r
A i
CosD SenD rn
k k k
k k k k
i
KL k k k k
kn k n
(MHPSOR1~PHUR
6HGHVHDHQFRQWUDUODFXUYDGHFDSDFLGDGUHVLVWHQWHHQVHQWLGR;GHODHVWUXFWXUD GH
FLQFR SLVRV UHVXHOWD HQ HO (MHPSOR 1~PHUR FX\D FRQILJXUDFLyQ HQ SODQWD VH LQGLFD HQ OD
ILJXUD GRQGH VH PXHVWUD WDPELpQ OD RULHQWDFLyQ SRVLWLYD GH ORV SyUWLFRV /RV YDORUHV TXH
GHILQHQ DO PRGHOR ELOLQHDO GH XQR GH ORV SyUWLFRV VRQ ORV GH OD WDEOD 3RU RWUR ODGR HQ OD
WDEOD VH SUHVHQWDQ ODV ULJLGH] GH FDGD XQR GH ORV SLVRV SDUD HO UDQJR HOiVWLFR \ SDUD HO
UDQJRSOiVWLFRFRQORVTXHVHUHVXHOYH HOHMHUFLFLR(OGHVSOD]DPLHQWRGHFRODSVRVHHVWDEOHFH
HQPTXHHTXLYDOHDOGHODDOWXUDWRWDOGHOHGLILFLR
7DEOD 5LJLGH]GH3LVRSDUDHOUDQJRHOiVWLFRHLQHOiVWLFRGHHMHPSORQ~PHUR
k k k k k
(OiVWLFD
,QHOiVWLFD
(QODILJXUDVHPXHVWUDODRULHQWDFLyQSRVLWLYDGHORVSyUWLFRVHQEDVHDODFXDOVH
REWLHQHQODPDWUL]GHFRPSDWLELOLGDGGH FDGDXQR GH HOORV$PDQHUD GH HMHPSORVHLQGLFDHVWD
PDWUL]SDUDHOSyUWLFR\SDUDHOSyUWLFR$
A
3DUDORVSyUWLFRV\OR~QLFRTXHFDPELDHVHOYDORUGHUGHTXHVHWLHQHSDUDHO
SyUWLFRD\UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
2ULHQWDFLyQ
3RVLWLYD
\
[
&0
)LJXUD 'HVFULSFLyQHQSODQWDGHODHVWUXFWXUDGHSLVRVGHOHMHPSOR
A A
'H LJXDO PDQHUD SDUD ORV SyUWLFRV % & \ ' OD PDWUL] A VH PDQWLHQH LJXDO D OD GHO
SyUWLFR$FRQODDFRWDFLyQGHTXHFDPELDQORVYDORUHVGH r SRU\UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH
/D PDWUL] KL HV OD PLVPD SDUD WRGRV ORV SyUWLFRV \ HV OD TXH VH PXHVWUD D
FRQWLQXDFLyQSDUDHOUDQJR HOiVWLFR
K L i
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
$OUHDOL]DUHOWULSOHSURGXFWRPDWULFLDO\ODVXPDWRULDUHVSHFWLYD VH REWLHQHODPDWUL] GH
ULJLGH] KE TXH UHVXOWD GH ; 3RU IDOWD GH HVSDFLR VH HVFULEH D FRQWLQXDFLyQ DOJXQRV
HOHPHQWRVGHHVWDPDWUL]GHULJLGH]
KE
6HDSOLFDXQDGLVWULEXFLyQ GHFDUJDVOLQHDOHQODHVWUXFWXUDFRQXQYDORUGH7HQHO
SULPHU SLVR 7 HQ HOVHJXQGR 7 HQ HO WHUFHUR 7HQ HOFXDUWR \ 7 HQ HO~OWLPR
SLVR GH WDO PDQHUD TXH HO FRUWDQWH EDVDO HV 7 HVWH HV XQ YDORU PX\ DOWR SHUR SDUD
UHVROYHUORPDQXDOPHQWHHVDGHFXDGR(OYHFWRUGHFDUJDVWUDQVSXHVWRUHVXOWD
$OUHVROYHUHOVLVWHPDGHHFXDFLRQHVOLQHDOHVTXHUHODFLRQDHOYHFWRUGHFDUJDV Q FRQ
HO YHFWRU GH FRRUGHQDGDV q PHGLDQWH OD PDWUL] GH ULJLGH] KE VH REWLHQH HO YHFWRU q TXH
UHVXOWD
p p p p
(O GHVSOD]DPLHQWR ODWHUDO Pi[LPR HQ XQ SyUWLFR WLSR HQ VHQWLGR ; HV
m cm (Q ORV SURJUDPDV GH FRPSXWDFLyQ HO FiOFXOR VH UHDOL]D HQ IRUPD
LQFUHPHQWDO GH WDO PDQHUD TXH VH YROYHUtD D DSOLFDU ODV PLVPDV IXHU]DV ODWHUDOHV HQ
FRRUGHQDGDV GHSLVR\VHHQFRQWUDUtDORVPLVPRV GHVSOD]DPLHQWRV ODWHUDOHV ORVPLVPRVTXHVH
YDQVXPDQGR(VWHSURFHGLPLHQWRSXHGHVLPSOLILFDUVHFRQHOVLJXLHQWH UD]RQDPLHQWR
$ODSOLFDUIXHU]DVODWHUDOHVTXHGDQXQFRUWDQWHEDVDO GH7WRGRVORVSyUWLFRVWLHQHQ
XQ FRUULPLHQWR HQ HO WRSH GH P SRU ORV GDWRV GHO HMHUFLFLR OD ULJLGH] HOiVWLFD VH
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
PDQWLHQH FRQVWDQWH KDVWD WHQHU XQ GHVSOD]DPLHQWR ODWHUDO GH P &RPR VH HVWi
WUDEDMDQGR HQHOUDQJRHOiVWLFRSRUPHGLRGHXQD VLPSOH UHJOD GHVHSXHGHGHWHUPLQDU FXDO
HVODIXHU]DKRUL]RQWDOFRQODTXHVHOOHJDDOGHVSOD]DPLHQWRGHIOXHQFLD
T o
Vy o
'H GRQGH V y T (Q EDVH D HVWH FRUWDQWH VH KDOOD ODV IXHU]DV ODWHUDOHV TXH
VH GHEHQ DSOLFDUHQ FDGD SLVRSDUDTXHODHVWUXFWXUDLQJUHVHDOUDQJRQROLQHDO3DUDHOHIHFWR
ODVIXHU]DVODWHUDOHVLQLFLDOHV VHGHEHQ PXOWLSOLFDU SRU f V y V (Q
OD ILJXUD VH LOXVWUDQ ODV FDUJDV ODWHUDOHV TXH VH DSOLFDQ FRQ ODV FXDOHV VH REWLHQH XQ
GHVSOD]DPLHQWRODWHUDOGHP
8QD YH] TXH VH DOFDQ]D HO SXQWR GH IOXHQFLD HQ ORV SyUWLFRV VH FDPELD OD PDWUL] GH
ULJLGH] ODWHUDO TXH SDUD HO SUHVHQWH FDVR VH HQFXHQWUD PXOWLSOLFDQGR OD PDWUL] GH ULJLGH]
DQRWDGDSRU K (VWHFDPELR GHODULJLGH]ODWHUDO KL FRQGXFHDXQ FDPELRGHODPDWUL]
GH ULJLGH] HQ FRRUGHQDGDV GH SLVR KE FRQ OR FXDO VH SURFHGH FRQ HO FiOFXOR (V GHFLU VH
YXHOYHDDSOLFDUIXHU]DVODWHUDOHVGH7HQHOSULPHUSLVR7HQHOVHJXQGRSLVRKDVWDXQ
YDORUGH7HQHO~OWLPRSLVR(OYHFWRU q TXHVHREWLHQHSDUDHOUDQJRLQHOiVWLFRHV
'H DFXHUGR D ORV GDWRV GHO HMHPSOR HO GHVSOD]DPLHQWR GH FRODSVR HV P \ HO GH
IOXHQFLDHV P(QFRQVHFXHQFLD ODHVWUXFWXUD SXHGHLQFXUVLRQDUHQHOUDQJRQROLQHDO OD
GLIHUHQFLDGHHVWRVGRVYDORUHVTXHUHVXOWDP
1XHYDPHQWH VH GHEH UHDOL]DU XQD UHJOD GH WUHV SDUD HQFRQWUDU ODV IXHU]DV TXH GHEHQ
DSOLFDUVH HQ HOUDQJRLQHOiVWLFRSDUDOOHYDUODHVWUXFWXUD DO FRODSVR3DUDHVWR VH GHEHUD]RQDU
GH OD VLJXLHQWH PDQHUD &RQ XQ FRUWDQWH EDVDO GH 7 VH WLHQH XQ GHVSOD]DPLHQWR ODWHUDO
Pi[LPRGH FPTXH FRUWDQWHGHEHDSOLFDUVH SDUDWHQHUXQGHVSOD]DPLHQWRODWHUDOPi[LPR
GH FP(VWHFRUWDQWHUHVXOWD7/D GLVWULEXFLyQGHIXHU]DV DVRFLDGRDHVWH FRUWDQWH
VHLQGLFDHQODILJXUD
/RV GHVSOD]DPLHQWRV ODWHUDOHV TXH VH HQFXHQWUDQ HQ HO UDQJR LQHOiVWLFR SDUD OD
GLVWULEXFLyQGHIXHU]DVLQGLFDGDVHQODILJXUDVRQ
(Q OD ILJXUD VH LQGLFD OD FXUYD GH FDSDFLGDG VtVPLFD UHVLVWHQWH TXH VH KD
HQFRQWUDGRHQHOSUHVHQWHHMHPSOROD PLVPDTXH VHFRPSDUD FRQODREWHQLGDHQHOHMHPSOR
FXDQGR VHFRQVLGHUDXQPRGHORGHJUDGRVGHOLEHUWDGHQWRWDO
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
x 7tWXORGHOSUREOHPD
6HGLVSRQHGHFDUDFWHUHVDOIDQXPpULFRVSDUDLGHQWLILFDUHOSUREOHPD
x 'DWRV*HQHUDOHVGHOHGLILFLRIRUPDWROLEUH
x 'DWRV GH ORV SyUWLFRV IRUPDWR OLEUH +DEUi WDQWRV JUXSRV GH GDWRV FRPR SyUWLFRV VH
WHQJD
OLEUH k 5LJLGH]GHOSLVR
OLEUH k 5LJLGH]GHSLVR HWF$VtKDVWDHO~OWLPRSLVRQ HQTXH
GHEHUiLQGLFDUDGHPiVODVLJXLHQWHLQIRUPDFLyQ
OLEUH k n d ty k p k e 5LJLGH]GHOXOWLPRSLVRGHVSOD]DPLHQWR GH IOXHQFLD
ULJLGH] SOiVWLFD \ ULJLGH] HOiVWLFD (VWRV WUHV ~OWLPRV
GDWRV VHREWHQGUiQGHOPRGHORELOLQHDOGHOSyUWLFR
OLEUH D $QJXOR TXHIRUPDODRULHQWDFLyQSRVLWLYD GHOSyUWLFR FRQ
HOHMH;
OLEUH r 'LVWDQFLD GHO &0DOSyUWLFR HQHOSLVR
OLEUH r 'LVWDQFLDGHO&0DOSyUWLFR HQHOSLVR HWF+DVWD HO
SLVRQ
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
OLEUH ,&2' 6L VH GHVHD OD FXUYD GH FDSDFLGDG FRQ UHVSHFWR DO HMH ; FDVR
FRQWUDULR,&2' SDUD FRQUHVSHFWRDOHMH<
OLEUH F )XHU]DKRUL]RQWDOHQHOSULPHUSLVRDSOLFDGDHQHO&0
OLEUH F )XHU]D KRUL]RQWDOHQHOSULPHUSLVRDSOLFDGD HQ HO &0
OLEUH
OLEUH Fn )XHU]DKRUL]RQWDOHQHO~OWLPRSLVR
(ODUFKLYRGHGDWRVSDUDODHVWUXFWXUD GHO(MHPSOR1HVODVLJXLHQWH
x $UFKLYRGHGDWRVSDUDHMHPSOR
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
&RQ HO SURSyVLWR GH FRPSDUDU ODV FXUYDV GH FDSDFLGDG UHVLVWHQWH VtVPLFD TXH VH
REWLHQHQ FRQ ORV PRGHORV \SUHVHQWDGRVHQpVWHFDStWXOR FRQODVTXH UHSRUWDHOSURJUDPD
5XDXPRNRGHVDUUROODGR SRU&DUUHQOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH&DQWHUEXU\HQ1XHYD=HODQGD VH
KDQ DQDOL]DGR HGLILFLRV GH SLVRV FX\D SODQWD GH LQGLFDQ HQ OD ILJXUD (VWRV HGLILFLRV
WLHQHQGLIHUHQWHVVHFFLRQHVGHFROXPQDV\HVWiQGHVFULWRVHQ$JXLDUHWDO
)LJXUD 'LVWULEXFLyQHQSODQWDSDUDORVHGLILFLRV\
(Q OD ILJXUD VH FRPSDUDQ ODV FXUYDV GH FDSDFLGDG VtVPLFD UHVLVWHQWH D OD
L]TXLHUGD VH SUHVHQWDQSDUDODGLUHFFLyQ ; \ D ODGHUHFKDSDUDODGLUHFFLyQ<6HDSUHFLD TXH
HQ ORV WUHV HGLILFLRV HO PRGHOR TXH FRQVLGHUD WUHV JUDGRV GH OLEHUWDG UHSRUWD FXUYDV GH
FDSDFLGDG UHVLVWHQWHPD\RUHVDODVTXHVHREWLHQHQFRQHOPRGHOR
3RURWUDSDUWHVHREVHUYDTXHODVFXUYDVGHFDSDFLGDGUHVLVWHQWHTXHVHREWLHQHQFRQ
HOSURJUDPD 5XDXPRNR VRQVHPHMDQWHVDODVTXHVHREWLHQHQ FRQ ORVPRGHORV\&RQHO
PRGHORHV PHMRUODDSUR[LPDFLyQ
&(1752'(5(6,67(1&,$
3RUHVWHPRWLYRHQOXJDUGHWUDEDMDUFRQHO&HQWURGH5LJLGH]HVFRQYHQLHQWHWUDEDMDU
FRQHO&HQWURGH5HVLVWHQFLD &5HVSHFLDOPHQWHSDUDHYDOXDUORVHIHFWRVGHWRUVLyQ3DUDHOOR
VH DFRVWXPEUD WUDEDMDU FRQ XQ PRGHOR HOiVWR SHUIHFWDPHQWH SOiVWLFR SDUD GHILQLU OD FXUYD GH
FDSDFLGDGUHVLVWHQWHGHORVSyUWLFRV(VGHFLU FRQXQPRGHOR HQ HOFXDOODULJLGH]SRVWIOXHQFLD
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
(GLILFLR
(GLILFLR
(GLILFLR
)LJXUD &RPSDUDFLyQGH&XUYDVGH&DSDFLGDG6tVPLFD5HVLVWHQWH
(O &5HVHOSXQWRHQHOFXDOVHFRQVLGHUD FRQFHQWUDGDWRGDODUHVLVWHQFLDGHOHGLILFLR
3DUDORVHMHPSORV \HO&5 FRLQFLGHFRQHO&0 SRUTXHWRGRVORVSyUWLFRV WLHQHQ OD PLVPD
UHVLVWHQFLD $KRUD D PDQHUD GH HMHPSOR VH GHVHD FDOFXODU HO &HQWUR GH 5HVLVWHQFLD SDUD OD
HVWUXFWXUD GHSLVRVGHODILJXUDHQODTXHVHKDUHGXFLGRODUHVLVWHQFLDGHORVSyUWLFRV
$\DODPLWDG
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
(O &5 VH GHWHUPLQD KDFLHQGR HTXLOLEULR GH IXHU]DV \ PRPHQWRV HQ FDGD XQD GH ODV
GLUHFFLRQHV3DUDHOVHQWLGR;VHWLHQH
)LJXUD 5HVLVWHQFLDGHSyUWLFRV\HVWUXFWXUDGHHMHPSOR6HGHVWDFDDGHPiVXELFDFLyQ
GH&HQWURGH0DVDV&0\&HQWURGH5HVLVWHQFLD&5
(6758&785$6&21(;&(175,&,'$''(5(6,67(1&,$
(Q OD ILJXUD VHSUHVHQWDQGRVFXUYDVGHFDSDFLGDGUHVLVWHQWHGHORVHMHPSORV\
ODXQD FRUUHVSRQGHDOD HVWUXFWXUD FX\RVSyUWLFRVWLHQHQLJXDOUHVLVWHQFLDHMHPSOR\ODGH
PiV DEDMRDODHVWUXFWXUDHQODFXDOHOSyUWLFR \ HO SyUWLFR $ WLHQHQ OD PLWDG GH OD UHVLVWHQFLD
GH ORV RWURV SyUWLFRV6HDSUHFLDTXHODUHGXFFLyQGHUHVLVWHQFLD QRHVHQODPLVPDSURSRUFLyQ
HQ UHODFLyQ D OD GHO SyUWLFR /D UHGXFFLyQ TXH VH REVHUYD HQ OD ILJXUD HV PD\RU D OD
UHGXFFLyQ GHUHVLVWHQFLDGHOSyUWLFRHVWRVHGHEHDODWRUVLyQ
(QODILJXUDVHDSUHFLDTXHHOSyUWLFRPiVGpELO HQVHQWLGR;HVHO\HQVHQWLGR<
HV HO $ 6RQ ORV SyUWLFRV GpELOHV ORV TXH PiV YDQ D LQFXUVLRQDU HQ HO UDQJR QR OLQHDO \
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
FRQVLJXLHQWHPHQWH YDQ D H[SHULPHQWDU PiV GDxR (Q OD ILJXUD VH SUHVHQWD ORV
GHVSOD]DPLHQWRV ODWHUDOHV HQ FDGD SyUWLFR YV HO FRUWDQWH EDVDO GH WRGD OD HVWUXFWXUD $Kt VH
DSUHFLDTXHHOSyUWLFRHVHOTXHPiVVHGHVSOD]D\HOTXHPHQRVVHGHVSOD]D ODWHUDOPHQWH HV
HO ODV GRV FXUYDV LQWHUPHGLDV FRUUHVSRQGHQ D ORV SyUWLFRV \ (VWR HV PX\ LPSRUWDQWH
WHQHUORSUHVHQWH\DTXHODGHPDQGDGHGXFWLOLGDGGHOSyUWLFRVHUiPD\RUTXHODGHPDQGDGH
GXFWLOLGDGGHOSyUWLFR
)LJXUD &XUYDVGHFDSDFLGDGUHVLVWHQWHGHODVHVWUXFWXUDVGHORVHMHPSORVXQRHQTXHWRGRVORV
SyUWLFRVWLHQHQODPLVPDUHVLVWHQFLD \GRVHQTXHXQSyUWLFRWLHQHODPLWDGGHUHVLVWHQFLD
(QODHVWUXFWXUDGHOHMHPSORHQTXHODUHVLVWHQFLDHUDLJXDOHQWRGRVORVSyUWLFRVORV
GHVSOD]DPLHQWRV ODWHUDOHV GH ORV SyUWLFRV HUDQ LJXDOHV OR TXH QR VXFHGH FXDQGR H[LVWH
H[FHQWULFLGDG SRU UHVLVWHQFLD
(Q OD ILJXUD VH SUHVHQWD XQD QXHYD HVWUXFWXUD HQ OD TXH VH KD PRGLILFDGR OD
UHVLVWHQFLDGHORVSyUWLFRV\DODPLWDGGHOD UHVLVWHQFLD GHORVSyUWLFRV\(QHOVHQWLGR
SHUSHQGLFXODUWDPELpQVH KDPRGLILFDGRODUHVLVWHQFLDGHORVSyUWLFRV$\%DODPLWDGGHOD GH
ORVSyUWLFRV &\'(QOD ILJXUD VHLQGLFDQODV UHVLVWHQFLDV GHFDGDXQR GHORVSyUWLFRV \
WDPELpQ VH DSUHFLD TXH HO FHQWUR GH UHVLVWHQFLD HQ HVWH FDVR WLHQH XQD H[FHQWULFLGDG
e x m \ XQD H[FHQWULFLGDG e y m 6H GHILQH E x D OD UHODFLyQ HQWUH OD
H[FHQWULFLGDGHQVHQWLGR;FRQUHODFLyQDODGLPHQVLyQWRWDODOJRVLPLODUVHWLHQHFRQ E y 3DUD
HOHMHPSORVHWLHQHTXH Ex Ey
ex ey
Ex Ey
Bx By
3RU RWUD SDUWH HQ OD ILJXUD VH PXHVWUDQ ORV GHVSOD]DPLHQWRV ODWHUDOHV HQ ORV
SyUWLFRV D YV HO FRUWDQWH EDVDO SDUD OD HVWUXFWXUD GHO HMHPSOR (Q OD HVWUXFWXUD GHO
HMHPSORHOYDORUGH E x E y \HQODHVWUXFWXUDGHOHMHPSOR E x E y (O
YDORUGH E HVPD\RU\FRQVHFXHQWHPHQWHHOHIHFWRWRUVLRQDQWH HV PiVLPSRUWDQWHGHDKtTXH
ODGLIHUHQFLD GHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRVODWHUDOHVHQORV SyUWLFRV HV PD\RUHQODHVWUXFWXUDGHOHMHPSOR
TXHHQODHVWUXFWXUDGHOHMHPSOR
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
)LJXUD &XUYDVGH&DSDFLGDG5HVLVWHQWHGHODVHVWUXFWXUDVGHORVHMHPSORV\
)LJXUD'HVSOD]DPLHQWRVODWHUDOHVHQORVSyUWLFRVSDUDHVWUXFWXUDFRQ E
&5,7(5,263$5$2%7(1(5(/02'(/2%,/,1($/
([LVWHQ YDULRV FULWHULRV SDUD HQFRQWUDU HO PRGHOR ELOLQHDO GH OD FXUYD GH FDSDFLGDG
UHVLVWHQWH FRQHOTXHVHGHWHUPLQDHOSXQWRHQHOFXDOODHVWUXFWXUDGHMDGHWUDEDMDUHQHOUDQJR
HOiVWLFRHLQLFLDVXWUDEDMR HQHOUDQJRQROLQHDO$HVWHSXQWRVHGHQRPLQDSXQWRGHIOXHQFLDGH
ODHVWUXFWXUD
(QIRUPDPX\FRQVHUYDGRUDVHSXHGHLQGLFDUTXHHOSXQWRGHIOXHQFLDGHODHVWUXFWXUD
VHDOFDQ]D FXDQGRDOJXQDVHFFLyQGHODPLVPDLQJUHVDDOUDQJRQROLQHDOSDUDHOHIHFWREDVWD
TXH HQ HO DQiOLVLV FRQ HO SXVKRYHU VH GHWHUPLQH FXDQGR DOJXQD VHFFLyQ DOFDQ]y HO SXQWR GH
IOXHQFLD(QUHDOLGDGHVWR VHUtDXQD FRWDLQIHULRU GH V y 6HGHVWDFD TXHHOSXQWR GHIOXHQFLDDO
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
DSOLFDUFXDOTXLHUDGHORVFULWHULRVTXHVHH[SOLFDQDFRQWLQXDFLyQ QRGHEHHVWDUGLVWDQWHGHHVWH
SXQWRTXHVHKDGHQRPLQDGRFRWDLQIHULRU
x &ULWHULRGHOD5LJLGH]7DQJHQWH+RUL]RQWDO
x &ULWHULRGHODV5LJLGHFHV7DQJHQWHV
x &ULWHULRGHODVUHDV,JXDOHV
x $MXVWHSRU0tQLPRV&XDGUDGRV
&ULWHULRGHOD5LJLGH]7DQJHQWH+RUL]RQWDO
(Q HVWH FULWHULR VH WUD]D OD WDQJHQWH D OD FXUYD GH FDSDFLGDG UHVLVWHQWH HQ HO UDQJR
HOiVWLFR OXHJR VH WUD]D XQD KRUL]RQWDO HQ HO SXQWR GH &RUWDQWH %DVDO Vu FRPR OR LQGLFD OD
ILJXUDODLQWHUVHFFLyQ GHHVWDVGRV UHFWDVGHILQHQHOSXQWR Dty
)LQDOPHQWH DO LQJUHVDU FRQ HO YDORU GH Dty D OD FXUYD GH FDSDFLGDG UHVLVWHQWH VH
GHWHUPLQDHOSXQWR V y $HVWHFULWHULRVHGHQRPLQDUi&ULWHULR
([LVWHQ HVWUXFWXUDV FX\D curva de capacidad resistente es irregular HQ ODV FXDOHV VH
WLHQHQ GRV YDORUHV GH Vu $TXt HV UHFRPHQGDEOH REWHQHU XQ SURPHGLR GH ORV GRV YDORUHV GH
Vu \ WUDEDMDU FRQHOSURPHGLR
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
&ULWHULRGHOD5LJLGHFHV7DQJHQWHV
(O &ULWHULR FRUUHVSRQGH DO FDVR HQ TXH VH WUD]DQ GRV WDQJHQWHV D OD FXUYD GH
FDSDFLGDGUHVLVWHQWHXQDHQHOUDQJRHOiVWLFR \ RWUD HQ HO SXQWR GHFRUWDQWH Vu FRPRORLOXVWUD
ODILJXUDHOSXQWRGHLQWHUVHFFLyQ GHODV GRV WDQJHQWHVGHWHUPLQDHOSXQWRGHIOXHQFLDGH
OD HVWUXFWXUD
(Q HVWUXFWXUDV FX\D FXUYD GH FDSDFLGDG UHVLVWHQWH HV LUUHJXODU VH GHEHQ WUD]DU GRV R
PiVSHQGLHQWHV HQHOUDQJRLQHOiVWLFR\WUDEDMDU FRQ ODSHQGLHQWH PiVGRPLQDQWHTXHPiV VH
DMXVWDDODFXUYDGHFDSDFLGDGUHVLVWHQWHRWUDEDMDUFRQXQDSHQGLHQWHSURPHGLR
&ULWHULRGHODVUHDV,JXDOHV
(OWHUFHUFULWHULRFRUUHVSRQGHDOTXHVHREWLHQHDOLJXDODUODViUHDVH[WHUQDHLQWHUQD GH
ODFXUYDGHFDSDFLGDGUHVLVWHQWHFRPR VHLQGLFDHQODILJXUD
(VWH FULWHULR HV PiV HODERUDGR FRQ UHODFLyQ D ORV DQWHULRUHV HQ HO VHQWLGR GH TXH VH
GHEH UHDOL]DU PiV RSHUDFLRQHV(OSXQWRGHIOXHQFLDVHGHWHUPLQDHQIRUPDLWHUDWLYDKDVWDTXH
HO iUHD H[WHULRUVHFRQVLGHUHDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHLJXDODOiUHDLQWHULRU
([LVWH RWUD DOWHUQDWLYD GH HQFRQWUDU HO PRGHOR ELOLQHDO FRQ HVWH FULWHULR \ FRQVLVWH HQ
LJXDODUHOiUHDEDMRODFXUYDGHFDSDFLGDGFRQHOiUHDGHODFXUYDGHOPRGHOR ELOLQHDOFRPRVH
LOXVWUDHQODILJXUD
6H GHVWDFD TXH OD UHFWD TXH FRUUHVSRQGH DO UDQJR HOiVWLFR SDVD SRU OD FXUYD GH
FDSDFLGDG UHVLVWHQWH TXH HVWi DVRFLDGD D XQ FRUWDQWH LJXDO D V y HQ FRQVHFXHQFLD VH
WUDEDMD FRQXQDULJLGH] VHFDQWH
3DUD OD HYDOXDFLyQ GHO iUHD EDMR OD FXUYD GH FDSDFLGDG UHVLVWHQWH HV FRQYHQLHQWH
GLYLGLU ODILJXUDHQWUDSHFLRVHOHPHQWDOHV\SDUDHQFRQWUDUHOiUHDGHOPRGHOR ELOLQHDOVHGHEH
FDOFXODUHOiUHDGHXQWULDQJXOR\GHXQWUDSHFLR(OFiOFXOR GHOSXQWRGHIOXHQFLD VHGHWHUPLQD
HQIRUPDLWHUDWLYDKDVWDFRQVHJXLULJXDODUODViUHDV RTXHODGLIHUHQFLDHQYDORUDEVROXWR GHODV
GRV VHDPHQRUTXHXQDWROHUDQFLDGDGD
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
)LJXUD &ULWHULR,JXDOHVUHDVSDUDGHWHUPLQDUHOSXQWRGHIOXHQFLDGHXQDHVWUXFWXUD
$MXVWHSRU0tQLPRV&XDGUDGRV
/D HFXDFLyQ GH OD UHFWD TXH XQH HO RULJHQ GH FRRUGHQDGDV FRQ HO SXQWR GH IOXHQFLD
YLHQH GHILQLGR SRU OD HFXDFLyQ \ OD HFXDFLyQ GH OD UHFWD SDUD HO UDQJR QR OLQHDO HV OD
LQGLFDGDHQODHFXDFLyQ
V b Dt
V a b Dt
a
Dty
b b
(O SURJUDPD (630%&$3 GHWHUPLQD WDPELpQ HO SXQWR GH IOXHQFLD SHUR FRQ XQD
FDUDFWHUtVWLFD DGLFLRQDO TXH SHUPLWH REWHQHU OD ULJLGH] GH FDGD XQR GH ORV SLVRV DVRFLDGR DO
SXQWR GH IOXHQFLD R D FXDOTXLHU GHVSOD]DPLHQWR ODWHUDO GH OD HVWUXFWXUD /D ULJLGH] GH SLVR VH
QHFHVLWDFRQRFHU SDUDHQFRQWUDU ODFXUYD GHFDSDFLGDGVtVPLFD UHVLVWHQWHFRQHOPRGHORGH WUHV
JUDGRV GH OLEHUWDG SRU SODQWD GHVFULWR HQ HO SUHVHQWH FDStWXOR $GHPiV OD ULJLGH] GH SLVR HV
QHFHVDULR FRQRFHU SDUD HQFRQWUDU OD UHVSXHVWD VtVPLFD HPSOHDQGR HO 0pWRGR GHO 6LVWHPD
/LQHDOGH &RUWHGHVFULWRHQHOFDStWXOR $QWHVGHXWLOL]DUHOSURJUDPD (630%&$3 VHGHEH
KDEHU XWLOL]DGR HO SURJUDPD &$3$&,'$ TXH GHWHUPLQD OD FDSDFLGDG VtVPLFD UHVLVWHQWH GH
SyUWLFRVSODQRVHQGRVGLPHQVLRQHV
&21&/86,21(6
x (O FRQVLGHUDU TXH FDGD SyUWLFR HV XQ HOHPHQWR GH XQD HVWUXFWXUD TXH HVWi XQLGD SRU XQD
ORVDUtJLGDHVXQDEXHQDDSUR[LPDFLyQSDUDHVWUXFWXUDV FRQSLVR UtJLGR
x /D HQWUDGD GH GDWRV GHO SURJUDPD (63$&,$/ HV PX\ VHQFLOOD SHUR VH UHTXLHUH TXH HO
XVXDULRREWHQJD OD FXUYD GHFDSDFLGDGUHVLVWHQWHGHFDGDSyUWLFRSODQR\HOPRGHORELOLQHDO
UHVSHFWLYR
x (O FRQVLGHUDU WUHV JUDGRV GH OLEHUWDG SRU SODQWD HV XQD PHMRU DSUR[LPDFLyQ DO SUREOHPD
SHUR ODHQWUDGDGHGDWRV SDUDHOSURJUDPD (63$&,$HVPiV HODERUDGD\DTXHVHQHFHVLWD
FRQRFHUODULJLGH]GHSLVRGHFDGDSyUWLFR
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
x (Q EDVH D ODV HVWUXFWXUDV DQDOL]DGDV VH SXHGH LQGLFDU TXH OD FXUYD GH FDSDFLGDG VtVPLFD
UHVLVWHQWHTXHVHREWLHQHFRQORVPRGHORV\HVPX\VLPLODUDODTXHVHREWLHQHFRQHO
SURJUDPD5XDXPRNR
x (O &HQWUR GH 5HVLVWHQFLD HV PiV DGHFXDGR XWLOL]DUOR TXH HO &HQWUR GH 5LJLGH] HQ ORV
SUREOHPDVGH7RUVLyQHVSHFLDOPHQWHSDUDHOUDQJRQROLQHDO
5()(5(1&,$6
$JXLDU 5 Anlisis Dinmico Espacial (VFXHOD 3ROLWpFQLFD GHO (MpUFLWR, S
4XLWR(FXDGRU
$JXLDU 5 E Sistema de Computacin CEINCI3 para evaluar dao ssmico en
los Pases Bolivarianos&HQWURGH,QYHVWLJDFLRQHV&LHQWtILFDV(VFXHOD3ROLWpFQLFDGHO
(MpUFLWR, S9DOOHGHORV&KLOORV(FXDGRU
$7& 6HLVPLF HYDOXDWLRQ DQG UHWURILW RI FRQFUHWH EXLOGLQJV Applied
Technology Council,5HGZRRG&LW\&DOLIRUQLD
&DUU$Ruaumoko. The Maori Godo f Volcanoes and Earthquakes, 'HSDUWPHQW
RI&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ8QLYHUVLW\RI&DQWHUEXU\S1HZ=HDODQG
&ULVDIXOOL ) 7RUVLyQ GH (VWUXFWXUDV XV Curso Internacional de Estructuras.
Escuela Politcnica del Ejrcito, 0HPRULDVGHO&XUVR9DOOHGHORV&KLOORV(FXDGRU
&KRSUD $ DQG *RHO 5 &DSDFLW\GHPDQGGLDJUDP PHWKRGV IRU HVWLPDWLQJ
GHIRUPDWLRQ RI LQHODVWLF VWUXFWXUHV 6') V\VWHPV Pacific Earthquake Engineering.
Research Center5HS1R3((5,8QLYHUVLW\RI&DOLIRUQLD%HUNHOH\&DOLIRUQLD
&KRSUD $ DQG *RHO 5 (YDOXDWLRQ RI 163 WR (VWLPDWH 6HLVPLF 'HIRUPDWLRQ
6')V\VWHPVJournal of Structural Engineering ASCE,
/L +\XQJ /HH 6DQJ:KDQ +DQ DQG <RXQJ+XQ 2K'HWHUPLQDWLRQ RIGXFWLOLW\
IDFWRU FRQVLGHULQJ GLIIHUHQW K\VWHUHWLF PRGHO Earthquake Engineering and Structural
Dynamics,
5HLQKRUQ $ ,QHODVWLF DQDO\VLV WHFKQLTXHV LQ VHLVPLF HYDOXDWLRQV LQ 3 )DMIDU
DQG + .UDZLQNOHU (GV Seismic Design Methodologies for the Next Generation of
codes%DONHPD5RWWHUGDP
CAPTULO 6
&$3$&,'$'5(6,67(17(660,&$(1(6758&785$6
$17,*8$6
5(680(1
8Q JUDQ SRUFHQWDMH GH ODV FRQVWUXFFLRQHV GHO PXQGR TXH VH HQFXHQWUDQ HQ ]RQDV
VtVPLFDV IXHURQ FRQVWUXLGDV KDFH PiV GH DxRV FRQ HO QLYHO GH FRQRFLPLHQWRV VLVPR
UHVLVWHQWH H[LVWHQWH HQ OD pSRFD (VWDV FRQVWUXFFLRQHV VH FDUDFWHUL]DQ SRU WHQHU XQD JUDQ
FDQWLGDGGHDUPDGXUDORQJLWXGLQDO\SRFDDUPDGXUDWUDQVYHUVDO
(QHVWHDUWtFXORVHSUHVHQWDODVUHFRPHQGDFLRQHVIRUPXODGDV HQHO&yGLJRGH1XHYD
=HODQGD GH SDUD GHWHUPLQDU OD FDSDFLGDG DO FRUWH GH XQD VHFFLyQ \ SDUD HQFRQWUDU OD
ULJLGH] HTXLYDOHQWH DO FRUWH 3RVWHULRUPHQWH VH SUHVHQWDQ GRV PRGHORV GH SODVWLFLGDG
H[WHQGLGD HO GH *LEHUVRQ TXH FRQFHQWUD OD LQHODVWLFLGDG HQ GRV UHVRUWHV URWDFLRQDOHV
XELFDGRV HQORV H[WUHPRV GHORV HOHPHQWRV\TXHQR WRPDHQFXHQWD HOHIHFWRGHFRUWH \ HOGH
7KRP HWDOTXH FRQFHQWUDODLQHODVWLFLGDGHQFXDWUR UHVRUWHVXQYHUWLFDO\XQURWDFLRQDO
HQFDGDH[WUHPRGHOHOHPHQWRHOUHVRUWHYHUWLFDOLQFRUSRUDHOHIHFWRGHFRUWH
)LQDOPHQWH \ FRPR XQD DSOLFDFLyQ SUiFWLFD VH SUHVHQWDQ ODV FXUYDV GH FDSDFLGDG
VtVPLFD UHVLVWHQWHTXHUHODFLRQDQ HO FRUWDQWHEDVDO FRQHOGHVSOD]DPLHQWRODWHUDOPi[LPRHQHO
WRSH GHO HGLILFLR HQ XQD HGLILFDFLyQ HVSDFLDO GH SLVRV SDUD WUHV FDVRV GH DUPDGXUD
WUDQVYHUVDOHQGRVGHHOORVODIDOODVHSURGXFHSRU FRUWH\HQHOWHUFHURQR
,1752'8&&,1
/DVFRQVWUXFFLRQHVGHKRUPLJyQDUPDGRGHORVDxRVVHWHQWDVHVHQWDRPiVDQWLJXDV
SRU OR JHQHUDO WLHQHQ XQD JUDQ FDQWLGDG GH UHIXHU]R ORQJLWXGLQDO \ PX\ SRFR UHIXHU]R
&DStWXOR DFHSWDGR SDUD VX SXEOLFDFLyQ HQ HO ;,9 &RQJUHVR 1DFLRQDO GH ,QJHQLHUtD
6tVPLFDTXHVHUHDOL]DUDHQ*XDQDMXDWR0p[LFR HQ1RYGH3XEOLFDGRHQOD5HYLVWD
6LJPDGHO&ROHJLRGH,QJHQLHURV&LYLOHVGH3LFKLQFKDHGLFLyQ4XLWR
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
WUDQVYHUVDO GH WDO PDQHUD TXH DQWH XQ VLVPR VHYHUR OD IDOOD TXH VH SURGXFH HV GH FRUWH \ HO
UHIXHU]RORQJLWXGLQDOSUiFWLFDPHQWHSHUPDQHFHHQHOUDQJRHOiVWLFR
$ PDQHUD GH HMHPSOR HQ OD ILJXUD VH LQGLFD HO HVWDGR HQ TXH TXHGy XQD GH ODV
FROXPQDV SHULPHWUDOHV GHXQRGHORVEORTXHVHVWUXFWXUDOHVGHGRV SLVRV GHO+RVSLWDO 0LJXHO+
$OFtYDUGH%DKtDGH&DUiTXH]HQ(FXDGRUOXHJR GHOVLVPRGHOGHDJRVWR GHTXHWXYR
XQD PDJQLWXG M s OD FROXPQD WLHQH XQD VHFFLyQ WUDQVYHUVDO FXDGUDGD GH FP GH
ODGR FRQXQDDUPDGXUDORQJLWXGLQDO I I HVGHFLUWLHQH XQD FXDQWtD GHO
YDORU VXPDPHQWH DOWR SHUR TXH HVWi GHQWUR GH OR SHUPLWLGR SRU ODV QRUPDV OD DUPDGXUD
(Q OD ILJXUD VH DSUHFLD TXH OD FROXPQD HVWXYR PX\ FHUFD GHO FRODSVR \ HO KLHUUR
ORQJLWXGLQDO WUDEDMy HQ HO UDQJR HOiVWLFR (VWH FRPSRUWDPLHQWR HV IDFWLEOH UHSURGXFLU
DQDOtWLFDPHQWH DO DQDOL]DU OD FDSDFLGDG D IOH[LyQ \ FRUWH GH XQD VHFFLyQ WUDQVYHUVDO GH OD
FROXPQD HVWH FRPSRUWDPLHQWR VH LQGLFD HQ OD ILJXUD D OD L]TXLHUGD VH SUHVHQWD HO FDVR
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
FXDQGR OD FDUJD D[LDO HV GH 7 \ D OD GHUHFKD FXDQGR HVWD FDUJD HV GH 7 (Q HVWRV
UDQJRVGHFDUJDD[LDOWUDEDMyODPHQFLRQDGDFROXPQD
)LJXUD &RPSRUWDPLHQWRDIOH[LyQ\FRUWHGHXQDFROXPQDGHO+RVSLWDOGH%DKtDGH&DUiTXH]
(FXDGRU
/D OtQHD KRUL]RQWDO GH OD ILJXUD FRUUHVSRQGH D OD Pi[LPD FDSDFLGDG DO FRUWH
VPD[ TXHUHVLVWHODVHFFLyQODPLVPDTXHHVIXQFLyQGHODFDSDFLGDG DOFRUWHGHOFRQFUHWRGHO
DFHUR\GHODFDUJDD[LDOTXHDFW~D VREUHODFROXPQD6HDSUHFLDTXHODIDOODVHSURGXFH SRU
FRUWHHQORV GRVFDVRV\TXHOD VHFFLyQQRDOFDQ]y HOPRPHQWR GHIOXHQFLDGH WDOIRUPDTXHHO
KLHUURORQJLWXGLQDOWUDEDMy HQHOUDQJRHOiVWLFR
/R LPSRUWDQWH GHO WUDEDMR HV DQDOL]DU OD FDSDFLGDG VtVPLFD UHVLVWHQWH GH OD HVWUXFWXUD
FRQVLGHUDQGRHOHIHFWR GH FRUWH\VLQ FRQVLGHUDU GLFKRHIHFWRSDUDHOORVHLQGLFDUiHQSULPHUORV
PRGHORVGHSODVWLFLGDGH[WHQGLGDTXHVHYDQDXWLOL]DU
&$3$&,'$'$&257(
9DULRV VRQ ORV WUDEDMRV TXH H[LVWHQ HQ HO TXH VH LQFRUSRUD HO HIHFWR GH FRUWH DO GH
IOH[LyQ HQWUH HOORV VH WLHQHQ ORV GHVDUUROODGRV SRU 3DUN \ 3DXOD\ 9HFFKLR \ &ROOLQV
\ &ROOLQV HW DO ,FKLQRVH 3ULHVWOH\ \ &DOYL 3ULHVWOH\ \
6HLEOH+DNXWRHWDO3ULHVWOH\HWDO6DW\DUQR(QHVWHDUWtFXOR VH
WUDEDMDFRQORUHFRPHQGDGRHQOD6RFLHGDG GH,QJHQLHUtD6tVPLFDGH 1XHYD=HODQGD1=16((
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
(Q OD ILJXUD VH DSUHFLD TXH OD FDSDFLGDG GH FRUWH Pi[LPR OOHJD KDVWD HO SXQWR
TXHHVWiDVRFLDGRDXQD GXFWLOLGDGSRUURWDFLyQ PTv DSDUWLUGHOFXDOGHFUHFH HVWDFDSDFLGDG
KDVWDHOSXQWRHQTXHODFDSDFLGDGDOFRUWHHV VPLQ
(O YDORU GH RTv GHSHQGH GHO HOHPHQWR HVWUXFWXUDO TXH VH DQDOL]D D FRQWLQXDFLyQ VH
LQGLFDQ HVWRV YDORUHV \ ODV IyUPXODV FRQ ODV TXH VH HQFXHQWUDQ ODV YDULDEOHV LQGLFDGDV HQ OD
ILJXUDSDUDHOFDVR GH YLJDV\FROXPQDV FX\RVPRGHORVQXPpULFRVGHFiOFXORVHPXHVWUDQ
HQ OD ILJXUD D OD L]TXLHUGD SDUD HO FDVR GH YLJDV \ D OD GHUHFKD SDUD FROXPQDV
UHFWDQJXODUHV
5HODFLyQFRUWHGXFWLOLGDGSDUDYLJDVUHFWDQJXODUHV
/DVHFXDFLRQHVTXHGHILQHQODFDSDFLGDGDOFRUWHGHXQDYLJDVRQODVVLJXLHQWHV
Av f vy d
VPD[ I r f c
b d
s
Av f vy d
f c
b d
RTv s
Av f vy d
f b d c
GRQGH f c
HVODUHVLVWHQFLDDODFRPSUHVLyQGHOKRUPLJyQH[SUHVDGDHQ03D Ir HVHOIDFWRU
GHUHGXFFLyQGHHVIXHU]RVSRUFRUWHTXHHVLJXDOD b d VRQODEDVH\ODDOWXUDHIHFWLYDGH
OD VHFFLyQ WUDQVYHUVDO Av s f vy VRQ HOiUHD HVSDFLDPLHQWR \ OtPLWH GH IOXHQFLD GHO UHIXHU]R
WUDQVYHUVDO
5HODFLyQFRUWHGXFWLOLGDGSDUDFROXPQDVUHFWDQJXODUHV
Av f vy d
VPD[ I r f c
Ag FRW o N WDQ D
s
Av f vy d
f c
Ag FRW N WDQ D
s
RTv
Av f vy d
f c
Ag FRW N WDQ D
s
02'(/26'(3/$67,&,'$'
/RVPRGHORV GHSODVWLFLGDGH[WHQGLGDTXHVHYDQDXWLOL]DUHQHOSUHVHQWHWUDEDMRVRQHO
GH *LEHUVRQ \ HO GH 7KRP HW DO (O SULPHUR FRQFHQWUD OD SODVWLFLGDG HQ XQ
UHVRUWH URWDFLRQDO \ HO VHJXQGR FRQVLGHUD D PiV GHO UHVRUWH URWDFLRQDO XQ UHVRUWH YHUWLFDO HQ
FDGDXQRGHORVH[WUHPRV GHOHOHPHQWR(QODSDUWH VXSHULRU GHOD ILJXUD VHLQGLFDHOSULPHU
PRGHOR\HQODSDUWHLQIHULRUHOVHJXQGR PRGHOR6HKDGHQRPLQDGR EI a EI o EI b DOD
ULJLGH]DIOH[LyQHQHOQXGRLQLFLDOFHQWURGHOX]\QXGRILQDO3RURWUDSDUWH K s a K s b VRQ
ODULJLGH]DFRUWHHQHOQXGRLQLFLDO\ILQDO
/DPDWUL]GHIOH[LELOLGDG f DVRFLDGDDODVURWDFLRQHVGHOHOHPHQWRLQGLFDGRHQODILJXUD
3DUDHOPRGHORGH*LEHUVRQHVWD PDWUL] UHVXOWD
EI o
L
EI a
f
EI o EI o
EI b
GRQGH L
HV OD OX] OLEUH GHO HOHPHQWR /RV WpUPLQRV EI a EI o EI b VH REWLHQHQ GHO
GLDJUDPDPRPHQWRFXUYDWXUD6HGHVWDFDTXHDOLQYHUWLUODPDWUL]GHIOH[LELOLGDG VHHQFXHQWUDOD
PDWUL] GHULJLGH]\DSDUWLU GHHVWDPDWUL]XWLOL]DQGRODPDWUL]GHWUDQVIRUPDFLyQ GHFRRUGHQDGDV
VHGHWHUPLQDODPDWUL]GHULJLGH]HQFRRUGHQDGDVORFDOHV\JOREDOHVGHOHOHPHQWRFRQVLGHUDQGR
WUHVJUDGRVGHOLEHUWDGSRUQXGR$JXLDU3DUDHOPRGHORGH7KRPHWDOODPDWUL]
GHIOH[LELOLGDGHVODVLJXLHQWH
L
EI o L
EI o EI a K s L EI o K s L
f
L
L EI o
EI o K s L
EI o EI b K s L
VLHQGR K s OD ULJLGH] DO FRUWH GH XQD VHFFLyQ GHO HOHPHQWR ([LVWHQ YDULRV PRGHORV SDUD
GHWHUPLQDU OD ULJLGH] DO FRUWH TXH HVWiQ VLQWHWL]DGRV HQ 6DW\DUQR XQR GH HOORV HV HO
LQGLFDGRHQODILJXUDTXHUHODFLRQDODIXHU]DGHFRUWHFRQODGHIRUPDFLyQ
5,*,'(='(&257(
E c b d
K se
E
U v Sin T sp Sin J CotT sp CotJ
K sp Es b d
Sin T sp n U v Sin J
Av Es
Uv n
s b SinJ Ec
/DVYDULDEOHVWRGDYtDQRGHILQLGDVVRQ E c E s PyGXORVGHHODVWLFLGDGGHOKRUPLJyQ\
GHODFHUR E IDFWRUGHIRUPDTXHWRPDHQFXHQWDODGLVWULEXFLyQ QRXQLIRUPH GHORVHVIXHU]RV
GHFRUWHSDUDVHFFLRQHVUHFWDQJXODUHV E T sp HVHOiQJXORGHLQFOLQDFLyQGHODIDOODSRU
FRUWH J HV HO iQJXOR GHO HVWULER FRQ UHVSHFWR DO HMH GHO HOHPHQWR 6H SXHGH FRQVLGHUDU TXH
T sp SDUDYLJDV\ T sp SDUDFROXPQDV
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
)LJXUD 0RGHORQXPpULFRGHFiOFXORDGRSWDGRSDUDGHILQLUODULJLGH]DOFRUWH
Uv
K sp Es b d
n Uv
(O YDORU GH K sp HVWi HQ HO RUGHQ GHO DO GHO YDORU GH K se GH DKt OD JUDQ
LPSRUWDQFLDGHFRQVLGHUDUODGHJUDGDFLyQGHODULJLGH]DOFRUWHHQHODQiOLVLV
Vcr Vc k f c
b d
GRQGH k HVXQIDFWRUGHUHVLVWHQFLDDOFRUWH\HVWiHQIXQFLyQGHODGXFWLOLGDGSRUURWDFLyQHO
Vcr Vc V n k f c
Ag N WDQ D
5LJLGH]HTXLYDOHQWH K s
(QODILJXUDVHDSUHFLD TXHVHSXHGHHQFRQWUDUXQDULJLGH]DOFRUWHHTXLYDOHQWH Ks
FRPRODUHODFLyQHQWUHHOFRUWDQWHPi[LPR VPD[ \ODGHIRUPDFLyQPi[LPDGHFRUWH d s PD[
VPD[
Ks
d s PD[
Vcr V
d s PD[ s l ps
K
se K sp
l ps h FRW T sp
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
GRQGH Vs HV OD FDSDFLGDG DO FRUWH GHO UHIXHU]R WUDQVYHUVDO \ HV HO VHJXQGR WpUPLQR GH ODV
HFXDFLRQHV\SDUDYLJDV\FROXPQDVUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH l ps HVODORQJLWXGGHODUyWXOD
SOiVWLFD K sp IXH GHILQLGD HQ OD HFXDFLyQ \ h HV OD DOWXUD GH OD VHFFLyQ WUDQVYHUVDO GHO
HOHPHQWR
(6758&785$'($1/,6,6
(Q OD ILJXUD VH LQGLFD OD GLVWULEXFLyQ HQ SODQWD GH XQD HVWUXFWXUD GH SLVRV FDGD
XQRGHHOORV WLHQHXQDDOWXUD GHPODPLVPDHVWiFRQVWLWXLGDSRUFROXPQDV FXDGUDGDV GH
FPGHODGRLJXDOHVHQWRGRVORVSLVRV\SRUYLJDVTXH HQORVGRV SLVRVLQIHULRUHVVRQGH
FP\FPHQORVGRV~OWLPRVSLVRVODSULPHUDFDQWLGDGUHSUHVHQWDODEDVH\OD
VHJXQGDODDOWXUDGHODVHFFLyQWUDQVYHUVDO
As f y
q
b d f c
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
6HGHVWDFDTXHHOKRUPLJyQXWLOL]DGRWLHQHXQDUHVLVWHQFLDDODFRPSUHVLyQ GH03D
\HODFHURXQOtPLWHGHIOXHQFLDGH03D6HKD XWLOL]DGRHOPRGHORGHKRUPLJyQ FRQILQDGR
GH 3DUN HW DO \ SDUD HO DFHUR VH KD WUDEDMDGR FRQ XQ PRGHOR WULOLQHDO TXH FRQWHPSOD
LQFUHPHQWRGHHVIXHU]RHQOD]RQDGHHQGXUHFLPLHQWRORVPLVPRVTXHVHLQGLFDQHQODILJXUD
(Q HO PRGHOR GHO KRUPLJyQ FRQILQDGR OD YDULDEOH k HVWi GHILQLGD SRU OD VLJXLHQWH
HFXDFLyQ
U v f yv
k
f c
&859$6'(&$3$&,'$'660,&$
/D FXUYD GH FDSDFLGDG VtVPLFD UHVLVWHQWH UHODFLRQD HO FRUWDQWH EDVDO FRQ HO
GHVSOD]DPLHQWR ODWHUDO Pi[LPR HQ HO WRSH GH XQ HGLILFLR \ VH OD REWLHQH DSOLFDQGR FDUJDV
HVWiWLFDV PRQRWyQLFDV LQFUHPHQWDOHV KDVWD OOHYDU OD HGLILFDFLyQ DO FRODSVR WRGR HVWR
HPSOHDQGRDQiOLVLVHVWiWLFRQROLQHDO
(QODILJXUDVHPXHVWUDODFXUYDGHFDSDFLGDG VtVPLFDTXHVHREWLHQHSDUDHOFDVR
HQ TXH HO UHIXHU]R WUDQVYHUVDO HVWi FRQVWLWXLGR SRU I GH PP FDGD FP (Q OD SDUWH
VXSHULRU VH SUHVHQWDHOFDVRHQTXHQRVHWRPDHQ FXHQWDODLQWHUDFFLyQ HQWUHHOHIHFWRGHFRUWH
\HOGHIOH[LyQ\VHFRQVLGHUD TXHORV HOHPHQWRV YDQDGHVDUUROODUWRGDVXFDSDFLGDGDIOH[LyQ
HVWD FXUYDGHFDSDFLGDGKDVLGRREWHQLGD FRQ HOPRGHOR GHSODVWLFLGDGGH*LEHUVRQ (Q
OD SDUWH LQIHULRU GH OD ILJXUD VH PXHVWUD OD FXUYD GH FDSDFLGDG TXH VH REWLHQH FRQ HO
PRGHOR GH SODVWLFLGDG GH 7KRP HW DO DO FRQVLGHUDU OD LQWHUDFFLyQ GHO HIHFWR GH FRUWH \
IOH[LyQVHDSUHFLDTXHH[LVWHXQDUHGXFFLyQVXVWDQFLDOHQOD FDSDFLGDGUHVLVWHQWH\DTXHVH
SURGXMR XQD IDOOD GH FRUWH HQ ODV YLJDV GHO SULPHU SLVR ODV TXH OOHYDURQ DO FRODSVR GH OD
HVWUXFWXUDHQIRUPDSUHPDWXUD
)LJXUD &DSDFLGDGUHVLVWHQWHHQHVWUXFWXUDFRQHVWULERVGHPPDFPHQWRGRVVXV
HOHPHQWRV
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
1yWHVHTXHVLQRVHFRQVLGHUDEDODLQWHUDFFLyQGHOFRUWHHQODIOH[LyQVLPSOHPHQWHVH
HVWDEDVREUHGLPHQVLRQDQGRODFDSDFLGDGVtVPLFDUHVLVWHQWHGHODHVWUXFWXUD
'HELGR D TXH HO HVSDFLDPLHQWR GHO UHIXHU]R WUDQVYHUVDO HV PHQRU HQ HO FDVR FRQ
UHODFLyQ DOFDVRODFDSDFLGDGUHVLVWHQWHVtVPLFD GHOSyUWLFR VHLQFUHPHQWDHVWRVHREVHUYDDO
FRPSDUDUORV GRVJUiILFRVLQIHULRUHVGHODILJXUDV\HVWHLQFUHPHQWRHVGHORUGHQGHO
)LJXUD &DSDFLGDGUHVLVWHQWHHQHVWUXFWXUDFRQHVWULERVGHPPDFPHQWRGRVVXV
HOHPHQWRV
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
)LJXUD &DSDFLGDG5HVLVWHQWHHQHVWUXFWXUDFRQHVWULERVGHPPHVSDFLDGRVDFPHQORV
H[WUHPRV \ DFPHQHOFHQWURGHOX]
&21&/86,21(6
6H KD LQFRUSRUDGR HO HIHFWR GH FRUWH DO HIHFWR GH IOH[LyQ HQ ODV UHODFLRQHV PRPHQWR
FXUYDWXUD GH XQD VHFFLyQ GH KRUPLJyQ DUPDGR \ GHVSXpV VH KD GHWHUPLQDGR OD ULJLGH]
HTXLYDOHQWH DOFRUWHWRGRHVWRVLJXLHQGRODVUHFRPHQGDFLRQHVIRUPXODGDVSRU1=16((
3RU RWUD SDUWH VH KD HQFRQWUDGR OD FXUYD GH FDSDFLGDG VtVPLFD UHVLVWHQWH HQ XQD
HVWUXFWXUD HVSDFLDO GH FXDWUR SLVRV HPSOHDQGR GRV PRGHORV GH SODVWLFLGDG H[WHQGLGD HO GH
*LEHUVRQTXHQRFRQVLGHUDHOHIHFWRGHFRUWH\HOGH7KRPHWDOTXHFRQVLGHUD
GLFKRHIHFWRGHOHVWXGLRUHDOL]DGRVHGHVSUHQGHQODVVLJXLHQWHVFRQFOXVLRQHV
x (Q HVWUXFWXUDV FRQ UHIXHU]R WUDQVYHUVDO GH FRUWH LQVXILFLHQWH FRPR VRQ ODV
HGLILFDFLRQHV DQWLJXDVHVIXQGDPHQWDOLQFRUSRUDU HO HIHFWRGH FRUWHDOHIHFWRGHIOH[LyQ
SDUD HQFRQWUDU OD FXUYD GH FDSDFLGDG VtVPLFD UHVLVWHQWH HPSOHDQGR DQiOLVLV HVWiWLFR
QROLQHDO'HQRKDFHUORVHHVWDUiVREUHGLPHQVLRQDQGRODFDSDFLGDGVtVPLFD\DTXHYD
D FRODSVDU OD HVWUXFWXUD SRU FRUWH \ QR YD D SRGHU GHVDUUROODU WRGD VX FDSDFLGDG D
IOH[LyQ
x &XDQGR VH WLHQH XQD HVWUXFWXUD FRQ VXILFLHQWH UHIXHU]R WUDQVYHUVDO HO PRGHOR GH
SODVWLFLGDG GH *LEHUVRQ SURSRUFLRQD UHVXOWDGRV VDWLVIDFWRULRV HQ OD
GHWHUPLQDFLyQGHODFXUYDGHFDSDFLGDGVtVPLFDUHVLVWHQWH
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
5()(5(1&,$6
$JXLDU 5 $QiOLVLV 0DWULFLDO GH (VWUXFWXUDV Escuela Politcnica del Ejrcito,
6HJXQGD(GLFLyQ S9DOOHGHORV&KLOORV(FXDGRU
$JXLDU 5 7RUUHV 0 5RPR 0 \ &DL]D 3 (O 6LVPR GH %DKtD Centro de
Investigaciones Cientficas. Escuela Politcnica del Ejrcito, S9DOOHGHORV&KLOORV
(FXDGRU
*LEHUVRQ 0) 7ZR 1RQOLQHDU %HDPV ZLWK 'HILQLWLRQV RI 'XFWLOLW\ Journal of
the Structural Division, ASCE, 9RO1R67
,FKLQRVH 7 $ VKHDU GHVLJQ HTXDWLRQ IRU GXFWLOH 5& PHPEHUV Earthquake
Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 9RO,.
3DUN 5 3ULHVWOH\ 0 *LOO : ' 'XFWLOLW\ RI 6TXDUH &RQILQHG &RQFUHWH
&ROXPQVJournal of Structural Division, ASCE,
3ULHVWOH\ 0 - 1 DQG &DOYL * 0 7RZDUG D FDSDFLW\ GHVLJQ DVVHVVPHQW
SURFHGXUHIRUUHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWHIUDPHVEarthquake Spectra,
3ULHVWOH\ 0 - 1 DQG 6HLEOH ) 6HLVPLF $VVHVVPHQW RI ([LVWLQJ %ULGJHV
Proc. of the Second International Workshop held in Queenstown, 1HZ =HDODQG
$XJ
5RXIDLHO 0 DQG 0H\HU & $QDO\WLFDO PRGHOLQJ RI K\VWHUHWLF EHKDYLRXU RU 5&
IUDPHV Journal of Structural Division. ASCE,
6WHSKHQV - ( DQG <DR 7 3 'DPDJH DVVHVVPHQW XVLQJ UHVSRQVH
PHDVXUHPHQWVJournal of Structural Division, ASCE,
9HFFKLR ) - DQG &ROOLQV 03 7KH PRGLILHG FRPSUHVVLRQ ILHOG WKHRU\ IRU
UHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWHHOHPHQWVVXEMHFWHGWRVKHDUACI Journal,
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
9HFFKLR - DQG &ROOLQV 0 3 3UHGLFWLQJ WKH UHVSRQVH RI UHLQIRUFHG FRQFUHWH
EHDPV VXEMHFWHG WR VKHDU XVLQJ PRGLILHG FRPSUHVVLRQ ILHOG WKHRU\ ACI Structural
Journal,
6DW\DUQR , $GDSWLYH SXVKRYHU DQDO\VLV IRU WKH VHLVPLF DVVHVVPHQW RI ROGHU
UHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWHEXLOGLQJVPh.D. Tesis, Department of Civil Engineering. University
of Canterbury, S1HZ=HDODQG
CAPTULO 7
(63(&752'(&$3$&,'$'
3$5$02'(/2(63$&,$/
5(680(1
6H SUHVHQWDQ DVSHFWRV WHyULFRV IXQGDPHQWDOHV GHO (VSHFWUR GH &DSDFLGDG GH XQD
HVWUXFWXUD HVSDFLDO PRGHODGD FRPR XQ VLVWHPD GH WUHV JUDGRV GH OLEHUWDG ORV PLVPRV TXH
HVWiQ FRPSOHPHQWDGRV FRQ HO GHVDUUROOR GH XQ HMHPSOR \ FRQ XQ SURJUDPD GH FRPSXWDFLyQ
GHQRPLQDGR (63$&$36HGHVWDFDTXHORVSHUtRGRVGHYLEUDFLyQTXHVHREWLHQHQDOUHVROYHU
HO SUREOHPD GH YDORUHV \ YHFWRUHV SURSLRV FRQ ODV PDWULFHV GH ULJLGH] \ GH PDVD VRQ ORV
PLVPRVSHUtRGRVTXHVHKDOODQDOREWHQHUODSHQGLHQWHGHODFXUYDGHOHVSHFWUR GHFDSDFLGDG
/D LQFHUWLGXPEUH TXH WLHQH HO PRGHOR VH OD FRQVLGHUD PHGLDQWH XQD IXQFLyQ GH
GLVWULEXFLyQ /RJQRUPDOGHODDFHOHUDFLyQHVSHFWUDOVHSUHVHQWDQWUHVHVSHFWURVGHFDSDFLGDG
SDUD XQD PLVPD HVWUXFWXUD HO XQR FRUUHVSRQGH D YDORUHV PHGLRV HO RWUR D YDORU PHGLR PiV
XQD GHVYLDFLyQ \ HO RWUR D YDORU PHGLR PHQRV XQD GHVYLDFLyQ GH WDO IRUPD TXH SDUD XQ
GHVSOD]DPLHQWRHVSHFWUDOVHWHQGUiXQUDQJRGHYDULDFLyQGHODDFHOHUDFLyQHVSHFWUDO
3RVWHULRUPHQWH VH SUHVHQWDQ ORV HVSHFWURV GH FDSDFLGDG \ ORV QLYHOHV GH GDxR GH
DFXHUGR D OR HVWLSXODGR SRU HO &RPLWp 9,6,21 \ VH LQGLFD OD IRUPD GH FRQVWUXLU HVWRV
JUiILFRVTXH SHUPLWHQYLVXDOL]DUHQIRUPDJOREDOHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRGHODHGLILFDFLyQ
&DStWXOR SXEOLFDGR HQ 5HYLVWD 0DWHPiWLFDV 9RO 1 GH GH OD 3ROLWpFQLFD GHO
/LWRUDO
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
,1752'8&&,1
8QR GH ORV PpWRGRV TXH GtD D GtD YD JDQDQGR HVSDFLR HQ HO DQiOLVLV VtVPLFR GH
HVWUXFWXUDVHVVLQOXJDU D GXGDVHO0pWRGRGHO (VSHFWUR GH &DSDFLGDGTXHSHUPLWHYLVXDOL]DU
HQXQJUiILFRHOSUREDEOH FRPSRUWDPLHQWRGHODHVWUXFWXUD$JXLDU D\E&KRSUD\*RHO
)DMIDU3DUD DSOLFDU HVWH PpWRGRHVQHFHVDULRHQFRQWUDUHOHVSHFWUR
GH FDSDFLGDG GH OD HVWUXFWXUD HQ HO IRUPDWR GHVSOD]DPLHQWR DFHOHUDFLyQ \ HO HVSHFWUR GH
GHPDQGDGHOVLVPRHQHOPLVPRIRUPDWR
HOiVWLFR HO SHUtRGR GH YLEUDFLyQ HV FRQVWDQWH SHUR HQ HO UDQJR LQHOiVWLFR HVWH SHUtRGR YD
FDPELDQGRGHDFXHUGRDODGHJUDGDFLyQTXHVXIUHODHVWUXFWXUD
6HDQ K \ M ODV PDWULFHV GH ULJLGH] \ GH PDVD GH XQ VLVWHPD HVWUXFWXUDO $JXLDU
'H OD VROXFLyQ GHO SUREOHPD GH YDORUHV \ YHFWRUHV SURSLRV LQGLFDGRV HQ OD HFXDFLyQ
VHKDOODQORVYDORUHVSURSLRV O \ORVYHFWRUHVSURSLRV I
K O M I
(QDQiOLVLVQROLQHDOVH FRQVLGHUDTXHODPDWUL]GHULJLGH]YDDFDPELDU\ODPDWUL] GH
PDVDV SHUPDQHFH FRQVWDQWH HVWR RULJLQD TXH ORV SHUtRGRV GH YLEUDFLyQ FDPELHQ (VWR VH OR
YLVXDOL]DDODQDOL]DUODVSHQGLHQWHVGHOHVSHFWURGHFDSDFLGDG
(QODILJXUDVHSUHVHQWDQORVHVSHFWURVGHFDSDFLGDGGHWUHVHVWUXFWXUDVGHDOWXUD
LQWHUPHGLDGHOPLVPRQ~PHURGHSLVRVFRQLJXDOVHFFLyQWUDQVYHUVDOGHVXV HOHPHQWRVSHUR
FRQGLIHUHQWHV QLYHOHV GHGLVHxR /DHVWUXFWXUDFRQ EDMRQLYHOGH GLVHxRTXHHQODILJXUDVH
ODKDLGHQWLILFDGRFRPRWLHQHSRFDGXFWLOLGDG\EDMDUHVLVWHQFLDSRUHOFRQWUDULRODGHDOWR
QLYHO GH GLVHxR VtVPLFR LGHQWLILFDGD SRU WLHQH DOWD GXFWLOLGDG \ UHVLVWHQFLD OD GH QLYHO GH
GLVHxRPRGHUDGRHVOD\VHHQFXHQWUDHQWUHODVGRVFXUYDV
/RV HVSHFWURV GH FDSDFLGDG GH OD ILJXUD IXHURQ REWHQLGRV XWLOL]DQGR OD EDVH GH
GDWRV GH +$=86 TXH WLHQHQ XQ FDUiFWHU HVWDGtVWLFR LPSOHPHQWDGRV HQ HO VXESURJUDPD
&859$(& GHO 6LVWHPD GH &RPSXWDFLyQ &(,1&, $JXLDU D +$=86 GHILQH DOWXUD
LQWHUPHGLDDHGLILFLRVTXH SXHGHQVHUGHRSLVRVHQFRQVHFXHQFLDQRVHWUDWDGHXQD
HVWUXFWXUD HVSHFtILFD VL QR TXH HV JHQHUDO /RV HVSHFWURV GH FDSDFLGDG GH OD ILJXUD
FRUUHVSRQGHQDHVWUXFWXUDVGHKRUPLJyQDUPDGRFRPSXHVWDVSRUYLJDV\FROXPQDV
(&8$&,21(6'(&/&8/2
3DUD OD GHGXFFLyQ GH ODV HFXDFLRQHV GH FiOFXOR HV LPSRUWDQWH UHSDVDU DOJXQRV
DVSHFWRV GH OD GLQiPLFD HVWUXFWXUDO FRPR OD HFXDFLyQ EiVLFD SDUD XQ VLVWHPD GH P~OWLSOHV
JUDGRVGHOLEHUWDGODPLVPDTXHVHLQGLFDDFRQWLQXDFLyQ
M q Cq K q Q
VLHQGR 0 &\.ODVPDWULFHVGHPDVDDPRUWLJXDPLHQWR\GH ULJLGH] q q \ q ORVYHFWRUHVGH
GHVSOD]DPLHQWR YHORFLGDG \ DFHOHUDFLyQ Q HV HO YHFWRU GH FDUJDV JHQHUDOL]DGDV 3DUD OD
VROXFLyQGHOSUREOHPDVHDFRVWXPEUDUHDOL]DUHOVLJXLHQWHFDPELR GHYDULDEOH
q )K
GRQGH ) HV OD PDWUL] PRGDO FX\DV FROXPQDV VRQ ORV PRGRV GH YLEUDFLyQ \ VH UHVXHOYH HO
VLVWHPDGHHFXDFLRQHVGLIHUHQFLDOHVHQODVFRRUGHQDGDV K
3RURWUDSDUWHHOPpWRGRGHVXSHUSRVLFLyQPRGDOVHGHVFULEHHQHOFDStWXORDKtVH
KDOODODUHVSXHVWDPi[LPDSDUDHOPRGR LFRQODHFXDFLyQ VLJXLHQWH
qi J i Sd iI i
GRQGH HO VXEtQGLFH UHSUHVHQWD HO PRGR L 3RU RWUD SDUWH J i HV HO IDFWRU GH SDUWLFLSDFLyQ
GLQiPLFDGHOPRGR I i SRU~OWLPR Sd i HVHOGHVSOD]DPLHQWRHVSHFWUDOGHOPRGRL
I it M J
Ji
mi
mi I M Ii
i
t
(Q HO Mtodo del Espectro de Capacidad, VH FRQVLGHUD QRUPDOPHQWH TXH OD
HVWUXFWXUDYDDUHVSRQGHU HQHOSULPHUPRGR(QFRQVHFXHQFLDVHWUDEDMD~QLFDPHQWHFRQHVWH
PRGR6HD Dt HOGHVSOD]DPLHQWRPi[LPR GHOSULPHUPRGRTXHRFXUUHHQHOWRSHGHOHGLILFLR\
S d HO GHVSOD]DPLHQWR HVSHFWUDO DVRFLDGR DO SULPHU PRGR DO GHVSHMDU HVWD YDULDEOH GH OD
HFXDFLyQVHWLHQH
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
Dt
Sd
J I t
GRQGH I t HVODDPSOLWXGHQHOWRSHGHOYHFWRU I
3RU RWUD SDUWH ODV IXHU]DV HVWiWLFDV HTXLYDOHQWHV F VH REWLHQHQ PXOWLSOLFDQGR OD
PDWUL]GHULJLGH] K SRUHOYHFWRUGHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRV q (QIRUPDJHQHUDOSDUD HOPRGRLVH
WLHQH
Fi K I i J i Sd i
3RURWURODGRGHOSUREOHPDGHYDORUHV\YHFWRUHVSURSLRVVHFRQRFHTXH
K Ii Z i M I i
$O UHHPSOD]DU HVWi ~OWLPD HFXDFLyQ HQ OD DQWHULRU SHUR WHQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD OD
GHILQLFLyQGH VHXGR HVSHFWURVTXHHVYDOLGD SDUDHOUDQJRHOiVWLFR Z i Sd i Sa i VHWLHQHTXH
ODVIXHU]DVODWHUDOHVHQHOPRGRLYDOHQ
Fi M I i J i Sai
3RURWUDSDUWHODVXPDWRULDGHODVIXHU]DVODWHUDOHVUHSRUWDHOFRUWDQWHEDVDO Vi 6HD
N XQVXEtQGLFH SDUD LGHQWLILFDU HO Q~PHUR GH SLVR \ Q HO Q~PHUR WRWDO GH SLVRV (Q IXQFLyQ GH
HVWHVXEtQGLFHVHWLHQHTXHHOFRUWDQWHEDVDOHQHOPRGRLYDOH
n n
Vi Fki
k
J i Sai mk I ki
k
m I k ki
Ji k
n
m I
k
k
ki
$O VXVWLWXLU OD HFXDFLyQ GHO IDFWRU GH SDUWLFLSDFLyQ PRGDO HQ OD HFXDFLyQ GHOFRUWDQWH
EDVDOVHWLHQH
n
mk I ki
Vi k Sa
n i
mk I ki
k
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
6H GHILQH D i FRPR HO factor de participacin del modo i en el cortante basal \ HQ
IXQFLyQGHHVWDYDULDEOHHOFRUWDQWHEDVDOHQHOPRGRLVHHVFULEHGHODVLJXLHQWHPDQHUD
Vi D i M T Sai
GRQGH M T HV OD PDVD WRWDO GH OD HVWUXFWXUD $O FRPSDUDU HVWDV GRV ~OWLPDV HFXDFLRQHV VH
HQFXHQWUD
n
mk I ki
Di k
n n
mk mk I ki
k k
V
Sa
D M T
Dtj
S dj
J I t
Vj
Sa j
D M T
(QHIHFWRSDUDFDGDSXQWRVHWLHQHXQYHFWRUGHFRQILJXUDFLyQGRPLQDQWH I TXHHVWi
QRUPDOL]DGR D OD XQLGDG &RQ HO REMHWR GH RUJDQL]DU HO FiOFXOR GHO HVSHFWUR GH FDSDFLGDG D
FRQWLQXDFLyQ VH UHVXPHQ ODV HFXDFLRQHV TXH VH GHEHQ XWLOL]DU \ HO RUGHQ GH DSOLFDFLyQ 6H
HVFULEHQODVHFXDFLRQHVSDUDHOFDVRGHTXH It TXHHVXQFDVRPX\FRP~Q
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
m It M I
I M J
t
J
m
D
I t
M J
M T m
Dtj
Sd j
J
Vj
Sa j
D M T
6H GHVWDFD TXH J HV XQ YHFWRU HQ IXQFLyQ GHO FXDO VH HVFULEH HO YHFWRU GH FDUJDV
JHQHUDOL]DGDV Q SDUDHODQiOLVLV VtVPLFRSODQR J HVXQYHFWRUXQLWDULRSHURSDUD HODQiOLVLV
VtVPLFRHVSDFLDOGHSHQGH GHOPRGHORQXPpULFRGHFiOFXORTXHVHXWLOLFH$JXLDU
/DV HFXDFLRQHV D VLUYHQ SDUD REWHQHU HO HVSHFWUR GH FDSDFLGDG GH OD
HVWUXFWXUD DVRFLDGD DO SULPHU PRGR GH YLEUDFLyQ (Q FRQVHFXHQFLD ORV SHUtRGRV GH YLEUDFLyQ
TXH VH REWLHQHQ GHO HVSHFWUR GH FDSDFLGDG HVWiQ DVRFLDGRV D GLFKR PRGR 1RUPDOPHQWH OD
PD\RUSDUWHGHHGLILFLRVUHVSRQGHQHQHOSULPHUPRGRGHYLEUDFLyQ
3DUDSUREOHPDVHVSHFLDOHVHQTXHVHFRQRFHTXHODHVWUXFWXUDQRYDDUHVSRQGHUHQHO
SULPHU PRGR VH GHEHUi HQFRQWUDU HO HVSHFWUR GH FDSDFLGDG SDUD HO PRGR TXH VH GHVHH
%RQHWWHWDO(QHVWHFDVRODVHFXDFLRQHV \VHFDPELDQSRUODVVLJXLHQWHV
Vj
Sa j
mi
g
Dtj
Sd j
Ji
$ SHVDU GH TXH HV SRVLEOH REWHQHU HVSHFWURV GH FDSDFLGDG SDUD FXDOTXLHU PRGR GH
YLEUDFLyQORFRP~QHVWUDEDMDUFRQHOSULPHUPRGR
(-(03/2180e5,&21
(QXQSyUWLFRSODQRGHWUHVSLVRVXQSXQWRMGHODFXUYDGHFDSDFLGDGUHVLVWHQWHHVWi
GHILQLGR SRU XQ FRUWDQWH EDVDO V T \ XQ GHVSOD]DPLHQWR ODWHUDO HQ HO WRSH
Dt m 6H GHVHD HQFRQWUDU HO GHVSOD]DPLHQWR HVSHFWUDO Sd \ OD FDSDFLGDG GH
DFHOHUDFLyQHVSHFWUDO Sa 6HLQGLFDDFRQWLQXDFLyQODPDWUL]GHPDVDVHQ7VP\HOYHFWRU
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
m
q m I
m
x &iOFXOR GH m It MI
x &iOFXOR GH It M J
It M J
x &iOFXOR GH J
m
J
x &iOFXOR GH MT m i
MT u
x &iOFXOR GH D
I t
MJ
M T m
D
IM Jt
M T m u
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
Dt
x &iOFXOR GH Sd
J
Dt
Sd m
J
V
x &iOFXOR GH Sa
M T D
Sa m
u
02'(/2'($1/,6,6(63$&,$/
)LJXUD *UDGRVGHOLEHUWDGTXHVHFRQVLGHUDQHQHOPRGHORGHDQiOLVLVHVSDFLDO
/D IRUPD GH OD PDWUL] GH ULJLGH] K \ GH PDVDV M DVRFLDGD D ODV FRRUGHQDGDV GH
SLVRLQGLFDGD HQODILJXUDHVODVLJXLHQWH
k xx k xy k xT
K k yx k yy k yT
k kTy kTT
Tx
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
M T
M MT
J T
JT
MT
a b
J
3DUD REWHQHU HO (VSHFWUR GH &DSDFLGDG FRQ UHODFLyQ DO HMH < HO GHO YHFWRU - VH
HQFXHQWUDHQODPLWDG
(-(03/2180e5,&21
3DUDHOUDQJRHOiVWLFRODPDWUL]GHULJLGH]DVRFLDGDDO&0HVODVLJXLHQWH
MT
kg s m T s m
JT
T m s
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
/RV YDORUHV SURSLRV TXH VH REWLHQHQ GH OD VROXFLyQ GH OD HFXDFLyQ FRQ ODV
PDWULFHVGHULJLGH]\GHPDVDVLQGLFDGDVVRQODVVLJXLHQWHV
O O O
'HODGLQiPLFDGHHVWUXFWXUDVVHFRQRFHTXHODIUHFXHQFLDQDWXUDO Z n O \TXHHO
SHUtRGR T S Z n (Q FRQVHFXHQFLD DVRFLDGR DFDGD YDORU SURSLR VH WLHQH XQ SHUtRGR GH
YLEUDFLyQ3DUDHOHVSHFWUR GH FDSDFLGDGORTXHLQWHUHVD HVH[FOXVLYDPHQWH HOSHUtRGRDVRFLDGR
DOSULPHUPRGRTXH UHVXOWDLJXDODV(VWH SHUtRGR VHGHEHUiHQFRQWUDUHQHOHVSHFWUR GH
FDSDFLGDG
352*5$0$(63$&$3
$QWHV GH XVDU HVWH SURJUDPD OyJLFDPHQWH VH QHFHVLWD KDEHU XWLOL]DGR HO SURJUDPD
(63$&,$/ GHVFULWR HQHOFDStWXORTXHJHQHUDYDULRV DUFKLYRVHQWUHHOORVXQRHQHOFXDOVH
HQFXHQWUDQ ORV GDWRV FRQ ORV TXH VH REWLHQHQ OD FXUYD GH FDSDFLGDG UHVLVWHQWH \ RWURHQ TXH
HVWiQORVPRGRVGHYLEUDFLyQSDUDFDGDSXQWRGHODFXUYDLQGLFDGD/DHQWUDGDGHGDWRVSDUDHO
SURJUDPD (63$&$3 HVODVLJXLHQWH
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
x 1~PHURGHSLVRVIRUPDWROLEUH
OLEUH13,626 1~PHURGHSLVRV
x 0DVDWRWDOGHFDGDSLVRIRUPDWROLEUH
OLEUH0$6$ 0DVDWRWDOGHO3LVR
OLEUH0$6$ 0DVDWRWDOGHO3LVR
OLEUH0$6$ 0DVDWRWDOGHO3LVRKDVWDHO~OWLPRSLVR8QDOtQHDGHGDWRVSDUDFDGD
PDVD
x 'DWRVGHODGLPHQVLRQHVWRWDOHVHQSODQWDIRUPDWROLEUH
OLEUHD 'LPHQVLyQWRWDOGHODSODQWDUHSUHVHQWDWLYDHQVHQWLGR;
OLEUHE 'LPHQVLyQWRWDOGHODSODQWDUHSUHVHQWDWLYDHQVHQWLGR<
x $UFKLYRGHGDWRVSDUDHMHPSOR
5
8.082
8.082
8.082
8.082
8.082
12.0 12.0
x $UFKLYRGH5HVXOWDGRVFRQHVSHFWURGHFDSDFLGDG
63(&$3287 &RQWLHQHHVSHFWURGHFDSDFLGDGQRUPDO
63(&$0,1287&RQWLHQHHVSHFWURGHFDSDFLGDGPHQRVXQDGHVYLDFLyQ
63(&$0$;287&RQWLHQHHVSHFWURGHFDSDFLGDGPiVXQDGHVYLDFLyQ
,1&(57,'80%5('(/02'(/2
/D PD\RU SDUWH GH ORV PRGHORV QXPpULFRV GH FiOFXOR FRQOOHYDQ XQD LQFHUWLGXPEUH
UD]yQ SRU OD FXDO HV FRQYHQLHQWH UHVROYHU ORV SUREOHPDV HQ IRUPD SUREDELOtVWLFD HQ OXJDU GH
KDFHUORHQIRUPDGHWHUPLQtVWLFD
$PiVGHOPRGHORQXPpULFRFRPRWDOHQODVHVWUXFWXUDVVHWLHQHLQFHUWLGXPEUHHQORV
PDWHULDOHV XWLOL]DGRV HQ ORV PRGHORV FRQVWLWXWLYRV HPSOHDGRV SDUD GHILQLU ODV UHODFLRQHV
HVIXHU]RGHIRUPDFLyQSDUDHOUDQJRQROLQHDOWRGRHVWRKDGDGRRULJHQDORTXHVHGHQRPLQD
Confiabilidad Estructural, 0RQWLHOHWDOD\E
(Q ORV HVSHFWURV GH FDSDFLGDG VH FRQVLGHUD TXH OD IXQFLyQ GH GLVWULEXFLyQ GH OD
DFHOHUDFLyQ HVSHFWUDO GH ODV HVWUXFWXUDV HV /RJ QRUPDO +D]XV (Q FRQVHFXHQFLD HO
HVSHFWURGHFDSDFLGDGLQGLFDGRHQODILJXUDWHQGUtDXQDSUREDELOLGDGGHO6LVHTXLHUH
LQFUHPHQWDUHVDSUREDELOLGDGVHWHQGUtDTXHHVWDEOHFHUXQUDQJRGHYDULDFLyQGHODDFHOHUDFLyQ
HVSHFWUDOSDUDFDGDGHVSOD]DPLHQWRHVSHFWUDO
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
'H WDO PDQHUD TXH OR PHMRU HV GHWHUPLQDU WUHV HVSHFWURV GH FDSDFLGDG SDUD XQD
HVWUXFWXUD FRQIRUPH VH OR KD LQGLFDGR HQ HO SiUUDIR DQWHULRU $O WUDEDMDU GH HVWD PDQHUD OD
SUREDELOLGDG GH TXH OD DFHOHUDFLyQ LQGLFDGD VHD OD FRUUHFWD HV GHO (Q OD ILJXUD VH
LQGLFDQORVWUHVHVSHFWURV GHFDSDFLGDGSDUDODHVWUXFWXUDGHSLVRVTXHVHHVWiDQDOL]DQGR
',67256,1*/2%$/<'(3,62
8QR GH ORV SDUiPHWURV TXH VH XWLOL]DQ SDUD HYDOXDU HO GHVHPSHxR GH XQD HVWUXFWXUD
DQWH DFFLRQHV VtVPLFDV HV OD GLVWRUVLyQ GH SLVR \ oi HO PLVPR TXH VH GHILQH FRPR HO
GHVSOD]DPLHQWRUHODWLYRGHOSLVRLFRQUHVSHFWRDODDOWXUDGHOHQWUHSLVR
3RU RWUD SDUWH VH GHILQH OD GLVWRUVLyQ JOREDO \o FRPR OD UHODFLyQ HQWUH HO
GHVSOD]DPLHQWR ODWHUDO Pi[LPR GH OD HVWUXFWXUD Dt SDUD OD DOWXUD WRWDO GHO HGLILFLR H t (V
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
LPSRUWDQWH GLIHUHQFLDU TXH D QLYHO GH HVWUXFWXUD VH WLHQH XQ GHVSOD]DPLHQWR Dt \ D QLYHO GH
HVSHFWUR GH FDSDFLGDG TXH HVWi DVRFLDGR D XQ VLVWHPD GH XQ JUDGR GH OLEHUWDG HO
GHVSOD]DPLHQWR ODWHUDOPi[LPRVHGHQRPLQD S d ODUHODFLyQHQWUHHVWRVGRVGHVSOD]DPLHQWRV
YLHQHGDGRSRUHOIDFWRUGHSDUWLFLSDFLyQPRGDO J 'HWDOIRUPDTXH
Dt J Sd
(QFRQVHFXHQFLDODGLVWRUVLyQJOREDO \ o YDOH
J Sd
\o
Ht
/D UHODFLyQ HQWUH OD GLVWRUVLyQ GH SLVR \ oi \ OD GLVWRUVLyQ JOREDO \ o YLHQH GDGD SRU
PHGLRGHOIDFWRU D i GRQGHHOVXEtQGLFHLFRUUHVSRQGHDOSLVRL
\ oi Di \ o
(Q $JXLDU D VH LOXVWUD OD IRUPD GH FiOFXOR GH D i SDUD FXDOTXLHU FRQGLFLyQ
$KRUDHQHOSUHVHQWHPRGHORGHFiOFXORVHFRQVLGHUDQ ODVVLJXLHQWHV KLSyWHVLVHQHOFiOFXORGH
Di
x /DDOWXUDGHORVHQWUHSLVRVVRQLJXDOHV
&RPR VH LQGLFy HQ HO FDStWXOR HO FRPLWp 9,6,21 6($2& $7&
HVWDEOHFHYDULRVQLYHOHVGHGHVHPSHxRSDUDODVHVWUXFWXUDVHQIXQFLyQGHOXVRGHODV
PLVPDV QLYHOHV GH GHVHPSHxR GHQRPLQDGRV 2SHUDFLRQDO ,QPHGLDWDPHQWH 2FXSDFLRQDO
6HJXULGDGGH9LGD3UHYHQFLyQGH&RODSVR\&RODSVR
Operacional VLJQLILFDTXHGHVSXpVGHOVLVPRODHGLILFDFLyQGHEHIXQFLRQDUVLQUHDOL]DU
QLQJXQD UHSDUDFLyQ (Q HO GHVHPSHxR GHQRPLQDGR Inmediatamente Ocupacional VH
HVSHUDQOLJHURV GDxRVHVWUXFWXUDOHV\KDEUiTXH UHSDUDUODHGLILFDFLyQHQXQWLHPSRQRPD\RUD
ORVGRVPHVHV(Q Seguridad de VidaHOGDxRUHJLVWUDGRHQODHVWUXFWXUDREOLJDDGHVRFXSDU
OD HGLILFDFLyQ \ SURFHGHU D UHSDUDU R UHIRU]DU OD HVWUXFWXUD HQ XQ WLHPSR FRQVLGHUDEOH
)LQDOPHQWH HQ Prevencin de Colapso, HO GDxR HQ OD HGLILFDFLyQ HV GH WDO PDJQLWXG TXH HV
PiV HFRQyPLFR GHUURFDU HO HGLILFLR \ FRQVWUXLU XQR QXHYR (Q QLQJXQR GH ORV FDVRV OD
HVWUXFWXUDFRODSVD
(QIXQFLyQGHODGLVWRUVLyQGHSLVR9,6,21HVWDEOHFHHQIRUPDDSUR[LPDGDHO
OtPLWHGHFDGDXQRGHHVWRVGHVHPSHxRVFRPRVHHVSHFLILFDHQODWDEOD
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
7DEOD'LVWRUVLRQHVGH3LVRPi[LPDVUHFRPHQGDGDVSRUHO&RPLWp9,6,21
2SHUDFLRQDO ,QPHGLDWDPHQWH 6HJXULGDGGH 3UHYHQFLyQGHO &RODSVR
2FXSDFLRQDO 9LGD &RODSVR
!
(Q OD ILJXUD VH LQGLFD OD GLVWRUVLyQ GH SLVR HQ SRUFHQWDMH HQ IXQFLyQ GHO
GHVSOD]DPLHQWR HVSHFWUDO S d GH OD HVWUXFWXUD GH FLQFR SLVRV TXH KD VHUYLGR GH HMHPSOR VH
PXHVWUDQDGHPiVORVGHVSOD]DPLHQWRVDVRFLDGRVDFDGDOtPLWHGHGDxRHOFRUUHVSRQGHDO
OtPLWH SDUD HO GHVHPSHxR GHQRPLQDGR 2SHUDFLRQDO HO SDUD HO ,QPHGLDWDPHQWH
2FXSDFLRQDOHOSDUD6HJXULGDGGH9LGD\HOSDUD3UHYHQFLyQGHO&RODSVR
)LJXUD /tPLWHVGHORVHVWDGRVGHGHVHPSHxRGHDFXHUGRD9,6,21
(QODILJXUDVHLQGLFDQORVWUHVHVSHFWURVGHFDSDFLGDGGHODHVWUXFWXUDGHSLVRV
TXHKDVHUYLGRGHHMHPSOR\HQHOODVHPXHVWUDQORVOtPLWHVGHGDxR(VSHFWURVGHFDSDFLGDG
FRQ OtPLWHV GH GDxR GHEHQ VHU FRQVWUXLGRV SRU ORV SUR\HFWLVWDV \D TXH SHUPLWHQ YLVXDOL]DU HO
SUREDEOH FRPSRUWDPLHQWR TXH YD D WHQHU OD HVWUXFWXUD \ VREUH WRGR HO GHVHPSHxR HVSHUDGR
GHODPLVPD
(V LPSRUWDQWH GHVWDFDU TXH XQD GLVWRUVLyQ GH SLVR OtPLWH SDUD HO GHVHPSHxR
RSHUDFLRQDO RVLQGDxR GH HVXQYDORUPX\VHYHURSHUR DOJXQRVFyGLJRVORFRQWHPSODQ
FRPR HO GHO 'LVWULWR )HGHUDO GH &LXGDG GH 0p[LFR 3DUD VLVPRV GH EDMD LQWHQVLGDG ODV
HVWUXFWXUDV QR YDQ D WHQHU GDxR HVWUXFWXUDO \ QR HVWUXFWXUDO HVWR VH FXPSOH VL OD GLVWRUVLyQ
Pi[LPDGHSLVRHVPHQRU DSDUD HVRV VLVPRV/RVHOHPHQWRVHVWUXFWXUDOHVGHEHUiQWHQHU
VXILFLHQWHUHVLVWHQFLDSDUD DVHJXUDUUHVSXHVWDHOiVWLFDDQWHVLVPRVPHQRUHV
(O &yGLJR (FXDWRULDQR GH OD &RQVWUXFFLyQ &(& ~QLFDPHQWH HVWDEOHFH XQ OtPLWH
SDUD OD GLVWRUVLyQ GH SLVR DVRFLDGD DO QLYHO GH GLVHxR GHQRPLQDGD 6HJXULGDG GH 9LGD pVWH
OtPLWH HV GHO FDQWLGDG VXSHULRU DO HVWLSXODGR SRU 9,6,21 7RGR HVWR HV SDUD
HVWUXFWXUDVGHKRUPLJyQDUPDGR
8Q WHPD PX\ FRP~Q HQ HO DQiOLVLV GLQiPLFR HV HO UHODFLRQDGR FRQ HO FiOFXOR GH ORV
YDORUHV\YHFWRUHVSURSLRVGHHVWUXFWXUDVUD]yQSRUODFXDOHOSUHVHQWHDSDUWDGR VHGHGLFDD
GLFKR HVWXGLR HPSH]DQGR GHVGH OD VROXFLyQ GHO VLVWHPD GH HFXDFLRQHV GLIHUHQFLDOHV TXH
JRELHUQDQ ORV SUREOHPDV GH YLEUDFLRQHV OLEUHV VLQ DPRUWLJXDPLHQWR FX\D HFXDFLyQ HV OD
VLJXLHQWH
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
M q Kq
q t I f t
B
>K O M @ I
f t O f t
9DORUHV3URSLRV
GHW K O M
$O UHVROYHU OD HFXDFLyQ VH REWLHQH XQ polinomio caracterstico VL VH WLHQH XQD
PDWUL].GHQ u QHVWHSROLQRPLRVHUiGHRUGHQQ
'H VROXFLyQ GH HVWH SROLQRPLR REWHQJR ODV Q UDtFHV O 6L ODV PDWULFHV . \ 0 VRQ
UHDOHVVLPpWULFDV\GHILQLGDVSRVLWLYDV HVWRVYDORUHVGH O VHUiQUHDOHV\SRVLWLYRV
h (QFRQWUDUORVYDORUHVSURSLRVGHXQDHVWUXFWXUDFX\DVPDWULFHVGHULJLGH]\GH PDVDV
VRQODVVLJXLHQWHV
x 6ROXFLyQ
K OM
K OM O
O
K OM
O
K OM > O O @ > @
? P O O O
O O
O O O On
3URSLHGDGHVGLQiPLFDV
8QDYHVTXH VHKDUHVXHOWRHOSUREOHPDGHYDORUHVSURSLRV\VHKDREWHQLGRODVUDtFHV
GHO SROLQRPLR FDUDFWHUtVWLFR VH SDVD D FDOFXODU ODV frecuencias de vibracin Wni XVDQGR OD
HFXDFLyQ(OVXEtQGLFHLUHSUHVHQWDHOPRGRL
Wni Oi
S
Ti
Wni
&RQ FDGD XQD GH ODV IUHFXHQFLDV GH YLEUDFLyQ VH REWLHQHQ ORV perodos de vibracin
Ti VHJ~QODHFXDFLyQ3DUDHOHMHUFLFLRVHWLHQH
Wn O
Wn O
S S
T s
Wn
S S
T s
Wn
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
0RGRVGHYLEUDFLyQ
2EWHQHPRVORVPRGRVGHYLEUDFLyQUHHPSOD]DQGRORVYDORUHVSURSLRVREWHQLGRVHQOD
HFXDFLyQ(VWHSURFHGLPLHQWR VH DSUHFLDUDPHMRUDPHGLGDTXHVLJDPRV UHVROYLHQGRHO
HMHUFLFLR
o &iOFXORGHOSULPHUPRGRGHYLEUDFLyQ I
>K O M @ I
6HD I GHODIRUPD
a
I b
$OUHHPSOD]DUYDORUHVVHWLHQH
>K O M @ I
a
b
'HGRQGH
$SDUHQWHPHQWHVHWLHQHQGRVHFXDFLRQHVFRQGRVLQFyJQLWDV3HURHVRQRHVFLHUWR\D
TXHVLDODVHJXQGDHFXDFLyQVHOHPXOWLSOLFDSRUVHREWLHQHODSULPHUDHFXDFLyQ\HV
XQDGHODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHORVYHFWRUHVSURSLRVHVTXHVLHPSUHKD\XQDHFXDFLyQPHQRV
3RU HMHPSOR VL D \ VH UHHPSOD]D HQ OD SULPHUD HFXDFLyQ GH ODV DQWHULRUHV VH
REWLHQHTXHE SHURVLGH LJXDO IRUPDVLE VHREWLHQHTXHD HVGHFLU TXH
WHQGUtDPRV
I I
$O H[LVWLU XQ LQILQLWR Q~PHUR GH YHFWRUHV SURSLRV VH KDEOD GH YHFWRUHV SURSLRV
QRUPDOL]DGRV/DIRUPDPiVFRP~QGHQRUPDOL]DUORVPRGRVHV
I i t M I i C
GRQGH & HV XQD FRQVWDQWH GH QRUPDOL]DFLyQ TXH SXHGH WHQHU FXDOTXLHU YDORU $OJXQRV
FRQVLGHUDQ HO YDORU GHO SURPHGLR GH ODV PDVDV RWURV OR QRUPDOL]DQ GH WDO IRUPD GH & VHD
XQLWDULD
3RU GLGiFWLFD VH YD D OODPDU X HO YHFWRU SURSLR VLQ QRUPDOL]DU FRPR ORV TXH VHKDQ
REWHQLGR HQ ORV HMHPSORV UHDOL]DGRV \ I DO YHFWRU SURSLR QRUPDOL]DGR 3DUD HO PRGR GH
YLEUDFLyQLVHWHQGUi
I i D i X i
X i t M X i
h 6HGHVHDQRUPDOL]DUORVPRGRVGHYLEUDFLyQ GHOHMHUFLFLRTXHVHKDYHQLGRUHVROYLHQGR
HQHOSUHVHQWHDSDUWDGRVLODFRQVWDQWH GHQRUPDOL]DFLyQHVODXQLGDG C
x 6ROXFLyQ
I D X
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
o &iOFXORGHOVHJXQGRPRGRGHYLEUDFLyQ X
>K O M @ X
a
b DOUHHPSOD]DUHQ >K O M @ X
6HD X VHWLHQH
a
b
GHGRQGHHOVLVWHPDGHHFXDFLRQHVUHVXOWD
a b
a b
X
$SDUWLUGH X VHHQFXHQWUD SRUXQSURFHGLPLHQWRVLPLODUDODQWHULRUHOYHFWRUSURSLR
QRUPDOL]DGR DODXQLGDG
I
)LJXUD 0RGRVGHYLEUDFLyQGHXQDHVWUXFWXUDGHGRVSLVRV
$/*25,702'( M
(Q HO DSDUWDGR DQWHULRU VH SUHVHQWy HO FiOFXOR GH ODV SURSLHGDGHV GLQiPLFDV \ GH ORV
PRGRV GH YLEUDFLyQ GH XQD HVWUXFWXUD GHVGH XQ SXQWR GH YLVWD FRQFHSWXDO $KRUD ELHQ HQ OD
SUiFWLFDVHFDOFXODQORVYDORUHV\YHFWRUHVSURSLRV GHXQDPDWUL]XWLOL]DQGRDOJ~QPpWRGRXQR
GHORVPiVXWLOL]DGRVHVHOGH-DFRELTXHHQFXHQWUDWRGRVORVYDORUHV\YHFWRUHVSURSLRVGHXQD
PDWUL]VLPpWULFD
KI OMI
6HD
I M
Io
KM
Io OM M
Io
3RURWURODGRVHWLHQHTXH
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
M M M
$OUHHPSOD]DUHQOD~OWLPDHFXDFLyQVHHQFXHQWUD
KM
Io O M Io
3UHPXOWLSOLFDQGRSRUODL]TXLHUGDSRU M VHREWLHQH
M
KM
Io O Io
6HGHQRPLQD
Ko M
KM
K o Io O Io
'H WDO IRUPD TXH HO SURFHGLPLHQWR GH FiOFXOR SDUD HQFRQWUDU ORV YDORUHV \ YHFWRUHV
SURSLRVGHXQDHVWUXFWXUDDSOLFDQGRHODOJRULWPRGH M HVHOVLJXLHQWH
6HHQFXHQWUDODPDWUL] M 1RUPDOPHQWHODPDWUL]GHPDVDVHVGLDJRQDOGH
WDOPDQHUDTXH M VHHQFXHQWUD VDFDQGRODUDt]FXDGUDGD GHORVHOHPHQWRV
GHODGLDJRQDO
6H GHWHUPLQD M 3DUD HO FDVR GH PDWULFHV GLDJRQDOHV QR HV PiV TXH OD
LQYHUVDGHORVHOHPHQWRV GHODGLDJRQDO
6HGHWHUPLQD K o
6HDSOLFDFXDOTXLHU0pWRGRGHFiOFXORGHYDORUHV \YHFWRUHVSURSLRVHQ K o
)LQDOPHQWHVHKDOODQORVYHFWRUHVSURSLRV I M
Io
&21&/86,21(6
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
6H KD SUHVHQWDGR OD WHRUtD TXH SHUPLWH FDOFXODU HO (VSHFWUR GH &DSDFLGDG SDUD
FXDOTXLHU HVWUXFWXUD (Q HO SUHVHQWH DUWtFXOR VH OR KD DSOLFDGR DO DQiOLVLV VtVPLFR HVSDFLDO
FRQVLGHUDQGR XQ PRGHOR GH WUHV JUDGRV GH OLEHUWDG 3RU RWUD SDUWH VH KD GHVDUUROODGR XQ
SURJUDPD GH FRPSXWDFLyQ TXH SHUPLWH HQFRQWUDU HO HVSHFWUR GH FDSDFLGDG GH HVWUXFWXUDV
HVSDFLDOHV /DV LQFHUWLGXPEUHV GHO PRGHOR \ GH ORV PDWHULDOHV KDQ VLGR FXELHUWDV FRQ OD
SUHVHQWDFLyQ GHWUHVHVSHFWURV GH FDSDFLGDGSDUDXQDPLVPDHVWUXFWXUDGHWDO IRUPDTXH SDUD
XQ GHWHUPLQDGR GHVSOD]DPLHQWR HVSHFWUDO VH WLHQH XQ UDQJR GH YDULDFLyQ GH OD DFHOHUDFLyQ
HVSHFWUDO)LQDOPHQWHHQEDVHDOPRGHORHVSDFLDOGHWUHVJUDGRVGHOLEHUWDGVHKDSUHVHQWDGR
XQD IRUPD GH FiOFXOR GH OD GLVWRUVLyQ GH SLVR \ VH KDQ LQFRUSRUDGR ORV OtPLWHV GH GDxR DO
HVSHFWURGHFDSDFLGDG'HOHVWXGLRUHDOL]DGRVHGHVSUHQGHQODVVLJXLHQWHVFRQFOXVLRQHV
x 1RUPDOPHQWH VH REWLHQH HO HVSHFWUR GH FDSDFLGDG SDUD HO SULPHU PRGR GH YLEUDFLyQ SHUR
VHSXHGHHQFRQWUDUGLFKRHVSHFWURSDUDFXDOTXLHUPRGR
x 3RU OD LQFHUWLGXPEUH TXH VH WLHQH HQ ORV PRGHORV GH DQiOLVLV QR VH SXHGH GHILQLU XQ VROR
HVSHFWUR GHFDSDFLGDGVLQR TXHVHGHEHQ GHILQLU WUHVHVSHFWURV XQRGHYDORU PHGLR \ GRV
GHYDORUPHGLR r XQDGHVYLDFLyQ
x (VPX\~WLOODLQFRUSRUDFLyQHQHOHVSHFWURGHFDSDFLGDGGHORVOtPLWHVGHQLYHOHVGHGDxR
5()(5(1&,$6
$7& 6HLVPLF HYDOXDWLRQ DQG UHWURILW RI FRQFUHWH EXLOGLQJV Applied
Technology Council,5HGZRRG&LW\&DOLIRUQLD
%RQHWW 5 3HQQD $ /DJRPDUVLQR 6 %DUEDW $ 3XMDGHV / \ 0RUHQR 5
(YDOXDFLyQ GH OD YXOQHUDELOLGDG VtVPLFD GH XQ HGLILFLR WtSLFR GHO (L[DPSOH GH
%DUFHORQD(VSDxD Revista Internacional de Ingeniera de Estructuras,
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
&KRSUD $ DQG *RHO 5 &DSDFLW\GHPDQGGLDJUDP PHWKRGV IRU HVWLPDWLQJ
GHIRUPDWLRQ RI LQHODVWLF VWUXFWXUHV 6') V\VWHPV Pacific Earthquake Engineering.
Research Center5HS1R3((5,8QLYHUVLW\RI&DOLIRUQLD%HUNHOH\&DOLIRUQLD
)DMIDU 3 &DSDFLW\ 6SHFWUXP 0HWKRG EDVHG RQ ,QHODVWLF 'HPDQG 6SHFWUD
Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics,
+$=86 (DUWKTXDNH /RVV (VWLPDWLRQ 0HWKRGRORJ\ Federal Emergency
Management Agency FEMA and National Institute of Building Sciences NIBS, 9RO
&KDSWHU:DVKLQJWRQ'&
0RQWLHO 0 5XL] 6 \ &KDQ 6 E (YDOXDFLyQ GH OD &RQILDELOLGDG 6tVPLFD GH
&RQVWUXFFLRQHV XVDQGR XQ PpWRGR VLPSOLILFDGR Octavas Jornadas Chilenas de
Sismologa e Ingeniera Antissmica, S9DOSDUDtVR&KLOH
5HLQKRUQ $ ,QHODVWLF DQDO\VLV WHFKQLTXHV LQ VHLVPLF HYDOXDWLRQV LQ 3 )DMIDU
DQG + .UDZLQNOHU (GV Seismic Design Methodologies for the Next Generation of
codes%DONHPD5RWWHUGDP
6($2& 9LVLyQ 5HSRUW RQ SHUIRUPDQFH EDVHG VHLVPLF HQJLQHHULQJ RI
EXLOGLQJV Structural Engineers Association of California,9ROXPH,6DFUDPHQWR
CAPTULO 8
(63(&7526660,&26'(5,(6*281,)250(3$5$
9(5,),&$5'(6(03(f2(6758&785$/(13$,6(6
/$7,12$0(5,&$126
5(680(1
6H SUHVHQWD XQD SURSXHVWD SDUD HQFRQWUDU IRUPDV HVSHFWUDOHV SDUD ORV VLVPRV
GHQRPLQDGRV SRU HO &RPLWp 9,6,21 FRPR IUHFXHQWH RFDVLRQDO UDUR \ PX\ UDUR SDUD
9HQH]XHOD &RORPELD (FXDGRU 3HU~ &KLOH \ $UJHQWLQD $ H[FHSFLyQ GH &RORPELD ODV
QRUPDWLYDV VtVPLFDV YLJHQWHV DO HQ ORV SDtVHV PHQFLRQDGRV HVWDEOHFHQ HO HVSHFWUR GH
GLVHxR SDUD HO VLVPR UDUR TXH WLHQH GH SUREDELOLGDG GH H[FHGHQFLD HQ DxRV (Q OD
1RUPDGH&RORPELDWDPELpQVHKDGHILQLGRHOHVSHFWURSDUDHOXPEUDO GHGDxRTXHWLHQHXQD
SUREDELOLGDG GHOGHVHUH[FHGLGR HQDxRV (QEDVHDOHVSHFWURSDUDHOVLVPRUDURVH
SURSRQH REWHQHU IRUPDV HVSHFWUDOHV SDUD ORV WUHV UHVWDQWHV QLYHOHV GH GLVHxR VtVPLFR
IUHFXHQWH GHSUREDELOLGDGGH H[FHGHQFLDHQDxRV RFDVLRQDOGHSUREDELOLGDG GH
H[FHGHQFLDHQDxRV\PX\UDURGHSUREDELOLGDGGHH[FHGHQFLDHQDxRV'HHVWD
PDQHUDVHDSRUWDDOGHVDUUROORGHOGLVHxRVtVPLFRSRUGHVHPSHxRHQ$PpULFD/DWLQD
,1752'8&&,1
&DStWXORSXEOLFDGRHQHO;,6HPLQDULRGH,QJHQLHUtD6tVPLFDTXHVHUHDOL]yHQ0HQGR]D
$UJHQWLQD HQ $JRVWR GH 3XEOLFDGR DGHPiV HQ OD 5HYLVWD &LPLHQWRV 1 GHO
&ROHJLRGH,QJHQLHURV&LYLOHVGH(VPHUDOGDVHQ$JRVWRGH
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
(Q OD IRUPD GH GLVHxR WUDGLFLRQDO VH JDUDQWL]D TXH HO HGLILFLR QR YD D FRODSVDU DQWH XQ
VLVPRPD\RU\VHHQWLHQGHTXHDQWHVLVPRVPHQRUHVODHVWUXFWXUDYDDUHVSRQGHUHQHOUDQJR
HOiVWLFR R FRQ OLJHUR GDxR DQWH VLVPRV PRGHUDGRV 7RGRV ORV FRQWUROHV TXH VH UHDOL]DQ HQ HO
GLVHxR HVWiQ RULHQWDGRV H[FOXVLYDPHQWH DO VLVPR PD\RU 3HUR HV LPSRUWDQWH FXDQWLILFDU HO
GHVHPSHxR TXHYDDWHQHUODHGLILFDFLyQDQWHORV VLVPRVPHQRUHV\PRGHUDGRVSDUD VDEHU VL
QRVHYDDSURGXFLUJUDYHVSpUGLGDVGHFDSLWDOHLQWHUUXSFLyQGHOVHUYLFLR)ORUHV
(QHOGLVHxR VtVPLFRSRUGHVHPSHxRORTXHVHGHVHDHVFRQRFHUORVGHVSOD]DPLHQWRV
GLVWRUVLRQHV GH SLVR \ HO FRPSRUWDPLHQWR GH FDGD XQR GH ORV HOHPHQWRV DQWH VLVPRV GH
SHTXHxDPDJQLWXGTXHVHYDQDUHSHWLUYDULDVYHFHVGXUDQWHODYLGDGHODHVWUXFWXUDRVLVPRV
GH PD\RUPDJQLWXG TXH SUREDEOHPHQWH VH UHJLVWUHQ XQD VROD YH] HQ HO WLHPSR GH YLGD GH OD
HGLILFDFLyQ R VLVPRV PiV IXHUWHV HQ ORV FXDOHV OD SUREDELOLGDG GH RFXUUHQFLD HV PHQRU /R
FLHUWR HV TXH OR TXH VH SHUVLJXH HV DQWH GLIHUHQWHV HYHQWRV VtVPLFRV GH GLIHUHQWH LQWHQVLGDG
FRQRFHU VXGHVHPSHxRHQWpUPLQRVGHtQGLFHVGHGDxRDQLYHOORFDO\JOREDOGHODHGLILFDFLyQ
FRQRFHU ODV SpUGLGDV HFRQyPLFDV TXH VH YDQ D JHQHUDU DQWH HVWRV HYHQWRV \ YHU VL VRQ
WROHUDEOHV
(Q GHILQLWLYDFRQ HO GLVHxR VtVPLFR SRU GHVHPSHxR OR TXH VH SHUVLJXH HV FRQRFHU PiV
VREUH HOFRPSRUWDPLHQWR GHODHVWUXFWXUDDQWHGLIHUHQWHVDFFLRQHVVtVPLFDVORTXHWRGDYtD QR
HVWi VXILFLHQWHPHQWH FODURHVODYDULDEOHTXHPHMRU GHILQHHOQLYHOGHGHVHPSHxRHQWUH HVWDV
WHQHPRV HO GHVSOD]DPLHQWR ODWHUDO Pi[LPR HQ HO WRSH GHO HGLILFLR OD GXFWLOLGDG OD GHULYD GH
SLVRODHQHUJtDGLVLSDGDORVtQGLFHVGHGDxRHWF
9,6,21 UHFRPLHQGD TXH VH YHULILTXH HO GHVHPSHxR GH ODV HVWUXFWXUDV DQWH ORV
FXDWUR HYHQWRV VtVPLFRV TXH HVWiQ LQGLFDGRV HQ OD WDEOD (Q FRQVHFXHQFLD HQ ODV
QRUPDWLYDV VtVPLFDV VH GHEHQ HVWDEOHFHU ORV HVSHFWURV GH GLVHxR SDUD FDGD XQR GH HVWRV
HYHQWRVWHPDEDVWDQWHGLItFLOVLVHFRQVLGHUDODSRFDLQIRUPDFLyQVtVPLFDLQVWUXPHQWDOTXH VH
GLVSRQHHQYDULRVSDtVHVHQYtDVGHGHVDUUROORSHURQRSRUHOORGHEHPRVTXHGDUQRVFRQORV
EUD]RV FUX]DGRV D OD HVSHUD GH TXH XQ QXHYR VLVPR FDXVH QXHYDV SpUGLGDV KXPDQDV \
HFRQyPLFDV
7DEOD 6LVPRVUHFRPHQGDGRVSRUHO&RPLWp9,6,21
6LVPR 9LGD WLO 3UREDELOLGDGGH 3HUtRGRPHGLR 7DVD$QXDOGH
7 ([FHGHQFLD P
GHUHWRUQR t r H[FHGHQFLD p
)UHFXHQWH DxRV DxRV
2FDVLRQDO DxRV DxRV
5DUR DxRV DxRV
0X\UDUR DxRV DxRV
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
(Q OD WDEOD OD WDVD DQXDO GH H[FHGHQFLD p VH REWLHQH HQ IXQFLyQ GH OD
SUREDELOLGDGGHH[FHGHQFLD P GXUDQWHODYLGD~WLO t PHGLDQWHODVLJXLHQWHHFXDFLyQ
p
P
t
(O SHUtRGR PHGLR GH UHWRUQR t r VH GHWHUPLQD PHGLDQWH OD LQYHUVD GH p 3DUD FDGD
VLVPR GH DQiOLVLV VH HVSHUD XQ GHVHPSHxR GH OD HGLILFDFLyQ GH DFXHUGR DO GHVWLQR GH OD
PLVPD SHUR HQ WpUPLQRV JHQHUDOHV DQWH HO sismo frecuente, OD HVWUXFWXUD GHEH FRPSRUWDUVH
HOiVWLFDPHQWH HQ FRQVHFXHQFLD HO FRHILFLHQWH GH DPRUWLJXDPLHQWR UHIHULGR DO FUtWLFR SDUD
HVWUXFWXUDVGHKRUPLJyQDUPDGRVHUiGHO(VWHFRHILFLHQWHSDUDHOsismo ocasional,HQTXH
VHHVSHUDGDxRHQORVHOHPHQWRVQRHVWUXFWXUDOHVHVWDUiDOUHGHGRUGHO3DUDHOsismo raro
WRGDV ODV QRUPDWLYDV VtVPLFDV SUHVHQWDQ HO HVSHFWUR HOiVWLFR DVRFLDGR D XQ ILQDOPHQWH
SDUDHOVLVPR muy raro HO FRHILFLHQWHGHDPRUWLJXDPLHQWRHVPD\RU
(QHODSDUWDGRVHSUHVHQWDODWHRUtDJHQHUDO FRQODFXDOVHUHDOL]DQORVHVWXGLRVGH
SHOLJURVLGDG VtVPLFD VX OHFWXUD VHUi GH JUDQ D\XGD SDUD HQWHQGHU OD WHPiWLFD TXH DTXt VH
LQGLFD
=21,),&$&,1660,&$<(63(&752(/67,&2
(Q OD ILJXUD VH LQGLFD HO PDSD GH ]RQLILFDFLyQ VtVPLFD GH 9HQH]XHOD &RORPELD
(FXDGRU3HU~&KLOH\$UJHQWLQDTXH KD VLGRREWHQLGRSDUDHOsismo raro\TXH FRQVWD HQOD
1RUPD &29(1,1 5HY SDUD HO FDVR GH 9HQH]XHOD HQ OD 1RUPD 6LVPR
5HVLVWHQWH165GH&RORPELDHQHO&yGLJR(FXDWRULDQRGHOD &RQVWUXFFLyQ&(& HQ
OD1RUPD7pFQLFDGH3HU~(GHHQOD1RUPDGH&KLOH1&K2IGH\HQHO
5HJODPHQWR $UJHQWLQRSDUD&RQVWUXFFLRQHV6LVPRUUHVLVWHQWHV,035(6&,562&GH
1R HV HO REMHWLYR GHO SUHVHQWH FDStWXOR FRPSDUDU ODV IRUPDV HVSHFWUDOHV GH ODV
QRUPDWLYDV VtVPLFDV YLJHQWHV DO HQ /DWLQRDPpULFD SHRU D~Q FRPHQWDU VREUH HOODV VH
HQWLHQGHTXHHVWDV UHVSRQGHQDODPHMRULQIRUPDFLyQVtVPLFDGLVSRQLEOHHQFDGDSDtV/RTXH
VH SUHWHQGH HV TXH D SDUWLU GH ODV IRUPDV HVSHFWUDOHV YLJHQWHV VH GHWHUPLQHQ ORV HVSHFWURV
SDUDORV VLVPRVUHFRPHQGDGRVSRU9,6,216HFRQVLGHUDTXHORVSHUtRGRVGHUHWRUQR GH
FDGDXQRGH HVWRVHYHQWRVTXHKDQVLGRGHWHUPLQDGRVSDUD HOiUHDGH&DOLIRUQLDVHPDQWLHQHQ
HQ/DWLQRDPpULFD
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
ZONA Amx
1 0.10 g
2 0.15 g
3 0.20 g
4 0.25 g
5 0.30 g
6 0.35 g
7 0.40 g
1RUPDWLYDGH9HQH]XHOD
D E M Ao E
T
T To Ad
T o
To T T
Ad D E M Ao
p
T
T !T
Ad D E M Ao
T
GRQGH D HV HO FRHILFLHQWH GH LPSRUWDQFLD GH OD HVWUXFWXUD M HV HO IDFWRU GH FRUUHFFLyQ GHO
FRHILFLHQWH GH OD DFHOHUDFLyQ KRUL]RQWDO GHO VXHOR SRU HIHFWR GH ODV FRQGLFLRQHV ORFDOHV GH
VXHOR E HVHOIDFWRUGHPDJQLILFDFLyQ SURPHGLRLQGLFDGRHQODWDEOD Ao HVODDFHOHUDFLyQ
Pi[LPDGHOVXHORLQGLFDGRHQHOPDSD GH]RQLILFDFLyQGHODILJXUD /RVSHUtRGRV To T VH
LQGLFDQHQODWDEODSDUDGLIHUHQWHV SHUILOHVGHVXHOR)LQDOPHQWH7\ Ad VRQHOSHUtRGR\
ODDFHOHUDFLyQTXHSRVWHULRUPHQWHVHYDDGHQRPLQDU S a
)LJXUD(VSHFWUR(OiVWLFRGHODQRUPDYHQH]RODQDGH
1RUPDWLYDGH&RORPELD
/D QRUPD 165 GH &RORPELD FRQWHPSOD QXHYH ]RQDV VtVPLFDV OD GH PD\RU
SHOLJURVLGDG HVODQXHYH FRQXQYDORU Ao g \ODGHPHQRU SHOLJURVLGDGODXQR FRQXQ
Ao g /DVHFXDFLRQHVGHOHVSHFWURHOiVWLFRTXHVHLQGLFDQHQODILJXUDVRQ
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
Ad
DAo
(1.2DAo S)/T
0 To T* T+ Perodo, T(s)
)LJXUD(VSHFWUR(OiVWLFRGHODQRUPDGH&RORPELDGH
&yGLJRGH(FXDGRU
T T
Ad D E Ao
D Ao S S
T
T T Ad
T
D Ao
T !T Ad
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
Ad
EDAo
S
DAo S / T
Opcional para
DAo
Anlisis Dinmico DAo/2
0 To T* T+ Perodo, T(s)
1RUPDGH3HU~
(Q HO 3HU~ OD 1RUPD 7pFQLFD GH (GLILFDFLRQHV ( GH FRQVLGHUD ]RQDV
VtVPLFDV OD ]RQD TXH WLHQH XQ YDORU GH g OD GRV HV OD PiV H[WHQVD FRQ XQ YDORU
Ao g \ODGHPD\RUSHOLJURVLGDGHVODFRQ g (QODILJXUDVHLQGLFDQORVGRV
VHJPHQWRV TXH GHILQHQ HO HVSHFWUR HOiVWLFR GH OD 1RUPD 7pFQLFD ( GH 3HU~ FX\DV
HFXDFLRQHVVRQ
Ad
2.5 DAo S
1.25
2.5 ( T* / T ) . DAo S
T* T
T T
Ad D Ao S
T
T !T
Ad D Ao S
T
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
1RUPDGH&KLOH
/D1RUPD1&K2IFRQWHPSODWUHV]RQDVVtVPLFDVODGHPD\RUSHOLJURVLGDGHV
ODWUHVFRQ Ao g \ODPHQRUHVODXQRFRQ Ao g (OHVSHFWURHOiVWLFRGH&KLOHHV
GLIHUHQWHDOGHORVRWURVSDtVHVGH/DWLQRDPpULFD\HVWiJREHUQDGRSRUXQDVRODHFXDFLyQ
p
T
Ad D Ao To
T
To
GRQGH To p VRQSDUiPHWURVUHODWLYRVDOWLSRGHVXHORGHIXQGDFLyQTXHVHGHWHUPLQDQHQOD
WDEODGHDFXHUGRDOSHUILOGHVXHOR
1RUPDGH$UJHQWLQD
(Q$UJHQWLQDVHWLHQHQ]RQDVVtVPLFDVTXHYDQGHVGHOD]RQDTXHFRUUHVSRQGH D
OD PD\RU SDUWH GHO WHUULWRULR \ HVWi FDUDFWHUL]DGR SRU XQ YDORU Ao g KDVWD OD ]RQD
FRQ Ao g (Q ODV ]RQDV VtVPLFDV \ HO YDORU GH Ao YDUtD GH DFXHUGR DO SHUILO GH
VXHOR(QODILJXUDVHLQGLFDODIRUPDGHOHVSHFWURHOiVWLFR\ODVHFXDFLRQHV GHFDGDXQDGH
ODVUDPDVVRQ
D Ao E Ao Ao D
T
T To Ad
To
To d T d T
Ad D E Ao
T
T !T
Ad D E Ao
T
(VLPSRUWDQWHGHVWDFDUTXHHQHOSUHVHQWHDSDUWDGRVHKDLQGLFDGR HOHVSHFWURHOiVWLFR
GHODVGLIHUHQWHVQRUPDWLYDV VtVPLFDV DQDOL]DGDVDHVWDIRUPDHVSHFWUDO VHODGHQRPLQD S ae
3RU RWUD SDUWH OD FODVLILFDFLyQ GH ORV SHUILOHV GH VXHOR GLILHUH GH QRUPDWLYD D QRUPDWLYD D
H[FHSFLyQGHO&(&GH(FXDGRU\(GH3HU~TXHVRQODV PLVPDV
Ad
DEAo
2/3
D$REAo - Ao)D T/To DEAo (T*/T)
D Ao
0 To T* Perodo, T(s)
)LJXUD(VSHFWUR(OiVWLFRGHOUHJODPHQWRDUJHQWLQRGH
7DEOD 3DUiPHWURVTXHGHILQHQHOHVSHFWURHOiVWLFRGH9HQH]XHOD&RORPELD(FXDGRU3HU~&KLOH\
$UJHQWLQDYLJHQWHVDO
3(5),/ p
'( 3$,6
To T
T E S
68(/2 VHJ VHJ VHJ
6 9HQH]XHOD
&RORPELD
(FXDGRU
3HU~
&KLOH
$UJHQWLQD
6 9HQH]XHOD
&RORPELD
(FXDGRU
3HU~
&KLOH
$UJHQWLQD
6 9HQH]XHOD
&RORPELD
(FXDGRU
3HU~
&KLOH
$UJHQWLQD
6 9HQH]XHOD
&RORPELD
(FXDGRU
3HU~
&KLOH
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
$1/,6,6'((678',265($/,=$'26(19(1(=8(/$
(Q HO 0DQXDO GH ,QJHQLHUtD GH 'LVHxR GH 3'96$ VH SUHVHQWDQ GRV PDSDV GH
DPHQD]D VtVPLFDHOXQRFRQWLHQHYDORUHV GH a \HORWURFRQWLHQHYDORUHVGH J (QEDVH D
Ao ^> @ `
a
OQ P
t
J
GRQGH Ao YLHQH H[SUHVDGR HQ cm s (Q OD WDEOD VH LQGLFDQ ORV YDORUHV GH Ao
HQFRQWUDGRV SDUD GLIHUHQWHV ]RQDV VtVPLFDV GH 9HQH]XHOD SDUD ORV VLVPRV UDUR \ PX\ UDUR
1yWHVHTXHODUHODFLyQHQWUHODDFHOHUDFLyQHQFRQWUDGDSDUDHOVLVPRPX\UDUR FRQ UHODFLyQDOD
DFHOHUDFLyQ GHO VLVPR UDUR HQ SURPHGLR HV GH \ VH DSUHFLD TXH QR KD\ XQD JUDQ
GLVSHUVLyQ FRQUHVSHFWRDHVWHYDORU6HGHVWDFDTXHORVSXQWRV VHOHFFLRQDGRVHQODWDEOD
VRQGHWRGD9HQH]XHOD\VHKDWHQLGR HVSHFLDO FXLGDGRGHFRQVLGHUDUSXQWRV GHO(VWDGR6XFUH
TXHFRQWHPSODODV]RQDVVtVPLFDV\
3RU RWUR ODGR HQ ODV WDEODV \ VH LQGLFDQ ORV UHVXOWDGRV GHO HVWXGLR GH
SHOLJURVLGDG VtVPLFD FRQVLGHUDQGR ORV VLVPRV UHFRPHQGDGRV SRU 9,6,21 SDUD HO
RFFLGHQWHGH9HQH]XHOD7UDEDMRUHDOL]DGRSRU%HQGLWRHWDOHQ
7DEOD $FHOHUDFLRQHVHQFRQWUDGDVSRU%HQGLWRHWDOHQ=RQD6tVPLFD
6LVPR &RUR 0DUDFDLER 3URPHGLR
0HGLD 0 V 0HGLD 0 V
)UHFXHQWH
2FDVLRQDO
5DUR
0X\ UDUR
2FDVLRQDO)UHFXHQWH
0X\UDUR5DUR
(Q OD ~OWLPD FROXPQD GH ODV WDEODV \ VH SUHVHQWD HO SURPHGLR SDUD ORV FXDWUR
VLVPRV REWHQLGRVFRQORV YDORUHVPHGLRVSHUR SDUDODVUHODFLRQHVHQWUHODDFHOHUDFLyQ Pi[LPD
GHO VLVPR RFDVLRQDO FRQ UHODFLyQ DO IUHFXHQWH \ GHO VLVPR PX\ UDUR FRQ UHVSHFWR DO UDUR VH
REWXYRFRQWRGRVORVGDWRV
/D 1RUPD &29(1,1 HVWDEOHFH TXH Ao g SDUD OD ]RQD \
Ao g SDUDOD]RQD(QFRQVHFXHQFLDODUHODFLyQGH Ao HVSHFLILFDGR HQODQRUPDWLYD
FRQ UHODFLyQ DODDFHOHUDFLyQGHOVLVPR IUHFXHQWH HQFRQWUDGRHQODVWDEODV\VRQ\
UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH 3RU OR WDQWR SDUD REWHQHU OD DFHOHUDFLyQ GHO VXHOR SDUD HO VLVPR
IUHFXHQWH VH GHEHQGLYLGLU ORVYDORUHVTXHHVWiQ HQODQRUPDWLYD VtVPLFDSDUDXQYDORU
TXHHVWiHQWUH\
(Q ODV WDEODV \ VH DSUHFLD TXH SDUD REWHQHU OD DFHOHUDFLyQ SDUD HO VLVPR
RFDVLRQDOVHGHEHQPXOWLSOLFDUORVYDORUHVGHODDFHOHUDFLyQSDUDHOVLVPRIUHFXHQWHSRU\
3RURWURODGRHOIDFWRUSRUHOFXDOVHGHEHPXOWLSOLFDUODDFHOHUDFLyQGHOVLVPRUDURSDUD
REWHQHUHOVLVPRPX\UDURHVDKRUDGH
(QEDVHDORVYDORUHVREWHQLGRVHQHVWHWLSRGHUHODFLRQHV VHSODQWHDUiXQDIRUPDGH
REWHQHUORVHVSHFWURVSDUDORVVLVPRVGH9,6,21DSDUWLUGHORVHVSHFWURVTXHFRQVWDQHQ
ODVGLIHUHQWHVQRUPDWLYDVVtVPLFDV6RQSRFRVORVWUDEDMRVGHSHOLJURVLGDGVtVPLFDTXH VH KDQ
UHDOL]DGR HQ ORV GLIHUHQWHV SDtVHV VtVPLFRV GH 6XU $PpULFD SDUD REWHQHU ORV VLVPRV
SURSXHVWRV SRU 9,6,21 SRU HVWH PRWLYR HV FRQYHQLHQWH TXH GHO DQiOLVLV GH WRGRV ORV
HVWXGLRV VH KDJD XQD SURSXHVWD HQ FRQMXQWR $GHPiV QR VH GLVSRQH GH XQD EDVH GH GDWRV
LQVWUXPHQWDOHV QXPHURVD SDUD ORV VLVPRV PRGHUDGRV \ IXHUWHV FRQ ORV FXDOHV VH SXHGDQ
REWHQHUFRQFOXVLRQHVVREUHODVIRUPDV HVSHFWUDOHV
$1/,6,6'((678',265($/,=$'26(1&2/20%,$
/D 165 GH &RORPELD D PiV GH GHILQLU HO HVSHFWUR GH GLVHxR SDUD HO VLVPR UDUR
WDPELpQORKDFHSDUDHOVLVPRGHQRPLQDGR Umbral de DaoHOPLVPRTXHVHORREWLHQHSDUD
XQDSUREDELOLGDGGHH[FHGHQFLDGHOHQXQODSVRGHTXLQFHDxRVHVGHFLUHVWiDVRFLDGRD
XQSHUtRGRPHGLRGHUHWRUQRGHDxRV(VSUREDEOHTXHHVWH VHDHOSHUtRGRGHUHWRUQR SDUD
HO VLVPR IUHFXHQWH HQ &RORPELD GH DKt OD QHFHVLGDG GH TXH HQ /DWLQRDPpULFD VH UHDOLFHQ
HVWXGLRV SDUD GHWHUPLQDU ORV SHUtRGRV GH UHWRUQR SDUD ORV FXDWUR HYHQWRV VtVPLFRV
GHQRPLQDGRVIUHFXHQWHRFDVLRQDOUDUR\PX\UDUR
$OFRPSDUDU HOSHUtRGRPHGLRGHUHWRUQRGHOVLVPRXPEUDOGHGDxRGHOD165FRQHO
VLVPRIUHFXHQWHGH9,6,21 VH REVHUYDTXH HVYHFHVPHQRU6LQHPEDUJRGHHOOR\
FRQHOREMHWR GHWHQHUXQDLGHDGHODUHODFLyQHQWUHODDFHOHUDFLyQGHOVLVPR UDUR\GHOVLVPRGH
XPEUDOGHGDxRHQODWDEODVHLQGLFDORHVSHFLILFDGRSRUOD165SDUDORVGRVVLVPRV 6H
GHVWDFDTXH SDUDHOVLVPRUDURVHWLHQHQQXHYH]RQDVVtVPLFDV\SDUDHOGHXPEUDOGHGDxR
HQ FRQVHFXHQFLD SDUD FRPSDUDUORV VH GHEH KDFHU XQD DSUR[LPDFLyQ FRQVLGHUDQGR ORV
PD\RUHVYDORUHV
(VLPSRUWDQWHGHVWDFDUTXH0HGHOOtQVHHQFXHQWUD HQOD=RQD6tVPLFDSDUDHOVLVPR
UDUR\SDUDHOVLVPRGHXPEUDOGHGDxR-DUDPLOORGHWHUPLQDORVGRVHVSHFWURVSDUD
]RQDV GH 0HGHOOtQ \ HO YDORU SURPHGLR GH OD DFHOHUDFLyQ SDUD HO XPEUDO GH GDxR HV
Ao g \ SDUD HO VLVPR UDUR Ao g 9DORUHV VXSHULRUHV D ORV SUHVFULWRV HQ
165 /D UHODFLyQ HQWUH HVWRV GRV YDORUHV HV YDORU PiV EDMR TXH ORV LQGLFDGRV HQ OD
WDEOD 3RU FRQVLJXLHQWH SDUD HQFRQWUDU OD DFHOHUDFLyQ GHO VLVPR XPEUDO GH GDxR VH GHEH
GLYLGLUODDFHOHUDFLyQGHOD1RUPDWLYD165SDUDXQYDORUTXHHVWiDOUHGHGRU GH
$1/,6,6'((678',265($/,=$'26(1(&8$'25
0HUDHWDOKDQUHDOL]DGR HVWXGLRVGHSHOLJURVLGDGVtVPLFDHQ(VPHUDOGDV
0DFKDOD 6DOLQDV \ 0DQWD VLJXLHQGR ORV OLQHDPLHQWRV GH 9,6,21 3RU RWUR ODGR $JXLDU
KDUHDOL]DGRLJXDOWUDEDMRHQHO7HQD 3XMLOt \ 6DQWR'RPLQJRGHWDOPDQHUDTXHVH
WLHQHQ UHVXOWDGRV GH FLXGDGHV XELFDGDV HQ ODV WUHV UHJLRQHV GH OD JHRJUDItD HFXDWRULDQD /RV
UHVXOWDGRVHQFRQWUDGRVVHLQGLFDQHQODVWDEODV\
/D ]RQD ,9 FRQWHPSOD TXH A o g \ HQ OD ]RQD ,,, VH WLHQH Ao g SDUD HO
VLVPR UDUR (Q OD WDEOD VH DSUHFLD TXH HO SURPHGLR GHO YDORU GH Ao HV PD\RU TXH HO
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
UHVSHFWLYR SURPHGLR LQGLFDGR HQ OD WDEOD FRPR HUD GH HVSHUDUVH SHUR SDUD ORV VLVPRV
IUHFXHQWH\RFDVLRQDOHOSURPHGLRGHODWDEODHVPD\RUTXHHOGHODWDEOD
$1/,6,6'((678',265($/,=$'26(13(5
,QYHVWLJDGRUHVFRPR0XxR]6LOYD\=HJDUUDKDQ SUHVHQWDGRWUDEDMRV
GHUHIRU]DPLHQWRGHFRQVWUXFFLRQHVHQORVTXHKDQXWLOL]DGRORVYDORUHVLQGLFDGRV HQODWDEOD
SDUD OD ]RQD GH PD\RU SHOLJURVLGDG VtVPLFD GHO 3HU~ SDUD GHWHUPLQDU ORV VLVPRV GH
DQiOLVLVGHDFXHUGRD9,6,21\YHULILFDUHOGHVHPSHxRGHODVHGLILFDFLRQHV
(678',265($/,=$'26(1&+,/(
*XHQGHOPDQ UHDOL]D XQD SURSRVLFLyQ SDUD PRGLILFDU OD 1RUPD 1&K 2I
FRQ OD FXDO VH GHWHUPLQD ORV VLVPRV GH DQiOLVLV GH DFXHUGR D 9,6,21 /D SURSXHVWD VH
PXHVWUDHQODWDEOD
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
7DEOD 3URSRVLFLyQSDUD1&KIXWXUDUHDOL]DGDSRU*XHQGHOPDQ
6LVPR 1LYHOGH'HPDQGD
)UHFXHQWH f SPLQ ae
Sa
R
2FDVLRQDO Sa Sa
5DUR Sa S ae
0X\5DUR Sa S ae
3RUORWDQWRDSDUWLUGHOD1RUPDGH&KLOHYLJHQWHDOHQTXHVRORVHHVSHFLILFDHO
VLVPRUDURHVIDFWLEOHREWHQHUORVRWURVVLVPRVGHDQiOLVLVUHFRPHQGDGRVSRU9,6,21
5(680(1'((678',265($/,=$'26
7DEOD3DUiPHWURVHQFRQWUDGRV
3DtV Ao Ocasional Ao Muy raro Ao Norma Ao Norma
Ao Frecuente Ao Raro Ao Frecuente Ao Umbral
9HQH]XHOD 7DEOD 7DEOD 7DEOD
7DEOD 7DEOD 7DEOD
7DEOD
&RORPELD 7DEOD
-DUDPLOOR
(FXDGRU 7DEOD 7DEOD 7DEOD
7DEOD 7DEOD 7DEOD
3HU~ 7DEOD 7DEOD 7DEOD
35238(67$'()250$6(63(&75$/(6
3DUD HO 6LVPR )UHFXHQWH VH SURSRQH REWHQHU HVSHFWURV SDUD XQ IDFWRU GH
DPRUWLJXDPLHQWR [ GHOHPSOHDQGRODPLVPDIRUPDGHOHVSHFWUR HOiVWLFRTXHFRQVWDHQODV
UHVSHFWLYDVQRUPDWLYDVVtVPLFDVSHURFRQXQYDORUGH Ao LJXDODOTXHHVWiHQODQRUPDSDUDHO
VLVPR UDUR GLYLGR SDUD WUHV 6H UHFRPLHQGD XVDU ODV HFXDFLRQHV GH 1HZPDUN \ +DOO SDUD
HQFRQWUDU HVSHFWURVFRQFXDOTXLHUDPRUWLJXDPLHQWRHVWDVVRQ
/DV HFXDFLRQHV D WLHQHQ XQ GH SUREDELOLGDG GH H[FHGHQFLD 3RU
RWUD SDUWH HQ HVWDV HFXDFLRQHV D a D b D c VRQ ORV IDFWRUHV GH DPSOLILFDFLyQ SDUD OD
DFHOHUDFLyQ YHORFLGDG \ GHVSOD]DPLHQWR ([LVWHQ RWUDV HFXDFLRQHV PiV VHQFLOODV SDUD
HQFRQWUDUXQIDFWRUGHDMXVWH f a GHOHVSHFWURKDXQ [ XQDGHHOODVHVODVLJXLHQWH
fa
[
/DHFXDFLyQHVDGHFXDGDXWLOL]DUODHQHVSHFWURVTXHHVWiQIRUPXODGRVSRUXQD
VROD HFXDFLyQ FRPR HV HO FDVR GH &KLOH (Q FDPELR FRQ ODV HFXDFLRQHV D VH
PRGLILFDODSRVLFLyQGHORVSXQWRVGHTXLHEUHGHOHVSHFWUR
)LJXUD (VSHFWURVSDUDXQSHUILO6HQ]RQDGH9HQH]XHOD
3DUDHO6LVPR2FDVLRQDOHVPX\DGHFXDGRXWLOL]DUODUHFRPHQGDFLyQGH*XHQGHOPDQ
TXHFRQVLVWH HQPXOWLSOLFDUHOHVSHFWUR GHOVLVPR IUHFXHQWH SRUVHSXHGHSHQVDUHQ
XQ IDFWRU OLJHUDPHQWH PHQRU SHUR FRQVHUYDGRUDPHQWH TXHGD HO YDORU DQRWDGR SRU ORV YDORUHV
HQFRQWUDGRV\TXHFRQVWDQHQODWDEOD
)LJXUD (VSHFWURVSDUDXQSHUILO6HQ]RQDGH&KLOH
(63(&7526'('(0$1'$
/RV HVSHFWURV GH GHPDQGD UHODFLRQDQ HO GHVSOD]DPLHQWR HVSHFWUDO S d FRQ OD
DFHOHUDFLyQ HVSHFWUDO S a \ VH ORV REWLHQH D SDUWLU GH ORV HVSHFWURV LQGLFDGRV HQ HO DSDUWDGR
DQWHULRU/DHFXDFLyQTXHVHXWLOL]DSDUDHOFDPELRHQHOUDQJRHOiVWLFRHVODVLJXLHQWH
T
S de S ae
S
S ae
Sa
RP
P S de P T T
Sd S ae P Sa
RP RP S S
)LJXUD (VSHFWURVGH'HPDQGDSDUD9HQH]XHODHQ=RQD\HQVXHOR6
(Q ODV ILJXUDV \ VH PXHVWUDQ ORV HVSHFWURV GH GHPDQGD SDUD 9HQH]XHOD \
&KLOH TXHVHGHULYDQGHORVHVSHFWURVLQGLFDGRV HQODVILJXUDV\TXH VHKDQ REWHQLGR
KDVWDXQSHUtRGRGHVVLVHDPSOtD HOUDQJRGHOSHUtRGRORVHVSHFWURVGHGHPDQGDGHODV
ILJXUDV\YDQDFRQWLQXDU FRQODFXUYDGHVFHQGHQWH
(Q OD ILJXUDV D VH SUHVHQWDQ D OD L]TXLHUGD ORV HVSHFWURV FOiVLFRV HQ HO
IRUPDWR DFHOHUDFLyQ SHUtRGR \ D OD GHUHFKD ORV HVSHFWURV GH GHPDQGD HQ HO IRUPDWR
DFHOHUDFLyQ GHVSOD]DPLHQWR SDUD ODV ]RQDV GH PD\RU SHOLJURVLGDG VtVPLFD GH &RORPELD
(FXDGRU3HU~\$UJHQWLQDHQXQSHUILOGHVXHOR6\SDUDXQFRHILFLHQWHGHLPSRUWDQFLDLJXDO
DXQR
3DUD&RORPELDODIRUPDGHOHVSHFWURGHOVLVPRIUHFXHQWHVHKDFRQVLGHUDGRLJXDODOD
HVWLSXODGD HQ 165 SDUD HO VLVPR GHQRPLQDGR XPEUDO GH GDxR OR GHPiV VH SURFHGH GH
DFXHUGRDODSURSXHVWDUHDOL]DGD
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
)LJXUD (VSHFWURVGH'HPDQGDSDUD&KLOHHQ=RQD\HQVXHOR6
3(/,*526,'$'660,&$
(WDSDVGHFiOFXOR
(Q OD ILJXUD VH SUHVHQWDQ ODV HWDSDV TXH VH VLJXHQ SDUD OD HYDOXDFLyQ GH OD
3HOLJURVLGDG VtVPLFD D QLYHO UHJLRQDO WHQGLHQWHV D OD REWHQFLyQ GH SDUiPHWURV SDUD HO GLVHxR
VLVPRUHVLVWHQWHH[SUHVDGRVHQWpUPLQRVSUREDELOtVWLFRV
)LJXUD (WDSDVGHODHYDOXDFLyQGHOD3HOLJURVLGDG6tVPLFD
/D LQIRUPDFLyQ VtVPLFD KLVWyULFD GH HYHQWRV TXH VH UHJLVWUDURQ HQ HO SHUtRGR
HVPX\LPSRUWDQWHSRUTXHVRQFXDWURVLJORV GHGDWRVUD]yQSRUODFXDOHVIXQGDPHQWDO
VXHVWXGLR/DPHQWDEOHPHQWHORVVLVPRVKLVWyULFRVQRKDQVLGRHVWXGLDGRVFRQHOGHWHQLPLHQWR
GHOFDVRSULPHURSRUTXH HVXQDWDUHDTXHGHPDQGDPXFKRWLHPSR\VHJXQGRSRUORGLItFLOTXH
UHVXOWDHOFRQVHJXLUODLQIRUPDFLyQ/DV FUyQLFDVGHORV VLVPRVKLVWyULFRV HQDOJXQRVFDVRVVRQ
PX\H[DJHUDGRV$JXLDU\WLHQGHQDVREUHGLPHQVLRQDUHOGDxRRFDVLRQDGR
3RU RWUD SDUWH HQ OD PD\RU SDUWH GH SDtVHV HO FDWiORJR VtVPLFR LQVWUXPHQWDO WLHQH
DPSOLD LQIRUPDFLyQ D SDUWLU GH ORV DxRV \ SRU OD LPSOHPHQWDFLyQ GH XQ PD\RU
Q~PHUR GH HVWDFLRQHV VLVPRJUiILFDV (Q HO SHUtRGR OD LQIRUPDFLyQ HV HVFDVD QR
SRUTXHQRKD\DQ RFXUULGRVLVPRVVLQR SRUTXH QR H[LVWtD VXILFLHQWHLQVWUXPHQWDFLyQVtVPLFD (Q
FRQVHFXHQFLD DQWHV GH HPSH]DU XQ WUDEDMR GH SHOLJURVLGDG VtVPLFD OR SULPHUR TXH VH GHEH
KDFHUHVXQHVWXGLRGHFRPSOHWLWXGGHODLQIRUPDFLyQVtVPLFDVHSXHGHXWLOL]DUSDUDHOHIHFWR
HO SURFHGLPLHQWR SURSXHVWR SRU 6WHHS TXLHQ GHVFULEH XQ SURFHGLPLHQWR EDVDGR HQ OD
YDULDQ]D FRPR SDUiPHWUR HVWDGtVWLFR HQ ORV FXDOHV OD WDVD GH RFXUUHQFLD GH ORV VLVPRV HV
HVWDEOHSDUDGLVWLQWRVQLYHOHVGHPDJQLWXG
(Q OD HODERUDFLyQ GHO PDSD VLVPRWHFWyQLFR GHO (FXDGRU ,JOHVLDV HW DO VH
XWLOL]DURQ D PiV GH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ WUDGLFLRQDO LPiJHQHV VDWHOLWDULDV /$16$7 PRVDLFRV GH
UDGDU GH DSHUWXUD VLQWpWLFD 6$5 VH LQWHUSUHWy DOUHGHGRU GH IRWRJUDItDV DpUHDV 7RGR HOOR
SDUDODGHWHFFLyQ\OLPLWDFLyQGHODVIDOODVJHROyJLFDV
&RQ HO PDSD VLVPRWHFWyQLFR VH SURFHGH D OD GHILQLFLyQ GH zonas fuentes R ireas
fuentes que son aquellas regiones en las cuales existe una homogeneidad de los focos de los
sismos registrados(VWDV]RQDVGHXQLGDGVtVPLFDHVWiQDVRFLDGDVDXQVLVWHPDGHIDOODV
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
1R HV FRQYHQLHQWH FRQVLGHUDU IXHQWHV SXQWXDOHV VLQR IXHQWHV FRQ XQD DFWLYLGDG
VtVPLFD GLIXVD TXH DEDUFDQ XQD JUDQ iUHD GHELGR D OD FRPSOHMLGDG GH OD WHFWyQLFD DO
LQFRPSOHWR FRQRFLPLHQWR GH ODV ]RQDV GH IDOODPLHQWR \ D XQ HYHQWXDO GHVFRQRFLPLHQWR GH
DFFLGHQWHVWHFWyQLFRVVLQH[SUHVLyQVXSHUILFLDO
$OJXQRV LQYHVWLJDGRUHV 3DODFLR HW DO 5\DOO HW DO GHWHUPLQDQ ODV iUHDV
IXHQWHVHQEDVHDOflujo tectnicoGHILQLGRFRPRODFDQWLGDG GHHQHUJtD GLVLSDGDSRUXQLGDGGH
iUHD\SRUXQLGDGGHWLHPSR
5HODFLyQGHUHFXUUHQFLD
3DUD OD HYDOXDFLyQ GH OD SHOLJURVLGDG VtVPLFD HQ FDGD XQD GH ODV iUHDV IXHQWHV HV
QHFHVDULRFDOFXODU
x /D UHODFLyQ GH UHFXUUHQFLD GH OD DFWLYLGDG VtVPLFD SURSXHVWD LQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWH
SRU ,VKLPRWR,GD HQ \ 5LFKWHU*XWHQEHUJ HQ /D PLVPD TXH WLHQH OD
VLJXLHQWHIRUPD
ORJ N M a bM
h &RPR HMHPSOR GH DSOLFDFLyQ GH OD HFXDFLyQ VH REWLHQH OD UHODFLyQ GH
UHFXUUHQFLDSDUDORV VLVPRV UHJLVWUDGRVHQHO(FXDGRU HQ HOSHUtRGR FRPSUHQGLGR
HQWUH\'HOFDWiORJR VtVPLFRVHKDQREWHQLGRORVVLJXLHQWHVGDWRV
7DEOD 6LVPLFLGDGHQHO(FXDGRUHQHOSHUtRGR
0$*1,78' Mb 10(52'(6,6026
x 6ROXFLyQ
&RQ ORV GDWRV GH OD WDEOD VH REWLHQHQ ODV FRQVWDQWHV a \ b PHGLDQWH UHJUHVLyQ
OLQHDO /RV UHVXOWDGRV VRQ a \ b (V LPSRUWDQWH GHVWDFDU TXH OD PXHVWUD
DQDOL]DGDHV GHDxRV
x 3Uy[LPRVDxRV
N u
(Q UHVXPHQ HQ ORV SUy[LPRV DxRV VH HVSHUD HQ HO (FXDGRU VLVPR GH PDJQLWXG
Mb \HQORVSUy[LPRVDxRVVLVPRVGHODPLVPDPDJQLWXG&RQWDGRV DSDUWLUGH
GRQGH J HV OD WDVD GH RFXUUHQFLD DQXDO GH HYHQWRV GH PDJQLWXG PD\RU R LJXDO TXH M /D
UHODFLyQTXH H[LVWHHQWUHODVYDULDEOHVDE\D EVRQODVVLJXLHQWHV
b
E b OQ
ORJ e
x
VLHQGR N(Mw) HO Q~PHUR GH VLVPRV FRQ PRPHQWRVtVPLFR PD\RU R LJXDO D Mw M HV OD WDVD
PHGLDDQXDO GHRFXUUHQFLDGHPRPHQWRV VtVPLFRV3RURWUDSDUWH VHWLHQH
M S
O
M PD[
O
GRQGH M S HV ODPi[LPD PDJQLWXG HVSHUDGD HQ OD ]RQD (O PRPHQWR VtVPLFR Mw VH SXHGH
HYDOXDU FRQODVLJXLHQWHHFXDFLyQ
Mw hLDP
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
HQ OD FXDO h \ L HV HO DQFKR \ ODUJR GH OD ]RQD GH IDOODPLHQWR D HO GHVSOD]DPLHQWR \ P HO
PyGXOR GH ULJLGH] /R PiV DSURSLDGR SDUD GHWHUPLQDU HO PRPHQWR VtVPLFR HV D SDUWLU GH ODV
RQGDVVXSHUILFLDOHVGHORV UHJLVWURV
0DJQLWXG0i[LPD
x (QFDGD]RQDIXHQWHVHGHEHGHWHUPLQDUODPi[LPDPDJQLWXGMmaxTXHVHHVSHUD
SDUDHOORH[LVWHQGLIHUHQWHVIyUPXODVHPStULFDV TXH UHODFLRQDQODORQJLWXGGHURWXUD
GHODIDOODLFRQ Mmax8QDGHODVSULPHUDVUHODFLRQHVIXHVXPLQLVWUDGDSRU,GGDHQ
SDUD fallas inversas
/D HFXDFLyQ HV SDUD VLVPRV SURIXQGRV \ OD HFXDFLyQ SDUD VLVPRV
VXSHUILFLDOHVHLQWHUPHGLRV
7DEOD 5HODFLyQHQWUH0DJQLWXGM\/RQJLWXGGHURWXUDL
/DHFXDFLyQ TXHVHREWLHQHOXHJRGHODMXVWHSRUPtQLPRVFXDGUDGRVHV
)LQDOPHQWH VH GHEH LQGLFDU TXH KD\ HFXDFLRQHV HQ ODV FXDOHV VH LQFOX\H HO
GHVSOD]DPLHQWRSHUPDQHQWH D HQODGHWHUPLQDFLyQ GHODPDJQLWXGPi[LPD8QDGHHOODV HVOD
SUHVHQWDGDHQODHFXDFLyQHQODFXDOL\DVHH[SUHVDQHQFHQWtPHWURV*UDVHV
0HWRGRORJtDGH(YDOXDFLyQ
/DHYDOXDFLyQGHODSHOLJURVLGDGVtVPLFDVHHMHFXWD XWLOL]DQGRORVDOJRULWPRVSURSXHVWRV
SRU$OJHUPLVVHQ\3HUNLQV\FX\DIRUPXODFLyQPDWHPiWLFDHVWiGHVFULWDHQ$JXLDU
3DODFLRHWDO/DPHWRGRORJtDGHFiOFXORVHUHVXPH DFRQWLQXDFLyQ
L 'LYLGLUDO3DtVHQXQDFXDGUtFXODGHPLQXWRVSRUPLQXWRV
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
LL 'HWHUPLQDU HQ FDGD iUHD IXHQWH ORV FRHILFLHQWHV a \ b GH OD HFXDFLyQ SRU
PHGLR GH XQD UHJUHVLyQ H[SRQHQFLDO FRQ ORV GDWRV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV D VLVPRV GH
PDJQLWXGPD\RURLJXDOD Mmin6LHQGRMminODPDJQLWXGPtQLPD VHOHFFLRQDGD HQHO
HVWXGLR8QYDORUDGHFXDGRGH M PLQ
LLL 'HWHUPLQDUODORQJLWXGGHURWXUDGHODIDOOD\ODPi[LPDPDJQLWXGHVSHUDGD
LY &DOFXODU OD IUHFXHQFLD DQXDO GH RFXUUHQFLD GH DFHOHUDFLRQHV HQ FDGD YpUWLFH GH OD
FXDGUtFXOD 8QSURJUDPDTXHIXHPX\XWLOL]DGR SDUD HOHIHFWRIXHHOGHVDUUROODGRSRU
0F *XLUH 3UHYLDPHQWH VH KDEUi VHOHFFLRQDGR XQD OH\ GH DWHQXDFLyQ GH
PRYLPLHQWRGHOVXHOR
Y 2EWHQHUODDFHOHUDFLyQ RYHORFLGDGPi[LPDHVSHUDGDHQFDGDYpUWLFHGHODUHWtFXOD
XWLOL]DQGR HO SURJUDPD /LQH 6RXUFH 0RGHO GH 'HU .LXUHJKLDQ \ $QJ R
XWLOL]DQGR XQDGLVWULEXFLyQGHYDORUHVH[WUHPRVWLSR,,TXHIXHOR VHOHFFLRQDGR SDUDHO
FDVRGH(FXDGRU$JXLDU
/DGLVWULEXFLyQGHYDORUHV H[WUHPRVWLSR,,DSOLFDGDDOFDVRGHDFHOHUDFLRQHV
HVGHODVLJXLHQWHIRUPD
TXHSXHGHHVFULELUVHGHODVLJXLHQWHPDQHUD
E
F A e kA max
VLHQGR F(A) OD SUREDELOLGDG GH QR H[FHGHQFLD GH OD DFHOHUDFLyQ Pi[LPD $max /RV
SDUiPHWURV E\kVHREWLHQHQGHODMXVWH SRUPtQLPRV FXDGUDGRV
7DEOD $FHOHUDFLyQPi[LPD\WDVDPHGLDGHRFXUUHQFLDSDUD4XLWR
4XLWR
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
x 6ROXFLyQ
&RQORVGDWRVGHOD7DEODVHREWXYRTXHODUHODFLyQHQWUHHO ln A\ HO
ln[-ln F(A)]HVOLQHDOGHODIRUPDSODQWHDGDHQODHFXDFLyQFRQORFXDOVHGHWHUPLQD
E
k
APD[
E
F A e
E
k
Amax
E
e
GHGRQGH
E
E
Amax
k
h 3DUDHOFDVR GHSXHQWHVVHFRQVLGHUDTXHODYLGD~WLOHVGHDxRV6HGHVHDFRQRFHU HO
YDORUGHODDFHOHUDFLyQPi[LPDHQURFDFRQXQDSUREDELOLGDGGHQRH[FHGHQFLDGHO
6L E \ k
x 6ROXFLyQ
Amax cm s g
/DDFHOHUDFLyQSDUDDxRVHVPD\RU TXHODDFHOHUDFLyQSDUDDxRVHQFRQ
ORVGDWRVGHOHMHPSOR
&21&/86,21(6
6HKDSUHVHQWDGRXQDSURSXHVWDSDUD REWHQHUIRUPDVHVSHFWUDOHVSDUDFXDWURQLYHOHV
GHGLVHxRVtVPLFRGHQRPLQDGRVSRU9,6,21FRPRIUHFXHQWHRFDVLRQDOUDUR\PX\UDUR
SDUD9HQH]XHOD&RORPELD(FXDGRU 3HU~9HQH]XHOD\$UJHQWLQDODVPLVPDVTXH VHGHULYDQ
DSDUWLUGHOHVSHFWUR HOiVWLFRGHILQLGRSDUDHOVLVPR UDURHQODVQRUPDWLYDV VtVPLFDVYLJHQWHVDO
HQORVSDtVHVPHQFLRQDGRV
5(&20(1'$&,21(6
(VPX\LPSRUWDQWHTXHHQ/DWLQRDPpULFDVHGHILQDHOSHUtRGRPHGLRGHUHWRUQRGHORV
FXDWUR VLVPRV UHFRPHQGDGRV SRU 9,6,21 GHELGR D TXH HVWRV SHUtRGRV UHVSRQGHQ D OD
VLVPLFLGDG GH &DOLIRUQLD TXH HV GLIHUHQWH D OD GH 6XU $PpULFD 3RU HMHPSOR HQ HO VLJOR ;; VH
UHJLVWUDURQ HYHQWRVGHPDJQLWXGPD\RUDHQ &DOLIRUQLDPLHQWUDVTXHHQHVH PLVPRVLJOR VH
UHJLVWUDURQVLVPRVHQ9HQH]XHODHQ&RORPELD HQ(FXDGRUHQ3HU~HQ &KLOH\
HQ$UJHQWLQDGHPDJQLWXGPD\RUD%XOOHWLQ,6&
5()(5(1&,$6
$FKDU\D + . 5HJLRQDO YDULDWLRQV LQ WKH UXSWXUHOHQJWK PDJQLWXGH UHODWLRQVKLSV
DQG WKHLU G\QDPLFDO VLJQLILFDQFH Bulletin of Seismological Society of America
$JXLDU 5 &XDQWLILFDFLyQ GH OD DPHQD]D VtVPLFD GHO (FXDGRU VI Jornadas
Nacionales de Ingeniera Estructural. Escuela Politcnica NacionalS4XLWR
$JXLDU 5 (O VLVPR GHO GH IHEUHUR GH VI Jornadas Nacionales de
Ingeniera Estructural. Escuela Politcnica NacionalS4XLWR
$JXLDU 5 \ +DUR $ =RQLILFDFLyQ 6tVPLFD HQ 3DtVHV %ROLYDULDQRV Boletn
Tcnico. Instituto de Materiales y Modelos Estructurales. Universidad Central de
Venezuela, &DUDFDV
$JXLDU 5 6LVPR GH 0DFDV GH \ OD UHFRQVWUXFFLyQ Centro de
Investigaciones Cientficas. Escuela Politcnica del EjrcitoS4XLWR
$JXLDU 5 5HIRU]DPLHQWR VtVPLFR GHO +RVSLWDO GH 6DQWR 'RPLQJR GH ORV
&RORUDGRV Memoria de clculo. Centro de Investigaciones Cientficas. Escuela Politcnica
del Ejrcito, 4XLWR
$OJHUPLVVHQ 6 7 \ 3HUNLQV ' $ WHFKQLTXH IRU VHLVPLF ]RQLQJ JHQHUDO
FRQVLGHUDWLRQVDQGSDUDPHWHUVPLFUR]RQDWLRQConference Seattle.
$YHODU & \ $\DOD * 'HWHUPLQDFLyQ GH HVSHFWURV GH GLVHxR GH XWLOLGDG HQ HO
GLVHxR VtVPLFR EDVDGR HQ GHVHPSHxR VII Simposio Nacional de Ingeniera Ssmica,
&XHUQDYDFD0p[LFR
%HQGLWR $ 5LYHUR 3 \ /RER : &XUYDV GH LVRDFHOHUDFLyQ SDUD HVWDGRV GH
GHVHPSHxR HVWUXFWXUDO HQ HO 2FFLGHQWH GH 9HQH]XHOD Boletn Tcnico. Instituto de
Materiales y Modelos Estructurales. Universidad Central de Venezuela,
&DUDFDV
%XOOHWLQ RI WKH ,QWHUQDFLRQDO 6HLVPRORJLFDO &HQWUH 'DWDEDVH $FFHVV 3URJUDP Interned
http://www.isc.ac.uk/Cite/cite.html.
&DVDYHUGH / \ 9DUJDV - =RQLILFDFLyQ 6tVPLFD GHO 3HU~ II Seminario
Latinoamericano de Ingeniera Sismorresistente, /LPD
&(& &yGLJR (FXDWRULDQR GH OD &RQVWUXFFLyQ XIII Jornadas Nacionales de
Ingeniera Estructural. Pontificia Universidad Catlica del Ecuador, 4XLWR
)ORUHV 5 ,QJHQLHUtD 6tVPLFD SRU GHVHPSHxR XQ H[LJHQWH GHVDItR 1RWD VREUH
6LVPRORJtD VIII Jornadas Chilenas de Sismologa e Ingeniera Antissmica. Universidad
Federico Santa Mara, S9DOSDUDtVR
*XHQGHOPDQ 7 $QiOLVLV \ 'LVHxR 6tVPLFR GH (GLILFLRV GH +RUPLJyQ $UPDGR
Memorias de Seminario dictado en Universidad de La Serena, FRPSLODGR HQ &' /D
6HUHQD
,JOHVLDV5(JXH]$3pUH]9\0ROLQD*0DSDVLVPRWHFWyQLFRGHO(FXDGRUEscuela
Politcnica del Ejrcito y Direccin Nacional de Defensa CivilS4XLWR
-DUDPLOOR - (VSHFWURV GH GLVHxR VtVPLFR SDUD OD FLXGDG GH 0HGHOOtQ Revista
Internacional de Ingeniera de Estructuras. Editores: A. Barbat y R. Aguiar,
4XLWR
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
0F*XLUH 5 )RUWUDQ FRPSXWHU SURJUDP IRU VHLVPLF ULVN DQDO\VLV United States
Department of the Interior Geological Survey2SHQ)LOH5HSRUWS
0HUD : 9LOODFUpV $ <pSH] 2 3RQFH * \ *XDPiQ - 0LFUR]RQLILFDFLyQ
VtVPLFD \ HVSHFWURV GH UHVSXHVWD GH GLVHxR HOiVWLFR GH OD FLXGDG GH (VPHUDOGDV XV
Jornadas Nacionales de Ingeniera Estructural, /RMD
0XxR] $ %DUWRORPp $ \ 5RGUtJXH] & 'HPDQGDV GHUHVLVWHQFLD SDUD HGLILFLRV
GHDOEDxLOHUtDHQHO3HU~ VIII Jornadas Chilenas de Sismologa e Ingeniera Antissmica.
Universidad Federico Santa Mara, S9DOSDUDtVR
1RUPD 1&K 2I 'LVHxR VtVPLFR GH HGLILFLRV Instituto de Normalizacin.
INN-Chile, S6DQWLDJR
1RUPD 7pFQLFD GH (GLILFDFLRQHV ( 'LVHxR 6LVPRUUHVLVWHQWH Reglamento
Nacional de Construcciones. Ministerio de Transporte y Comunicaciones,/LPD
165 1RUPDV FRORPELDQDV GH GLVHxR \ FRQVWUXFFLRQHV VLVPR UHVLVWHQWH
Asociacin Colombiana de Ingeniera Ssmica, 7RPR%RJRWi
3'96$ -$ 'LVHxR VLVPRUUHVLVWHQWH GH LQVWDODFLRQHV LQGXVWULDOHV PDVSA.
Manual de Ingeniera de Diseo, S&DUDFDV
6DUUtD $%HUQDO & \ (FKHYHUUL ' (VWXGLR SUHOLPLQDU GHO ULHJR VtVPLFR HQ
&RORPELD FRQ EDVH HQ FXUYDV GH LVRDFHOHUDFLyQ Segundo Seminario Colombiano de
Geotecnia%RJRWi
6($2& 9,6,21 5HSRUW RQ SHUIRUPDQFH EDVHG VHLVPLF HQJLQHHULQJ RI
EXLOGLQJV Structural Engineers Association of California, 6DFUDPHQWR
6($2& $ IUDPHZRUN IRU SHUIRUPDQFH EDVHG GHVLJQ Structural Engineers
Association of California. VISION 2000 Committee, &DOLIRUQLD
:LQNOHU 9 7HFWyQLFD GH 3ODFDV Curso de Post Grado, Universidad Central de
Venezuela&DUDFDV
$3/,&$&,1'(/0e72'2'(/(63(&752'(&$3$&,'$'
(/)$&725'(5('8&&,1'(/$6)8(5=$6660,&$6
<7(25$'((63(&7526
5(680(1
6HDSOLFDHO0pWRGRGHO(VSHFWURGH&DSDFLGDGSDUDHQFRQWUDUHOSXQWRGHGHPDQGDGH
XQD HVWUXFWXUD TXH SXHGH HVWDU VLWXDGD HQ ODV ]RQDV GH PD\RU SHOLJURVLGDG VtVPLFD GH
9HQH]XHOD &RORPELD (FXDGRU 3HU~ &KLOH \ $UJHQWLQD 6H GHWHUPLQD HO SXQWR GH GHPDQGD
SDUD FXDWUR HVSHFWURV GH ULHVJR VtVPLFR XQLIRUPH GHQRPLQDGRV IUHFXHQWH GH
SUREDELOLGDG GHH[FHGHQFLDHQDxRVRFDVLRQDOGHSUREDELOLGDGGHH[FHGHQFLDHQ
DxRVUDURGHSUREDELOLGDGGHH[FHGHQFLDHQ DxRV\PX\UDURGHSUREDELOLGDGGH
H[FHGHQFLDHQDxRV
3RU RWUD SDUWH VH LQGLFDQ YDULRV HVWXGLRV UHDOL]DGRV SDUD HQFRQWUDU HO IDFWRU GH
UHGXFFLyQGHODVIXHU]DVVtVPLFDVFRQORVFXDOHVVHREWLHQHQORVHVSHFWURVLQHOiVWLFRVTXHVH
ORVXWLOL]DSDUDGHWHUPLQDU HOSXQWRGHGHPDQGDGHXQDHVWUXFWXUDTXHYDDWUDEDMDUHQHOUDQJR
QROLQHDO
,1752'8&&,1
/DWHQGHQFLDGHODQiOLVLV VtVPLFRHVHODQiOLVLVQROLQHDO6LELHQHVFLHUWRHVWDIRUPDGH
WUDEDMR WRGDYtD VH OR UHDOL]D PD\RULWDULDPHQWH D QLYHO GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ FLHQWtILFD QR HV PHQRV
FLHUWR TXH SURJUDPDV FRPHUFLDOHV FRPR HO 6$3 \D HVWiQ LQFOX\HQGR PyGXORV TXH
SHUPLWHQUHDOL]DUDQiOLVLVQROLQHDO
&DStWXORSXEOLFDGRHQODV;9,-RUQDGDV1DFLRQDOHVGH,QJHQLHUtD(VWUXFWXUDOUHDOL]DGDV
HQ*XD\DTXLO(FXDGRUHQ
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
GHWHUPLQDUODGHJUDGDFLyQGHULJLGH]HQODGHVFDUJDRODGHJUDGDFLyQGHUHVLVWHQFLDRHOHIHFWR
GHFLHUUHGHJULHWDVSRUFRPSRUWDPLHQWRLQHOiVWLFR6HUHTXLHUHFLHUWDH[SHULHQFLDSDUDHOOR
8QD YH] VXSHUDGR HVWH SUREOHPD VH SUHVHQWD RWUR FRQ HO DQiOLVLV QR OLQHDO FXDO HV OD
JUDQFDQWLGDGGHLQIRUPDFLyQTXHUHSRUWDQORVSURJUDPDV&RPRVHUHDOL]DXQDQiOLVLVSDVRD
SDVRVHWLHQHXQDJUDQFDQWLGDGGHLQIRUPDFLyQTXHGLILFXOWDODLQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHORVUHVXOWDGRV
6LQHPEDUJRODWHQGHQFLDGHOD,QJHQLHUtD6tVPLFDHVSRUHO$QiOLVLV1R/LQHDO
'HVGH KDFH PXFKRV DxRV VH YLHQH FXHVWLRQDQGR DO 0pWRGR GH 6XSHUSRVLFLyQ 0RGDO
FRPRPpWRGRGHDQiOLVLVVtVPLFRSRUHVHPRWLYRHQORVSULQFLSDOHV&HQWURVGH,QYHVWLJDFLyQ
&LHQWtILFDGHO0XQGRVHKDYHQLGRWUDEDMDQGRHQRWURVSRVLEOHVPpWRGRVGHDQiOLVLVTXHVHDQ
PiVFRQILDEOHVSHURTXHQRVHDQWDQFRPSOLFDGRVFRPRHO$QiOLVLV1R/LQHDO(QHVWDOtQHDGH
LQYHVWLJDFLyQ HQ HVWH OLEUR VH SUHVHQWDQ WUHV PpWRGRV GH DQiOLVLV ORV PLVPRV TXH WLHQHQ XQD
EDVHHQFRP~QFXDOHVHO$QiOLVLV1R/LQHDO(VWiWLFR
/RV WUHV PpWRGRV TXH VH SUHVHQWDQ VRQ HO 0pWRGR GHO 6LVWHPD /LQHDO GH &RUWH HO
0pWRGR GHO 6LVWHPD (TXLYDOHQWH \ HO 0pWRGR GHO (VSHFWUR GH &DSDFLGDG (VWRV 0pWRGRV
FRQVWLWX\HQXQFDVRLQWHUPHGLRHQWUHORH[DFWRTXHVHUtDHODQiOLVLVQROLQHDO\ORDSUR[LPDGR
TXH UHSUHVHQWD HO 0pWRGR GH 6XSHUSRVLFLyQ 0RGDO /RV GRV SULPHURV VH WUDWDUiQ PX\
UiSLGDPHQWHHQHVWHFDStWXORSHURFRQGHWHQLPLHQWRHQORVVLJXLHQWHVFDStWXORV
(O 0pWRGR GHO 6LVWHPD /LQHDO GH &RUWH $JXLDU VLUYH SDUD HVWUXFWXUDV
FRQIRUPDGDVSRUYLJDV\FROXPQDVODEDVHGHSDUWLGDHVHOFiOFXORGHODULJLGH]GHSLVRGHOD
FXUYD GH &DSDFLGDG 5HVLVWHQWH 6tVPLFD OD PLVPD TXH VH REWLHQH DSOLFDQGR OD WpFQLFD GHO
SXVKRYHU 6H GHVWDFD TXH YDULRV LQYHVWLJDGRUHV GH SUHVWLJLR PXQGLDO HVWiQ WUDEDMDQGR HQ XQ
PpWRGREDVDGRHQHO(MHGH&RUWHHQWUHHOORV&KRSUD\*RHOFRQXQSURFHGLPLHQWRGH
DQiOLVLVTXHHVEDVWDQWHFRPSOHMR(ODQiOLVLVVtVPLFRVHUHDOL]DHQHOHMHGHFRUWH\OXHJRORV
UHVXOWDGRVVHSDVDQDODHVWUXFWXUDRULJLQDO
(O 0pWRGRGHO6LVWHPD(TXLYDOHQWHHQHOTXHDSDUWLUGHODHVWUXFWXUDVHGHWHUPLQD
XQ VLVWHPD GH XQ JUDGR GH OLEHUWDG HQ HO FXDO VH UHDOL]D HO DQiOLVLV VtVPLFR $OJXQRV
LQYHVWLJDGRUHVKDQSUHVHQWDGRPRGHORVGHFiOFXORSDUDREWHQHUHOVLVWHPDHTXLYDOHQWHGHXQ
JUDGR GH OLEHUWDG HQWUH HOORV VH WLHQH HO GH (VWHYD 5RGUtJXH] )DMIDU
$JXLDU $\DOD (O DQiOLVLV VtVPLFR VH HMHFXWD HQ HO VLVWHPD GH XQ JUDGR GH
OLEHUWDG\SRVWHULRUPHQWHVHSDVDQHVWRVUHVXOWDGRVDOVLVWHPDFRQQJUDGRVGHOLEHUWDG
0e72'2'(/(63(&752'(&$3$&,'$'
2WURPpWRGRGHDQiOLVLVTXHVHSUHVHQWDHVHVWHFDStWXORHVHOGHQRPLQDGR0pWRGR
GHO (VSHFWUR GH &DSDFLGDG VL ELHQ HV FLHUWR HVWH PpWRGR IXH SURSXHVWR LQLFLDOPHQWH SRU
)UHHPDQ)UHHPDQHWDO\OXHJRIXHROYLGDGRHQOD~OWLPDGpFDGDQXHYDPHQWH
VH OR KD YXHOWR D XWLOL]DU FRQ XQD VHULH GH PRGLILFDFLRQHV (O $7& HQ SUHVHQWy WUHV
SURFHGLPLHQWRV GH FiOFXOR FRQ HVWH PpWRGR ORV PLVPRV TXH KDQ VLGR FULWLFDGRV SRU RWURV
LQYHVWLJDGRUHVTXLHQHVKDQSUHVHQWDGRQXHYDVSURSXHVWDVDHVWH PpWRGRTXHWLHQHXQDJUDQ
YHQWDMD VREUH ORV RWURV PpWRGRV \ HV TXH HQ XQ VROR JUiILFR VH SXHGH YLVXDOL]DU HO SUREDEOH
FRPSRUWDPLHQWRGHODHVWUXFWXUDDQWHXQVLVPRGDGR
(QODILJXUDVHSUHVHQWDXQHVSHFWURGHGHPDQGDSDUDXQVLVPRGHWHUPLQDGR\D
OD L]TXLHUGD VH WLHQH XQD HVWUXFWXUD VLQ GLVHxR VtVPLFR FX\R HVSHFWUR GH FDSDFLGDG VH
HQFXHQWUDPX\GLVWDQWHGHOHVSHFWURGHGHPDQGDHQFRQVHFXHQFLDYDDWHQHUJUDQGDxR3RUHO
FRQWUDULRODHVWUXFWXUDGHODGHUHFKDGHODILJXUDWLHQHXQPD\RUHVSHFWURGHFDSDFLGDG\
WHQGUi XQ PHMRU FRPSRUWDPLHQWR VtVPLFR 0LHQWUDV PiV DOHMDGR VH HQFXHQWUH HO HVSHFWUR GH
FDSDFLGDGGHOHVSHFWURGHGHPDQGDPD\RUVHUiHOGDxRTXHVHHVSHUDHVWDYLVXDOL]DFLyQQR
HVSRVLEOHDSUHFLDUODFRQORVPpWRGRVLQGLFDGRVHQHODSDUWDGRDQWHULRU
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
&XDQGRVHQHFHVLWDUHIRU]DUXQDHVWUXFWXUDHVQHFHVDULRFRQRFHUFXDOHVODFDSDFLGDG
UHVLVWHQWH GH ODHVWUXFWXUD RULJLQDO\XQDYH]TXHVHKDUHIRU]DGRODHGLILFDFLyQ QXHYDPHQWH VH
HQFXHQWUDODFDSDFLGDG UHVLVWHQWHGHODHVWUXFWXUDUHIRU]DGDFRPRVHDSUHFLD HQODILJXUD
(VWH LQFUHPHQWR GH UHVLVWHQFLD \ GXFWLOLGDG GH OD HGLILFDFLyQ VH YLVXDOL]D HQ HO HVSHFWUR GH
FDSDFLGDG \ HO FRPSRUWDPLHQWR DQWH XQ VLVPR GHWHUPLQDGR HQ HO 0pWRGR GHO (VSHFWUR GH
&DSDFLGDG
(;3/,&$&,1'(/0(72'2'(/(63(&752'(&$3$&,'$'
(Q HO 0pWRGR GHO (VSHFWUR GH&DSDFLGDG VH FRORFDHQ XQVROR JUiILFR HO (VSHFWUR GH
&DSDFLGDG \ HO (VSHFWUR GH 'HPDQGD FRPR VH DSUHFLD HQ ODV ILJXUDV \ (O SXQWR GH
FUXFH GH ORV GRV HVSHFWURV GHWHUPLQD HO SXQWR GH GHPDQGD TXH QR HV RWUD FRVD TXH DTXHO
SXQWR GHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRODWHUDOPi[LPRHQHOVLVWHPDGHXQJUDGRGHOLEHUWDGGHODHVWUXFWXUD
3HUR HVWH SXQWR GH GHPDQGD GHEH VHU WDO TXH OD GHPDQGD GH GXFWLOLGDG GH OD DFFLyQ
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
VtVPLFDVHDLJXDODODGHPDQGDGHGXFWLOLGDGGHODHVWUXFWXUD3DUDORJUDUHVWRVHUHDOL]D
XQFiOFXORLQWHUDFWLYR/DLGHDIXQGDPHQWDOGHO0pWRGRGHO(VSHFWURGH&DSDFLGDGVHLQGLFDHQ
ODILJXUD
)LJXUD 'HVFULSFLyQGHO0pWRGRGHO(VSHFWURGH&DSDFLGDGSDUDGHWHUPLQDUHOSXQWRGHGHPDQGD
)$&725(6'(5('8&&,1
R P ] P o ] o To FS P ] To FS P o ] o To
([LVWHQ XQD JUDQ FDQWLGDG GH WUDEDMRV SDUD HVWLPDU ORV IDFWRUHV GH UHGXFFLyQ GH ODV
IXHU]DV VtVPLFDV HQWUH ORV TXH VH GHVWDFDQ ORV GHVDUUROODGRV SRU :X \ +DQVRQ HQ
1DVVDU \ .UDZLQNOHU HQ 0LUDQGD HQ 2UGD] \ 3pUH] HQ 9LGLF )DMIDU \
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
)DFWRUGHUHGXFFLyQGH:X\+DQVRQ
'HO DQiOLVLV GH OD HFXDFLyQ VH GHGXFH TXH DO DXPHQWDU ] FRQGXFH D XQ
LQFUHPHQWRQRWDEOHHQ R P ] D~QSDUDYDORUHVDOWRVGHGXFWLOLGDG
)DFWRUGHUHGXFFLyQGH1DVVDU\.UDZLQNOHU
Ta b
cT D
T a
T
)DFWRUGHUHGXFFLyQGH0LUDQGD
P
RP t
I
GRQGH I HV XQ IDFWRU TXH GHSHQGH GHO WLSR GH VXHOR \ HVWi GHILQLGR SRU SDUD VLWLRV HQ
URFDSDUDGHSyVLWRVDOXYLDOHV\SDUDVXHORVEODQGRV
I H[S OQ T
T P T T
I H[S OQ T
T P T T
Tg Tg T
I
H[S OQ
T T T g
IDFWRUHV GH UHGXFFLyQ GH 0LUDQGD 3RU RWUD SDUWH VH GHVWDFD TXH D~Q SDUD VXHORV ILUPHV VH
SXHGHQDOFDQ]DUYDORUHVGH R P PD\RUHVDODGHPDQGDGHGXFWLOLGDG P
] P
D T
RP T P
PD[
D
)DFWRUGHUHGXFFLyQGH9LGLF)DMIDU\)LVKLQJHU
$OHQFRQWUDUODUHVSXHVWD QROLQHDOGHXQVLVWHPD6'2)FRQFRPSRUWDPLHQWR%LOLQHDO
9LGLF )DMIDU \ )LVKLQJHU KDQ GHWHUPLQDGR ODV VLJXLHQWHV HFXDFLRQHV SDUD HO IDFWRU GH
UHGXFFLyQ
T
RP P T d To
To
RP P T t To
)DFWRUGHUHGXFFLyQGH&KRSUD\*RHO
RP si T Ta
E
RP P si Ta T T b
RP P si Tb T Tc
T
RP P si Tc
T Tc
Tc
RP P si T ! Tc
GRQGH Ta s Tb s Tc HV HO SHUtRGR DO ILQDO GH OD UDPD GH DFHOHUDFLyQ
FRQVWDQWH H LQLFLR GH OD UDPD GHVFHQGHQWH Tc HV HO HTXLYDOHQWH D Tc SHUR SDUD HO HVSHFWUR
LQHOiVWLFR
)DFWRUGHUHGXFFLyQSDUDVXHORILUPHGHFLXGDGGH0p[LFRGH$UUR\R
'HO HVWXGLR GH OD UHVSXHVWD GLQiPLFD HQ XQ VLVWHPD 6'2) FRQ FRPSRUWDPLHQWR
HODVWRSOiVWLFRSHUIHFWRFRQVLGHUDQGRDFHOHURJUDPDVUHJLVWUDGRVHQ0p[LFR$UUR\R
SUHVHQWDODV VLJXLHQWHVHFXDFLRQHVSDUDHOIDFWRUGHUHGXFFLyQ R P ]
T
TD
RP ] I D
E T
E
D
I P ] ]
P
T
P
T
(OH[SRQHQWH T GHILQHODYHORFLGDG FRQ TXHODFXUYDGH R P ] GLVPLQX\HGHVSXpVGH
DOFDQ]DU HO Pi[LPR YDORU (V LPSRUWDQWH GHVWDFDU TXH HQ VXHORV ILUPHV R GXURV HO IDFWRU GH
UHGXFFLyQ YDOH XQR SDUD SHUtRGRV PX\ FRUWRV \ YD LQFUHPHQWiQGRVH KDVWD DOFDQ]DU VX YDORU
Pi[LPRDSDUWLUGHOFXDO GLVPLQX\H JUDGXDOPHQWH KDVWDDOFDQ]DUHOYDORUGH P SDUDSHUtRGRV
PX\ODUJRV
)DFWRUGHUHGXFFLyQSDUDVXHOREODQGRGHFLXGDGGH0p[LFRGH$UUR\R
'HO DQiOLVLV GH DFHOHURJUDPDV UHJLVWUDGRV HQ VXHOR EODQGR HQ 0p[LFR $UUR\R
SURSRQHODVLJXLHQWHHFXDFLyQ SDUDHOIDFWRU GHUHGXFFLyQ R P ]
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
T
T
T
RP ] g
M
T
b
Tg
b
P
T
P
&RPHQWDULRVVREUHORVIDFWRUHVGHUHGXFFLyQ
6H KDQ SUHVHQWDGR ORV WUDEDMRV SXEOLFDGRV SRU :X \ +DQVRQ 1DVVDU \
.UDZLQNOHU 0LUDQGD 2UGD] \ 3pUH] 9LGLF )DMIDU \ )LVKLQJHQ
&KRSUD \ *RHO \ 'DQL $UUR\R (Q HVWRV WUDEDMRV VH KD FRQVLGHUDGR XQ PRGHOR
HODVWRSOiVWLFRSHUIHFWRRXQPRGHORELOLQHDO1RVHKDFRQVLGHUDGR HOGHWHULRURGHUHVLVWHQFLDHO
GHWHULRUR GH ULJLGH]\HOHIHFWR GH FLHUUHGHJULHWDVHQORVPRGHORVFRQVWLWXWLYRVXWLOL]DGRV SDUD
QR GHILQLU ODQR OLQHDOLGDG GHO PDWHULDO 3DUiPHWURV TXH VL ORFRQVLGHUD HO WUDEDMR GHVDUUROODGR
SRU/HHHWDOHOPLVPRTXH VHUiDQDOL]DGR HQHOVLJXLHQWHDSDUWDGR $KRUDORTXHVH
GHVHDFRPHQWDUVRQ ODVFRQGLFLRQHVGHIURQWHUDEiVLFDTXHGHEHQ VDWLVIDFHUWRGRVORVWUDEDMRV
(VWDVVRQ
(O IDFWRU GH UHGXFFLyQ R P ] SDUD P \ ] GHEH YDOHU 3RU OD
IRUPDHQTXHVHGHILQLy R P ]
8QR GH ORV SRFRV WUDEDMRV SDUD FDOFXODU R P ] HQ ORV FXDOHV VH FRQVLGHUD HO
LQFUHPHQWR GH ULJLGH] SRVW IOXHQFLD PHGLDQWH OD YDULDEOH D HO GHWHULRUR GH UHVLVWHQFLD
PHGLDQWH OD YDULDEOH D HO GHWHULRUR GH ULJLGH] HQ OD GHVFDUJD PHGLDQWH OD YDULDEOH D \ HO
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
R P ] R T P u CD u CD u CD u CD
GRQGH R T P HV HO IDFWRU GH UHGXFFLyQ GH ODV IXHU]DV TXH VH HQFXHQWUDQ HQ XQ PRGHOR
HODVWRSOiVWLFR SHUIHFWR CD CD CD \ CD VRQ ORV IDFWRUHV GH FRUUHFFLyQ GHELGRV D ORV
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
PRGHORV ELOLQHDO D GHJUDGDFLyQ GH UHVLVWHQFLD D GHJUDGDFLyQ GH ULJLGH] HQ OD
GHVFDUJD D \HIHFWRGHFLHUUHGHJULHWDV D UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH
(OIDFWRUGHFRUUHFFLyQGHELGRDOPRGHORELOLQHDOYLHQHGHILQLGRSRU
CD A u D B u D
A u OQP
B u OQ P
(OIDFWRUGHFRUUHFFLyQSRUHOGHWHULRURGHUHVLVWHQFLDYLHQHGDGRSRU
CD
A u D B
A u P
(OIDFWRUGHFRUUHFFLyQSRUGHWHULRUR GHULJLGH]HQODGHVFDUJDHV
B u D
CD
C u D D
B u P
C u P
)LQDOPHQWHHOIDFWRUGHFRUUHFFLyQ SRUHIHFWRGHFLHUUHGHJULHWDVHV
CD
u H[S C u D
C u OQ P
(Q OD WDEOD VH SUHVHQWD OD UHODFLyQ HQWUH ORV UHVXOWDGRV TXH VH REWLHQHQ HQ HO
PRGHOR ELOLQHDO FRQ ULJLGH] SRVWIOXHQFLD HQ UHODFLyQ DO PRGHOR HODVWRSOiVWLFR SHUIHFWR 6H
DSUHFLDTXHHOIDFWRU R P VHLQFUHPHQWDFRQVLGHUDEOHPHQWHFRQIRUPHHOFRHILFLHQWHGHULJLGH]
SRVWIOXHQFLD D FUHFH \ FRQIRUPH OD GHPDQGD GH GXFWLOLGDG FUHFH 6L HV VLJQLILFDWLYD HVWD
YDULDEOH
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
7DEOD&RPSDUDFLyQGH R P REWHQLGRFRQPRGHORFRQGHJUDGDFLyQGHUHVLVWHQFLDHQUHODFLyQDO
PRGHORHODVWRSOiVWLFRSHUIHFWR
'HPDQGD
GH D D D D D D
GXFWLOLGDG
P
P
P
P
P
P
(Q OD WDEOD VH LQGLFD HQ FDPELR OD LQIOXHQFLD GHO PRGHOR KLVWHUpWLFR FRQ
GHJUDGDFLyQ GH UHVLVWHQFLD HQ UHODFLyQ DO PRGHOR HODVWRSOiVWLFR SHUIHFWR (Q OD PHGLGD TXH
H[LVWHXQDPD\RUSpUGLGDGHUHVLVWHQFLDHOIDFWRUGHUHGXFFLyQGLVPLQX\H(QIRUPDJHQHUDODO
H[DPLQDUORV UHVXOWDGRV GHODVWDEODV\VHSXHGHGHFLUTXHVHHTXLOLEUDQORVYDORUHV (V
GHFLU ORV YDORUHV GH UHGXFFLyQ TXH VH REWLHQHQ GH XQ PRGHOR HODVWRSOiVWLFR SHUIHFWR VRQ
VLPLODUHVDORVTXHVHREWHQGUtDQ GH XQPRGHORELOLQHDO FRQ ULJLGH] SRVWIOXHQFLD\FRQSpUGLGD
GHUHVLVWHQFLD(VWRHQIRUPDJHQHUDO
7DEOD&RPSDUDFLyQGH R P REWHQLGRFRQPRGHORFRQGHJUDGDFLyQGHULJLGH]HQODGHVFDUJDHQ
UHODFLyQDOPRGHORHODVWRSOiVWLFRSHUIHFWR
'HPDQGD
GH D D D D D D
GXFWLOLGDG
P
P
P
P
P
P
(Q OD WDEOD VH LQGLFDQ ORV UHVXOWDGRV TXH VH REWLHQHQ FRQ HO PRGHOR KLVWHUpWLFR
TXHFRQWHPSODSpUGLGDGHULJLGH]HQODGHVFDUJDHQUHODFLyQDOPRGHORHODVWRSOiVWLFRSHUIHFWR
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
6H DSUHFLD TXH HO IDFWRU GH UHGXFFLyQ GLVPLQX\H \ VRUSUHQGHQWHPHQWH QR YDUtD FRQ OD
GHPDQGDGHGXFWLOLGDG
)LQDOPHQWH HQ OD WDEOD VH PXHVWUDQ ORV UHVXOWDGRV REWHQLGRV FRQ HO PRGHOR
KLVWHUpWLFR TXH FRQVLGHUD HO HIHFWR GH FLHUUH GH JULHWDV HQ UHODFLyQ DO PRGHOR HODVWRSOiVWLFR
SHUIHFWR6HQRWDXQDGLVPLQXFLyQGHOYDORUGHUHGXFFLyQGHODVIXHU]DV
(Q JHQHUDO VH SXHGH GHFLU TXH DO FRQVLGHUDU XQ PRGHOR KLVWHUpWLFR TXH FRQVLGHUH
ULJLGH] SRVWIOXHQFLD GHWHULRUR GH UHVLVWHQFLD GHWHULRUR GH ULJLGH] HQ OD GHVFDUJD \ HIHFWR GH
FLHUUHGHJULHWDV/RVYDORUHV GHOIDFWRU R P VRQPHQRUHVDORVTXH VHREWLHQHQHQHOPRGHOR
HODVWRSOiVWLFRSHUIHFWR
352&(',0,(172'(&/&8/2
6HKDGHGLFDGRGRVDSDUWDGRVDORVIDFWRUHVGHUHGXFFLyQGHODVIXHU]DV VtVPLFDSRUOD
LPSRUWDQFLDTXHWLHQHQHQ ODREWHQFLyQ GHOHVSHFWURLQHOiVWLFR TXHVHQHFHVLWDQSDUD FDOFXODU
HOSXQWRGHGHPDQGDHQHO0pWRGRGHO(VSHFWURGH&DSDFLGDG 0(&
/D HVWUXFWXUD GH DQiOLVLV VH LQGLFD HQ OD ILJXUD WLHQH SLVRV FRQ XQD DOWXUD GH
HQWUHSLVRVGHPFRQ FROXPQDVFXDGUDGDVGHFPGHODGRHQWRGRVORVSLVRV\WLHQHQ
XQD FXDQWtD GH DFHUR GHO ORV HVWULERV VRQ GH PP GH GLiPHWUR D FP HQ ORV
H[WUHPRV\FPHQHOFHQWUR GHOX] /DVYLJDV GH ORVGRV SULPHURVSLVRVVRQGH\GH
ORVGRV~OWLPRVSLVRVFPEK(OUHIXHU]RGHWRGDVODVYLJDVLQIHULRU \VXSHULRUWLHQHQ
XQDFXDQWtDPHFiQLFDGH\HOUHIXHU]RWUDQVYHUVDOHVLJXDODOGHODVFROXPQDV
6H FRQVLGHUD TXH pVWD HVWUXFWXUD VH KDOOD XELFDGD HQ OD ]RQD GH PD\RU SHOLJURVLGDG
VtVPLFDGH&KLOHVREUH XQSHUILOGHVXHOR6\TXHHVWiGHVWLQDGDSDUDYLYLHQGD/RV HVSHFWURV
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
GH DQiOLVLV VRQ ORV LQGLFDGRV HQ HO FDStWXOR DQWHULRU HQ OD ILJXUD \ TXH VH UHSLWHQ HQ OD
ILJXUD
&DSDFLGDGUHVLVWHQWHSDUDHOFDVRSODQR
6HREWLHQHQODVFXUYDVGHFDSDFLGDGUHVLVWHQWHGHFDGDXQRGHORVSyUWLFRVSODQRVGH
ODHVWUXFWXUDHPSOHDQGROD7pFQLFDGHO3XVKRYHU(QHVWHHMHUFLFLRVHFRQVLGHUyHOPRGHOR GH
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
KRUPLJyQ FRQILQDGR GH 3DUN HW DO \ SDUD HO DFHUR XQ PRGHOR WULOLQHDO TXH FRQWHPSOD
LQFUHPHQWRGHHVIXHU]RVHQOD]RQDGHHQGXUHFLPLHQWR3RURWUDSDUWH VHWUDEDMyFRQHOPRGHOR
GHSODVWLFLGDGH[WHQGLGDGH7KRPHWDOHOPLVPRTXHFRQVLGHUDODLQHODVWLFLGDGHQFXDWUR
UHVRUWHV GRV HQ FDGD H[WUHPR GHO HOHPHQWR XQR GH HOORV HV SDUD FRQVLGHUDU HO
FRPSRUWDPLHQWRDIOH[LyQ\HORWURSDUDWRPDUHQFXHQWDHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRDFRUWH
(Q OD ILJXUD VH SUHVHQWD OD FXUYD GH FDSDFLGDG SDUD XQR GH ORV SyUWLFRV FRPR
WRGRVWLHQHQODPLVPDVHFFLyQWUDQVYHUVDODUPDGXUDORQJLWXGLQDO\WUDQVYHUVDOHVODFXUYDGH
FDSDFLGDGWtSLFD GHXQSyUWLFRGHODHVWUXFWXUDGHSLVRVTXH VH HVWiDQDOL]DQGR(OFRODSVR R
IDOORGHODHVWUXFWXUDVHKDFRQVLGHUDGR DVRFLDGRDXQGHVSOD]DPLHQWRODWHUDO Pi[LPR FHUFDQR
DOGHODDOWXUDWRWDOGHOHGLILFLR
0RGHORELOLQHDOGHODFXUYDGHFDSDFLGDGUHVLVWHQWH
8QD YH] TXH VH WLHQH OD FXUYD GH FDSDFLGDG UHVLVWHQWH VtVPLFD GH FDGD XQR GH ORV
SyUWLFRV TXH UHODFLRQD HO FRUWDQWH EDVDO FRQ HO GHVSOD]DPLHQWR ODWHUDO Pi[LPR VH REWLHQH XQ
PRGHOR ELOLQHDO GH OD FDSDFLGDG UHVLVWHQWH HQ HO TXH TXHGH SHUIHFWDPHQWH GHILQLGR HO UDQJR
HOiVWLFR\HOUDQJRSOiVWLFRSRUHOSXQWRGHIOXHQFLDGHOSyUWLFR
)LJXUD 0RGHORELOLQHDOGHODFXUYDGHFDSDFLGDGUHVLVWHQWHGHXQSyUWLFRWLSR
7DEOD 3DUiPHWURVTXHGHILQHQODFXUYDGHFDSDFLGDGUHVLVWHQWHGHOPRGHORELOLQHDOGHSyUWLFRWLSR
d ty vy ke kp d tu
P 7 7P 7P P
&DSDFLGDGUHVLVWHQWHGHHVWUXFWXUDHVSDFLDO
(O PRGHOR QXPpULFR GH FiOFXOR FRQ HO FXDO VH REWLHQH OD FXUYD GH FDSDFLGDG VtVPLFD
HVSDFLDOLQGLFDGRHQHOFDStWXORFRQVLGHUDTXHFDGDSyUWLFR HV XQHOHPHQWRORVPLVPRVTXH
HVWiQ XQLGRV HQWUH VL SRU PHGLR GH XQD ORVD UtJLGD FRQ WUHV JUDGRV GH OLEHUWDG GRV
GHVSOD]DPLHQWRVKRUL]RQWDOHV\XQDURWDFLyQGHSLVR&DGDHOHPHQWRWLHQHXQFRPSRUWDPLHQWR
ELOLQHDOGHILQLGRSRUXQDULJLGH]HOiVWLFD k e \XQDULJLGH]SRVWIOXHQFLD k p 3RUHVWHPRWLYRSDUD
FDGDSyUWLFR VHGHEHQHQFRQWUDUORVSDUiPHWURVLQGLFDGRVHQODWDEOD
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
)LJXUD &DSDFLGDGUHVLVWHQWHVtVPLFDHVSDFLDOGHHVWUXFWXUDGHFXDWURSLVRV
(VSHFWURGHFDSDFLGDG
8QD YH] TXH VH WLHQH OD FXUYD GH FDSDFLGDG VtVPLFD UHVLVWHQWH SDUD OD HVWUXFWXUD
HVSDFLDO VH HQFXHQWUDHOHVSHFWURGH FDSDFLGDGFX\DWHRUtDHVWiGHVFULWDHQHOFDStWXOR6H
FRQVLGHUD HQ HO HMHPSOR TXH VH HVWi UHVROYLHQGR TXH FDGD SLVR WLHQH XQD PDVD WRWDO GH
T s m \HVLJXDOHQWRGRVORVSLVRV
(O HVSHFWUR GH FDSDFLGDG GH OD HVWUXFWXUD HV XQD GHILQLFLyQ TXH HVWi DVRFLDGD D XQ
VLVWHPD GH XQ JUDGR GH OLEHUWDG 62') $O DSOLFDU HO 0(& OR TXH VH HQFXHQWUD HV HO
GHVSOD]DPLHQWRODWHUDOHQHOVLVWHPD6'2)3DUDHQFRQWUDUHVWHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRHQHOVLVWHPD
GHP~OWLSOHVJUDGRVGHOLEHUWDGVHDSOLFDODVLJXLHQWHHFXDFLyQ
Dt J Sd
GRQGH S d HV HO GHVSOD]DPLHQWR ODWHUDO HQ HO VLVWHPD 6'2) TXH VH REWLHQH DSOLFDQGR HO
0(& J HV HO IDFWRU GH SDUWLFLSDFLyQ PRGDO DVRFLDGR DO PRGR SDUD HO FXDO VH REWXYR HO
HVSHFWURGHFDSDFLGDG Dt HVHOGHVSOD]DPLHQWRODWHUDOHQHOVLVWHPD0'2)3RUORVPRGHORV
QXPpULFRV GHFiOFXORFRQORV FXDOHVVHREWLHQHQ OD FXUYDGH FDSDFLGDGUHVLVWHQWH\HOHVSHFWUR
GHFDSDFLGDGHQHVWHWUDEDMRHOIDFWRUGHSDUWLFLSDFLyQPRGDO J
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
(Q OD ILJXUD VH LQGLFD HO HVSHFWUR GH FDSDFLGDG GH OD HVWUXFWXUD DQDOL]DGD VH
DSUHFLD TXH HVELOLQHDOGHELGRDTXHODFXUYDGHFDSDFLGDG UHVLVWHQWHHVSDFLDOWDPELpQORHV
(OGHVSOD]DPLHQWRHVSHFWUDOGHIOXHQFLDHVP
)LJXUD 'HVFULSFLyQGHOSURFHGLPLHQWRGHFiOFXORSDUDHO6LVPR0X\5DUR
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
&iOFXORGHOSXQWRGHGHPDQGD
(QODILJXUDVHGHVFULEHHOFiOFXORGHOSXQWRGH GHPDQGDSDUDHOVLVPRPX\UDUR
/D ILJXUD VXSHULRU FRUUHVSRQGH DO HVSHFWUR GH GHPDQGD HOiVWLFR P VH DSUHFLD TXH OD
LQWHUVHFFLyQ GH HVWH HVSHFWUR FRQ HO HVSHFWUR GH FDSDFLGDG HVWi DOUHGHGRU GH P (Q
FRQVHFXHQFLD OD GHPDQGD GH GXFWLOLGDG P o (O SXQWR GH GHPDQGD VH
REWLHQHFXDQGR P | Po
6H YDQ REWHQLHQGR HVSHFWURV LQHOiVWLFRV \ VH GHWHUPLQD OD LQWHUVHFFLyQ GH HVWRV
HVSHFWURV FRQ HO GH FDSDFLGDG KDVWD FRQVHJXLU TXH P | P o (Q OD ILJXUD WDPELpQ VH
SUHVHQWD HO SXQWR GH GHPDQGD SDUD P TXH HV GH FRQ OR TXH
Po (OYDORUGH P z P o SRU ORTXHVHGHEH FRQWLQXDUFRQHOSURFHVR
GHFiOFXOR
&RQ HO HVSHFWUR LQHOiVWLFR REWHQLGR SDUD P VH WLHQH TXH HO SXQWR GH
GHPDQGDHVPFRQORTXHVH Po 3RUORWDQWR P P o \
VHKDHQFRQWUDGRHOGHVSOD]DPLHQWRODWHUDOPi[LPRSDUDHOVLVPRPX\UDUR
$O SURFHGHU GH LJXDO PDQHUD FRQ ORV RWURV VLVPRV LQGLFDGRV HQ OD ILJXUD VH
HQFXHQWUDQ ORV SXQWRV GH GHPDQGD TXH HVWiQ LQGLFDGRV HQ OD WDEOD \ VH PXHVWUDQ HQ OD
ILJXUD
)LJXUD 3XQWRVGHGHPDQGDGHODHVWUXFWXUDGHFXDWURSLVRVDQWHORVVLVPRVIUHFXHQWH
RFDVLRQDOUDUR\PX\UDURTXHVHHVSHUDQHQ&KLOH
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
7DEOD 'HVSOD]DPLHQWRVODWHUDOHVPi[LPRVHVSHUDGRVHQHVWUXFWXUDVLWXDGDHQ&KLOH
6,602 '(63/$=$0,(172 '8&7,/,'$'
/$7(5$/0;,02
P
0X\5DUR
5DUR
2FDVLRQDO
)UHFXHQWH
$ODQDOL]DUHQIRUPDUiSLGDODILJXUDVHSXHGHGHFLUTXHHOSXQWRGHGHPDQGDSDUD
HOVLVPRPX\UDURHVWDEDVWDQWHDOHMDGRGHOSXQWRGHIDOORGHODHVWUXFWXUD(QFRQVHFXHQFLDOD
HVWUXFWXUDWLHQHXQPX\EXHQGHVHPSHxRVtVPLFR\VHSRGUtDSHQVDUHQTXHODHVWUXFWXUDHVWi
VREUHGLPHQVLRQDGD3HURVLVHFRQVLGHUDTXHH[LVWHQQRUPDWLYDVVtVPLFDVFRPRODGH0p[LFR
TXHFRQVLGHUDQHOFRODSVRFXDQGRHOGHVSOD]DPLHQWRODWHUDOPi[LPRHVGHORUGHQGHOGHOD
DOWXUDWRWDOGHOHGLILFLRTXHSDUDHOHMHPSORVHUtDGHPHQHVWHFDVRHOSXQWRGHGHPDQGD
HQFRQWUDGRSDUDHOVLVPRPX\UDURHVWDUtDSUiFWLFDPHQWHHQHOFRODSVR
$1/,6,6(1',)(5(17(6/8*$5(6660,&26'(685$0e5,&$
(Q OD WDEOD VH SUHVHQWD HO GHVSOD]DPLHQWR ODWHUDO GH OD HVWUXFWXUD GH FXDWUR SLVRV
TXHKDVLGRDQDOL]DGDHQHODSDUWDGRDQWHULRUVLHVWDVHKDOODXELFDGDHQODV]RQDVGHPD\RU
SHOLJURVLGDGVtVPLFDGH9HQH]XHOD&RORPELD(FXDGRU3HU~&KLOH\$UJHQWLQD$GHPiVWRGDV
HOODV VH KDOODQ XELFDGDV VREUH XQ SHUILO GH VXHORV 6 GH DFXHUGR D ODV QRUPDWLYDV VtVPLFDV
YLJHQWHV DO HQ ORV SDtVHV LQGLFDGRV /RV HVSHFWURV GH GHPDQGD GH DQiOLVLV VRQ ORV
PRVWUDGRVHQHOFDStWXORDQWHULRUSDUDORVVLVPRVIUHFXHQWHRFDVLRQDOUDUR\PX\UDUR
7DEOD 'HVSOD]DPLHQWRVHVSHUDGRVHQXQDHVWUXFWXUDGHFXDWURSLVRVXELFDGDHQ
ODV]RQDVGHPD\RUSHOLJURVLGDGVtVPLFDGH3DtVHV6XU$PHULFDQRV
6LVPR 9HQH]XHOD &RORPELD (FXDGRU 3HU~ &KLOH $UJHQWLQD
P P P P P P
0X\5DUR
5DUR
2FDVLRQDO
)UHFXHQWH
(63(&7526(/67,&26
(QHO0pWRGRGH$QiOLVLV6tVPLFRTXHVHDFDEDGHHVWXGLDUVHWUDEDMDFRQHO(VSHFWUR
GH'HPDQGDSHURYDOHODSHQDTXHVHFRQR]FDDOJRPiVVREUHORVHVSHFWURVHQJHQHUDOTXH
VH XWLOL]DQ HQ OD ,QJHQLHUtD 6LVPR 5HVLVWHQWH SRU HVWH PRWLYR HO SUHVHQWH DSDUWDGR HVWi
GHGLFDGRVHPXHVWUDODWHRUtDEiVLFDGHORV(VSHFWURV(OiVWLFRV
5(6(f$+,675,&$
3RUORVDxRVGH1DLWRGLVHxDEDVXVHVWUXFWXUDVDQWHVLVPRVFRQVLGHUDQGRFRPR
IXHU]DVODWHUDOHVXQDIUDFFLyQGHOSHVRGHVXVHOHPHQWRV\VXVHGLILFDFLRQHVWXYLHURQXQEXHQ
FRPSRUWDPLHQWRGXUDQWHHOVLVPRGH7RN\RGHORTXHQRRFXUULyFRQRWUDVHGLILFDFLRQHV
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
TXH FRODSVDURQ (O SULPHU FyGLJR GH GLVHxR VtVPLFR GHO PXQGR IXH HO GH -DSyQ GH
5RVHQEOXHWK
$SDUWLUGHVHUHFRQRFLyHOSUREOHPDVtVPLFRFRPRXQSUREOHPDGHGLQiPLFDGH
HVWUXFWXUDV \ \D VH HPSH]DURQ D GHILQLU PRGHORV QXPpULFRV GH FiOFXOR 6X\HKLUR
)UHHPDQHQORVTXHVHHVWDEOHFLHURQELHQODVYDULDEOHVLQYROXFUDGDV(Q%HQLRII
LQWURGXFH OD GHILQLFLyQ GH HVSHFWUR GH UHVSXHVWD 6LQ HPEDUJR GH HVWR WRGDYtD H[LVWHQ
SUR\HFWLVWDV HVWUXFWXUDOHV TXH D OR PXFKR OD QDWXUDOH]D GLQiPLFD GHO SUREOHPD VtVPLFR OD
FRQVLGHUDQDOFDOFXODUHOFRUWDQWHEDVDOVoSRURWUDSDUWHGHWHUPLQDQHOSHUtRGRGHYLEUDFLyQT
GHODHVWUXFWXUDXWLOL]DQGRHFXDFLRQHVPX\HOHPHQWDOHVORSURSLRUHDOL]DQFRQODGHWHUPLQDFLyQ
GHODVIXHU]DVODWHUDOHVHVWiWLFDVHTXLYDOHQWHV([LVWHQLPSRUWDQWHVDYDQFHVHQHODQiOLVLVOLQHDO
\QROLQHDOGHHVWUXFWXUDVTXHGHEHQVHUDFRJLGDV
(Q +RXVQHU SUHVHQWD HO SVHXGR HVSHFWUR GH YHORFLGDGHV /XHJR HQ
+RXVQHUSURSXVRHOSULPHUJUXSRGHIRUPDVHVSHFWUDOHVSURPHGLRQRUPDOL]DQGRSDUDHOHIHFWR
UHJLVWURV REWHQLGRV GH ORV VLJXLHQWHV WHUUHPRWRV (O &HQWUR \ :HVWHUQ
:DVKLQJWRQ2O\PSLD\.HUE&RXQW\7DIW
1HZPDUN %OXPH \ .DSXU HQ SUHVHQWDURQ ORV UHVXOWDGRV D ORV TXH OOHJDURQ
WUDEDMDQGR FRQ DFHOHURJUDPDV FX\D DFHOHUDFLyQ Pi[LPD GHO VXHOR HV PD\RU TXH J /RV
HVWXGLRV UHDOL]DGRV ORV GLYLGLHURQ HQ GRV JUXSRV ... En el primer grupo obtuvieron espectros
normalizados con respecto a la aceleracin mxima del suelo ..., SDUDHOHIHFWRWUDEDMDURQFRQ
UHJLVWURV. ... En el segundo grupo obtuvieron espectros normalizados con respecto a la
velocidad mxima del suelo ..., HQ HVWH FDVR WUDEDMDURQ FRQ UHJLVWURV (Q ORV HVWXGLRV
UHDOL]DGRV QR VH FODVLILFy ORV UHJLVWURV GH DFXHUGR DO WLSR GH VXHOR )XH 6KDQQRQ
:LOVRQ$JEDELDQ $VVRFLDWHV TXLHQHV FODVLILFDURQ ORV UHJLVWURV GH 1HZPDUN HW DO
HQ IXQFLyQ GHO WLSR GH VXHOR HQ HO FXDO IXHURQ UHJLVWUDGRV FRQFUHWDPHQWH FRQVLGHUDURQ WUHV
WLSRV GH VXHORV URFD VXHORV UtJLGRV \ VXHORV SURIXQGRV REWHQLHQGR IRUPDV HVSHFWUDOHV
GLIHUHQWHVSDUDFDGDWLSRGHVXHOR
3RURWUDSDUWHHVDEXQGDQWHHOWUDEDMRGHVDUUROODGRSDUDODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHHVSHFWURV
WULSDUWLWRV 6LQ HPEDUJR VH GHEH LQGLFDU TXH +XGVRQ IXH XQR GH ORV SLRQHURV HQ OD
GHILQLFLyQ GH SVHXGR HVSHFWURV ODV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV KDQ FRQWLQXDGR SRU SDUWH GH 1HZPDUN \
+DOOHQ0KRUD]+DOO\1HZPDUNHQ5LGGHOO\1HZPDUN HQ*DUFtD\5LGGHOO
HQ
(VSHFWURVGHUHVSXHVWD
/D 1RUPD GH HGLILFDFLRQHV DQWLVtVPLFDV GH 9HQH]XHOD SUHVHQWD OD VLJXLHQWH
GHILQLFLyQGHHVSHFWURDefine la respuesta mxima de osciladores de un grado de libertad y de
un mismo amortiguamiento, sometidas a una historia de aceleraciones dada, expresada en
funcin del perodo (Q UHVXPHQ HO HVSHFWUR HV XQ JUiILFR HQ FX\D DEVFLVD VH SUHVHQWD HO
SHUtRGR R OD IUHFXHQFLD QDWXUDO GH YLEUDFLyQ \ HQ OD RUGHQDGD VH LQGLFD HO SDUiPHWUR GH
UHVSXHVWD Pi[LPD TXH VH KD VHOHFFLRQDGR 1RUPDOPHQWH HVWH SDUiPHWUR HV OD DFHOHUDFLyQ
YHORFLGDGRGHVSOD]DPLHQWR
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
6LVWHPDGHXQJUDGRGHOLEHUWDG
/D HFXDFLyQ GLIHUHQFLDO GHO PRYLPLHQWR SDUD XQ VLVWHPD GH XQ JUDGR GH OLEHUWDG
VRPHWLGDDXQDDFFLyQVtVPLFDHV
k
Wn
m
c c
]
ccr mk
S
Wn
T
VLHQGR WnODIUHFXHQFLDQDWXUDOQRDPRUWLJXDGD\]ODIUDFFLyQGHDPRUWLJXDPLHQWRFUtWLFR(Q
IXQFLyQGHHVWDV~OWLPDVYDULDEOHVODHFXDFLyQ SXHGHUHVFULELUVHGHODVLJXLHQWHPDQHUD
(Q JHQHUDO H[LVWH GRV IRUPDV GH UHVROYHU OD HFXDFLyQ GLIHUHQFLDO GH VHJXQGR RUGHQ
LQGLFDGD HQ OD HFXDFLyQ TXH VRQ L HQFRQWUDU XQD VROXFLyQ DQDOtWLFD H[DFWD \ LL
HQFRQWUDU XQD VROXFLyQ DSUR[LPDGD HPSOHDQGR PpWRGRV QXPpULFRV 3DUD ODVROXFLyQ DQDOtWLFD
VHSXHGHWUDEDMDUFRQODLQWHJUDOGH'XKDPHOFX\DUHVSXHVWDHV
t
q t
Wa U
g W e ]Wn t W Sin>Wa t W @dW
Wa Wn ]
/D HFXDFLyQ FRUUHVSRQGH D OD VROXFLyQ SDUWLFXODU GH OD HFXDFLyQ GLIHUHQFLDO
/DVROXFLyQ KRPRJpQHDQRVH LQFOX\HHQODHFXDFLyQ WRGD YH] TXH ODH[FLWDFLyQ
VH DSOLFD FXDQGR HO VLVWHPD HVWi HQ UHSRVR (Q HVWDV FRQGLFLRQHV ORV WpUPLQRV
FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVDODYLEUDFLyQOLEUHVROXFLyQKRPRJpQHDVRQQXORV
/RV HVSHFWURV GH UHVSXHVWD HQ GHVSOD]DPLHQWR Sd YHORFLGDG 6Y \ DFHOHUDFLyQ Sa VH
REWLHQHQSDUDXQFLHUWRDFHOHURJUDPDFRPRORVPi[LPRVYDORUHVGHODUHVSXHVWDGHOVLVWHPD
Sd qt max
Sv q t max
(Q OD ILJXUD VH LQGLFD HQ IRUPD JUiILFD OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH ORV HVSHFWURV GH
UHVSXHVWD (V LPSRUWDQWH KDFHU ODV VLJXLHQWHV REVHUYDFLRQHV GH ORV HVSHFWURV GH UHVSXHVWD
HOiVWLFRV
x 3DUD VLVWHPDV GH SHUtRGR PX\ SHTXHxR (T o ) HGLILFDFLRQHV PX\ UtJLGDV VH
REVHUYDTXH Sd oSv o\ S a o U gmax 6LHQGR U gmax ODPi[LPDDFHOHUDFLyQ
GHODFHOHURJUDPD
x /RV HVSHFWURVGHUHVSXHVWDVXPLQLVWUDQODUHVSXHVWDPi[LPDGHFXDOTXLHURVFLODGRU
GHXQJUDGRGHOLEHUWDGGHILQLGRSRUVXVSURSLHGDGHVGLQiPLFDV T\]
x &RQ XQ DFHOHURJUDPD VH SXHGHQ HQFRQWUDU SRU OR PHQRV WUHV HVSHFWURV GH
UHVSXHVWD Sd Sv\ Sa
)LJXUD (VTXHPDGHFiOFXORGHXQ(VSHFWURGH5HVSXHVWD(OiVWLFR
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
)UDFFLyQGHODPRUWLJXDPLHQWRFUtWLFR
&RPR VH LQGLFy ORV HVSHFWURV GH UHVSXHVWD HOiVWLFRV VH FRQVWUX\HQ SDUD XQD
GHWHUPLQDGD IUDFFLyQ GH DPRUWLJXDPLHQWR ] HO PLVPR TXH VH FRQVLGHUD FRQVWDQWH HQ OD
HYDOXDFLyQGHODUHVSXHVWDGLQiPLFD
1,9(/'( 7,32<&21',&,1 ]
7(16,21(6 '(/$(6758&785$ (1
3DUD ODV HVWUXFWXUDV GH PDPSRVWHUtD HO DPRUWLJXDPLHQWR HVWi HQWUH HO \
)LQDOPHQWH GHEH LQGLFDUVH TXH HO IDFWRU [ VH SXHGH REWHQHU FRQ HVWXGLRV GH YLEUDFLyQ
DPELHQWDO \ HV XQD PDQHUDGHVDEHUVLXQDHVWUXFWXUDWLHQHRQRWLHQHGDxR6LORVYDORUHVGH
[ VRQ PHQRUHV DO OD HVWUXFWXUD GHILQLWLYDPHQWH QR SUHVHQWD GDxR SHUR VL HVWRV YDORUHV
VXSHUDQ pVWD FDQWLGDG HV FRQYHQLHQWH PHGLDQWH XQ DQiOLVLV HVWiWLFR QR OLQHDO GHWHUPLQDU ODV
]RQDV PiV GpELOHV GHO HGLILFLR \ HQ HVDV ]RQDV SURFHGHU DUHYLVDU PX\ PLQXFLRVDPHQWH SDUD
GHWHFWDUHOGDxR\HPSH]DUXQHVWXGLRSDUDUHIRU]DUHQIRUPDLQWHJUDOODHVWUXFWXUD1yWHVHTXH
SDUDHOUHIRU]DPLHQWRVHGHEHHVWXGLDUODHVWUXFWXUDHQWRGRVXFRQMXQWR
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
,PSRUWDQFLDGHODVIRUPDVHVSHFWUDOHV
)LJXUD (VSHFWURVGHUHVSXHVWDHOiVWLFRVGHOVLVPRGH1RUWKULGJHGHOGHHQHURGH(Q
RUGHQDGDVVHSUHVHQWDODUHODFLyQ Fy/WVLHQGR Fy ODIXHU]DODWHUDOGHIOXHQFLD \ WHOSHVRGHORVFLODGRU
L (O UHJLVWUR GH $UOHWD VH HQFXHQWUD D .P GHO HSLFHQWUR \ FRUUHVSRQGH DO
DFHOHURJUDPD PiV FHUFDQR DO HSLFHQWUR GH ORV FXDWUR DQDOL]DGRV DOOt OD DFHOHUDFLyQ
KRUL]RQWDOPi[LPDGHOVXHORIXHGH gTXHHVODPHQRUGHODVFXDWURLQGLFDGDVHQ
ODILJXUD(QFDPELRHOUHJLVWURGH6DQWD0yQLFDFRUUHVSRQGHDOPiVOHMDQRVH
HQFXHQWUDD .PGHOD]RQD HSLFHQWUDO\VLQ HPEDUJRHVHOTXHPD\RUDFHOHUDFLyQ
UHJLVWUyGHORVDQDOL]DGRVg(VWRVHGHEHDODIRUPDGHSURSDJDFLyQGHOVLVPR\
HO WLSR GH VXHOR (VWH FRPHQWDULR GHPXHVWUD TXH QR HV IiFLO GHWHUPLQDU XQD OH\ GH
DWHQXDFLyQ
(Q OD ]RQD GHO HVSHFWUR GH UHVSXHVWD HOiVWLFR GRQGH VH REWLHQHQ ORV PD\RUHV YDORUHV
HVSHFWUDOHV VHGHEHDTXHSDUDHVRVSHUtRGRV GHODHVWUXFWXUDODVIUHFXHQFLDVQDWXUDOHVGHODV
HGLILFDFLRQHV VH DFHUFDQ D ODV IUHFXHQFLDV GRPLQDQWHV GH ODV RQGDV VtVPLFDV HQ OD EDVH
SUHVHQWiQGRVHXQDHVSHFLHGHUHVRQDQFLDGHODHVWUXFWXUDFRQHOVLVPR
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
Por otra parte, las ondas ssmicas que llegan a la base de la edificacin han sido filtradas
por el suelo que se halla sobre la roca basal y adquieren de alguna forma la frecuencia
dominante del sitio 3RU HVWD UD]yQ HV IXQGDPHQWDO FRQRFHU HOSHUtRGR GH YLEUDFLyQ GHO VXHOR
VREUHHOTXH YDODHGLILFDFLyQ\HOGHODHVWUXFWXUDSDUD VDEHU VL KD\RQRSRVLELOLGDGGHHQWUDU
HQUHVRQDQFLD
&RQ UHODFLyQ D OD ILJXUD VH SXHGH LQGLFDU TXH VL VH KDEUtD WHQLGR XQD PLVPD
HVWUXFWXUDHQORVFXDWUROXJDUHVGRQGH VHREWXYLHURQORVUHJLVWURVWRGRVHOORV PX\FHUFDQRVDO
HSLFHQWUR VH KDEUtDQ WHQLGR GLIHUHQWHV UHVSXHVWDV HVWUXFWXUDOHV \ FRQVHFXHQWHPHQWH HO GDxR
KDEUtDVLGRGLVWLQWR
)LJXUD (VSHFWURVGHUHVSXHVWDQRUPDOL]DGRV&RPSDUDFLyQGHHIHFWRVGHVLWLRHQODIRUPDGHO
HVSHFWURGHUHVSXHVWDGHDFHOHUDFLRQHV
L (O VLVPR GHO GH 6HSWLHPEUH GH GH0p[LFR VH UHJLVWUy IUHQWH D ODV FRVWDV GH
*XHUUHUR \ 0LFKRDFiQ \ HO UHJLVWUR FX\R HVSHFWUR DSDUHFH HQ OD ILJXUD
FRUUHVSRQGHDOREWHQLGRHQOD6HFUHWDUtDGH&RPXQLFDFLRQHV\7UDQVSRUWH6&7VREUH
XQVXHORPX\EODQGRGHO 'LVWULWR )HGHUDO')GH0p[LFR(QFRQVHFXHQFLDHOUHJLVWUR
VH HQFXHQWUD DSUR[LPDGDPHQWHD.PGHOD ]RQDHSLFHQWUDO$OYLDUHWDO 6H
HQWLHQGH TXH D HVWD GLVWDQFLD \D ORV VLVPRV VH KDQ DWHQXDGR FRQ OD GLVWDQFLD VLQ
HPEDUJR HQ HVWH HYHQWR ODV RQGDV VtVPLFDV DO OOHJDU DO VXHOR EODQGR GHO ') VH
DPSOLILFDURQGHDKtODIRUPDHVSHFWUDO LQGLFDGDHQODILJXUD/RVHGLILFLRVHQWUH
\ SLVRV IXHURQ ORV PiV DIHFWDGRV GXUDQWH HVWH VLVPR HQ HO ') /RV SHUtRGRV GH
YLEUDFLyQ GH HVWRV HGLILFLRV VH HQFXHQWUDQ HQ OD ]RQD GH PD\RUHV RUGHQDGDV
HVSHFWUDOHV
HVSHFWUDOHVHVWiQHQWUH\VHJXQGRV3RUORWDQWRORVHGLILFLRVHQWUH\SLVRV
VHUiQ ORV TXH UHFLEDQ PD\RUHV IXHU]DV VtVPLFDV )LQDOPHQWH VH DSUHFLD XQ HVSHFWUR
HQ VXHOR GXUR GHO VLVPR GHO ,PSHULDO 9DOOH GH HQ HO TXH VH REVHUYD TXH ORV
PD\RUHVYDORUHVGHDFHOHUDFLyQHVWiQHQWUH\VHJXQGRV
3VHXGRHVSHFWURV
t
q t
Wa U
g W e ]Wn t W Sin>Wa t W @ dW
t
q t U g W e ]Wn t W Cos>Wa t W @ dW Wn ] q t
t
qt U g t Wa U g W e ]Wn t W Sin>Wa t W @dW ]Wn q t ]Wn q t
3RU RWUD SDUWH HQ OD WDEOD VH REVHUYD TXH ORV YDORUHV GH ] YDUtDQ HQWUH \
FRUUHVSRQGLHQGR HVWH ~OWLPR YDORU D XQ HVWDGR HQ TXH OD HVWUXFWXUD HVWi VRPHWLGD D JUDQGHV
HVIXHU]RV$O UHHPSOD]DUORVYDORUHVGH ] KDELWXDOHV HQODH[SUHVLyQVHREWLHQH W Wn
'HLJXDOIRUPDVHSXHGHGHVSUHFLDUORV YDORUHVTXH VHHQFXHQWUDQIXHUDGHODLQWHJUDOGHODV
HFXDFLRQHV \ SRU TXH HVWiQ PXOWLSOLFDGRV SRU ] TXH HV XQ YDORU SHTXHxR
$VLPLVPR+XGVRQHVWDEOHFLyTXHODIXQFLyQ&RVHQRTXHDSDUHFHHQODHFXDFLyQ
SXHGH VXVWLWXLUVH D HIHFWRV GH FiOFXOR SRU OD IXQFLyQ 6HQR VLQ FRPHWHU PD\RUHV HUURUHV DO
FDOFXODUODUHVSXHVWDPi[LPD(VWDDSUR[LPDFLyQEDVDGDHQODDOHDWRULHGDGGHORVPRYLPLHQWRV
GHO VXHOR HV YiOLGD SDUD HO UDQJR GH IUHFXHQFLDV TXH WLHQHQ ODV HVWUXFWXUDV &RQ HVWDV
FRQVLGHUDFLRQHV VH LQWURGXFHQ WUHV QXHYDV FDQWLGDGHV GHILQLGDV FRPR 3VHXGRHVSHFWURV GH
UHVSXHVWDGHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRYHORFLGDG\DFHOHUDFLyQ PS d , PS v \ PS a ,UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH
t
PS d
Wn U
g W e ]Wn t W Sin>Wn t W @ dW
PD[
t
PS v U g W e ]Wn t W Sin>Wn t W @ dW
PD[
t
PS a Wn U g W e ]Wn t W Sin>Wn t W @ dW
PD[
PS v Wn PS d
PS a W PS d
n
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
6H KD HQFRQWUDGR TXH SDUD HO UDQJR GH YDORUHV GH T \ ] GH LQWHUpV SUiFWLFR HQ
LQJHQLHUtDHVWUXFWXUDOORVSVHXGRHVSHFWURV VRQPX\SDUHFLGRVDORVHVSHFWURV UHDOHV
3DUDSHUtRGRVPD\RUHVDVHJXQGRVODVFXUYDVGHORVSVHXGRHVSHFWURVGLILHUHQGHODV
FXUYDVGHORVHVSHFWURVORSURSLRVXFHGHSDUDSHUtRGRVPHQRUHVDVHJXQGRV/DPD\RU
SDUWHGHHVWUXFWXUDVWLHQHSHUtRGRV FRPSUHQGLGRVHQWUH\VHJXQGRVSRUORTXHVHDFHSWD
TXH
Sv Wn S d
Sa W Sdn Wn S v
/D~OWLPDH[SUHVLyQ VHXWLOL]DHQHO0pWRGRGH6XSHUSRVLFLyQ0RGDOSDUDHQFRQWUDUODV
UHVSXHVWDV Pi[LPDV GH XQ HGLILFLR VRPHWLGR D DFFLRQHV VtVPLFDV 7DPELpQ VH XWLOL]D SDUD
HQFRQWUDUHOHVSHFWURGHGHPDQGDHQHOIRUPDWRDFHOHUDFLyQGHVSOD]DPLHQWR
(VSHFWURVGHUHVSXHVWDVXDYL]DGRV
x (Q OD ]RQD GH SHUtRGRV FRUWRV OD DFHOHUDFLyQ HVSHFWUDO SHUPDQHFH FRQVWDQWH \ HV
LJXDODODDFHOHUDFLyQPi[LPDGHOUHJLVWUR
x (QOD]RQDGHSHUtRGRVPHGLRVODYHORFLGDGHVSHFWUDOSHUPDQHFHFRQVWDQWH\HQOD
]RQD GH SHUtRGRV DOWRV HO GHVSOD]DPLHQWR HVSHFWUDO VH PDQWLHQH FRQVWDQWH 3RU OR
WDQWRHQHVWDV]RQDVHOYDORUGH S d S v \ S a HVLQGHSHQGLHQWHGHOSHUtRGR
x (V SRVLEOH HVWLPDU ORV YDORUHV GHO HVSHFWUR FRQRFLHQGR ~QLFDPHQWH ORV YDORUHV
Pi[LPRV GH OD DFHOHUDFLyQ YHORFLGDG \ GHVSOD]DPLHQWR GHO WHUUHQR PHGLDQWH ODV
VLJXLHQWHVHFXDFLRQHV
GRQGH Da ,Dv y Dd , VRQ ORV IDFWRUHV GH DPSOLILFDFLyQ GLQiPLFD GH OD DFHOHUDFLyQ
YHORFLGDG\GHVSOD]DPLHQWRUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
x /RV IDFWRUHV GH DPSOLILFDFLyQ GLQiPLFD PHGLRV TXH REWXYLHURQ 1HZPDUN \ +DOO
VRQORVVLJXLHQWHV
] VH H[SUHVD HQ SRUFHQWDMH /D SUREDELOLGDG GH H[FHGHQFLD HQ HVWH FDVR HV GHO
3RURWUDSDUWHORVYDORUHVREWHQLGRV SDUD OD PHGLDGHORV GDWRVHVWDGtVWLFRVPiVXQD
GHVYLDFLyQ6WDQGDUGVRQ
Sv Sd
T
S T S
Sa Sv
(VWLPDFLyQGHORVPRYLPLHQWRVGHOWHUUHQR
(Q ORV HVWXGLRV GH SHOLJURVLGDG VtVPLFD GH XQD GHWHUPLQDGD UHJLyQ VH REWLHQHQ OD
DFHOHUDFLyQ YHORFLGDG\GHVSOD]DPLHQWRPi[LPRVGHOVXHORDHVSHUDUVHGXUDQWHODYLGD~WLOGH
OD HVWUXFWXUD t FRQ XQ GHWHUPLQDGR QLYHO GH SUREDELOLGDG GH H[FHGHQFLD p 3RU IDOWD GH
LQIRUPDFLyQ VtVPLFD OR TXH QRUPDOPHQWH VH GHWHUPLQD HV OD DFHOHUDFLyQ Pi[LPD GHO VXHOR
~QLFDPHQWH3DUDHQFRQWUDU OD YHORFLGDG \ GHVSOD]DPLHQWRVPi[LPRVGHOWHUUHQRFXDQGRQRVH
GLVSRQHGHLQIRUPDFLyQ FRQILDEOH VHSXHGHXWLOL]DUORVFXRFLHQWHV HQWUHORVYDORUHV GHYHORFLGDG
\DFHOHUDFLyQ U gmax U
gmax \HQWUHHOSURGXFWRGHODDFHOHUDFLyQSRUHOGHVSOD]DPLHQWRSDUD OD
YHORFLGDGHOHYDGDDOFXDGUDGR U gmax U gmax U gmax
(VWDV UHODFLRQHV GHSHQGHQ GHO VLWLR GHO UHJLVWUR GH OD GLVWDQFLD HSLFHQWUDO \ GH OD
PDJQLWXG1HZPDUNHWDOHQFRQWUDURQODVVLJXLHQWHVUHODFLRQHVSDUD.. suelos firmes ..
SDUD VLVPRVFRQPDJQLWXG Ms \DXQDGLVWDQFLDHSLFHQWUDOGHKm
U gmax
cm s g
Ugmax
U g PD[ U g PD[
U g PD[
3DUD ... registros en roca ... ODUHODFLyQ HQWUHODYHORFLGDG\ODDFHOHUDFLyQ Pi[LPDGHO
VXHORYDUtDHQWUH\ cm/s/g.(QFDPELRTXHODVHJXQGDUHODFLyQYDOHLQGHSHQGLHQWH GHO
WLSRGHVXHOR
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
/DUHODFLyQ U gmax U
gmax YDUtDHQXQSRUFDGD XQLGDGGHFDPELRHQODPDJQLWXG
\ VH LQFUHPHQWD OLJHUDPHQWH FRQ OD GLVWDQFLD HSLFHQWUDO /RV YDORUHV SUHVHQWDGRV HQ ODV
HFXDFLRQHV \ IXHURQ REWHQLGRV HVWDGtVWLFDPHQWH WUDEDMDQGR FRQ UHJLVWURV GH OD
FRVWDRHVWHGHORV86$FHUFDQRVDODIDOODGH6DQ$QGUpV
U gmax
cm s g
Ugmax
U g PD[ U g PD[
U g PD[
)LQDOPHQWH XQR GH ORV ~OWLPRV WUDEDMRV GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ HQ HVWH FDPSR HV HO
GHVDUUROODGR SRU*DUFtD\5LGGHOOTXLHQHVWUDEDMDQ FRQ UHJLVWURVGHVLVPRVRFXUULGRV
HQODFRVWDRHVWHGH 86$0p[LFR &KLOH/RPD3ULHWD 1RUWKULGJH
HQWUH RWURV (V GHFLU FRQ OD PD\RU LQIRUPDFLyQ LQVWUXPHQWDO GH HYHQWRV VtVPLFRV TXH
KDQGHMDGRGDxRHQ$PpULFDKDVWDILQHVGHOVLJOR;;(VLPSRUWDQWHGHVWDFDU TXHHQHOHVWXGLR
UHDOL]DGR no clasificaron los registros de acuerdo al tipo de suelo/RVUHVXOWDGRVHQFRQWUDGRV
VRQ
U gmax
cm s g
Ugmax
U g PD[ U g PD[
U g PD[
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
x 6ROXFLyQ
(Q OD ILJXUD VH LQGLFD OD OtQHD EDVH FRQIRUPDGD SRU ORV YDORUHV Pi[LPRV GH
DFHOHUDFLyQ YHORFLGDG \ GHVSOD]DPLHQWR GHOVXHOR /XHJR HVWRV YDORUHV VRQPXOWLSOLFDGRV SRU
ORVIDFWRUHVGHDPSOLILFDFLyQHQFRQWUDQGR S d S v \ S a )LQDOPHQWHGHHVWDVQXHYDVOtQHDV VH
XQHQDODOtQHDEDVHGHVGHORVSHUtRGRVSURSXHVWRVSRU5LGGHOO\1HZPDUNTXHGLILHUHQ
OLJHUDPHQWHDORVSURSXHVWRVSRU1HZPDUN\+DOO
/RV YDORUHV REWHQLGRV DO DSOLFDU ORV UHVXOWDGRV GH *DUFtD \ 5LGGHOO VRQ SDUHFLGRV D ORV
HQFRQWUDGRVSRU5LGGHOO\1HZPDUN
,QIOXHQFLDGHOVXHOR
Las condiciones locales del suelo pueden modificar las caractersticas de los
movimientos del suelo HVWRVHKDSXHVWRGHPDQLILHVWRHQDOJXQRVVLVPRVHQWUHORVFXDOHV VH
SXHGH PHQFLRQDU DO GH 6DQ )UDQFLVFR 6NRSMH &DUDFDV %XFDUHVW
/OROOHR 0p[LFR \1RUWKULGJH HQWUH RWURV5D]yQSRUODFXDOORVHVSHFWURVGH
GLVHxRGHEHQHVWDUHQIXQFLyQGHOWLSRGHVXHOR
(YLGHQFLDV GH ODV FRQGLFLRQHV ORFDOHV GHO VXHOR SXHGHQ REVHUYDUVH HQ ORV HVSHFWURV
QRUPDOL]DGRV GH OD ILJXUD SUHVHQWDGRV SRU 6HHG HW DO TXLHQHV FODVLILFDURQ FLHQWR
FXDWUR UHJLVWURV HQ FXDWUR WLSRV GH VXHOR D VDEHU L 5HJLVWURV HQ URFD LL 5HJLVWURV HQ
VXHORGXUR FRQHVSHVRULQIHULRUDPLLL 5HJLVWURVHQVXHORVJUDQXODUHVFRQSURIXQGLGDG
VXSHULRUDP\LYUHJLVWURVSDUDDUFLOODVPHGLDVRDUHQDV
x /DUHVSXHVWDPi[LPDHVSHFWUDOGHORVUHJLVWURVHQURFDVHGLRSDUDXQSHUtRGRGH
V\WLHQHXQIDFWRUGHDPSOLILFDFLyQGH
x (QORVVXHORVGXURVFRQHVSHVRUHVLQIHULRUHVDORVPODUHVSXHVWDPi[LPDVHGLR
SDUDSHUtRGRVGHVFRQXQIDFWRUGHDPSOLILFDFLyQGH
x (O HVSHFWUR SURPHGLR GH VXHORV QR FRKHVLYRV SURIXQGRV WLHQH GRV SLFRV Pi[LPRV
XQRDORVVGHSHUtRGRFRQXQIDFWRUGHDPSOLILFDFLyQGH\RWURDORVV
GHSHUtRGRFRQXQIDFWRUGHDSUR[LPDGDPHQWH
x /RV UHJLVWURV GH DUFLOODV EODQGDV D PHGLDV SURGXFHQ XQ HVSHFWUR FRQ XQ IDFWRU GH
DPSOLILFDFLyQGHTXHVHGDSDUDXQUDQJRGHSHUtRGRVTXHYDUtDGHDV
&21&/86,21(6
6H KD SUHVHQWDGR HQ IRUPD GLGiFWLFD HO 0pWRGR GHO (VSHFWUR GH &DSDFLGDG \ VH KD
HQFRQWUDGR HO GHVHPSHxR GH XQD HVWUXFWXUD GH FXDWUR SLVRV GH KRUPLJyQ DUPDGR
FRQVLGHUDQGR TXH HVWD VH KDOOD XELFDGD HQ OD ]RQD GH PD\RU SHOLJURVLGDG VtVPLFD GH
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
9HQH]XHOD &RORPELD(FXDGRU3HU~&KLOH\$UJHQWLQD(OFiOFXORH[SOLFDWLYRVHORUHDOL]ySDUD
HO FDVR GH &KLOH 6H HQFRQWUy HO GHVHPSHxR HQ WpUPLQRV GHO GHVSOD]DPLHQWR ODWHUDO Pi[LPR
SDUDORVFXDWURVLVPRV UHFRPHQGDGRVSRU9,6,21
)LJXUD(VSHFWURVSURPHGLRVGHDFHOHUDFLRQHVQRUPDOL]DGRVSDUDXQDPRUWLJXDPLHQWR
GHOSDUDGLIHUHQWHVFRQGLFLRQHVGHVXHOR6HHGHWDO
5()(5(1&,$6
$JXLDU 5 (VWDGR GHO DUWH GH ORV PpWRGRV GH DQiOLVLV VtVPLFR \ GHVHPSHxR
HVWUXFWXUDO XV Jornadas Nacionales y Primeras Binacionales de Ingeniera Estructural
/RMD(FXDGRU
$JXLDU 5 6LVWHPD GH &RPSXWDFLyQ &(,1&, SDUD HYDOXDU GDxR VtVPLFR HQ ORV
3DtVHV %ROLYDULDQRV Centro de Investigaciones Cientficas. Escuela Politcnica del
Ejrcito, S9DOOHGHORV&KLOORV(FXDGRU
$OYLDU - 3DQHOD - \ (FKH]XUtD + 'HVDUUROOR GH XQ VLVWHPD GH PHGLFLyQ SDUD
HYDOXDU OD HILFLHQFLD HQHUJpWLFD HQ FDPSR GHO 637 Memorias del IX Seminario de
Geotecnia&DUDFDV9HQH]XHOD
$\DOD * (YDOXDFLyQ GHO GHVHPSHxR VtVPLFR GH HVWUXFWXUDVXQ QXHYR HQIRTXH
Revista Internacional de Mtodos Numricos para Clculo y Diseo en Ingeniera,
%DUFHORQD(VSDxD
%HQLRII + 7KH SK\VLFDO HYDOXDWLRQ RI VHLVPLF GHVWUXFWLYHQHVV Bulletin of the
Seismological Society of America,
&KRSUD $ DQG *RHO 5 &DSDFLW\GHPDQGGLDJUDP PHWKRGV IRU HVWLPDWLQJ
GHIRUPDWLRQ RI LQHODVWLF VWUXFWXUHV 6') V\VWHPV Pacific Earthquake Engineering.
Research Center5HS1R3((5,8QLYHUVLW\RI&DOLIRUQLD%HUNHOH\&DOLIRUQLD
&KRSUD $ DQG *RHO 5 $ PRGDO SXVKRYHU DQDO\VLV SURFHGXUH IRU HVWLPDWLQJ
VHLVPLFGHPDQGVIRUEXLOGLQJVEarthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 9RO
(VWHYD / 'LVHxR VtVPLFR EDVDGR HQ GHVHPSHxR WHQGHQFLDV \ UHWRV
XII
Congreso Nacional de Ingeniera SsmicaS0RUHOLD0p[LFR
)DMIDU 3 $ 1RQ OLQHDU DQDO\VLV PHWKRG IRU SHUIRUPDQFHEDVHG VHLVPLF GHVLJQ
Earthquake Spectra,
)UHHPDQ - 5 (DUWKTXDNH GDPDJH DQG HDUWKTXDNH LQVXUDQFH Mc Graw Hill
Book Co. Inc.
*DUFtD ( \ 5LGGHOO 5 (VSHFWUR GH HQHUJtD GLVLSDGD SRU KLVWpUHVLV HQ VLVWHPDV
LQHOiVWLFRV VRPHWLGRV D WHUUHPRWRV Departamento de Ingeniera Estructural 8QLYHUVLGDG
&DWyOLFDGH&KLOH',(1
+DOO - 1RUWKULGJH (DUWKTXDNH -DQXDU\ Earthquake Engineering
Research Institute EERISS&DOLIRUQLD,QVWLWXWHRI7HFKQRORJ\
+D\DVKL 6 7VXFKLGD + DQG .XUDWD ( $YHUDJH UHVSRQVH VSHFWUD IRU YDULRXV
VXEVRLO FRQGLWLRQV Third Joint Meeting, U.S. Japan Panel on Wind and Seismic Effects
8-157RN\R
.UDZLQNOHU + 1HZ WUHQGV LQ VHLVPLF GHVLJQ PHWKRGRORJ\ Proc. 10th Eur. Conf.
Earthquake Engineering, 9RO9LHQQD Balkema Rotterdam, 9RO
0LUDQGD ( 6LWHGHSHQGHQW VWUHQJWK UHGXFWLRQ IDFWRUV Journal of Structural
Engineering. ASCE,
0RKUD] % +DOO : - DQG 1HZPDUN 1 0 $ VWXG\ RI YHUWLFDO DQG KRUL]RQWDO
HDUWKTXDNHVSHFWUDNewmark Cons. Eng. Services8UEDQD,OOLQRLV86$(&&RQWUDFW1
$7
1DVVDU $ DQG .UDZLQNOHU + 6HLVPLF GHPDQGV IRU 6'2) DQG 0'2) V\VWHPV
Earthquake Engineering Center. Universidad de Stanford.5HSRUWHG1
1HZPDUN 1 0 %OXPH - $ DQG .DSXU . 6HLVPLF GHVLJQ VSHFWUD IRU QXFOHDU
SRZHUSODQWJournal of Power Div. ASCE 32
1HZPDUN 1 \ +DOO : - (DUWKTXDNH UHVLVWDQW GHVLJQ RI QXFOHDU SRZHU SODQWV
The Assesment and Mitigation of Earthquake Risk&KDSWHU81(6&2
2UGD] 0 DQG 3HUH] ( (VWLPDWLRQ RI VWUHQJWK UHGXFWLRQ IDFWRUV IRU HODVWRSODVWLF
V\VWHPV D QHZ DSSURDFK Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 9RO
5LGGHOO 5 DQG 1HZPDUN 1 6WDWLVWLFDO DQDO\VLV RI WKH UHVSRQVH RI QRQOLQHDU
V\VWHPVVXEMHFWHG WR HDUWKTXDNHVCivil Engineering Studies, Structural Research Series
N. 468, Department of Civil Engineering8QLYHUVLW\RI,OOLQRLV8UEDQD,OOLQRLV
6($2& 9,6,21 5HSRUW RQ SHUIRUPDQFH EDVHG VHLVPLF HQJLQHHULQJ RI
EXLOGLQJV Structural Engineers Association of California, 6DFUDPHQWR
6($2& $ IUDPHZRUN IRU SHUIRUPDQFH EDVHG GHVLJQ Structural Engineers
Association of California. VISION 2000 Committee, &DOLIRUQLD
6HHG + % 8JDV & DQG /\VPHU - 6LWHGHSHQGHQW VSHFWUD IRU HDUWKTXDNH
UHVLVWDQWGHVLJQBulletin of the Seismological Society of America
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
6KDQQRQ :LOVRQ ,QF DQG $JEDELDQ $VVRFLDWHV 6RLO EHKDYLRU XQGHU HDUWKTXDNH
ORDGLQJFRQGLWLRQVProcedures for Evaluation of Vibratory Ground Motions of Soil Deposits
for Nuclear Power Plant Sities prepared for United States Atomic Energy Comission,
'LYLVLRQRI5HDFWRU6DIHW\5HVHDUFK
6X\HKLUR . (QJLQHHULQJ 6HLVPRORJ\ Proceedings American Society Civil
Engineering,
7KRP& : %XFNOH ,* DQG )HQZLFN5 & 7KH (IIHFWRI ,QHODVWLF 6KHDURI WKH
6HLVPLF5HVSRQVHRI6WUXFWXUHVDept. of Civil Engineering University of Auckland,5HSRUW
1RS1HZ=HDODQG
0e72'2'(/6,67(0$(48,9$/(17(
<5(638(67$/,1($/212/,1($/
5(680(1
6H LQLFLDHO FDStWXOR SUHVHQWDQGR XQ HVWXGLR SDUD GHWHUPLQDU ODV IXHU]DV ODWHUDOHV TXH
VH GHEHQ DSOLFDU HQ XQD HVWUXFWXUD SDUD HQFRQWUDU OD FXUYD GH FDSDFLGDG VtVPLFD UHVLVWHQWH
(VWDV IXHU]DV VH GHWHUPLQDQ GH DFXHUGR D GRV FULWHULRV HO SULPHUR GH HOORV VL VROR VH WUDEDMD
FRQ HO PRGR IXQGDPHQWDO HVWH FULWHULR HV YDOLGR SDUD HVWUXFWXUDV UHJXODUHV HQ SODQWD \
HOHYDFLyQ\HOVHJXQGR FULWHULR VL VH FRQVLGHUDQORVPRGRV VXSHULRUHV SDUDHOHIHFWRVH GHEH
HQFRQWUDU HO PRGRIXQGDPHQWDO HTXLYDOHQWHHVWHFULWHULRHVSDUDHVWUXFWXUDVHQODVFXDOHVORV
PRGRVVXSHULRUHVWLHQHQXQSDSHOLPSRUWDQWHHQODUHVSXHVWDHVWUXFWXUDO
3RVWHULRUPHQWH VH SUHVHQWDQ FLQFR PRGHORV SDUD HQFRQWUDU HO VLVWHPD HTXLYDOHQWH GH
XQ JUDGR GH OLEHUWDG ORV PLVPRV TXH KDQ VLGR SURSXHVWRV SRU 5RGUtJXH] )DMIDU \
*DVSHUVLF (VWHYD $JXLDU \ $\DOD (VWH VLVWHPD GH XQ JUDGR GH
OLEHUWDGHVHTXLYDOHQWHDOGHODHVWUXFWXUDGHP~OWLSOHVJUDGRVGHOLEHUWDG(VHQpVWHVLVWHPD
TXH VHHQFXHQWUDODUHVSXHVWD GLQiPLFDDQWHXQDDFFLyQVtVPLFD GDGD pVWDUHVSXHVWDVHSDVD
DOVLVWHPDFRQP~OWLSOHVJUDGRVGHOLEHUWDGSRUPHGLR GHOIDFWRUGHSDUWLFLSDFLyQ PRGDO
6H FRPSOHPHQWD HO HVWXGLR FRQ OD UHDOL]DFLyQ GH XQ HMHPSOR GH XQD HVWUXFWXUD GH
FXDWURSLVRVHQOD FXDOVHKDOODVX UHVSXHVWD DQWH HOVLVPRGH&KLOH GH UHSUHVHQWDGRSRU
XQ DFHOHURJUDPD UHJLVWUDGR HQ 9LxD GH 0DU /D UHVSXHVWD VH KDOOD DSOLFDQGR HO 0pWRGR GHO
6LVWHPD(TXLYDOHQWH\HO0pWRGRGHO(VSHFWURGH&DSDFLGDG
)8(5=$6/$7(5$/(63$5$386+29(5
/D FXUYD GH FDSDFLGDG VtVPLFD UHVLVWHQWH GH XQD HVWUXFWXUD HV IXQFLyQ GH OD
GLVWULEXFLyQGHIXHU]DVODWHUDOHVTXHVHDSOLFDQHQFDGDXQRGHORVSLVRV3RUHVWHPRWLYRHV
LPSRUWDQWHWHQHU SUHVHQWH ORV SULQFLSLRVGHODGLQiPLFD GHHVWUXFWXUDVSDUDDSOLFDUODVIXHU]DV
ODWHUDOHVHQFDGDXQRGHORVSLVRVFRQORVFXDOHVVHYDDSOLFDUODWpFQLFDGHOSXVKRYHU
&ULWHULR0RGR)XQGDPHQWDO
6L VH WLHQH XQD HVWUXFWXUD PX\ UHJXODU HQ SODQWD \ HOHYDFLyQ HVWD YD D WUDEDMDU
EiVLFDPHQWH HQHOSULPHU PRGRGHYLEUDFLyQ(QFRQVHFXHQFLDODVIXHU]DVODWHUDOHVDDSOLFDUVH
HQFDGDXQRGHORVSLVRVVHGHWHUPLQDQ FRQODVLJXLHQWHHFXDFLyQ
mi I i
Fi V
N
m j
j Ij
Fi M I i J i S ai
VLHQGR M ODPDWUL]GHPDVDV Ii HVHOYHFWRUGHOPRGRL J i HVHOIDFWRU GHSDUWLFLSDFLyQGHO
PRGR L S ai HV OD DFHOHUDFLyQ HVSHFWUDO GHO PRGR L /D VXPDWRULD GH ODV IXHU]DV ODWHUDOHV
UHSRUWDHOFRUWDQWHEDVDO V
N
V J i S ai m j
j Ij
$O GHVSHMDU J i S ai GH OD HFXDFLyQ \ DO UHHPSOD]DUOR HQ OD HFXDFLyQ VH
HQFXHQWUDODHFXDFLyQ
&ULWHULR0RGRV6XSHULRUHV
&XDQGR VH WLHQH XQD HVWUXFWXUD HQ OD FXDO VH FRQRFH TXH OD LQIOXHQFLD GH ORV PRGRV
VXSHULRUHV HV LPSRUWDQWH HQ OD UHVSXHVWD VtVPLFD VH GHEH HQFRQWUDU ODV IXHU]DV ODWHUDOHV
DSOLFDQGR HO SUHVHQWH FULWHULR TXH HVWi EDVDGR HQ HO Modo fundamental equivalente Ii
SURSXHVWRSRU9DOOHVHWDO
(O PRGR IXQGDPHQWDO HTXLYDOHQWH Ii VH GHWHUPLQD HPSOHDQGR HO FULWHULR GHO 0i[LPR
9DORU3UREDEOHHQODFRPELQDFLyQGHORVPRGRVGHYLEUDFLyQXWLOL]DQGRODVLJXLHQWHHFXDFLyQ
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
I J j
N
Ii ij
j
m k I kj
Jj k
N
m
k
k I
kj
)LQDOPHQWH ODV IXHU]DV ODWHUDOHV HQ FDGD SLVR VH REWLHQHQ DSOLFDQGR OD VLJXLHQWH
H[SUHVLyQ
mi I i
Fi N
V
m
j
j Ij
(MHPSORGHDSOLFDFLyQ
6HGHVHDFDOFXODUODFXUYDGHFDSDFLGDGUHVLVWHQWHGHXQSyUWLFR GHODHVWUXFWXUDGH
SLVRV LQGLFDGD HQ OD ILJXUD TXH VH UHSLWH HQ OD ILJXUD VL ODV PDWULFHV GH ULJLGH] K
WULDQJXODUVXSHULRU\GHPDVD M GLDJRQDOVRQODVVLJXLHQWHV
(QODWDEODVHLQGLFDQORVYDORUHVSURSLRV Oi TXHVHREWLHQHQ\DSDUWLUGHHOORV VH
S
HQFXHQWUDODIUHFXHQFLDQDWXUDOGHYLEUDFLyQ Z ni Oi \ORVSHUtRGRVGHYLEUDFLyQ Ti
Z ni
(Q OD WDEOD VH SUHVHQWDQ ORV UHVSHFWLYRV PRGRV GH YLEUDFLyQ \ HQ OD WDEOD VH
PXHVWUDQORV IDFWRUHVGHSDUWLFLSDFLyQ PRGDO J i
7DEOD )DFWRUHVGHSDUWLFLSDFLyQPRGDO Ji
J J J J
(OPRGRIXQGDPHQWDOHTXLYDOHQWH Ii UHVXOWD
Ii
/DV IXHU]DV ODWHUDOHV HQ FDGD SLVR TXH VH HQFXHQWUDQ SDUD XQ FRUWDQWH EDVDO
V T DSOLFDQGRORVGRVFULWHULRVLQGLFDGRV VHPXHVWUDQHQODWDEOD\ODVFXUYDVGH
FDSDFLGDGVtVPLFDTXHVHREWLHQHQFRQHVWDVIXHU]DVODWHUDOHVHQFDGDSLVRVHPXHVWUDQHQOD
ILJXUD
7DEOD 'LVWULEXFLyQGH)XHU]DV/DWHUDOHVHQFDGDSLVR
&ULWHULR &ULWHULR
3LVR 7 7
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
(Q OD ILJXUD VH SUHVHQWDQ WUHV FXUYDV GH FDSDFLGDG VtVPLFD UHVLVWHQWH OD VH
REWLHQH DOFRORFDU FRPRIXHU]DODWHUDOORVYDORUHVGHOPRGRIXQGDPHQWDOLQGLFDGRVHQODSULPHUD
FROXPQD GH OD WDEOD OD FXUYD FRUUHVSRQGH DO FDVR HQ TXH ODV IXHU]DV ODWHUDOHV VH
REWLHQHQDSOLFDQGRODHFXDFLyQHVGHFLUTXHVHFRQVLGHUDHOSULPHUPRGR GH YLEUDFLyQ R
PRGR IXQGDPHQWDO ILQDOPHQWH OD FXUYD HV SDUD HO FDVR HQ TXH ODV IXHU]DV ODWHUDOHV VH
REWLHQHQDSOLFDQGRODHFXDFLyQ
)LJXUD &XUYDVGHFDSDFLGDGVtVPLFDUHVLVWHQWHTXHVHREWLHQHQFRQGLIHUHQWHVGLVWULEXFLRQHVGH
IXHU]DVODWHUDOHV
1yWHVH TXH SUiFWLFDPHQWH QR H[LVWHQ GLIHUHQFLDV HQWUH ODV FXUYDV \ SHUR HQ
FDPELR KD\ XQD GLIHUHQFLD HQWUH HVWDV FXUYDV \ OD TXH FRQVLGHUD OD LPSRUWDQFLD GH ORV
PRGRVVXSHULRUHVHQODUHVSXHVWDVtVPLFD
6,67(0$(48,9$/(17('(*'/
(Q HO 0pWRGR GHO (VSHFWUR GH &DSDFLGDG VH WUDEDMD FRQ XQ VLVWHPD GH XQ JUDGR GH
OLEHUWDG HO FXDO QR HVWi H[SOtFLWDPHQWH LQGLFDGR HQ XQ VROR JUiILFR VH FRORFD HO HVSHFWUR GH
GHPDQGD\HOHVSHFWURGH FDSDFLGDG\FRPRVHFRQRFHODGHILQLFLyQGHHVSHFWURHVWiDVRFLDGD
DXQVLVWHPD GHXQJUDGRGHOLEHUWDG
(Q HO 0pWRGR GHO 6LVWHPD (TXLYDOHQWH VH GHILQH HQ IRUPD H[SOLFLWD HO VLVWHPD GH XQ
JUDGRGHOLEHUWDGHOPLVPRTXHVHGHULYDGHODHVWUXFWXUD FRQWRGRVORVJUDGRVGHOLEHUWDGTXH
WLHQH(QHVWHVLVWHPDHTXLYDOHQWHTXHVHORYDDGHQRPLQDU JGOVHUHDOL]D HODQiOLVLV VtVPLFR
OLQHDO RQROLQHDO\VHHQFXHQWUDHOSXQWRGHGHVHPSHxR GHILQLGR SRUVXGHVSOD]DPLHQWRODWHUDO
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
Pi[LPR SRVWHULRUPHQWH OD UHVSXHVWD GHO VLVWHPD GH JGO VH SDVD DO VLVWHPD FRQ P~OWLSOHV
JUDGRVGHOLEHUWDG
([LVWHQ YDULRV PRGHORV SDUD GHILQLU HO VLVWHPD HTXLYDOHQWH GH JGO WRGRV HOORV VH
GHULYDQGHORVSULQFLSLRVEiVLFRVGHODGLQiPLFD GH HVWUXFWXUDV\VHSUHVHQWDQDFRQWLQXDFLyQ
HQIRUPDSUiFWLFD VHGHVWDFD TXH HOPDUFRWHyULFR VHHQFXHQWUDGHWDOODGRHQHOFDStWXORGH
$JXLDU/RVPRGHORVTXHDTXt VHSUHVHQWDQVRQORVSURSXHVWRVSRU
6HDQ K M ODV PDWULFHV GH ULJLGH] \ GH PDVDV GH OD HVWUXFWXUD I HO YHFWRU GH
FRQILJXUDFLyQ GRPLQDQWH HV XQ YHFWRU PRGDO TXH SXHGH HVWDU DVRFLDGR DO SXQWR FXDQGR XQ
PDUFRSODQRRODHVWUXFWXUDHVSDFLDOLQJUHVDQ DOUDQJRQROLQHDO(VWiQRPHQFODWXUDHVJHQHUDO
SDUDWRGRVORVPRGHORV3RURWUDSDUWH VHD k m ODULJLGH]\ODPDVDGHOVLVWHPDGHJGO
(O PRGHOR GH 5RGUtJXH] VH REWLHQH DO LJXDODU OD IUHFXHQFLD QDWXUDO GHO VLVWHPD
HTXLYDOHQWHGHJGOFRQODIUHFXHQFLD QDWXUDOGHOVLVWHPDGHP~OWLSOHVJUDGRV GHOLEHUWDGODV
HFXDFLRQHVTXHVHREWLHQHQVRQ
k It K I
m JI MI t
Vy
k
Dty
m m i Ii
6HREWLHQHLJXDODQGRHOFRUWDQWHEDVDOGHOVLVWHPDGHJGO\GHOVLVWHPDGHPJGOSRU
XQODGR\SRURWURLJXDODQGRODVIUHFXHQFLDVQDWXUDOHVGHORVGRVVLVWHPDVODVHFXDFLRQHVTXH
VHREWLHQHQ VRQ
k r J It K I
m r J It M I
It K J
r
It K I
It M J
J
It M I
Vy
k
Dty
k It M I
m
It K I
$\DOD SURSRQH REWHQHU HO PRGHOR HTXLYDOHQWH GH JGO D SDUWLUGHOHVSHFWURGH
FDSDFLGDG GH OD HVWUXFWXUD TXH UHODFLRQD OD DFHOHUDFLyQ HVSHFWUDO S a FRQ HO GHVSOD]DPLHQWR
HVSHFWUDO S d 3DUD HO HIHFWR PXOWLSOLFD OD DFHOHUDFLyQ HVSHFWUDO SRU OD PDVD PRGDO
FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDOSULPHU PRGR m FRQORTXHREWLHQHODFXUYDGHFRUWDQWHPRGDO Vm FRQHO
GHVSOD]DPLHQWRHVSHFWUDO Sd
m m i Ii
m
m i Ii
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
(MHPSORGHDSOLFDFLyQ
6H GHVHD HQFRQWUDU ORV VLVWHPDV HTXLYDOHQWHV GH XQ JUDGR GH OLEHUWDG SDUD OD
HVWUXFWXUDGHFXDWURSLVRVDQDOL]DGDHQ HODSDUWDGRDQWHULRU
(QODILJXUDVHSUHVHQWyODVFXUYDV GHFDSDFLGDGUHVLVWHQWHGHXQSyUWLFRSODQRGH
OD HVWUXFWXUD GH FXDWUR SLVRV LQGLFDGD HQ OD ILJXUD XWLOL]DQGR YDULDV GLVWULEXFLRQHV GH
IXHU]D ODWHUDO HQWUH HOODV VH HQFRQWUDED OD GHO FULWHULR TXH FRQVLGHUD OD LQIOXHQFLD GH ORV
PRGRV VXSHULRUHV $KRUD HQ OD ILJXUD VH LQGLFD OD FXUYD GH FDSDFLGDG VtVPLFD HVSDFLDO
FRQVLGHUDQGR OD GLVWULEXFLyQ GH IXHU]DV ODWHUDOHV SURYHQLHQWHV GHO FULWHULR (Q EDVH D HVWD
FXUYDGHFDSDFLGDGVHUHVXHOYHHOSUHVHQWHHMHPSOR
)LJXUD &DSDFLGDGVtVPLFDUHVLVWHQWHGHHVWUXFWXUDHVSDFLDOGHSLVRVREWHQLGDFRQGLVWULEXFLyQ
ODWHUDOGHIXHU]DVTXHFRQVLGHUDWRGRVORVPRGRVGHYLEUDFLyQ
/DV PDWULFHV GH ULJLGH] K \ GH PDVDV M SDUD HO PRGHOR HVSDFLDO TXH VH HVWi
FRQVLGHUDQGR VRQ GH ; (O PRGHOR FRQVLGHUD XQ GHVSOD]DPLHQWR KRUL]RQWDO VHJ~Q OD
GLUHFFLyQ ; RWUR GHVSOD]DPLHQWR KRUL]RQWDO VHJ~Q OD GLUHFFLyQ < \ XQD URWDFLyQ GH SLVR
DOUHGHGRU GHO HMH = &RQ ORV GDWRV GHO HMHPSOR ODV PDWULFHV LQGLFDGDV \ HO YHFWRU I FRQ ORV
FXDOHV VHREWLHQHQHOVLVWHPDHTXLYDOHQWHVRQ
K M I
3RURWUDSDUWHHOFRUWDQWH\GHVSOD]DPLHQWRODWHUDOHQHOSXQWRGHIOXHQFLDVRQ7
\ P FRQ WRGRV HVWRV GDWRV DO XWLOL]DU ODV HFXDFLRQHV LQGLFDGDV SDUD REWHQHU ORV
GLIHUHQWHVPRGHORVGHOVLVWHPDHTXLYDOHQWHGHXQJUDGRGHOLEHUWDGVHREWLHQHQORVUHVXOWDGRV
LQGLFDGRVHQODWDEOD
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
7DEOD 6LVWHPDVHTXLYDOHQWHVGHJGOREWHQLGRVFRQGLIHUHQWHVPRGHORV
0RGHORGH 0RGHORGH 0RGHORGH 0RGHORGH 0RGHORGH
5RGULJXH] )DMIDU (VWHYD $JXLDU $\DOD
5LJLGH] k
7P
0DVD m
7VP
(Q OD ILJXUD VH SUHVHQWD HO HVSHFWUR GH FDSDFLGDG GH OD HVWUXFWXUD DQDOL]DGD
REWHQLGD D SDUWLU GH OD ILJXUD 3DUD GHWHUPLQDU HO VLVWHPD HTXLYDOHQWH GH JGO FRQ HO
PRGHORGH$\DODVHQHFHVLWDFRQRFHUHOHVSHFWURGHFDSDFLGDG
)LJXUD (VSHFWURGH&DSDFLGDGREWHQLGDDSDUWLUGHOD&XUYDGH&DSDFLGDG5HVLVWHQWH
LQGLFDGDHQODILJXUD
$O PXOWLSOLFDU HO HVSHFWUR GH FDSDFLGDG GH OD ILJXUD SRU OD PDVD HTXLYDOHQWH VH
REWLHQH HOGLDJUDPDGHFRUWDQWHPRGDO YVGHVSOD]DPLHQWRHVSHFWUDOTXHSDUD HOHMHPSORYDD
FRLQFLGLU FRQ OD ILJXUD \ GH HVWH JUiILFR VH REWLHQH ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GHO VLVWHPD GH XQ
JUDGRGHOLEHUWDG
$0257,*8$0,(1729,6&262(48,9$/(17(
7HyULFDPHQWH FXDQGR VH WLHQH GHILQLGR OD PDVD ULJLGH] \ HO PRGHOR TXH UHODFLRQD HO
FRUWDQWH EDVDO FRQ HO GHVSOD]DPLHQWR ODWHUDO SDUD HO VLVWHPD GH XQ JUDGR GH OLEHUWDG WRGR OR
TXHUHVWDHV HQFRQWUDUODUHVSXHVWDHQHOWLHPSRGHODHVWUXFWXUD DQWHXQDGHWHUPLQDGDDFFLyQ
VtVPLFDHPSOHDQGRODWHRUtDGHGLQiPLFDGHHVWUXFWXUDV
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
QLFDPHQWHORTXHIDOWDSRUGHILQLUHVHOIDFWRUGHDPRUWLJXDPLHQWR [ WDUHDFRPSOHMD
1R VH SXHGH HQFRQWUDU OD UHVSXHVWD QR OLQHDO SDUD XQ YDORU GH [ VL VH WUDWD GH XQD
HVWUXFWXUD GHKRUPLJyQDUPDGR SRUTXHHVHYDORUHV SDUDXQQLYHOGHWHQVLRQHV PHQRUDOGH
ODV GHO OtPLWH GH IOXHQFLD 6L OD HVWUXFWXUD VXIUH GDxR HO YDORU GH [ HV PD\RU (QWRQFHV HV
QHFHVDULR FDOFXODU FRQ GHWHQLPLHQWR HVWi YDULDEOH SDUD GDU FRPR GDWR HQ FXDOTXLHU SURJUDPD
TXHHQFXHQWUHODUHVSXHVWDQROLQHDOGHXQVLVWHPDGHJGO(QHVWHDSDUWDGRVH
$PRUWLJXDPLHQWR9LVFRVR(TXLYDOHQWH
(Q OD ILJXUD FRQ OtQHD FRQWLQXD VH LQGLFD HO HVSHFWUR GH FDSDFLGDG \ FRQ OtQHD
HQWUHFRUWDGD HOUHVSHFWLYRPRGHORELOLQHDOTXHWLHQHXQDULJLGH]HOiVWLFD k \XQDULJLGH]SRVW
IOXHQFLD D k 'RQGH D HV HO FRHILFLHQWH TXH UHODFLRQD OD ULJLGH] HOiVWLFD FRQ OD ULJLGH]
LQHOiVWLFDSRUORUHJXODUHVXQYDORUEDMR
3RU RWUD SDUWH VH GHILQH OD GHPDQGD GH GXFWLOLGDG P FRPR OD UHODFLyQ HQWUH
S dm FRQUHVSHFWRD S dy
(ODPRUWLJXDPLHQWRYLVFRVRHIHFWLYRSDUDHOUDQJRQROLQHDO [ eq VHSXHGH FRQVLGHUDU
LJXDODODPRUWLJXDPLHQWRYLVFRVRVLQKHUHQWHDODHVWUXFWXUD [ PiVHODPRUWLJXDPLHQWRYLVFRVR
HTXLYDOHQWH [ eq HOPLVPRTXHVHREWLHQHDSOLFDQGRHO0pWRGRGHOD5LJLGH]6HFDQWHHQHOTXH
VH FRPSDUD OD HQHUJtD GLVLSDGD HQ XQ FLFOR GH YLEUDFLyQ LQHOiVWLFR \ GHO VLVWHPD OLQHDO
HTXLYDOHQWH GHULJLGH]VHFDQWHSXHGHHYDOXDUVH FRQODVLJXLHQWHHFXDFLyQ
ED
[ eq
S E S
GRQGH E D HV OD HQHUJtD GLVLSDGD SRU HO VLVWHPD LQHOiVWLFR \ HV LJXDO DO iUHD GH XQ FLFOR GH
KLVWpUHVLV(VLJXDODOiUHDVRPEUHDGDLQGLFDGD HQODILJXUD 6HDSUHFLDTXHHOPRGHORQR
FRQVLGHUD GHWHULRUR GH ULJLGH] HQ OD GHVFDUJD WDPSRFR GHWHULRUR GH UHVLVWHQFLD \ HIHFWR GH
FLHUUHGHJULHWDV)LQDOPHQWH E S HVODHQHUJtDPi[LPDGHGHIRUPDFLyQTXHDEVRUEHHOVLVWHPD
GHULJLGH]k VHF HVHOiUHDVRPEUHDGDGHODILJXUDEl sistema absorbe una energa por
deformacin E s , la misma que es disipada en el proceso de descarga, esta energa disipada
se denomina ED
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
D
&iOFXORGHODHQHUJtDGLVLSDGD
ED S am
S dm A A A
A S am S ay S dy
S ay S dy
A
S am S ay S dm S dy
A
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
$O UHHPSOD]DU ODV iUHDV HOHPHQWDOHV HQ E D \ OXHJR GH VLPSOLILFDU WpUPLQRV VH
REWLHQH
ED S ay S dm S am S dy
)LJXUD&iOFXORGHODHQHUJtDGLVLSDGD
&iOFXORGHHQHUJtDDEVRUELGDSRUHOVLVWHPD
S am S dm
ES
S am S ay D P P
S dm P S dy
S ay S dy P D P P
ES
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
&iOFXORGHDPRUWLJXDPLHQWRYLVFRVRHTXLYDOHQWH
$O UHHPSOD]DU ODV HFXDFLRQHV \ HQ VH REWLHQH OD HQHUJtD
GLVLSDGD HQ XQ FLFOR GH KLVWpUHVLV \ DO GLYLGLU HVWH YDORU SDUD E s VH HQFXHQWUD HO
DPRUWLJXDPLHQWRYLVFRVRHTXLYDOHQWH ] eq FRPRVHLQGLFDDFRQWLQXDFLyQ
ED S ay P S dy S ay D P D S dy
ED S ay S dy P D
P D
[ eq
S P D P D
[ eq [ [ eq
$PRUWLJXDPLHQWRYLVFRVRHIHFWLYR
(O$7&DOFRQVLGHUDUODVLPSHUIHFFLRQHVGHODVFXUYDVGHKLVWpUHVLVHQHOVHQWLGRGH
TXHQRVRQUHFWDVFRPRVHKDFRQVLGHUDGR HQORVDSDUWDGRV DQWHULRUHVVLQRFXUYDVLQWURGXFH
XQIDFWRUGHFRUUHFFLyQ N HOPLVPRTXHVHLQGLFDHQODILJXUD/DHFXDFLyQ DOVHU
PRGLILFDGDSRUHVWHIDFWRU TXHGD
[ eq [ N [ eq
(Q OD ILJXUD VH DSUHFLDQ WUHV FXUYDV SDUD GHWHUPLQDU HO IDFWRU GH FRUUHFFLyQ N ODV
PLVPDVTXH FRUUHVSRQGHQDWUHV FDWHJRUtDV GH FRPSRUWDPLHQWRHVWUXFWXUDO/D 7LSR$WLHQH XQ
FRPSRUWDPLHQWR HVWDEOH \ SHUIHFWDPHQWH KLVWHUpWLFR /D WLSR & HV SDUD HVWUXFWXUDV FRQ XQ
SREUH FRPSRUWDPLHQWR KLVWHUpWLFR TXH FRUUHVSRQGHQ D HVWUXFWXUDV FRQ PDO FRPSRUWDPLHQWR
VtVPLFR\OD7LSR%HVSDUDXQFDVRLQWHUPHGLR
$3/,&$&,1'(/0e72'2
6H HQFXHQWUD OD UHVSXHVWD HQ HO WLHPSR GH OD HVWUXFWXUD GH FXDWUR SLVRV TXH VH KD
YHQLGR HVWXGLDQGR DQWH HO VLVPR GH &KLOH GHO GH PDU]R GH TXH WXYR XQD PDJQLWXG
0V (QODILJXUDVHLQGLFDDODL]TXLHUGDHODFHOHURJUDPD GHGLFKR VLVPRUHJLVWUDGR
HQ9LxDGHO0DU\DODGHUHFKDHOUHVSHFWLYRHVSHFWUR HOiVWLFR
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
N ]
)LJXUD 9DULDFLyQGHOIDFWRUGHPRGLILFDFLyQGHODPRUWLJXDPLHQWRHQIXQFLyQGHODPRUWLJXDPLHQWR
YLVFRVRHTXLYDOHQWH
6HHQFXHQWUDODUHVSXHVWDHQHOWLHPSRSDUDHOVLVWHPDHTXLYDOHQWHGHJGOREWHQLGR
FRQHOPRGHORGH$JXLDUTXH HVWiLQGLFDGRHQIRUPDUHVXPLGDHQODWDEOD\HQIRUPD PiV
GHWDOODGDHQODWDEOD
L 6HLPSRQHXQYDORUGHDPRUWLJXDPLHQWRYLVFRVRHIHFWLYR [ eq \VHKDOODODUHVSXHVWD HQ
HOWLHPSR
LL 'HODUHVSXHVWDHQHOWLHPSRVHGHWHUPLQDHOGHVSOD]DPLHQWRPi[LPR\VHGLYLGHHVWH
YDORU SDUD HO GHVSOD]DPLHQWR GH IOXHQFLD FRQ OR FXDO VH GHWHUPLQD OD GHPDQGD GH
GXFWLOLGDG P
LY 6H UHFDOFXOD HO DPRUWLJXDPLHQWR YLVFRVR HIHFWLYR [ eq \ VH FRPSDUD FRQ HO YDORU
LPSXHVWRHQHOSDVRL6LVHFRQVLGHUDTXHVRQLJXDOHVHOFiOFXORWHUPLQy
(O SUREOHPD TXH VH WLHQH DO DSOLFDU OD PHWRGRORJtD LQGLFDGD HV TXH HO DOJRULWPR
LQGLFDGRQRVLHPSUHHVFRQYHUJHQWH3DUDHO HMHPSORTXHVHHVWiDQDOL]DQGR ODFRQYHUJHQFLD
VH GLR SDUD XQ DPRUWLJXDPLHQWR YLVFRVR HIHFWLYR [ eq LJXDO D FRQ HVWH YDORU HO
GHVSOD]DPLHQWRPi[LPRREWHQLGR HV GHP(Q ODILJXUDDODL]TXLHUGDVHHQFXHQWUD
ODUHVSXHVWD GHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRVHQHOWLHPSR\D OD GHUHFKDHOJUiILFRTXHUHODFLRQD HOFRUWDQWH
EDVDOFRQHOGHVSOD]DPLHQWRODWHUDO
(Q OD ILJXUD VH SUHVHQWDQ WUHV FXUYDV OD FRUUHVSRQGH DO HVSHFWUR GH
FDSDFLGDG GHODHVWUXFWXUD TXH FRUUHVSRQGH DODLQGLFDGD HQODILJXUDODHVHOHVSHFWUR
GHGHPDQGD HOiVWLFR REWHQLGR DSDUWLU GHOHVSHFWUR HOiVWLFRLQGLFDGR DODGHUHFKDGHODILJXUD
\ OD HO HVSHFWUR LQHOiVWLFR GH GHPDQGD SDUD XQD GXFWLOLGDG GH FRQ OD FXDO VH
HQFRQWUyHOGHVSOD]DPLHQWRGHOVLVWHPDTXHHQHVWHFDVRHVGHFP
6H GHVWDFD TXH DO DSOLFDU HO 0pWRGR GHO 6LVWHPD (TXLYDOHQWH HO GHVSOD]DPLHQWR
Pi[LPR TXH VH REWXYR HV GH FP \ DO DSOLFDU HO 0pWRGR GHO (VSHFWUR GH &DSDFLGDG HO
GHVSOD]DPLHQWRHQFRQWUDGRHVGHFP
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
5(638(67$(16,67(0$'(0/7,3/(6*5$'26'(/,%(57$'
7DQWR HQ HO 0pWRGR GHO (VSHFWUR GH &DSDFLGDG FRPR HQ HO 0pWRGR GHO 6LVWHPD
(TXLYDOHQWH VHKDOODODUHVSXHVWDGLQiPLFDHQXQVLVWHPDGHJGO3DUDHQFRQWUDUODUHVSXHVWD
HQ HO VLVWHPD FRQ P~OWLSOHV JUDGRV GH OLEHUWDG VH XWLOL]D HO IDFWRU GH SDUWLFLSDFLyQ PRGDO GHO
PRGRIXQGDPHQWDO
Dt J dt
5(638(67$/,1($/<12/,1($/
(QHOSUHVHQWHDSDUWDGR VHLOXVWUDHOFiOFXORGHODUHVSXHVWDHQHOWLHPSRGHXQVLVWHPD
GHQJUDGRVGHOLEHUWDG6HHPSLH]DSRUIDFLOLGDGHQFRQWUDQGRODUHVSXHVWDHQHO UDQJRHOiVWLFR
ROLQHDO\SRVWHULRUPHQWHHQHOUDQJRQROLQHDOWRGRHVWRDSOLFDQGRHO0pWRGR E GH1HZPDUN
&XDQGR VH WLHQH XQ VLVWHPD GH JGO ODV PDWULFHV VHUiQ GH RUGHQ ; (Q FRQVHFXHQFLD HO
PpWRGRTXHDTXtVHLQGLFD HVDSOLFDEOHDXQVLVWHPDGHJGO
6HD q i \ q i ORVYHFWRUHVGHUHVSXHVWDGHDFHOHUDFLyQGHXQVLVWHPDGHQJUDGRVGH
OLEHUWDG HQ ORV WLHPSRV GLVFUHWRV t i \ t i DQWH DFFLRQHV GLQiPLFDV \ 't HO LQFUHPHQWR GH
WLHPSRFRPRORPXHVWUDODILJXUD
6HGHILQH
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
W t ti para t i d t d t i
'H HFXDFLyQ VH REVHUYD TXH SDUD t t i VH WLHQH TXH W \ SDUD
t t i o W 't 6LHQGR 't t i t i
/DDFHOHUDFLyQGHOVLVWHPDSDUDXQLQVWDQWHFXDOTXLHUD W YLHQHGHILQLGDSRU
q W qi f W qi qi
'HWDOIRUPDTXH
f W para W
f W para W 't
(QRWUDVSDODEUDVVHWLHQHTXH
d f W d
/D HFXDFLyQ FRQVLGHUD TXH OD OH\ GH YDULDFLyQ GH ODV DFHOHUDFLRQHV HQ HO LQWHUYDOR
> @
t i t i HVODPLVPDSDUDORVQJUDGRVGHOLEHUWDG
t
q W q i qW dW
W W
q W q i q i dW q i q i f W dW
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
6H GHVWDFD TXH q i q i \ q i VRQ ORV YHFWRUHV GH YHORFLGDG \ DFHOHUDFLyQ HQ ORV WLHPSRV
GLVFUHWRV t i \ t i UHVSHFWLYDPHQWHVRQFDQWLGDGHVFRQVWDQWHV/XHJR
t
qW q i q i W q i q i f W dW
6HD
W
g W f W dW
't
't J f W dW
't
't E g W dW
q i q i q i 't q i q i J 't
GHGRQGH
q i q i J q i J q i 't
t W W W
qW dW
q i d W q i W dW q i q i g W dW
W
W
q W qi qi W qi q i q i g W dW
W
W
qW qi q i W q i q i q i g W dW
't
qi qi q i 't q i q i q i E 't
GHGRQGH
qi qi q i 't E q i E q i 't
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
qi qi q i 't E q i 't E q i 't
$OGHVSHMDU q i GHHVWD~OWLPDHFXDFLyQVHWLHQH
q i q
i q q 't
E q i
E 't
i i
q i q i J q i 't J 't qi qi q i 't J 't q i E
E 't
/XHJR
J
qi qi J J
q i q i 't q i
E 't E E
x 6ROXFLyQ
't E 't
E
3RURWUDSDUWHDOUHHPSOD]DU f W HQHFXDFLyQ VHKDOOD
't
't J
dW
't J 't
J
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
3RUORWDQWRFXDQGR VHFRQVLGHUDTXHODYDULDFLyQGHODDFHOHUDFLyQHQODUHVSXHVWDGHO
VLVWHPD HV FRQVWDQWH ORV YDORUHV GH E \ J VRQ UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH \ $ HVWH FDVR VH
GHQRPLQD Mtodo de Aceleracin Constante o Mtodo del Trapezoide
x 6ROXFLyQ
W
f W
't
$OHPSOHDUODHFXDFLyQVHHQFXHQWUD
W
g W
't
't
't E W dW
't
't
't E
't
E
$OWUDEDMDUFRQODHFXDFLyQVHHQFXHQWUD
't
W
't J 't dW
't
't J
't
J
3RUORWDQWRSDUDHOFDVRGHDFHOHUDFLyQOLQHDO E \ J
$QiOLVLVOLQHDOFRQ E GH1HZPDUN
(O VLVWHPD GH HFXDFLRQHV GLIHUHQFLDOHV TXH JRELHUQD ORV SUREOHPDV VtVPLFRV HVWi
GHILQLGRSRU OD HFXDFLyQ /DVROXFLyQGHHVWHVLVWHPDVHUHDOL]DUiFRQ HO PpWRGR E GH
1HZPDUN
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
M qCqK q M J at
GRQGH M C K VRQ ODV PDWULFHV GH 0DVD $PRUWLJXDPLHQWR \ 5LJLGH] GHO VLVWHPD 6H
FRQVLGHUDQ FRQVWDQWHV SDUD DQiOLVLV OLQHDO q q q VRQ ORV YHFWRUHV GH GHVSOD]DPLHQWR
YHORFLGDG \ DFHOHUDFLyQ UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH J HV XQ YHFWRU TXH FRQWLHQH XQRV GHSHQGH GHO
PRGHORQXPpULFRGHDQiOLVLVDWHVOD DFHOHUDFLyQGHPRYLPLHQWRGHOVXHOR1RUPDOPHQWH VH
FRQVLGHUDODFRPSRQHQWHKRUL]RQWDO
M q i C q i K q i M J ai
3RURWUDSDUWHHOYHFWRUGHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRVHQIRUPDLQFUHPHQWDO HV
qi 'qi qi
q i 'q q q
E 't i E i
i
E 't
J J J
q i 'qi q i 't q i
E 't E E
)LQDOPHQWH DO UHHPSOD]DU \ HQ VH REWLHQH OXHJR GH
DJUXSDUWpUPLQRV
K 'qi Fi
VLHQGR
J
K K M C
E 't
E 't
J J
Fi M J ai M q i q i C q i 't q i
E't E E E
6HGHQRPLQDD K FRPRODPDWUL] GH ULJLGH]HIHFWLYDTXHHVXQDPDWUL] FRQVWDQWH SDUD
DQiOLVLV OLQHDO \ D Fi HO YHFWRU GH FDUJDV HIHFWLYDV TXH HV YDULDEOH HQ FDGD LQVWDQWH GH
WLHPSR
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
6LHQHOWLHPSR t ODDFHOHUDFLyQGHOVXHORHVGLIHUHQWHGHFHUR\VLODVFRQGLFLRQHV
LQLFLDOHV q q 6HGHEHHYDOXDU q FRQODHFXDFLyQGHOPRYLPLHQWRTXHTXHGD
M q M J a
3URFHGLPLHQWRGHFiOFXORSDUD$QiOLVLV/LQHDO
(O SURFHGLPLHQWR GH FiOFXOR SDUD HO DQiOLVLV OLQHDO XWLOL]DQGR HO PpWRGR E GH
1HZPDUNHVHOVLJXLHQWH
L 6HGHWHUPLQDODPDWUL]GHULJLGH]HIHFWLYD
J
K K M C
E 't
E 't
J J
Fi M J ai M q i q i C q i 't q i
E't E E E
LLL 6H REWLHQH HO LQFUHPHQWR GH GHVSOD]DPLHQWR SDUD HO WLHPSR i SDUD HOOR VH GHEH
UHVROYHUHOVLVWHPDGHHFXDFLRQHVOLQHDOHV
K 'q i F i
LY 6H FDOFXODQ OD DFHOHUDFLyQ YHORFLGDG \ GHVSOD]DPLHQWR HQ HO LQFUHPHQWR GH WLHPSR
i
q i 'qi q i q i
E 't
E 't E
J J J
q i 'qi q i 't q i
E 't E E
qi 'qi qi
qi qi
qi q i
qi q i
3URFHGLPLHQWRGHFiOFXORSDUD$QiOLVLV1R/LQHDO
3ULPHUD,WHUDFLyQSDVRGHOLQVWDQWHLDOLQVWDQWHL
L 6HDFWXDOL]DODPDWUL]GHULJLGH] K
LL 6HREWLHQHODPDWUL]GHULJLGH]HIHFWLYD\HOYHFWRUGHFDUJDV
J
K K M C
E 't
E 't
J J
F i F t i M q i q i C q i 't q i K qi
E't E E E
K 'qi F i
q i 'q q
E q i
E 't
E 't
i i
J J J
q i 'qi q i 't q i
E 't E E
qi 'qi qi
6LJXLHQWHVLWHUDFLRQHVVHEXVFDHOHTXLOLEULRSDUDHOLQVWDQWHL
D 6HDFWXDOL]DQODVPDWULFHVGHULJLGH]ULJLGH]HIHFWLYD\YHFWRUGHFDUJDV
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
J
K K M C
E 't
E 't
j j j
F i <i j f t i M q i C q i K qij
j
K Gqij F i
j j
q i Gqi q i
j
E 't
j J j
q i G qij q i
E 't
qij Gqij qij
F 9ROYHUDOSDVRD
(Q HO &DStWXOR ,9 GH $JXLDU VH SUHVHQWD OD UHVSXHVWD OLQHDO \ QR OLQHDO GH
VLVWHPDV GH XQ JGO FRQ XQ IRUPXODULR PiV VLPSOLILFDGR SDUD HO DQiOLVLV QR OLQHDO VH LQGLFD
DGHPiVFRPRVHGHEHSURFHGHUHQODHODERUDFLyQGHXQSURJUDPDGHFRPSXWDFLyQVREUHWRGR
HQ OD IRUPD FRPR KD\ TXH PDQHMDU ORV PRGHORV FRQVWLWXWLYRV TXH GHWHUPLQDQ OD QR OLQHDOLGDG
GHOPDWHULDO
&21&/86,21(6
6H KD SUHVHQWDGR GRV IRUPDV SDUD GLVWULEXLU ODV IXHU]DV ODWHUDOHV HQ FDGD XQR GH ORV
SLVRV OD SULPHUD TXH HVWi HQ EDVH GHO PRGR IXQGDPHQWDO \ OD VHJXQGD HQ IXQFLyQ GHO PRGR
IXQGDPHQWDO HTXLYDOHQWH 3RVWHULRUPHQWH VH KD LQGLFDGR XQD IRUPD GH REWHQHU HO IDFWRU GH
DPRUWLJXDPLHQWR [ GHDFXHUGRDO$7&SDUD GHILQLU HO FRPSRUWDPLHQWRLQHOiVWLFRGH
XQ VLVWHPD'HVSXpVVHKDSUHVHQWDGRFLQFRPRGHORVFRQORVFXDOHVVHHQFXHQWUDQHOVLVWHPD
HTXLYDOHQWH GHJGOHQIRUPDH[SOLFLWDHQHOTXHVHUHDOL]DHODQiOLVLVGLQiPLFR
(O HVWXGLR VH FRPSOHPHQWD FRQ HO GHVDUUROOR GH XQ HMHPSOR HQ HO TXH VH KDOOD OD
UHVSXHVWD GLQiPLFD DQWH XQ DFHOHURJUDPD UHJLVWUDGR HQ 9LxD GHO 0DU GHO VLVPR GH &KLOH GH
5HVSXHVWD UHDOL]DGD HPSOHDQGR HO 0pWRGR GHO 6LVWHPD (TXLYDOHQWH \ HO 0pWRGR GHO
(VSHFWURGH&DSDFLGDG
)LQDOPHQWH VH KD SUHVHQWDGR HO 0pWRGR E GH 1HZPDUN SDUD HO DQiOLVLV OLQHDO R QR
OLQHDOGHVLVWHPDVGHQJUDGRVGHOLEHUWDGDVDELHQGDV TXH ODVROXFLyQ GHXQVLVWHPDGHJGO
HVXQFDVRSDUWLFXODU'HOHVWXGLRUHDOL]DGRVHGHVSUHQGHQODVVLJXLHQWHVFRQFOXVLRQHV
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
x /D FXUYD GH FDSDFLGDG UHVLVWHQWH VtVPLFD HV IXQFLyQ GH OD GLVWULEXFLyQ GH FDUJDV
ODWHUDOHV
x (O REWHQHU HVSHFWURV LQHOiVWLFRV HQ IXQFLyQ GHO IDFWRU GH UHGXFFLyQ GH ODV IXHU]DV
VtVPLFDV \ DSOLFDU SRVWHULRUPHQWH HO 0pWRGR GHO (VSHFWUR GH &DSDFLGDG JDUDQWL]D
FRQYHUJHQFLDSDUDHQFRQWUDUHOSXQWRGHGHPDQGD
5()(5(1&,$6
$JXLDU 5 (YDOXDFLyQ GHO GDxR HQ HGLILFLRV \ GHVHPSHxR VtVPLFR 3URJUDPD GH
RUGHQDGRU &(,1&, Centro Internacional de Mtodos Numricos en Ingeniera, CIMNE
,6S%DUFHORQD(VSDxD
$JXLDU 5 6LVWHPD GH &RPSXWDFLyQ &(,1&, SDUD HYDOXDU GDxR VtVPLFR HQ ORV
3DtVHV %ROLYDULDQRV Centro de Investigaciones Cientficas. Escuela Politcnica del
Ejrcito, S9DOOHGHORV&KLOORV(FXDGRU
$\DOD * (YDOXDFLyQ GHO GHVHPSHxR VtVPLFR GH HVWUXFWXUDVXQ QXHYR HQIRTXH
Revista Internacional de Mtodos Numricos para Clculo y Diseo en Ingeniera,
%DUFHORQD(VSDxD
%DUEDW $ \ &DQHW - 0 Estructuras sometidas a acciones ssmicas 6HJXQGD
(GLFLyQ&HQWUR,QWHUQDFLRQDOGH0pWRGRV1XPpULFRV HQ,QJHQLHUtD%DUFHORQD(VSDxD
%DUEDW $ 5HGXFFLyQ GH OD UHVSXHVWD VtVPLFD GH HGLILFLRV PHGLDQWH VLVWHPDV
SDVLYRV \ DFWLYRV GH DLVODPLHQWR GH EDVH IX Jornadas Nacionales de Ingeniera
Estructural. Escuela Politcnica del Ejrcito, 9ROS4XLWR(FXDGRU
(VWHYD / 'LVHxR VtVPLFR EDVDGR HQ GHVHPSHxR WHQGHQFLDV \ UHWRV XII
Congreso Nacional de Ingeniera SsmicaS0RUHOLD0p[LFR
7KRP & : %XFNOH ,* DQG )HQZLFN 5 & 7KH (IIHFW RI ,QHODVWLF 6KHDU RI WKH
6HLVPLF5HVSRQVHRI6WUXFWXUHVDept. of Civil Engineering University of Auckland,5HSRUW
1RS1HZ=HDODQG
9DOOHV 5 5HLQKRUQ $ .XQQDWK 6 /L & \ 0DGDP $ ,'$5&' 9HUVLRQ $
FRPSXWHU SURJUDP IRU WKH LQHODVWLF DQDO\VLV RI EXLOGLQJV Technical Report NCEER-96-
0010, National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, %XIIDOR1HZ<RUN
CAPTULO 11
0e72'2'(/6,67(0$/,1($/'(&257(
&$623/$12<(/0e72'2'(-$&2%,
5(680(1
/D PDWUL] GH ULJLGH] GHO HMH GH FRUWH VH REWLHQH DSOLFDQGR HO FULWHULR GH OD ULJLGH]
VHFDQWH HQ OD FXUYD GH FDSDFLGDG VtVPLFD UHVLVWHQWH TXH VH HQFXHQWUD PHGLDQWH DQiOLVLV QR
OLQHDOHVWiWLFR(O0pWRGRHVLWHUDWLYRGHWDOPDQHUDTXHODPDWUL]GHULJLGH]HVWiDVRFLDGDDXQ
GHVSOD]DPLHQWRODWHUDOPi[LPRGHODHVWUXFWXUD
/D YDULDEOH TXH VH XWLOL]D SDUD GHILQLU OD FRQYHUJHQFLD GHO PpWRGR HV OD GHPDQGD GH
GXFWLOLGDGODPLVPDTXHVHFDOFXODHQFDGDLWHUDFLyQ6HGHVWDFDTXHHOHVSHFWURLQHOiVWLFRVH
REWLHQHHQIXQFLyQGHOIDFWRUGHUHGXFFLyQGHUHVSXHVWD R9 P
)LQDOPHQWH VH SUHVHQWD OD WHRUtD \ XQ HMHPSOR FRPSOHWR GHO 0pWRGR GH -DFREL SDUD
REWHQHU ORV YDORUHV \ YHFWRUHV SURSLRV GH XQD PDWUL] VLPpWULFD -DFREL HV XQ PpWRGR FOiVLFR
PX\XWLOL]DGRHQOD,QJHQLHUtD6LVPR5HVLVWHQWH
$17(&('(17(6
(Q HO 0pWRGR GHO (VSHFWUR GH &DSDFLGDG R HQ HO 0pWRGR GHO 6LVWHPD (TXLYDOHQWH VH
HQFXHQWUD XQD HVWUXFWXUD HTXLYDOHQWH GH XQ JUDGR GH OLEHUWDG HQOD FXDO VH UHDOL]D HO $QiOLVLV
'LQiPLFR /LQHDOR1R/LQHDOFRPRVHKDEtDLQGLFDGRHQORVFDStWXORVDQWHULRUHV/DUHVSXHVWD
REWHQLGDHQHOVLVWHPDGHXQJUDGROLEHUWDGVHSDVDDOVLVWHPDGHP~OWLSOHVJUDGRVGHOLEHUWDG
SRUPHGLRGHOIDFWRUGHSDUWLFLSDFLyQPRGDO
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
(-('(&257(
(Q OD ILJXUD VH SUHVHQWD DO ODGR L]TXLHUGR ORV JUDGRV GH OLEHUWDG GH XQ SyUWLFR
SODQR HQ HO FXDO VH FRQVLGHUD TXH ODV YLJDV VRQ D[LDOPHQWH UtJLGDV \ WRGRV ORV GHPiV
HOHPHQWRV VRQ FRPSOHWDPHQWH IOH[LEOHV 6H SXHGH UHDOL]DU HO DQiOLVLV VtVPLFR FRQVLGHUDQGR
WRGRVHVWRVJUDGRVGHOLEHUWDG RFRQGHQVDQGR OD PDWUL]GHULJLGH] DODVFRRUGHQDGDVODWHUDOHV\
HQFRQWUDU OD UHVSXHVWD GLQiPLFD DVRFLDGD D ORV FRUULPLHQWRV ODWHUDOHV GH SLVR (Q HO ODGR
GHUHFKRGHODILJXUDVHLQGLFDODVPDVDVFRQFHQWUDGDVDQLYHOGHSLVR\ODV FRRUGHQDGDV
ODWHUDOHVGHFDGDSLVRDHVWHPRGHORQXPpULFRGHFiOFXORVHGHQRPLQDHMHGHFRUWH
3DUD HO PDUFR SODQR LQGLFDGR HQ OD ILJXUD SULPHUR VH REWHQGUi OD PDWUL] GH
ULJLGH]FRQORVJUDGRVGHOLEHUWDGLQGLFDGRVODPLVPDTXHUHVXOWDGH \OXHJRVHUHDOL]D
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
OD FRQGHQVDFLyQ HVWiWLFD D ORV FRUULPLHQWRV ODWHUDOHV HQFRQWUDQGR XQD PDWUL] GH FRQ OD
FXDO VHUHDOL]DHODQiOLVLVGLQiPLFR$HVWDPDWUL]VHGHQRPLQD matriz de rigidez lateral K L
(QIRUPDDSUR[LPDGDODPDWUL]GHULJLGH]ODWHUDOSXHGHHQFRQWUDUVHHQEDVHDOPRGHOR
GHO HMH GH FRUWH R HGLILFLR GH FRUWH (VWH PRGHOR HVWULFWDPHQWH WLHQH XQVROR YDQR \ HQ HO VH
FRQVLGHUDTXHODYLJDHVWRWDOPHQWHUtJLGD\ODV FROXPQDVD[LDOPHQWH UtJLGDV GHWDOPDQHUD TXH
H[LVWH XQ JUDGR GH OLEHUWDG SRU SLVR 3DUD HVWH PRGHOR OD PDWUL] GH ULJLGH] K SDUD OD
HVWUXFWXUDGHODILJXUDHV
K K K
K K K K
K
K K K K
K K
GRQGH K K K K VRQ ODV ULJLGHFHV GH ORV SLVRV XQR GRV WUHV \ FXDWUR /R LQWHUHVDQWH
DKRUD HV OD IRUPD FRPR VH YD D REWHQHU OD ULJLGH] GH SLVR OR TXH VH H[SRQH HQ HO VLJXLHQWH
DSDUWDGR
GRQGH m m m m VRQ ODV PDVDV GH ORV SLVRV XQR GRV WUHV \ FXDWUR
UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH
K K K
K K K K
K K
Kn
Kn K n
m
m
M
mn
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
5,*,'(='(3,62
(Q EDVH D OD FXUYD GH FDSDFLGDG UHVLVWHQWH REWHQLGD FRQ OD WpFQLFD GHO SXVKRYHU VH
SURSRQH GHWHUPLQDU OD ULJLGH] GH SLVR k i GH FDGD XQR GH ORV HQWUHSLVRV GH OD HVWUXFWXUD 6H
VDEH TXH k i VH REWLHQH FRPR OD UHODFLyQ HQWUH HO FRUWDQWH GH SLVR Vi GLYLGLGR SDUD HO
GHVSOD]DPLHQWRUHODWLYRGHSLVR
Vi
ki
Di Di
3DUDGHWHUPLQDUODULJLGH]GHSLVRVHQHFHVLWDFRQRFHUODUHODFLyQHQWUHHOFRUWDQWHHQ
FDGD XQR GH ORV SLVRV \ ORV GHVSOD]DPLHQWRV ODWHUDOHV GHO SLVR (Q OD ILJXUD VH LQGLFDQ
HVWDV UHODFLRQHV SDUD FDGD XQR GH ORV SLVRV HQ XQD HVWUXFWXUD GH SLVRV $JXLDU 6H
SXHGHHQFRQWUDUODULJLGH]GHSLVRDVRFLDGDDFXDOTXLHUGHVSOD]DPLHQWRODWHUDOHPSOHDQGROD
HFXDFLyQ
(QODWDEODVHLQGLFDODVULJLGH]GHSLVR DVRFLDGDDXQGHVSOD]DPLHQWRODWHUDOGH
FPTXHSDUDHOHMHPSORFRUUHVSRQGHDOOtPLWHGHOUDQJRHOiVWLFR
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
(O SURFHGLPLHQWR GH FiOFXOR SDUD HQFRQWUDU OD UHVSXHVWD GLQiPLFD HQ WpUPLQRV GH
GHVSOD]DPLHQWRVGHXQVLVWHPDGHP~OWLSOHVJUDGRVGHOLEHUWDGFRQFRPSRUWDPLHQWRQROLQHDO
DODSOLFDUHO0pWRGRGHO6LVWHPD/LQHDO GH&RUWHHVHOVLJXLHQWH
L 6H HQFXHQWUD OD FXUYD GH FDSDFLGDG UHVLVWHQWH GH OD HVWUXFWXUD TXH VH YD D
DQDOL]DU(VWRLPSOLFDWHQHUODHVWUXFWXUD\DGLVHxDGD
LL 6H GHWHUPLQD HO GHVSOD]DPLHQWR ODWHUDO HQ HO ~OWLPR SLVR FRQ HO FXDO OD
HVWUXFWXUD LQJUHVD DO UDQJR QR OLQHDO Dty 3DUD HPSH]DU HO DQiOLVLV VH SXHGH
HQFRQWUDU OD ULJLGH] GH FDGD XQR GH ORV SLVRV DVRFLDGRV D HVWH
GHVSOD]DPLHQWR K j (O SURJUDPD (630%&$3 HV XQD DOWHUQDWLYD SDUD HO
HIHFWR
LLL 6H REWLHQH OD PDWUL] GH ULJLGH] \ GH PDVDV GHO (MH GH FRUWH DSOLFDQGR ODV
HFXDFLRQHVR
LY 6H UHVXHOYH HO SUREOHPD GH YDORUHV \ YHFWRUHV SURSLRV FRQ OR FXDO VH
GHWHUPLQDORVSHUtRGRVGH YLEUDFLyQ Ti \ORVPRGRVGHYLEUDFLyQ I i GRQGHL
UHSUHVHQWDHOPRGRGHYLEUDFLyQ
YL &RQ FDGD Ti GHO UHVSHFWLYR HVSHFWUR VH HQFXHQWUDQ ODV DFHOHUDFLRQHV
HVSHFWUDOHV Ad i
6HGHWHUPLQDQORVIDFWRUHVGHSDUWLFLSDFLyQPRGDO J
i
YLL
I i t M J
J i
I i t M I i
YLLL 6H HQFXHQWUDQ ORV GHVSOD]DPLHQWRV Pi[LPRV PRGDOHV q im DSOLFDQGR OD
VLJXLHQWH HFXDFLyQ GHO 0pWRGR GH 6XSHUSRVLFLyQ 0RGDO TXH VH H[SOLFD FRQ
GHWHQLPLHQWRHQHOVLJXLHQWHFDStWXOR
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
Ti
qim I i J i Ad i
S
L[ 6H DSOLFD XQ FULWHULR GH FRPELQDFLyQ PRGDO SXHGH VHU HO GHO YDORU Pi[LPR
SUREDEOH SURSXHVWR SRU 1HZPDUN \ 5RVHQEOXHWK 5RVHQEOXHWK \
(ORUGX\\VHKDOODORVGHVSOD]DPLHQWRVODWHUDOHVPi[LPRV q
q
N
q i im
(-(03/2'($3/,&$&,1
(QHOFDStWXORVHSUHVHQWDFRQGHWDOOHODHVWUXFWXUDGHSLVRVTXHVHYDDDQDOL]DU
VX FRPSRUWDPLHQWR VtVPLFR VLQ HPEDUJR GH HOOR HQ OD ILJXUD VH LQGLFD OD GLVWULEXFLyQ HQ
SODQWD \ VH GHVHD KDFHU XQ DQiOLVLV VtVPLFR GHO SyUWLFR DQWH HO VLVPR HVSHFLILFDGR HQ HO
HVSHFWURTXHVHLQGLFDHQODILJXUDHPSOHDQGRHO0pWRGRGHO6LVWHPD/LQHDOGH&RUWH
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
)LJXUD 'LVWULEXFLyQHQSODQWDGHHGLILFDFLyQGHVHLVSLVRVTXHVHUiDQDOL]DGD
)LJXUD (VSHFWURGH$QiOLVLVFRQVLGHUDGRHQHVWHHMHPSOR
(Q HO FDStWXOR VH LQGLFDQ ODV FDUJDV YHUWLFDOHV TXH DFW~DQ HQ FDGD SLVR FRQ ODV
FXDOHV VHREWLHQHODPDVDTXHSDUDHOSUHVHQWHHMHPSORHVLJXDOHQWRGRVORV SLVRV\YDOH
7 VP $GHPiV VH LQGLFD OD DUPDGXUD ORQJLWXGLQDO \ WUDQVYHUVDO GH YLJDV \ FROXPQDV 6H
SUHVHQWDDGHPiVOD FXUYDGHFDSDFLGDGUHVLVWHQWH GHOSyUWLFRODPLVPDTXHVHUHSLWHHQOD
ILJXUD HQ OD FXDO VH KD LQGLFDGR WDPELpQ HO PRGHOR ELOLQHDO \ HO SXQWR HQ HO FXDO OD
HVWUXFWXUD LQJUHVD DO UDQJR QR OLQHDO VH DSUHFLD TXH HO GHVSOD]DPLHQWR GH IOXHQFLD HV
Dty cm
)LJXUD &XUYDGHFDSDFLGDGVtVPLFDUHVLVWHQWH\PRGHORELOLQHDO
$ODSOLFDUHO0pWRGRGHO6LVWHPD/LQHDOGH&RUWHGHVFULWRHQHODSDUWDGRDQWHULRUTXH
HVWi LPSOHPHQWDGR HQ HO SURJUDPD (-(&257( VH HQFXHQWUD TXH HO GHVSOD]DPLHQWR ODWHUDO
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
Pi[LPR HQ HO ~OWLPR SLVR HV GH FP /DV LWHUDFLRQHV UHDOL]DGDV SDUD OOHJDU DO YDORU
LQGLFDGR VHLQGLFDQHQODWDEOD
7DEOD 9DORUHVGHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRVPi[LPRV \GHPDQGDVGHGXFWLOLGDG
Dt ini P ini Dt fin P fin P fin P ini
FP FP
(VWH HMHUFLFLR VH UHVXHOYH HQ HO VLJXLHQWH FDStWXOR DSOLFDQGR HO 0pWRGR GH
6XSHUSRVLFLyQ 0RGDO \ VH HQFXHQWUD TXH HO GHVSOD]DPLHQWR ODWHUDO Pi[LPR HV GH FP
(VWDFDQWLGDGVLHVWiGLVWDQWHFRQUHODFLyQDODVHQFRQWUDGDVFRQORVRWURVGRVPpWRGRV(QOD
WDEODVHLQGLFDQORVGHVSOD]DPLHQWRVODWHUDOHVHQFDGDXQRGHORVSLVRVGHODHVWUXFWXUD
DQDOL]DGDDODSOLFDUORVWUHVPpWRGRVGHFiOFXOR
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
7DEOD 'HVSOD]DPLHQWRVODWHUDOHVGHSLVRHQFRQWUDGRVFRQWUHVPpWRGRV
3,62 0pWRGRGH6LVWHPD 0pWRGRGHO 0pWRGRGH
/LQHDOGH&RUWH (VSHFWURGH 6XSHUSRVLFLyQ
&DSDFLGDG 0RGDO
FP FP FP
8Q PpWRGR FOiVLFR SDUD HQFRQWUDU ORV YDORUHV \ YHFWRUHV SURSLRV GH XQD PDWUL]
VLPpWULFD HV HO 0pWRGR GH -DFREL HQ HVWH FDStWXOR VH OR KD HPSOHDGR SRU HVWH PRWLYR VH OR
LQGLFDDFRQWLQXDFLyQ/RV WHRUHPDVIXQGDPHQWDOHVHQTXHVHEDVDHOPpWRGRVRQ
7HRUHPD 'RV PDWULFHV $ \ % VH GLFHQ TXH VRQ VHPHMDQWHV VL H[LVWH XQD
PDWUL]TXHDGPLWHLQYHUVD3WDOTXH
B P A P
7HRUHPD 6L XQD PDWUL] HV GLDJRQDO (QWRQFHV ORV YDORUHV SURSLRV VRQ ORV
HOHPHQWRVGHODGLDJRQDO
7HRUHPD7RGDPDWUL] VLPpWULFDHVGLDJRQDOL]DEOHHQXQDEDVHGHYHFWRUHV
SURSLRV
'HILQLFLyQGH0DWUL]2UWRJRQDO8QDPDWUL] +VHGLFHTXHHVRUWRJRQDOVL
H Ht I o H Ht
/D LGHD EiVLFD GHO 0pWRGR GH -DFREL HV FRQVWUXLU XQD VHULH GH PDWULFHV TXH VRQ
VHPHMDQWHV D OD RULJLQDO SDUD OR FXDO VH HPSOHD XQD PDWUL] GH SDVR 3 TXH HV RUWRJRQDO /DV
PDWULFHV VHPHMDQWHV TXH VH YDQ REWHQLHQGR WLHQGHQ D VHU GLDJRQDOHV (O SURFHGLPLHQWR HV
LWHUDWLYR\WHUPLQDHVWULFWDPHQWHFXDQGRVHOOHJDDXQDPDWUL]GLDJRQDO
(O SURFHGLPLHQWR WHUPLQD FXDQGR HQ OD ~OWLPD PDWUL] HQFRQWUDGD OD VXPD GH ORV
HOHPHQWRVIXHUD GHODGLDJRQDOHQYDORU DEVROXWR HV PHQRUDXQD WROHUDQFLD SUHILMDGD/DPDWUL]
ILQDOHVVHPHMDQWHDODPDWUL] RULJLQDO\DGHPiV VHFRQVLGHUDGLDJRQDO3RUORWDQWRORVYDORUHV
SURSLRV VRQODVFDQWLGDGHVGHODGLDJRQDO
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
([LVWH ODV VLJXLHQWHV SRVLELOLGDGHV SDUD KDFHU FHUR D ORV HOHPHQWRV IXHUD GH OD
GLDJRQDO L +DFHU FHURV SRU ILODV LL +DFHU FHURV SRU FROXPQDV LLL +DFHU FHUR DO PD\RU
HOHPHQWRIXHUDGHODGLDJRQDOHQYDORUDEVROXWRLY8QDFRPELQDFLyQGHORVFDVRVDQRWDGRV
'HVDUUROORGHO 0pWRGR
6HD a p q HO HOHPHQWR GH OD ILOD S \ FROXPQD T GH XQD PDWUL] $ TXH VH GHVHD KDFHU
FHUR p z q HOHOHPHQWR VHHQFXHQWUDHQOD PDWUL]WULDQJXODULQIHULRU HQHOFLFOR N/DPDWUL]3
FRQODFXDOVHFRQVWUXLUiODPDWUL]VHPHMDQWH\FRQODFXDOVHORJUDUiHOREMHWLYRSURSXHVWRWLHQH
ODVLJXLHQWHIRUPD
AK P o Ak
a p q
CosT SenT
P
SenT CosT
(Q OD HFXDFLyQ VH KDQ LQGLFDGR ORV HOHPHQWRV QR QXORV GH OD PDWUL] 3 (Q
JHQHUDOpVWDPDWUL]VHKDOODFRPSXHVWDGHODVLJXLHQWHPDQHUD
LL (O HOHPHQWR a p q GH OD PDWUL] WULDQJXODU LQIHULRU WLHQH SRU YDORU SenT VX
VLPpWULFRYDOH SenT
/D PDWUL] 3 LQGLFDGD HQ OD HFXDFLyQ HV RUWRJRQDO (Q FRQVHFXHQFLD VH FXPSOH
TXHODLQYHUVDGHODPDWUL]3QRHVPiVTXHODWUDQVSXHVWD$HVWDPDWUL] VHOD FRQRFHWDPELpQ
FRQHOQRPEUHGHPDWUL]GHURWDFLyQ
/D EDVH GHO PpWRGR FRQVLVWH HQ HYDOXDU T GH WDO PDQHUD TXH HO HOHPHQWR a p q
FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH D OD PDWUL] Ak VHD QXOR (O YDORU GH T VH REWLHQH D SDUWLU GH OD VLJXLHQWH
HFXDFLyQ
a p q
tg T
a p p a q q
3URFHGLPLHQWRGHFiOFXOR
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
(OSURFHGLPLHQWRGHFiOFXORSDUDHQFRQWUDUORVYDORUHV\YHFWRUHVSURSLRV GHXQDPDWUL]
$VLPpWULFDHVFRPRVLJXH
L 6HFRQVWUX\H ODPDWUL] A VHPHMDQWHDODPDWUL] A
A P A P
SHUR P Pt /XHJR
A Pt A P
Ak Pkt Ak Pk
O
O
lm D k
k of
On
lm E k
k of
&iOFXORGHORV9HFWRUHV3URSLRV
$OGHVDUUROODUHOSURFHGLPLHQWRLQGLFDGRHQHODSDUWDGRDQWHULRUVHWLHQH
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
A Pt A P
A Pt A P Pt Pt A P P
A Pt Pt Pt A P P P
A Pt Pt Pt Pt A P P P P
Ak Pkt Pkt Pkt Pt Pt Pt Pt A P P P P Pk Pk Pk
t
(OSURGXFWRGHODVPDWULFHV3WUDQVSXHVWDGHFRQYHUJHD P \HOSURGXFWRGH
ODVPDWULFHV 3GHFRQYHUJHD3TXHHVPDWUL]RUWRJRQDO/XHJR VHWLHQHTXH
Ak Pt A P
(MHPSORGH$SOLFDFLyQGHO0pWRGRGH-DFREL
(QFRQWUDU ORV YDORUHV \ YHFWRUHV SURSLRV SRU HO 0pWRGR GH -DFREL GH OD VLJXLHQWH
PDWUL] A 'HWHUPLQDUORVWpUPLQRV a p q FRPR HOPi[ a i j HOPi[LPRHQYDORUDEVROXWRGHORV
HOHPHQWRVIXHUDGHODGLDJRQDOGHODPDWUL]WULDQJXODULQIHULRU
A
x 6ROXFLyQ
o 3ULPHU&LFOR
a p q p q
a p q
tg T o T oT
a p p a q q
o 6HJXQGR&LFOR
a p q p q
a p q
tg T oT
a p p a q q
P CosT SenT
SenT SenT
9HFWRUHV3URSLRV
o 7HUFHU&LFOR
a p q p q
a p q
tg T oT
a p p a q q
9HFWRUHV3URSLRV
a p q p q oT
P
9HFWRUHV3URSLRV
6H FRQVLGHUD TXH a i j HV XQ YDORU VXPDPHQWH SHTXHxR SRU OR TXH VH WHUPLQD HO
FiOFXOR3RUORWDQWRORVYDORUHV\YHFWRUHVSURSLRVVRQORVVLJXLHQWHV
O I
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
O I
O I
&XDQGR VHUHDOL]DXQSURJUDPDGHFRPSXWDFLyQSDUDHQFRQWUDUORVYDORUHV\YHFWRUHV
SURSLRVGHXQDPDWUL]FRQ HO0pWRGRGH-DFRELHVQHFHVDULRWHQHUHQFXHQWDORVLJXLHQWH
L /DPDWUL]LQLFLDOGH3HVODLGHQWLGDG
2UWRJRQDOLGDGGHORV9HFWRUHV3URSLRV
6L OD PDWUL] A HV VLPpWULFD VXV YDORUHV SURSLRV VRQ UHDOHV \ DGHPiV ORV YHFWRUHV
SURSLRV DVRFLDGRV D GRV YDORUHV SURSLRV GLVWLQWRV VRQ RUWRJRQDOHV /R H[SXHVWR VH YD D
GHPRVWUDU FRQ ORV YHFWRUHV SURSLRV HQFRQWUDGRV GHO HMHPSOR UHDOL]DGR 3DUD HVWR VH
FRPSUREDUi
L /DVXPDGHORVFXDGUDGRVGHFDGDYHFWRUSURSLRHVODXQLGDG3RUHMHPSORDO
WUDEDMDUFRQ I
VHREWLHQH
LL (OSURGXFWRSXQWRHVFHUR3RUHMHPSOR I I
LLL (QHOSURGXFWRFUX]VHFXPSOHSRUHMHPSOR I
I I
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
i j k
I
I
I
I i j k
&21&/86,21(6
6HKDSUHVHQWDGRHOPDUFRWHyULFRGHO0pWRGRGHO6LVWHPD/LQHDOGH&RUWHDSOLFDGRD
SyUWLFRV SODQRV 6L ELHQ HV FLHUWR HV PiV H[DFWR HQFRQWUDU ODUHVSXHVWD QR OLQHDO HQ HOHMH GH
FRUWH TXH HQ OXJDU GH XQ VLVWHPD GH XQ JUDGR GH OLEHUWDG FRPR VXFHGH HQ ORV 0pWRGRV GHO
(VSHFWURGH &DSDFLGDG\HO0pWRGR GHO6LVWHPD(TXLYDOHQWH (QHVWHVHQWLGRHVXQDYHQWDMDHO
PpWRGR SUHVHQWDGRHOSXQWRGpELOHVODDSOLFDFLyQGHOPpWRGRGHVXSHUSRVLFLyQ PRGDO HQHO(MH
GH&RUWH
6LQ HPEDUJR GH HOOR HQ HO HMHPSOR UHDOL]DGR VH KD YLVWR TXH ORV GHVSOD]DPLHQWRV
ODWHUDOHV REWHQLGRV FRQ HO 0pWRGR GHO 6LVWHPD /LQHDO GH &RUWH VRQ EDVWDQWH SDUHFLGRV D ORV
HQFRQWUDGRVFRQHO0pWRGRGHO(VSHFWURGH&DSDFLGDGDOPHQRVHQODHVWUXFWXUDDQDOL]DGD
5()(5(1&,$6
$JXLDU 5 $QiOLVLV 'LQiPLFR (VSDFLDO Escuela Politcnica del Ejrcito, S
4XLWR(FXDGRU
$JXLDU 5 (VWDGR GHO DUWH GH ORV 0pWRGRV GH $QiOLVLV 6tVPLFR \ 'HVHPSHxR
(VWUXFWXUDO XV Jornadas Nacionales y Primeras Bienales de Ingeniera Estructural
/RMD(FXDGRU
)HUQiQGH] 0 'tD] 2 \ (VWHYD / $QiOLVLV GHO HPSXMH ODWHUDO PRGDO XWLOL]DQGR
VLVWHPDVOLQHDOHVHTXLYDOHQWHV GH P~OWLSOHVJUDGRV GHOLEHUWDG XIII Congreso Nacional de
Ingeniera Estructural, 541-553, 3XHEOD0p[LFR
&KRSUD $ DQG *RHO 5 $ PRGDO SXVKRYHU DQDO\VLV SURFHGXUH IRU HVWLPDWLQJ
VHLVPLFGHPDQGVIRUEXLOGLQJV Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 9RO
5RVHQEOXHWK ( \ (ORUGX\ - 5HVSRQVHV RI OLQHDU V\VWHPV WR FHUWDLQ WUDQVLHQW
GLVWXUEDQFHV Proceedings Fourth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, 9RO ,
6DQWLDJRGH&KLOH
CAPTULO 12
0e72'2'(683(5326,&,102'$/
5(680(1
8QD YH] TXH VH WLHQH GLVHxDGD OD DUPDGXUD GH ORV GLIHUHQWHV HOHPHQWRV GH OD
HVWUXFWXUD HV IXQGDPHQWDO TXH HO SUR\HFWLVWD HVWUXFWXUDO FDOFXOH HO IDFWRU GH UHGXFFLyQ GH ODV
IXHU]DV VtVPLFDV R w FRQ HO FXDO REWXYR HO HVSHFWUR LQHOiVWLFR (O FDOFXOR GH HVWH IDFWRU VH
SUHVHQWDHQHVWHFDStWXORDOLJXDOTXHHOGHVHPSHxRTXHYDDWHQHUODPLVPDSDUDHOHIHFWRVH
LQGLFDQ ORV HOHPHQWRV HVWUXFWXUDOHV TXH YDQ D LQJUHVDU DO UDQJR QR OLQHDO WRGR HVWR FRQ OD
HVWUXFWXUDTXHVHDQDOL]DODPLVPDTXH WLHQHSLVRV
)LQDOPHQWH VH H[SOLFD OD DSOLFDFLyQ GHO 0pWRGR GH 6XSHUSRVLFLyQ 0RGDO DO $QiOLVLV
6tVPLFR GH HVWUXFWXUDV HVSDFLDOHV FRQVLGHUDQGR WUHV JUDGRV GH OLEHUWDG SRU SODQWD (V GHFLU
FRQVLGHUDQGR TXH OD ORVD R GLDIUDJPD KRUL]RQWDO HV FRPSOHWDPHQWH UtJLGR HQ VX SODQR 6H
LQGLFDHOFiOFXORGHODWRUVLyQDFFLGHQWDO\ODVLPXOWDQHLGDGGHDFFLRQHVVtVPLFDV
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
'(6&5,3&,1*(1(5$/'(/0e72'2
(Q IRUPD JHQHUDO VH SXHGH LQGLFDU TXH HO VLVWHPD GH HFXDFLRQHV GLIHUHQFLDOHV TXH
JRELHUQDQORVSUREOHPDVGLQiPLFRVHVWiGHILQLGRSRU ODHFXDFLyQ(QODFXDO M C K
VRQ ODV PDWULFHV GH PDVDV DPRUWLJXDPLHQWR ULJLGH] Q HO YHFWRU GH FRRUGHQDGDV
JHQHUDOL]DGDV q q q VRQORVYHFWRUHVGHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRVYHORFLGDGHV \DFHOHUDFLRQHV
M qCqK q Q
(O PpWRGR GH VXSHUSRVLFLyQ PRGDO SHUPLWH GHVDFRSODU HO VLVWHPD GH HFXDFLRQHV
GLIHUHQFLDOHVSDUDHOORVHWUDEDMDFRQODPDWUL]PRGDO ) ODPLVPDTXHYLHQHDVHUXQDPDWUL]
GHWUDQVIRUPDFLyQGHFRRUGHQDGDVFRPRVHYHUiPiVDGHODQWH
) >I
I I I n @
GRQGHODSULPHUDFROXPQDGHODPDWUL]PRGDO ) HVHOSULPHUPRGRGHYLEUDFLyQODVHJXQGD
FROXPQDHOVHJXQGRPRGR\DVtVXFHVLYDPHQWHKDVWDHO~OWLPRPRGRGHYLEUDFLyQ
C a o M a K
3RU RWUD SDUWH VH SODQWHD OD WUDQVIRUPDFLyQ GH FRRUGHQDGDV LQGLFDGD HQ OD HFXDFLyQ
donde K se define como coordenadas principales.
q )K
M
K ao M
K a K
K K
K Q
'RQGH
M
)t M )
K ) K)t
Q ) Q t
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
/D GHGXFFLyQ GH ODV HFXDFLRQHV \ VH SUHVHQWDQ HQ $JXLDU /D
GHGXFFLyQ GH OD HFXDFLyQ SXHGH REWHQHUVH HYDOXDQGR OD HQHUJtD FLQpWLFD GH XQD
HVWUXFWXUD(Q$JXLDUVHSUHVHQWDWDPELpQODGHGXFFLyQGHODVHFXDFLRQHVLQGLFDGDV
'HRWURODGRSRUODRUWRJRQDOLGDGGHORVPRGRVGHYLEUDFLyQVHFRQRFHTXH
I i t M I j iz j
I i t
K I j
iz j
0RGRVQRUPDOL]DGRVGHODIRUPD I i t M I i K
/RVPRGRVGHYLEUDFLyQVHREWLHQHQGHODVROXFLyQGHXQVLVWHPDGHHFXDFLRQHVTXHHV
OLQHDOPHQWH GHSHQGLHQWH GH WDO PDQHUD TXH VH WLHQH LQILQLWR Q~PHUR GH PRGRV GH YLEUDFLyQ
SHUR TXH JXDUGDQ FLHUWD UHODFLyQ HQWUH VL &RQ HO REMHWR GH GHWHUPLQDU PRGRV HVSHFtILFRV VH
DFRVWXPEUDQRUPDOL]DUORVPRGRVGHYLEUDFLyQXQDIRUPDGHKDFHUORHVODVLJXLHQWH
I i t M I i K
6HKDGHQRPLQDGR K DODFRQVWDQWHGHQRUPDOL]DFLyQGHORVPRGRVGHYLEUDFLyQ&RQ
HVWHDQWHFHGHQWH\QRWDFLyQVHWLHQHTXHODVPDWULFHV M \ K YDOHQ
W
K
W
K
M
K
K
Wi
K
Wn
$O VHU M \ K PDWULFHV GLDJRQDOHV HO VLVWHPD GH HFXDFLRQHV GLIHUHQFLDOHV HVWi
GHVDFRSODGR6LHQGRODHFXDFLyQFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDOPRGRGHYLEUDFLyQLGHODVLJXLHQWHIRUPD
K K i a o K K a K Wi K i K Wi K i Qi
GRQGH Wi HV OD IUHFXHQFLD QDWXUDO GHO VLVWHPD FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH DO PRGR L 3RU RWUD SDUWH
K i K i K i VRQ HO GHVSOD]DPLHQWR YHORFLGDG \ DFHOHUDFLyQ HQ FRRUGHQDGDV SULQFLSDOHV GHO
PRGRL$KRUDVLVHIDFWRUD K i VHREWLHQH
K K i a o a Wi K K i K Wi K i Qi
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
XQDGHODVHFXDFLRQHVGLIHUHQFLDOHVGHVDFRSODGDVWLHQHODVLJXLHQWHIRUPD
K K i Wi [ i K K i K Wi K i Qi
0RGRVQRUPDOL]DGRVGHODIRUPD I i t M I i
3DUD HVWH FDVR GH QRUPDOL]DFLyQ GH ORV PRGRV GH YLEUDFLyQ OD HFXDFLyQ D OD TXH VH
OOHJDSRUXQSURFHGLPLHQWR DQiORJRHVODVLJXLHQWH
K i Wi [ i K i Wi K i Qi
0RGRVQRUPDOL]DGRVGHFXDOTXLHUIRUPD
/DHFXDFLyQ GLIHUHQFLDO GHVDFRSODGDTXHGDHQIXQFLyQGH M i VHGHVWDFDTXH M i HV
XQHVFDODU\YDOH
I i t M I i M i
/DHFXDFLyQ JHQpULFDHVODVLJXLHQWH
M i
K i Wi [ i M i
K i M i
Wi K i Qi
&DVRGHDQiOLVLVVtVPLFR
3DUDHOFDVR JHQHUDOHQTXHDFW~HQODV WUHVFRPSRQHQWHVVtVPLFDVTXH VRQ U ghx t
DFHOHUDFLyQ KRUL]RQWDO HQ VHQWLGR ; U ghy t DFHOHUDFLyQ KRUL]RQWDO HQ VHQWLGR < \ U gv t
DFHOHUDFLyQYHUWLFDO(OYHFWRUGHFDUJDV 4HV
Q M J X U ghx t M J Y U ghy t M J Z U gv t
(O WpUPLQR Qi QR HV PiV TXH HO PRGR GH YLEUDFLyQ I i t SRU HO YHFWRU Q (Q
FRQVHFXHQFLDVHWLHQH
Qi
I i t M J X U ghx t I i t M J Y U ghy t I i t M J Z U gv t
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
I i t M JX
J ix
M i
I i t M JY
J iy
M i
I i t M JZ
J iz
M i
$O GLYLGLU OD HFXDFLyQ SDUD HO HVFDODU M i OD IRUPD JHQHUDO GH XQD HFXDFLyQ
GLIHUHQFLDOGHVDFRSODGDHVODVLJXLHQWH
K i Wi [ i K i Wi K i J ix U ghx t J iy U ghy t J iz U gv t
/D HFXDFLyQ FRUUHVSRQGH D XQ VLVWHPD GH XQ JUDGR GH OLEHUWDG (Q
FRQVHFXHQFLDVHSXHGHHQFRQWUDUODUHVSXHVWDGLQiPLFDDSOLFDQGRODLQWHJUDOGH'XKDPHOR HO
PpWRGR E GH1HZPDUN/DLPSRUWDQFLDGHOPpWRGRGHVXSHUSRVLFLyQPRGDOUDGLFDFXDQGRVH
DSOLFDXWLOL]DQGRXQHVSHFWURGHGLVHxR
2UJDQL]DFLyQGHO0pWRGRGH6XSHUSRVLFLyQ0RGDO
8QD YH] TXH VH KD GHILQLGR HO PRGHOR QXPpULFR GH FiOFXOR TXH VH YD D XWLOL]DU HO
VLJXLHQWHHVHOSURFHGLPLHQWRDVHJXLUHPSOHDQGRHOPpWRGRGHVXSHUSRVLFLyQPRGDO
'HWHUPLQDUORVIDFWRUHVGHSDUWLFLSDFLyQ PRGDO
I i t M JX
J ix
M i
I i t
M JY
J iy
M i
I i t M JZ
J iz
M i
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
5HVROYHU OD HFXDFLyQ GLIHUHQFLDO FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH D XQ JUDGR GH OLEHUWDG \ KDOODU Ki
XWLOL]DQGRPpWRGRVDQDOtWLFRVRQXPpULFRV
K i Wi [ i K i Wi K i J ix U ghx t J iy U ghy t J iz U gv t
(QFRQWUDUHOYHFWRUGHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRV q
q )K
(QIXQFLyQGHORVPRGRVGHYLEUDFLyQ I i VHWLHQH
N
q I
i
i
K i t
'RQGH 1 HV HO Q~PHUR GH PRGRV TXH VH FRQVLGHUDQ HQ OD UHVSXHVWD GLQiPLFD 6H
GHVWDFDTXH QRHVQHFHVDULRFRQVLGHUDUWRGRVORVPRGRVGHYLEUDFLyQHQODUHVSXHVWD VtVPLFD
ORVPRGRV VXSHULRUHVLQIOX\HQPX\SRFRHQODUHVSXHVWD
0e72'2'(683(5326,&,102'$/&21(63(&752
3RU RWUD SDUWH VL ELHQ WRGDV ODV DSOLFDFLRQHV GH HVWH FDStWXOR HVWiQ RULHQWDGDV DO
DQiOLVLVSODQRQRHVPHQRVFLHUWRTXHVHDSOLFDQODV PLVPDVGHILQLFLRQHV\SURFHGLPLHQWRV GH
FiOFXORSDUD HODQiOLVLVHVSDFLDOGHHVWUXFWXUDV3RUORWDQWRHVXQPpWRGRGHFDUiFWHUJHQHUDO
VLHPSUH\FXDQGR VHDIDFWLEOHGHVDFRSODUHOVLVWHPD GHHFXDFLRQHVGLIHUHQFLDOHV
/RVHVSHFWURVGHILQHQODUHVSXHVWDPi[LPD GHRVFLODGRUHVGHXQJUDGRGHOLEHUWDG\GH
XQ PLVPR DPRUWLJXDPLHQWR VRPHWLGDV D XQD KLVWRULD GH DFHOHUDFLRQHV GDGD SDUD HO DQiOLVLV
VtVPLFR (QFRQVHFXHQFLDHOHVSHFWUR SURSRUFLRQDODUHVSXHVWD Pi[LPDGHOVLVWHPD&RQHVWH
DQWHFHGHQWHODUHVSXHVWD Pi[LPD K im VHREWLHQHFRQODHFXDFLyQ
T
K im J i i Ad i
S
GRQGH Ti HV HO SHUtRGR FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH DO PRGR L 3RU RWUD SDUWH Ad i HV OD DFHOHUDFLyQ
HVSHFWUDO FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH DO SHUtRGR Ti 6H KD GHILQLGR HQ IRUPD JHQHUDO HO IDFWRU GH
SDUWLFLSDFLyQ PRGDO J i /D HFXDFLyQ WLHQH LQYROXFUDGR HO FRQFHSWR GH SVHXGR
HVSHFWURV
5(638(67$602'$/(60;,0$6
9DULRV VRQ ODV UHVSXHVWDV PRGDOHV Pi[LPDV TXH LQWHUHVDQ SDUD HO DQiOLVLV \ GLVHxR
VtVPLFRGHHGLILFLRVODVPLVPDVTXHVHGHWDOODQHQHOSUHVHQWHDSDUWDGR
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
'HVSOD]DPLHQWRV0RGDOHV0i[LPRV
/D HFXDFLyQ GHILQH HO GHVSOD]DPLHQWR Pi[LPR HQ FRRUGHQDGDV SULQFLSDOHV
K im SDUD HO PRGR L /RV GHVSOD]DPLHQWRV Pi[LPRV GH OD HVWUXFWXUD q im VH REWLHQHQ FRQ OD
HFXDFLyQ
T
qim I K im
i
I i
J i i Ad i
S
/D HFXDFLyQ SHUPLWH HQFRQWUDU ORV GHVSOD]DPLHQWRV Pi[LPRV HQ FDGD XQR GH
ORV GLIHUHQWHV PRGRV Para encontrar los desplazamientos mximos totales, se aplicar un
criterio de combinacin modal que se indicar posteriormente
&RQ ORV GHVSOD]DPLHQWRV Pi[LPRV PRGDOHV VH SXHGHQ HQFRQWUDU ODV GHULYDV GH SLVR
HQ FDGD XQR GH ORV PRGRV /D GHULYD D VHFDV QR HV PiV TXH HO GHVSOD]DPLHQWR KRUL]RQWDO
UHODWLYR HQWUH GRV SXQWRV FRORFDGRV HQ OD PLVPD OtQHD YHUWLFDO HQ GRV SLVRV R QLYHOHV
FRQVHFXWLYRVGHODHGLILFDFLyQ
)XHU]DVHTXLYDOHQWHV \&RUWDQWHV
(Q IRUPD DSUR[LPDGD VH SXHGH HQFRQWUDU ODV IXHU]DV HVWiWLFDV HTXLYDOHQWHV GH XQ
PRGR GH YLEUDFLyQ Fi FRPR HO SURGXFWR GH OD PDWUL] GH ULJLGH] K SRU HO YHFWRU GH
GHVSOD]DPLHQWRVGHOPRGR q im
Fi | K qim
S
Wi K W M
Ti
6H GHPXHVWUD IiFLOPHQWH TXH ODV IXHU]DV HVWiWLFDV HTXLYDOHQWHV GHO PRGR L
GHQRPLQDGDV Fi VHREWLHQHFRQODHFXDFLyQ
Fi J i Ad i M I i
6H GHQRPLQD Ai Coeficientes de forma DO SURGXFWR GHO PRGR GH YLEUDFLyQ L SRU HO
IDFWRUGHSDUWLFLSDFLyQPRGDO
Ai J i I i
(OFRUWDQWH V i VHGHWHUPLQDVXPDQGRODVIXHU]DVODWHUDOHVHQFDGDXQRGHORVSLVRV
6H GHVWDFD TXH HO FULWHULR GH FRPELQDFLyQ PRGDO WHPD TXH VH DERUGDUi
SRVWHULRUPHQWHQRGHEH DSOLFDUVHHQODVIXHU]DV HVWiWLFDVHTXLYDOHQWHV VLQRHQORVFRUWDQWHV
\DTXHDVtVHWRPDHQFXHQWDODIRUPD GHOPRGR8QDYH]TXH VHKDUHDOL]DGRODFRPELQDFLyQ
PRGDOHQORV FRUWDQWHV VH REWLHQHODVIXHU]DVHVWiWLFDVHTXLYDOHQWHV
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
3HVRHIHFWLYR0RGDO
Voi Ad i
Wi ci
ci g
/D VXPDWRULD GH ORV SHVRV HIHFWLYRV W i HQ WRGRV ORV PRGRV GH YLEUDFLyQ UHSRUWD HO
SHVRWRWDOGHODHVWUXFWXUD(OFiOFXORGHOSHVRHIHFWLYRHVIXQGDPHQWDOSDUDVDEHUGHWHUPLQDU
HOPtQLPRQ~PHURGHPRGRVTXHVHGHEHQFRQVLGHUDUHQHODQiOLVLV
n
mk I ki
Di k
n n
m m I
k
k
k
k
ki
Wi D i WT
GRQGH D i HV HO factor de participacin del modo i en el cortante basal Q HV HO Q~PHUR GH
JUDGRVGHOLEHUWDGTXHVHFRQVLGHUDQHQHODQiOLVLV
n n
Vi F
k
ki J i Sa i mk I ki
k
m I k ki
Ji k
n
m I
k
k
ki
$OVXVWLWXLUHVWD~OWLPDHFXDFLyQHQ Vi VHHQFXHQWUD
n
mk I ki
Vi k Sa
n i
mk I ki
k
Vi D i M T Sai
n
GRQGH M T HVOD PDVDWRWDOGHODHVWUXFWXUD \HVLJXDOD m
k
k $OFRPSDUDU HVWDVGRV~OWLPDV
HFXDFLRQHVVHREWLHQH
n
mk I ki
Di k
n n
mk mk I ki
k k
(V UHFRPHQGDEOH TXH HO Q~PHUR PtQLPR GH PRGRV GH YLEUDFLyQ NM VHD WDO TXH OD
VXPDWRULD GH ORV SHVRV HIHFWLYRV SDUD HVH Q~PHUR PtQLPR GH PRGRV VHD PD\RU DO GHO
SHVR GH OD HVWUXFWXUD En funcin de la variable D i el nmero mnimo de modos se obtiene
cuando D i !
&5,7(5,26'(&20%,1$&,102'$/
&ULWHULRGHOPi[LPRYDORUSUREDEOH
6HD r XQ FLHUWR YDORU GH UHVSXHVWD TXH VH GHVHD REWHQHU SXHGH VHU XQ PRPHQWR
GHVSOD]DPLHQWR FRUWH HWF (O FULWHULR GHO Pi[LPR YDORU SUREDEOH SURSXHVWR SRU 1HZPDUN \
5RVHQEOXHWK HV
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
N
r r
i
i
GRQGH N HV HO Q~PHUR GH PRGRV TXH VH FRQVLGHUDQ HQ OD UHVSXHVWD \ OD YDULDEOH i
FRUUHVSRQGHDOPRGRGHYLEUDFLyQ
3RU VX VHQFLOOH] HV XQR GH ORV PiV XWLOL]DGRV (V DSURSLDGR VX XVR FXDQGR ODV
IUHFXHQFLDVQDWXUDOHVGHYLEUDFLyQ VHHQFXHQWUDQEDVWDQWHVHSDUDGDVPiVGHO8WLOL]DUHO
FULWHULRGHOPi[LPRYDORUSUREDEOH FXDQGRQRFXPSOHHVWDFRQGLFLyQSXHGHOOHYDUDVXEHVWLPDU
RVREUHVWLPDUFRQVLGHUDEOHPHQWHODUHVSXHVWD
&ULWHULRGHODGREOHVXPD
N N N ri r j
r H
r
i
i
i j
ij
[ Wi W j
H ij
[ Wi W j
Wi
W j
H ij
[ i
Wi [ j
W j
Wi
Wi [ i
[ i
[i
s Wj
&ULWHULRGHODFRPELQDFLyQFXDGUiWLFDFRPSOHWD
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
(VWHFULWHULRFRQVLGHUDODSRVLELOLGDGGHDFRSODPLHQWRHQWUHORVPRGRVGHYLEUDFLyQ
N N
r U
i j
ij ri r j
[ a a
U ij
a
[ a a
Wj
a
Wi
[ i [ j [ i a [ j a
U ij
a
[ i [ j a a [ i [ j a
6H SXHGH XWLOL]DU ODV HFXDFLRQHV R SDUD HYDOXDU U ij [ i [ j VRQ ODV
IUDFFLRQHVGHODPRUWLJXDPLHQWRFUtWLFRFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVDORVPRGRVGHYLEUDFLyQLM
&XDQGR ODV IUHFXHQFLDV HVWiQ EDVWDQWH VHSDUDGDV HO FULWHULR GH OD FRPELQDFLyQ
FXDGUiWLFDFRPSOHWDSURSRUFLRQDYDORUHVVLPLODUHVDOFULWHULRGHOPi[LPRYDORUSUREDEOH
&ULWHULR$*+
([LVWHXQDJUDQFDQWLGDGGHFULWHULRV GHFRPELQDFLyQPRGDO\ORLQWHUHVDQWHHVTXHVH
FRQWLQ~D LQYHVWLJDQGR HQHVD OtQHDHVDVtFRPR *yPH] SUHVHQWDXQQXHYRFULWHULRVLQ
FRQGLFLRQDU VX HPSOHR D ODV IUHFXHQFLDV GH YLEUDFLyQ (Q FRQVHFXHQFLD VH SXHGH XWLOL]DU HQ
HVWUXFWXUDVFX\DVIUHFXHQFLDVHVWpQ FHUFDQDVRDOHMDGDV(OFULWHULRFX\RQRPEUH FRUUHVSRQGH
DODVLQLFLDOHVGHODXWRUHVHOVLJXLHQWH
N
r r ri
(VWH FULWHULR HVWi LQVSLUDGR HQ ORV FULWHULRV GH OD UHVSXHVWD PRGDOHV WRWDOHV \ HO GHO
Pi[LPRYDORUSUREDEOH
$3/,&$&,187,/,=$1'2(/&(&
6HGHVHDFDOFXODUODUHVSXHVWDVtVPLFDSODQDGHOSyUWLFRDQWHHOHVSHFWURHVWLSXODGR
SRU HO &yGLJR (FXDWRULDQR GH OD &RQVWUXFFLyQ &(& VL OD PLVPD VH KDOOD VLWXDGD HQ OD
]RQDGHPD\RUSHOLJURVLGDGVtVPLFDGHO(FXDGRUVREUHXQSHUILOGHVXHOR6\YDDVHUXWLOL]DGD
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
)LJXUD 'LVWULEXFLyQHQSODQWDGHHGLILFDFLyQGHVHLVSLVRVTXHVHUiDQDOL]DGD
(O DQiOLVLV VtVPLFR GHEH UHDOL]DUVH GH DFXHUGR DO &(& FRQVLGHUDQGR LQHUFLDV
DJULHWDGDV\DTXHODHVWUXFWXUDYDDLQJUHVDUDOUDQJRQROLQHDO DQWHHOVLVPRGHDQiOLVLV\ODV
YLJDVVHUiQODVPiVDIHFWDGDV/DV,QHUFLDVDJULHWDGDVVRQ
IV I g IC I g
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
/D PDWUL] GH ULJLGH] ODWHUDO TXH VH REWLHQH SDUD HO SyUWLFR FRQVLGHUDQGR LQHUFLDV
DJULHWDGDVHQYLJDV\FROXPQDVHVODVLJXLHQWHWULDQJXODU VXSHULRU
K
/D FDUJD PXHUWD XQLIRUPH GLVWULEXLGD TXH DFW~D HQFDGD SLVR GHO SyUWLFRDQDOL]DGR HV
7P \ OD FDUJD YLYD HV 7P VH FRQVLGHUD SRU IDFLOLGDG TXH pVWD FDUJD HV LJXDO HQ
WRGRVORV SLVRV3DUDHODQiOLVLV VtVPLFRVHWUDEDMD FRQ HOGHODFDUJDYLYDGHWDOPDQHUD
TXHOD FDUJD YHUWLFDOHVGH7P$OPXOWLSOLFDU pVWD FDQWLGDGSRUODORQJLWXGWRWDOGHFDGD
SyUWLFRTXHHVGHP\DOGLYLGLUSDUDODJUDYHGDGVHHQFXHQWUD ODPDVDGHFDGDSLVRTXHHV
GH7VP'HWDOPDQHUDTXHODPDWUL]GHPDVDVHV
M
(QODWDEODVHLQGLFDORVYDORUHVSURSLRVODVIUHFXHQFLDVQDWXUDOHVGHYLEUDFLyQ\
ORV SHUtRGRV GH YLEUDFLyQ VH GHVWDFD TXH HO SHUtRGR IXQGDPHQWDO HV EDVWDQWH DOWR HVWR HV
GHELGR D TXH VH FDOFXOD FRQ LQHUFLDV DJULHWDGDV (Q OD WDEOD VH LQGLFDQ ORV UHVSHFWLYRV
PRGRVGHYLEUDFLyQ
7DEOD 0RGRVGH9LEUDFLyQ I
i
/DV IXHU]DV ODWHUDOHV HQ FDGD PRGR VH REWLHQHQ FRQ OD VLJXLHQWH HFXDFLyQ
Fi J i Ad i M I i /RV YDORUHV VH LQGLFDQ HQ OD WDEOD &RQ HVWDV IXHU]DV ODWHUDOHV VH
REWLHQHQORVFRUWDQWHVPRGDOHVORVPLVPRVTXHVHLQGLFDQHQODWDEOD
7DEOD )XHU]DV/DWHUDOHV0RGDOHV
3LVR 0RGR 0RGR 0RGR 0RGR 0RGR 0RGR
7 7 7 7 7 7
7DEOD &RUWDQWHV0RGDOHV
3LVR 0RGR 0RGR 0RGR 0RGR 0RGR 0RGR
7 7 7 7 7 7
7DEOD&RUWDQWHV7RWDOHV \)XHU]DV/DWHUDOHV
3LVR &RUWDQWH7 )XHU]D/DWHUDO7
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
$ODSOLFDUHOFULWHULRGHOPi[LPRYDORUSUREDEOHHQORVFRUWDQWHVVHREWLHQHQORV YDORUHV
LQGLFDGRV HQ ODWDEOD \GHHOODVSRUXQSURFHGLPLHQWR FRQWUDULR VHGHWHUPLQDQODVIXHU]DV
ODWHUDOHVTXHWDPELpQVHLQGLFDQHQODWDEOD
(Q OD WDEOD VH DSUHFLD TXH HO FRUWDQWH EDVDO REWHQLGR GHO DQiOLVLV VtVPLFR Vo HV
LJXDO D 7 (VWH FRUWDQWH GHEH FRPSDUDUVH FRQ HO FRUWDQWH EDVDO PtQLPR V om TXH
UHFRPLHQGDHO&(&6L Vo t Vom VHSURVLJXHFRQHODQiOLVLVFDVRFRQWUDULRVHGHWHUPLQD
Vom
XQ IDFWRU GH FRUUHFFLyQ f SRU HO FXDO VH PXOWLSOLFDQ ODV IXHU]DV ODWHUDOHV SDUD TXH HO
Vo
FRUWDQWHEDVDOVHDPtQLPR
ZIC
Vom W
Rw I p I e
GRQGH Z HV HO IDFWRU GH ]RQD VtVPLFD I HV HO IDFWRU GH LPSRUWDQFLD C HV HO FRHILFLHQWH
VtVPLFRGHILQLGRHQODILJXUDHQIXQFLyQGHOIDFWRUGHDPSOLILFDFLyQSRUHIHFWRGHVXHOR S
\GHOSHUtRGRIXQGDPHQWDO T W HVHOSHVR UHDFWLYRHOPLVPR TXHVHFDOFXOD H[FOXVLYDPHQWH
FRQ OD FDUJD PXHUWD R w HV HO IDFWRU GH UHGXFFLyQ GH ODV IXHU]DV VtVPLFDV SDUD REWHQHU HO
HVSHFWUR LQHOiVWLFR I p I e IDFWRUHV UHGXFHQ HO FRPSRUWDPLHQWR QR OLQHDO GHELGR D
LUUHJXODULGDGHVHQSODQWD\HOHYDFLyQ
)LJXUD &RHILFLHQWHVtVPLFR&GHDFXHUGRDO&(&
3DUD HO HMHPSOR HO FRUWDQWH EDVDO PtQLPR YDOH 7 TXH HVPD\RU D Vo OXHJR HO
IDFWRU f FRQ HO FXDO GHEHQ PXOWLSOLFDUVH ODV IXHU]DV ODWHUDOHV LQGLFDGDV HQ OD WDEOD
(OUHVXOWDGRVHLQGLFDHQODWDEOD GRQGHWDPELpQVHSUHVHQWDQODVIXHU]DVODWHUDOHV
TXH VH REWHQGUtDQ DO DSOLFDU HO PpWRGR HVWiWLFR HQ EDVH DO PRGR IXQGDPHQWDO DSOLFDQGR OD
HFXDFLyQ \ DO PRGR IXQGDPHQWDO HTXLYDOHQWH PHGLDQWH OD HFXDFLyQ WRGR HVWR
FRQHOREMHWR GHFRPSDUDU UHVXOWDGRV(FXDFLRQHVTXHIXHURQHVWXGLDGDVHQHOFDStWXOR
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
mi I i
Fi Vom
N
mj
j Ij
mi I i
Fi N
V
m j
j Ij
I J j
N
Ii ij
j
&RQ OD HFXDFLyQ VH GHWHUPLQDQ ODV IXHU]DV ODWHUDOHV HTXLYDOHQWHV GHELGR D
VLVPR HQ IRUPD PX\ UiSLGD WUDEDMDQGR HQ IXQFLyQ GHO PRGR IXQGDPHQWDO \ HV DSOLFDEOH D
HVWUXFWXUDV UHJXODUHVTXHUHVSRQGHQEiVLFDPHQWH HQHOSULPHUPRGR/DHFXDFLyQ HQ
FDPELR HV DSOLFDEOH D HVWUXFWXUDV HQ ODV FXDOHV OD LQIOXHQFLD GH ORV PRGRV VXSHULRUHV HV
LPSRUWDQWH
3DUD HO FiOFXOR GH ODV GHULYDV R GLVWRUVLRQHV GH SLVR GH DFXHUGR DO &(& HV
QHFHVDULRYROYHUDFDOFXODUODPDWUL]GH ULJLGH] GHODHVWUXFWXUD SHURWUDEDMDQGRFRQODVLQHUFLDV
JUXHVDV\DQRFRQODVLQHUFLDVDJULHWDGDV(VWiPDWUL]UHVXOWD
/RVGHVSOD]DPLHQWRVHOiVWLFRV q VHREWLHQHQGHODVROXFLyQGHOVLVWHPDGHHFXDFLRQHV
OLQHDOHVVLJXLHQWH
Q K q
GRQGH HO YHFWRU GH FDUJDV Q HVWi IRUPDGR SRU ODV IXHU]DV ODWHUDOHV GH SLVR /RV
GHVSOD]DPLHQWRV LQHOiVWLFRV qin VH REWLHQHQ GH DFXHUGR DO &(& PXOWLSOLFDQGR ORV
GHVSOD]DPLHQWRVHOiVWLFRVSRUHOIDFWRUGHUHGXFFLyQGHODVIXHU]DVVtVPLFDV R w
qin Rw q
&RQORVGHVSOD]DPLHQWRVLQHOiVWLFRVVHGHWHUPLQDODGHULYDGHSLVR G i FRPRODUHODFLyQ
HQWUH HO GHVSOD]DPLHQWR UHODWLYR LQHOiVWLFR SDUD OD DOWXUD GH HQWUHSLVR (Q OD WDEOD VH
LQGLFDQORVGHVSOD]DPLHQWRV HOiVWLFRV LQHOiVWLFRV \ ODVGLVWRUVLRQHVGHSLVRREWHQLGDVFRQODV
IXHU]DVODWHUDOHVHQFRQWUDGDVGHOPpWRGRGHVXSHUSRVLFLyQPRGDO
/DGHULYDPi[LPDUHFRPHQGDGDSRUHO&(&SDUDHOVLVPRDQDOL]DGRHVGHO\
ORV YDORUHV REWHQLGRV VRQ PHQRUHV D GLFKD FDQWLGDG (Q FRQVHFXHQFLD QR KD\ SUREOHPD GH
GLVWRUVLyQGHSLVR$KRUDORTXHVHGHEH FRQWURODUHVHOHIHFWR P '
8QD IRUPD VLPSOLILFDGD GH FRQWURODU HO HIHFWR P ' HV PHGLDQWH HO IDFWRU GH
HVWDELOLGDGGHSLVR T k HOPLVPRTXHYLHQHGHILQLGRSRUODVLJXLHQWHHFXDFLyQ
PTk
Tk Gk
Vk
',6(f2'(9,*$6<&2/801$6
8QDYH]TXHVHUHDOL]yHODQiOLVLVVtVPLFRVHSURFHGLyDOGLVHxRGHYLJDV\FROXPQDV
FRQVLGHUDQGR FDUJDV YHUWLFDOHV PXHUWD \ YLYD \ FDUJDV VtVPLFDV 6H FRQVLGHUy XQ KRUPLJyQ
FRQ XQD UHVLVWHQFLD Pi[LPD D OD FRPSUHVLyQ GH NJFP \ XQ DFHUR FRQ XQ OtPLWH GH
IOXHQFLDGH NJFP (QODILJXUD VHLQGLFDHODUPDGR UHVSHFWLYR\HQODVWDEODV
\VHGHWDOODQODVDUPDGXUDVXWLOL]DGDV
Mc 01
Mc 03 Mc 04 Mc 05 Mc 06
Mc 07 Mc 08 Mc 09 Mc 10
Mc 02
11 E @ 10 12 E @ 20 11 E @ 10 11 E @ 10 12 E @ 20 11 E @ 10 11 E @ 10 12 E @ 20 11 E @ 10
A B C D
E 10 @ 10 y 20 Mc 3, 4, 5, 6
hc hv Mc 7, 8, 9, 10
E 10 @ 10 y 20
COLUMNAS VIGAS
3RURWUDSDUWHODGLVWULEXFLyQGHFDUJDVODWHUDOHVHPSOHDGDVHQODWpFQLFDGHOSXVKRYHU
HVSURSRUFLRQDODODVIXHU]DVODWHUDOHVREWHQLGDVGHOPpWRGRGHVXSHUSRVLFLyQ PRGDOLQGLFDGDV
HQ OD SULPHUD FROXPQD GH OD WDEOD (Q OD ILJXUD VH LQGLFD OD FXUYD GH FDSDFLGDG
UHVLVWHQWH\HOPRGHORELOLQHDOHTXLYDOHQWHREWHQLGR FRQHOFULWHULR GHLJXDOiUHD(QHOPRGHOR
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
ELOLQHDO VH DSUHFLD TXH HO SXQWR GH IOXHQFLD HVWi FDUDFWHUL]DGR SRU XQ GHVSOD]DPLHQWR GH
IOXHQFLD Dty cm \XQFRUWDQWHGHIOXHQFLD V y T
3DUD HO SXQWR GH IDOOR VH FRQVLGHUD TXH HVWH HVWi DVRFLDGR D XQD GHULYD JOREDO GHO
HGLILFLRGHO'HODQiOLVLV FRQHOSXVKRYHUVHHQFXHQWUDTXH HOSXQWRPiV FHUFDQRDOGH
ODDOWXUDWRWDOGHOHGLILFLRHV Dtu cm Vu T
&/&8/2 '( R w <'(6(03(f2660,&2
Vu
Rs Rs
Vo
Dtu
P P
Dty
Rw Rs P Rw
(QODILJXUDVHLQGLFDHOGHVHPSHxRHVSHUDGR GHODHVWUXFWXUDDQDOL]DGDDQWHHO
VLVPRHVWLSXODGRSRUHO&(&6H DSUHFLDTXH HOGDxRVHYDDSUHVHQWDUHQODVYLJDVSHUR
HVWH QR HV GH FRQVLGHUDFLyQ HQ QLQJ~Q PRPHQWR VH YDQ D IRUPDU UyWXODV SOiVWLFDV /RV
H[WUHPRVGHODVYLJDVTXH LQJUHVDQDOUDQJR QROLQHDO VXVPRPHQWRVKDQ VXSHUDGRHOPRPHQWR
GHIOXHQFLD
P
P
P
P
P
P
)LJXUD'HVHPSHxRHVSHUDGRGHHVWUXFWXUDDQDOL]DGD
&20(17$5,26
(O SHUtRGR GH YLEUDFLyQ TXH VH REWLHQH GHO DQiOLVLV FRQ OD WpFQLFD GHO SXVKRYHU
DVRFLDGRDOGHVSOD]DPLHQWRODWHUDOGHFPHVGHVTXHHVPX\GLIHUHQWHDOTXHVH
REWXYRHQHODQiOLVLVFRQLQHUFLDVDJULHWDGDVFX\RYDORUHUDGHV
3RURWUDSDUWHHVWDHVWUXFWXUDIXHDQDOL]DGDSRU$JXLDU\9LHUDSRUHO0pWRGRGHO
(VSHFWUR GH &DSDFLGDG SDUD HO PLVPR HVSHFWUR VtVPLFR GH DQiOLVLV \ VH HQFRQWUy TXH HO
GHVSOD]DPLHQWR ODWHUDO Pi[LPR HQ HO ~OWLPR SLVR HV GH FP &DQWLGDG TXH GLILHUH
QRWDEOHPHQWHDORVFP
/RV GHVSOD]DPLHQWRV ODWHUDOHV \ ODV GHULYDV TXH VH HQFXHQWUDQ HQ FDGD SLVR FRQ OD
WpFQLFDGHOSXVKRYHUDVRFLDGRDOGHVSOD]DPLHQWRGHFPVHLQGLFDQHQODWDEODORV
PLVPRVTXHVHFRPSDUDQFRQORVTXHUHSRUWDHO0pWRGRGH6XSHUSRVLFLyQ0RGDO\VHDSUHFLD
HQWpUPLQRVJHQHUDOHVTXHVRQSDUHFLGRV
7DEOD 'HVSOD]DPLHQWRVREWHQLGRVFRQ7pFQLFDGH3XVKRYHU\0pWRGRGH6XSHUSRVLFLyQ0RGDO
7pFQLFDGHO3XVKRYHU 0pWRGRGH6XSHUSRVLFLyQ0RGDO
3LVR 'HVSOD]DPLHQWR 'HULYD 'HVSOD]DPLHQWR 'HULYD
FP FP
$1/,6,6(63$&,$/
6HSUHVHQWDHODQiOLVLVVtVPLFRGHHVWUXFWXUDVFRQVLGHUDQGRWUHVJUDGRVGHOLEHUWDGSRU
SODQWD ODV PLVPDV TXH GHEHQ VDWLVIDFHU ORV VLJXLHQWHV UHTXHULPLHQWRV SDUD TXH VX ORVD R
HQWUHSLVRVHDFRQVLGHUDGRLQILQLWDPHQWHUtJLGRHQHOSODQRKRUL]RQWDO
/D UHODFLyQ HQWUH HO ODUJR \ HO DQFKR GH OD ORVD R GLDIUDJPD KRUL]RQWDO GHEH
WHQGHUDXQR6LHVPD\RUTXHWUHV\DQRVHSRGUiPRGHODUFRPRSLVRUtJLGR
/DVULJLGHFHVGHVXVHOHPHQWRVGHEHQHVWDUGLVWULEXLGRVGHXQDPDQHUDPiVR
PHQRVXQLIRUPH
/DORVDRGLDIUDJPDKRUL]RQWDOWLHQHQXQHVSHVRUDGHFXDGR
/D H[SOLFDFLyQ GH OD WHRUtD VH UHDOL]D HQ EDVH D OD HVWUXFWXUD LUUHJXODU GH GRV SLVRV
LQGLFDGD HQ OD ILJXUD 1yWHVH TXH HO SULPHU SLVR WLHQH FROXPQDV \ HO VHJXQGR SLVR
FROXPQDVGHWDOPDQHUDTXHVXV&HQWURVGH0DVDQRYDQDVHUFROLQHDOHV
6HGHILQHHO&HQWURGH0DVD&0FRPRHOOXJDUJHRPpWULFRHQHOFXDOVHFRQVLGHUDTXH
HVWi FRQFHQWUDGR WRGR HO SHVR GH OD SODQWD (Q HGLILFLRV FX\D FDUJD HVWi GLVWULEXLGD HQ IRUPD
VLPpWULFDVHSXHGHFDOFXODUHO&HQWURGH*UDYHGDGFRPRHO&0
(QHO&0VHDFRVWXPEUDFRQVLGHUDUORVWUHVJUDGRVGHOLEHUWDGSRUSODQWDFRQHOREMHWR
GH TXH OD 0DWUL]GH 0DVDVHD GLDJRQDO \ GH HVWD IRUPDVH SXHGH HYDOXDU PX\ IiFLOPHQWH ORV
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
YDORUHV\YHFWRUHVSURSLRVDGHPiVTXHIDFLOLWDHOGHVDFRSODPLHQWRGHOVLVWHPDGHHFXDFLRQHV
GLIHUHQFLDOHV
(Q OD ILJXUD VH LQGLFDQ ORV WUHV JUDGRV GH OLEHUWDG SRU SODQWD TXH VH KDQ
FRQVLGHUDGR SDUD OD HVWUXFWXUD GH GRV SLVRV 1yWHVH TXH SULPHUR VH QXPHUDQ WRGDV ODV
FRRUGHQDGDVKRUL]RQWDOHV HQVHQWLGR;HPSH]DQGR GHVGHODSODQWDEDMDKDVWDHO~OWLPRSLVR
'HVSXpV VH QXPHUDQ ODV FRRUGHQDGDV KRUL]RQWDOHV HQ VHQWLGR < GH OD PLVPD PDQHUD \
ILQDOPHQWHODVURWDFLRQHV GHSLVR
)LJXUD(VWUXFWXUDFRQODTXHVHUHDOL]DUiHODQiOLVLV VtVPLFRHVSDFLDO
(OYHFWRUGHFRRUGHQDGDV JHQHUDOL]DGDVSDUDODHVWUXFWXUDGHODILJXUDVHLQGLFD
D FRQWLQXDFLyQ 'RQGH q HV OD FRPSRQHQWH GH GHVSOD]DPLHQWR KRUL]RQWDO HQ VHQWLGR ; GHO
SLVR q HVODFRPSRQHQWH GHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRKRUL]RQWDOHQVHQWLGR;GHOSLVR q \q HV
VLPLODUDODVDQWHULRUHVSHURHQVHQWLGR< q HVODFRPSRQHQWHGHWRUVLyQGHOSLVR\ q OD
FRPSRQHQWHGHWRUVLyQGHOSLVR
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
)LJXUD 6LVWHPDGHFRRUGHQDGDVGHSLVR4T
0DWUL]GH5LJLGH]HQFRRUGHQDGDVGHSLVR
L 6H GHWHUPLQD OD PDWUL] GH ULJLGH] ODWHUDO K L GH FDGD XQR GH ORV SyUWLFRV
SODQRV
LLL 6HKDOODODPDWUL]GHULJLGH]HQFRRUGHQDGDVGHSLVR
NP
KE A
i
i t
K L i A i
CosD SenD r
A i
CosD SenD rn
A
A
A A
A B
A C
$O VHU HO SyUWLFR $ GH XQ VROR SLVR VXPDWUL] GH ULJLGH] WHQGUi XQ VRORHOHPHQWR SHUR
SDUDSRGHUUHDOL]DUHOWULSOHSURGXFWRPDWULFLDOFRQODPDWUL]GHFRPSDWLELOLGDGLQGLFDGDVHGHEH
XWLOL]DUHOPLVPRDUWLILFLRTXH FRQVLVWHHQTXHODPDWUL]GHULJLGH]ODWHUDOGHOPHQFLRQDGRSyUWLFR
VHDGH;GRQGH~QLFDPHQWHHOHOHPHQWRGHODSULPHUDILOD\SULPHUDFROXPQDWLHQHFDQWLGDG
GLIHUHQWHGHFHUR
p i A i q
(QODILJXUDVHLQGLFDQODVFRRUGHQDGDVODWHUDOHVGHFDGDXQRGHORV SyUWLFRV GH
OD HVWUXFWXUD DQDOL]DGD 3RU RWUD SDUWH VHD P HO YHFWRU TXH FRQWLHQH ODV IXHU]DV ODWHUDOHV HQ
FDGDSyUWLFR/DUHODFLyQHQWUH P \ p YLHQHGDGDSRUODPDWUL]GHULJLGH]ODWHUDO
P i K L i p i
)LJXUD 6LVWHPDGHFRRUGHQDGDVODWHUDOHVGHFDGDHOHPHQWR
0DWUL]GH0DVDV
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
/D IRUPD JHQHUDO GH OD PDWUL] GH 0DVDV SDUD HO DQiOLVLV VtVPLFR FRQVLGHUDQGR WUHV JUDGRV GH
OLEHUWDG SRU SODQWD \ SDUD FXDQGR VH QXPHUDQ SULPHUR ORV GHVSOD]DPLHQWRV HQ ; OXHJR ORV HQ < \
ILQDOPHQWHODVURWDFLRQHVGHSLVR/DIRUPDGH M HV
BB
m
BB
M m
BB
J
m
BB
m mi
mn
J
BB
J Ji
J n
Ji
mi
ai bi
VLHQGR ai bi ODV GLPHQVLRQHV GH OD SODQWD L (Q SLVRV TXH WLHQHQ DEHUWXUDV VH GHWHUPLQD HO
PRPHQWR GH LQHUFLD GLYLGLHQGR OD SODQWD HQ ILJXUDV UHFWDQJXODUHV \ VH DSOLFD OD HFXDFLyQ
J C M
mj
a
j b j m j d j
GRQGH d i HVODGLVWDQFLDGHVGHODILJXUDMKDVWDHO&0GHOSLVRL
)DFWRUHVGH3DUWLFLSDFLyQ0RGDO
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
x &DVR$QiOLVLVHQ6HQWLGR;
I i t M J X
J x i
I i t M I i
BB
BB
JX
BB
BB
VLHQGR XQYHFWRUXQLWDULRFX\RRUGHQHVHOQ~PHURGHSLVRVGHODHVWUXFWXUD
x &DVR$QiOLVLVHQ6HQWLGR<
I i t M J Y
J y i
I i t M I i
BB
BB
JY
BB
3URFHGLPLHQWRGH&iOFXOR
3ULPHURVHGHEHGHWHUPLQDUODVSURSLHGDGHVGLQiPLFDVGHODHVWUXFWXUDSDUD HOORKD\
TXHSURFHGHUGHODVLJXLHQWHPDQHUD
L (QFRQWUDU OD PDWUL] GH ULJLGH] ODWHUDO GH FDGD XQR GH ORV SyUWLFRV WUDEDMDQGR
FRQ,QHUFLDV $JULHWDGDV
LL 'HWHUPLQDUHO&HQWURGH0DVDVGHFDGDXQRGHORVSLVRV
i
LLL 2EWHQHUODPDWUL]GHFRPSDWLELOLGDGGHFDGDSyUWLFR A (FXDFLyQ
LLL &DOFXODUORVGHVSOD]DPLHQWRVHQFDGDPRGR q xi
T
q xi J xi i Ad i I i
S
LY (QFRQWUDU ORV GHVSOD]DPLHQWRV ODWHUDOHV HQ FDGD SyUWLFR \ HQ FDGD PRGR GH
i
YLEUDFLyQ p (FXDFLyQ
i
Y +DOODUODVIXHU]DVODWHUDOHV P HQFDGDSyUWLFR\HQFDGDPRGRGHYLEUDFLyQ
(FXDFLyQ
YL 2EWHQHUORVFRUWDQWHVHQFDGDSyUWLFR\HQFDGDPRGRGHYLEUDFLyQ
YLL $SOLFDUXQFULWHULRGHFRPELQDFLyQPRGDOHQORVFRUWDQWHV
YLLL (QFRQWUDUODVIXHU]DVHVWiWLFDVHTXLYDOHQWHV
7HUFHUR (QFRQWUDU ODV IXHU]DV ODWHUDOHV GHELGDV D 7RUVLyQ $FFLGHQWDO SDUD DQiOLVLV
VtVPLFRHQVHQWLGR;
4XLQWR 5HDOL]DU HO FRQWURO GH OD GHULYD HQ FDGD XQR GH ORV SyUWLFRV FRQ ODV IXHU]DV
ODWHUDOHVWRWDOHV
7RUVLyQ$FFLGHQWDO
([LVWHXQDVHULHGHDSUR[LPDFLRQHVTXHVHFRPHWHQHQHODQiOLVLVVtVPLFRHQJHQHUDO
FRPRSRUHMHPSORVHFRQVLGHUDTXHODDPSOLWXGGHODRQGDVtVPLFDGHHQWUDGDDXQHGLILFLRHV
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
ODPLVPDTXHDODVDOLGDHVGHFLUQRKD\DWHQXDFLyQSRUHIHFWRGHODGLVWDQFLDORFXDOQRHV
FLHUWR(QODGHGXFFLyQ GHODHFXDFLyQ VH FRQVLGHUDTXHODGHQVLGDG GHOPDWHULDOHVOD
PLVPD HQ WRGRV ORV SXQWRV GH OD ORVD OR FXDO WDPSRFR HV FLHUWR (Q ILQ H[LVWHQ XQD VHULH GH
DSUR[LPDFLRQHVTXHSRUIDFLOLGDGVHKDQDGRSWDGRSDUDVLPSOLILFDUORVFiOFXORV
(VWDVDSUR[LPDFLRQHVHQODGHGXFFLyQ GHODVHFXDFLRQHVGHFiOFXORVRQFXELHUWDVFRQ
ORTXH VHGHQRPLQDWRUVLyQDFFLGHQWDO 'HODQiOLVLVGHVFULWRHQHOSiUUDIR DQWHULRUVHGHWHUPLQDQ
XQDVIXHU]DV ODWHUDOHVHQFDGDSyUWLFRDODVTXHVHYDQDGHQRPLQDUSRUGLGiFWLFD FDIN $KRUD
FRQ HO DQiOLVLV GH OD WRUVLyQ DFFLGHQWDO VH YDQ D GHWHUPLQDU RWUDV IXHU]DV ODWHUDOHV HQ FDGD
SyUWLFRDODV FXDOHV VHODVOODPDUi FTOR /DVXPDGHHVWDVGRVIXHU]DVGDQODVWRWDOHVTXH VH
GHQRPLQDQ FTOTAL
(V LPSRUWDQWH GHVWDFDU TXH ODV IXHU]DV GHELGDV D WRUVLyQ DFFLGHQWDO VLHPSUH GHEHQ
LQFUHPHQWDU D ODV IXHU]DV REWHQLGDV GHO DQiOLVLV GLQiPLFR FDIN 3RU QLQJ~Q PRWLYR OXHJR GH
DSOLFDUODWRUVLyQDFFLGHQWDOHVWDVIXHU]DVYDQDGLVPLQXLU(OSURSyVLWRGHODWRUVLyQDFFLGHQWDO
HVFXEULUODVDSUR[LPDFLRQHVUHDOL]DGDV
+D\ YDULDV IRUPDV GH FRQVLGHUDU OD WRUVLyQ DFFLGHQWDO XQD GH HOODV TXH HV OD PiV
FRQFHSWXDO HV PRYHU OD XELFDFLyQ GHO &HQWUR GH 0DVDV &0 XQD GLVWDQFLD LJXDO D OD TXH
UHFRPLHQGDQ ODV GLIHUHQWHV QRUPDWLYDV VtVPLFDV 3RU HMHPSOR HO &(& FRQWHPSOD TXH HO
&0 VH PXHYD XQ GH OD GLVWDQFLD GH OD GLUHFFLyQ SHUSHQGLFXODU DO VHQWLGR GH DQiOLVLV
VtVPLFR1yWHVHTXHVHJHQHUDQ YDULRVFDVRV GH OD QXHYD SRVLFLyQ GHO &0(QFDGDFDVR VH
GHEHQ DSOLFDU ODV IXHU]DV ODWHUDOHV HQFRQWUDGDV GHO DQiOLVLV GLQiPLFR \ UHVROYHU FRPR XQ
SUREOHPDHVWiWLFR
$O PRYHU HO &0 ODV PDWULFHV GH FRPSDWLELOLGDG GH FDGD XQR GH ORV SyUWLFRV FDPELD
SRUFRQVLJXLHQWHYDUtDWDPELpQODPDWUL]GH ULJLGH]HQFRRUGHQDGDVGHSLVRHWF 3UiFWLFDPHQWH
FDPELD WRGRSRU OR TXH HVWD IRUPD GHDQiOLVLV GH OD WRUVLyQ DFFLGHQWDO QR HV SUiFWLFD PiV HV
FRQFHSWXDO
6L VH WUDEDMD FRQ ORV FRUWDQWHV GH SLVR V j VH GHEH WHQHU FODUR TXH DO UHVROYHU HO
SUREOHPDHVWiWLFRORTXHVHREWLHQHQVRQFRUWDQWHV3RUORWDQWRDSDUWLUGHHVWRVFRUWDQWHV VH
REWHQGUiQ ODV IXHU]DV FTOR (Q FDPELR VL HO PRPHQWR WRUVRU VH REWLHQH FRQ ODV IXHU]DV
ODWHUDOHVTXHDFW~DQHQFDGDSLVRDOUHVROYHUHOSUREOHPDHVWiWLFR ORTXHVHKDOODQVRQIXHU]DV
/DVQRUPDWLYDVVtVPLFDVSUHVHQWDQHOFiOFXORHQIXQFLyQGHORVFRUWDQWHV GH SLVRGHOD
VLJXLHQWHPDQHUD
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
M tj B j V j
Q
M t
M t
6H UHFRPLHQGD YHU OD ILJXUD SDUD HQWHQGHU OD IRUPD GHO YHFWRU GH FDUJDV 4
DQRWDGRHOSURFHGLPLHQWR GHFiOFXORGH FTOR HVHOVLJXLHQWH
L 'HWHUPLQDUORVPRPHQWRV GHWRUVLyQDFFLGHQWDOHQFDGDSLVR(FXDFLyQ
LL &DOFXODUHOYHFWRUGHFDUJDV4
Q KE q
$ ODV IXHU]DV P HQ YDORU DEVROXWR VH KD GHQRPLQDGR FTOR 6H FRQVLGHUD HQ YDORU
DEVROXWRSDUDWHQHUHQFXHQWDODGLIHUHQWHXELFDFLyQGHO &0
6LPXOWDQHLGDGGH$FFLRQHV6tVPLFDV
3DUD HO GLVHxR GH ODV YLJDV HQ VHQWLGR ; VXILFLHQWH HV FRQVLGHUDU ORV UHVXOWDGRV GHO
DQiOLVLV VtVPLFRHQVHQWLGR;PiVODVFDUJDV YHUWLFDOHV/RSURSLRSDUDHOGLVHxRGHODVYLJDV
HQ VHQWLGR < TXHVHGHEHWUDEDMDUFRQ ORVUHVXOWDGRVGHODQiOLVLV VtVPLFRHQVHQWLGR<PiVODV
FDUJDVYHUWLFDOHVGHORVHVWDGRVGHFDUJDSHUPDQHQWHPXHUWD\WUDQVLWRULDYLYD
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
3HURSDUDHOGLVHxRGHODVFROXPQDVHVLPSRUWDQWHFRQVLGHUDUODSRVLELOLGDGGHTXHHO
VLVPR OOHJXH DO HGLILFLR HQ FXDOTXLHU GLUHFFLyQ JHQHUDQGR FDUJDV IXHU]DV \ PRPHQWRV HQ ORV
HOHPHQWRVPD\RUHVDORVTXHVHREWLHQHQFXDQGRHOVLVPRDFW~DHQXQDGLUHFFLyQ
(O WHQHU HQ FXHQWD TXH HO VLVPR DFW~D HQ FXDOTXLHU GLUHFFLyQ VREUH XQ HGLILFLR VH
FRQRFH FRQ HO QRPEUH GH VLPXOWDQHLGDG GHDFFLRQHV VtVPLFDV \D TXH SDUD VX IRUPXODFLyQ VH
FRQVLGHUD XQD FRPELQDFLyQ OLQHDO GH ORV UHVXOWDGRV REWHQLGRV HQ VHQWLGR ; \ HQ VHQWLGR <
FRPR VH OR YHUi D FRQWLQXDFLyQ 6H GHVWDFD TXH HVWH WHPD WRGDYtD VH OR HVWi LQYHVWLJDQGR
/ySH]HWDOSRUTXHHVEDVWDQWH FRPSOHMR VLQ HPEDUJR GH HOORV VHDFRVWXPEUDWUDWDUOD
VLPXOWDQHLGDGGHDFFLRQHVVtVPLFDVGHODVLJXLHQWHPDQHUD
x 3yUWLFRVHQVHQWLGR;
x 3yUWLFRVHQVHQWLGR<
&RQ ODV HFXDFLRQHV \ VH DVSLUD FXEULU ODV FDUJDV TXH JUDYLWDQ HQ ORV
HOHPHQWRV GHELGR DTXH XQVLVPRDFWXpHQODEDVH GHXQD HVWUXFWXUD FRQFXDOTXLHUiQJXOR GH
LQFLGHQFLD \ QR VRODPHQWH D FHUR JUDGRV FXDQGR DFW~D VROR VLVPR HQ VHQWLGR ; R D QRYHQWD
JUDGRV FXDQGRDFW~DVROR VLVPRHQVHQWLGR<
&21&/86,21(6
6HKDSUHVHQWDGRHOPDUFRWHyULFRGHO0pWRGRGH6XSHUSRVLFLyQ 0RGDOSDUDHODQiOLVLV
VtVPLFRSODQRFRQXQJUDGRGHOLEHUWDG SRUSLVR\HVSDFLDOFRQVLGHUDQGRWUHVJUDGRVGHOLEHUWDG
SRU SODQWD (VWH PpWRGR HV PX\ XWLOL]DGR HQ HO DQiOLVLV VtVPLFR GH HVWUXFWXUDV \ VH KD
GHVDUUROODGR XQ HMHUFLFLR SDVR D SDVR SDUD HO FDVR SODQR GH WDO PDQHUD TXH HO OHFWRU SXHGD
VHJXLUHOFiOFXOR3RURWUDSDUWH VHKDGHWHUPLQDGRODVIXHU]DVODWHUDOHVGHWUHVPDQHUDVSRUHO
0pWRGRGH6XSHUSRVLFLyQ0RGDOSRUHO0pWRGR(VWiWLFRHQIXQFLyQGHOPRGRIXQGDPHQWDO\SRU
HO 0pWRGR (VWiWLFR HQ IXQFLyQ GHO PRGR IXQGDPHQWDO HTXLYDOHQWH 3RVWHULRUPHQWH VH KD
HQFRQWUDGR HO GHVHPSHxR GH OD HVWUXFWXUD \ VH KD FDOFXODGR HO YDORU GH R w GHO HVWXGLR
UHDOL]DGRVHGHVSUHQGHQODVVLJXLHQWHV FRQFOXVLRQHV
x /DV IXHU]DV ODWHUDOHV HQ FDGD SLVR TXH VH REWLHQHQ DO DSOLFDU HO 0pWRGR GH
6XSHUSRVLFLyQ0RGDOHO0pWRGR(VWiWLFRHQIXQFLyQ GHOPRGRIXQGDPHQWDO\HO0pWRGR
(VWiWLFRHQIXQFLyQGHOPRGRIXQGDPHQWDOHTXLYDOHQWHVRQGLIHUHQWHVODVTXHPiVVH
DSUR[LPDQVRQODVHQFRQWUDGDVFRQHOSULPHU \WHUFHUPpWRGRSHURVHLQVLVWH TXHVRQ
GLIHUHQWHV
x ([LVWHQ YDULRV FRQWUROHV TXH GHEHQ UHDOL]DUVH DO XWLOL]DU HO 0pWRGR GH 6XSHUSRVLFLyQ
0RGDO TXH FRQYLHQH TXH HO XVXDULR ORV FRQR]FD FXDQGR HVWH HMHFXWDQGR SURJUDPDV
FRPHUFLDOHV6LHVWRVSURJUDPDVQRUHSRUWDQSRUHMHPSORHOFRQWUROGHOHIHFWR P '
HOXVXDULRSXHGH FDOFXODUOHDPDQR HQ EDVHDORV RWURV UHSRUWHVSHURHVQHFHVDULRTXH
ORVFRQR]FDSDUDVDEHUPiVVREUH VXHVWUXFWXUD
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
x (V LPSRUWDQWH HO FiOFXOR GHO IDFWRU GH UHGXFFLyQ GH ODV IXHU]DV VtVPLFDV R w XQD YH]
TXH VHKDWHUPLQDGRHOGLVHxRFRQHOREMHWRGHYHUVLHOYDORUFRQ HOFXDOVHGHWHUPLQy
HO HVSHFWUR LQHOiVWLFR HV HO FRUUHFWR \ VREUH WRGR SDUD FRQRFHU PiV VREUH HO
GHVHPSHxRGHODHVWUXFWXUDVDEHU VLODPLVPDYDDUHVSRQGHUGH DFXHUGRDODILORVRItD
GHGLVHxR
5()(5(1&,$6
$JXLDU 5 $QiOLVLV 0DWULFLDO GH (VWUXFWXUDV Escuela Politcnica del Ejrcito.
Segunda EdicinS4XLWR(FXDGRU
$JXLDU 5 $QiOLVLV 'LQiPLFR (VSDFLDO Escuela Politcnica del Ejrcito S
4XLWR(FXDGRU
*yPH] - 3UHVHQWDFLyQ GH XQ QXHYR PRGHOR PDWHPiWLFR SDUD FiOFXOR GH OD
UHVSXHVWD PRGDO WRWDO GH HVWUXFWXUDV GH HGLILFLRV XIII Congreso Nacional de Ingeniera
Estructural, S3XHEOD0p[LFR
7KRP & : %XFNOH ,* DQG )HQZLFN 5 & 7KH (IIHFW RI ,QHODVWLF 6KHDU RI WKH
6HLVPLF5HVSRQVHRI6WUXFWXUHV Dept. of Civil Engineering University of Auckland,5HSRUW
1RS1HZ=HDODQG
9DOOHV 5 5HLQKRUQ $ .XQQDWK 6 /L & \ 0DGDP $ ,'$5&' 9HUVLyQ $
FRPSXWHUSURJUDPIRUWKHLQHODVWLF DQiOLVLVRIEXLOGLQJV Technical Report NCEER-96-0010,
National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, %XIIDOR1HZ<RUN
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
CAPTULO 13
3e5','$6(&210,&$6
5(680(1
6H SUHVHQWDQ GRV PRGHORV SDUD HO FiOFXOR GH ODV SpUGLGDV SRU UHSDUDFLyQ GH ODV
HVWUXFWXUDVTXH VHYHQDIHFWDGDV SRUODDFFLyQ VtVPLFD(OSULPHU PRGHORHVHO SUHVHQWDGR SRU
+$=86HQHOFXDOFXDQWLILFDODVSpUGLGDVFODVLILFiQGRODVHQGDxRHVWUXFWXUDOQRHVWUXFWXUDO
SRU GLVWRUVLyQ GH SLVR \ QR HVWUXFWXUDO HQ HOHPHQWRV VXVFHSWLEOHV D OD DFHOHUDFLyQ (Q HO
VHJXQGRPRGHORVHSURSRQHHOFiOFXOR GHODVSpUGLGDVGHUHSRVLFLyQHQIRUPDWRWDOHQIXQFLyQ
GHODGLVWRUVLyQJOREDOGHSLVR
,1752'8&&,1
&RQ HO JUDQ GHVDUUROOR LQIRUPiWLFR TXH VH WLHQH DFWXDOPHQWH HV LPSRUWDQWH TXH SDUD
FXDOTXLHUGLVHxRDUTXLWHFWyQLFRHVWUXFWXUDO VHUHDOLFHQYDULDVDOWHUQDWLYDVHQHOTXHVHYHULILTXH
HO GHVHPSHxR HQ WpUPLQRV HVWUXFWXUDOHV \ HFRQyPLFRV (V LPSRUWDQWH TXH DO SURSLHWDULR GHO
HGLILFLR R GH OD YLYLHQGD HQ IRUPD FODUD VH OH LQGLTXH SRU HMHPSOR VL XVWHG TXLHUH TXH HQ OD
HVWUXFWXUDQRVHYHDQODV YLJDVDQWHXQVLVPRIUHFXHQWHTXHGH VHJXURVHUHJLVWUDUiGXUDQWHOD
YLGD~WLOYDDH[LVWLUGDxR\HOFRVWRGHUHSDUDFLyQ VHUiGHWDOYDORUHQFDPELR VLODHVWUXFWXUD
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
WLHQH YLJDV SHULPHWUDOHV GHVFROJDGDV TXH VH SLHUGHQ FRQ ODV SDUHGHV R QR VH QRWDQ FRQ ODV
YHQWDQDVHOGHVHPSHxRVHUiGHWDOIRUPD
(Q GHILQLWLYD HV LPSRUWDQWH TXH DO SURSLHWDULR VH OH LQGLTXH ORV VLVPRV GH DQiOLVLV
FRQVLGHUDGRV\HOGHVHPSHxRTXH VHHVSHUDGHODPLVPD SDUDYDULDVDOWHUQDWLYDVHVWUXFWXUDOHV
(VGHLQWHUpVGHOSURSLHWDULRFRQRFHUHQIRUPDJHQHUDOHOGHVHPSHxRHVWUXFWXUDO\HOFRVWRGH
UHSDUDFLyQ GH OD PLVPD (VWH FRQRFLPLHQWR SUREDEOHPHQWH OH REOLJXH D PRGLILFDU HO SUR\HFWR
DUTXLWHFWyQLFR\DGHFLGLUVHSRUXQDVROXFLyQPiVVHJXUDGHVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDHVWUXFWXUDO
/D $JHQFLD )HGHUDO SDUD HO 0DQHMR GH (PHUJHQFLDV GH ORV (VWDGRV 8QLGRV GH 1RUWH
$PpULFD )(0$ SRU VXV VLJODV HQ LQJOpV SXEOLFy HO SURJUDPD +$=86 TXH SURYLHQH GH
+D]DUGV 86 FRQ HO FXDO HQWUH RWUDV FRVDV VH SXHGH HYDOXDU HQ IRUPD DSUR[LPDGD HO
GHVHPSHxRVtVPLFRGHWLSRORJtDVHVWUXFWXUDOHV(Q$JXLDUVHSUHVHQWDFRQEDVWDQWH
GHWDOOH HO FiOFXOR GH ORV HVSHFWURV GH FDSDFLGDG \ ODV FXUYDV GH IUDJLOLGDG SURSXHVWDV SRU
+$=86TXHVLUYHQSDUDGLFKDHYDOXDFLyQ\TXHDFRQWLQXDFLyQVHH[SOLFDHQIRUPDUiSLGD
(Q OD ILJXUD VH UHVXPH OD PDQHUD GH FiOFXOR GH ORV QLYHOHV GH GDxR GH XQD
HVWUXFWXUDDQWHXQDDFFLyQVtVPLFDGDGD(QODSDUWHVXSHULRU VH DSUHFLD FRPRVHGHWHUPLQDHO
SXQWR GH GHPDQGD XWLOL]DQGR HO 0pWRGR GHO (VSHFWUR GH &DSDFLGDG TXH VH KD HVWXGLDGR FRQ
EDVWDQWHGHWHQLPLHQWR HQHOFDStWXORHOSXQWRGH GHPDQGDHVWiGHILQLGRSRUODV FRRUGHQDGDV
Sdm \ Sam
+$=86 KD FRQVLGHUDGR FXDWUR QLYHOHV GH GDxR GHQRPLQDGDV /LJHUR 0RGHUDGR
([WHQVLYR\&RPSOHWR(OVLJQLILFDGRGHFDGDXQRGHHVWRVQLYHOHVGHGDxRHVWiPX\GHWDOODGR
HQODSXEOLFDFLyQGH+$=86\FRQEDVWDQWH GHWHQLPLHQWRHQ$JXLDU (VOyJLFRSHQVDU
TXHODVXPDGHORVSRUFHQWDMHVGHGDxR/LJHUR /PiV0RGHUDGR0PiV([WHQVLYR(PiV
&RPSOHWR&\PiV6LQ'DxR6'GDHO
L M E C SD
/RV YDORUHV LQGLFDGRV HQ OD WDEOD VRQ DSOLFDGRV GH DFXHUGR D +$=86 SDUD
HOHPHQWRV HVWUXFWXUDOHV QR HVWUXFWXUDOHV VHQVLWLYRV D GULIW \ QR HVWUXFWXUDOHV VHQVLWLYRV D
DFHOHUDFLyQ
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
7DEOD &RVWRVGHUHSDUDFLyQGHDFXHUGRDORVQLYHOHVGHGDxR
1LYHOGH'DxR &RVWRGH5HSDUDFLyQ
/LJHUR &75
0RGHUDGR &75
([WHQVLYR &75
&RPSOHWR &75
(O FRVWR WRWDO GH UHSDUDFLyQCT HV LJXDO DO FRVWR GH UHSDUDFLyQ GH ORV HOHPHQWRV
HVWUXFWXUDOHV C E PiVHOFRVWRGHUHSDUDFLyQGHORVHOHPHQWRVQRHVWUXFWXUDOHV VHQVLWLYRVSRU
GULIWC DRIFT PiV HO FRVWR GH UHSDUDFLyQ GH ORV HOHPHQWRV QR HVWUXFWXUDOHV VHQVLWLYRV SRU
DFHOHUDFLyQ C ACEL 6HFRQVLGHUDTXHODFLPHQWDFLyQQRVHYDDYHUDIHFWDGDSRU HO VLVPR6H
GHVWDFD TXH VHYDDFDOFXODUHOFRVWRGHUHSDUDFLyQ \PiVQRHOFRVWRGHUHIRU]DPLHQWRTXHHV
LJXDO DO GH UHSDUDFLyQ PiV HO FRVWR GH FRQIHULUOH XQD UHVLVWHQFLD \ GXFWLOLGDG DGLFLRQDO D OD
HVWUXFWXUDHQHVWHFDVRHVSRVLEOHTXHVHUHIXHUFHODFLPHQWDFLyQ
(-(03/2'($3/,&$&,11
/D HVWUXFWXUD GH VHLV SLVRV TXH VH KD YHQLGR DQDOL]DQGR HQ ORV ~OWLPRV FDStWXORV KD
VLGR GLVHxDGD GH DFXHUGR DO &yGLJR (FXDWRULDQR GH OD &RQVWUXFFLyQ &(& SDUD ORV
VLJXLHQWHVYDORUHVGH R w \'HWDOIRUPDTXH VHWLHQHQWUHV HVWUXFWXUDVODSULPHUD GH
HOODVHVEDVWDQWHUtJLGD R w \OD~OWLPDHVXQDHVWUXFWXUD PX\G~FWLO R w (QODILJXUD
QXHYDPHQWHVHSUHVHQWDODGLVWULEXFLyQHQSODQWDGHHVWDHVWUXFWXUD
6H GHVHD YHU VX FRPSRUWDPLHQWR HVWUXFWXUDO DQWH ORV FXDWUR VLVPRV LQGLFDGRV HQ OD
ILJXUD HVSHFLILFDGRV SRU VXV UHVSHFWLYRV HVSHFWURV GH GHPDQGD SDUD ORV VLVPRV
IUHFXHQWH RFDVLRQDO UDUR \ PX\ UDUR $GLFLRQDOPHQWH VH GHVHD FRQRFHU HQ WpUPLQRV
HFRQyPLFRV HO FRVWR GH UHSDUDFLyQ GH ODV HGLILFDFLRQHV DQWH FDGD XQR GH ORV FXDWUR HYHQWRV
VtVPLFRV
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
)LJXUD 'LVWULEXFLyQHQSODQWDGHHGLILFDFLyQGHVHLVSLVRVTXHVHUiDQDOL]DGD
7DEOD 'LVSRVLFLyQGH$FHURGH5HIXHU]RHQ9LJDV
$ODSOLFDUHO0pWRGR GHO(VSHFWURGH&DSDFLGDGVHHQFXHQWUDHOGHVSOD]DPLHQWRODWHUDO
\ODGHPDQGDGHGXFWLOLGDGGHFDGDHVWUXFWXUDDQWHORVFXDWURHYHQWRVVtVPLFRV LQGLFDGRVHQOD
ILJXUD/RVUHVXOWDGRVREWHQLGRVVHSUHVHQWDQHQODVWDEODV\
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
)LJXUD (VSHFWURVGHGHPDQGDSDUDORVVLVPRVIUHFXHQWHRFDVLRQDOUDUR\PX\UDUR
FRQVLGHUDGRVHQHOHVWXGLR
(QODILJXUDVHLQGLFDHOGHVHPSHxRHVSHUDGRSDUDODHVWUXFWXUDGLVHxDGD SDUDXQ
YDORU Rw D OD L]TXLHUGD VH DSUHFLD HO GHVHPSHxR HQ VHQWLGR ; \ D OD GHUHFKD HO
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
GHVHPSHxR HQ VHQWLGR < /R SURSLR VH SUHVHQWD HQ OD ILJXUD SHUR SDUD OD HVWUXFWXUD
GLVHxDGDSDUD Rw 6HDSUHFLDDGHPiVTXHODHVWUXFWXUDGLVHxDGDSDUD Rw WLHQHXQ
PHMRUFRPSRUWDPLHQWR HVWUXFWXUDO
&RQORVSXQWRVGHGHPDQGDREWHQLGRVSDUDFDGDXQRGHORV VLVPRVVHHQFXHQWUDORV
SRUFHQWDMHV GH GDxR HQ OD HVWUXFWXUD XWLOL]DQGR ODV FXUYDV GH IUDJLOLGDG GH +$=86 (VWRV
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
)LJXUD 3ODQWDDUTXLWHFWyQLFDWLSRGHHGLILFDFLyQGHVHLVSLVRV
7DEOD &RVWRWRWDOGLUHFWRGHFRQVWUXFFLyQ
(VWUXFWXUDGLVHxDGDSDUD 9DORU7RWDOHQ86'
R
w
Rw
Rw
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
(QODWDEODVHLQGLFDHOFRVWRWRWDOGHFRQVWUXFFLyQGHODV HGLILFDFLRQHV3DUDHO
HVWXGLRVHFRQVLGHUDTXH HO&RVWR7RWDOGH5HSDUDFLyQHVPiVDOWRTXHHO&RVWR7RWDOGH
&RQVWUXFFLyQ
(QODWDEODVHLQGLFDQORVFRVWRVGHUHSDUDFLyQGHODHVWUXFWXUDGLVHxDGDSDUDXQ
YDORU Rw HQ HO FDVR GH TXH VH UHJLVWUH XQ VLVPR IUHFXHQWH R XQ VLVPR RFDVLRQDO R XQ
VLVPR UDUR R XQ VLVPR PX\ UDUR (Q OD WDEOD VH WLHQH OR SURSLR SHUR SDUD OD HVWUXFWXUD
GLVHxDGDSDUD Rw \HQODWDEOD SDUD Rw 7RGRHVWR DSOLFDQGRODV HFXDFLRQHV
\
6H KD FXDQWLILFDGR ~QLFDPHQWH HO FRVWR GH UHSDUDFLyQ SHUR H[LVWHQ RWURV FRVWRV TXH
VRQGLItFLOHV FXDQWLILFDUFRPRSRUHMHPSORHOGHMDUGHODERUDU VLODHGLILFDFLyQ HVWDEDGHVWLQDGD
SDUD RILFLQDV R HO FRVWR TXH LPSOLFD PXGDUVH GH OD YLYLHQGD KDVWD TXH VHD UHSDUDGD FRQ ODV
FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVPROHVWLDVGHOFDVR0LHQWUDVPD\RUHVHOGDxRPD\RUHV VHUiQ ORV FRVWRV TXH
QR VH KDQ FXDQWLILFDGR SRUTXH GHPDQGDQ PiV WLHPSR GH UHSDUDFLyQ PD\RUHV VHUiQ ODV
PROHVWLDV HQ ORV XVXDULRV \ SRUTXH QR GHFLUOR PLHQWUDV PD\RU HV HO GDxR PD\RU HV OD
SUREDELOLGDG GHYtFWLPDVIDWDOHV
1',&('('(6(03(f2
(QODOLWHUDWXUDVtVPLFDH[LVWHXQDJUDQ FDQWLGDGGHPRGHORVGHtQGLFHVGHGDxRDQLYHO
ORFDO GH HOHPHQWRV D QLYHO GH SLVR R D QLYHO JOREDO GH OD HVWUXFWXUD 8QD UHFRSLODFLyQ GH ORV
PRGHORV GH GDxR VH HQFXHQWUD HQ $JXLDU \ %DUEDW 3HUR DKRUD OR TXH VH SUHWHQGH
GHILQLU HV XQ QGLFH GH 'HVHPSHxR GH OD HVWUXFWXUD DQWH XQ GHWHUPLQDGR HYHQWR VtVPLFR \
FRQVLGHUDQGRXQQLYHOGHGHVHPSHxRTXHVHHVSHUDGHODHGLILFDFLyQGHDFXHUGRDOXVRGHOD
$1/,6,6660,&2325'(6(03(f2
GRQGH DRIFTelastico HV OD GLVWRUVLyQ JOREDO HOiVWLFD GH OD HVWUXFWXUD DRIFTtotal HV OD
GHPDQGD GH GLVWRUVLyQ GH OD HVWUXFWXUD DRIFTPD[ HV OD GLVWRUVLyQ JOREDO TXH VH FRQVLGHUD
DFHSWDEOH SDUD XQ GHWHUPLQDGR QLYHO GH GHVHPSHxR 6H GHILQH OD GLVWRUVLyQ JOREDO FRPR OD
UHODFLyQ HQWUHHOGHVSOD]DPLHQWRODWHUDOPi[LPRSDUDODDOWXUDWRWDOGHOHGLILFLR1yWHVHTXHOD
GHILQLFLyQHVGLIHUHQWHDODGLVWRUVLyQGHSLVR
6H FRQVLGHUDQ ODV GLVWRUVLRQHV Pi[LPDV SHUPLVLEOHV ODV UHFRPHQGDGDV SRU 9,6,21
TXH VRQSDUD GDxROLJHURSDUD GDxRPRGHUDGRSDUDGDxRH[WHQVLYR\
SDUDGDxR FRPSOHWR(VWRVQLYHOHVGHGDxRVHLQGLFDQHQODSDUWHVXSHULRUGHODILJXUD
18(9202'(/2'(3e5','$6
(OPRGHORGHSpUGLGDVFRQHOFXDOVHREWLHQHHOFRVWRGHUHSDUDFLyQGHXQDHGLILFDFLyQ
DQWHXQVLVPRGHWHUPLQDGRVHGHWHUPLQDHQIRUPDJOREDOVLQGLIHUHQFLDUORTXHFRUUHVSRQGHD
GDxR HVWUXFWXUDO \ GDxR HQ HOHPHQWRV QR HVWUXFWXUDOHV (Q OD ILJXUD VH SUHVHQWD HO
HVTXHPDJHQHUDOGHFiOFXORGHODUHSDUDFLyQGHXQDHGLILFDFLyQHQIXQFLyQGHO DRIFTtotal
(Q OD SDUWH VXSHULRU GH ODV OtQHDV GH OD ILJXUD VH LQGLFDQ ODV GLVWRUVLRQHV
UHFRPHQGDGDVSRU9,6,21\SXHGHQUHVXPLUVHHQTXHSDUDXQDGLVWRUVLyQPHQRUD
QRKD\GDxR HQODHVWUXFWXUDHQFRQVHFXHQFLDHOFRVWRGHUHSDUDFLyQHVQXOR(OFDVR FRQWUDULR
VHWLHQHFXDQGRODGLVWRUVLyQHVPD\RU DHOFRVWRGHUHSDUDFLyQ HVLJXDO DO\DTXH
OD HGLILFDFLyQ VL QR KD FRODSVDGR WLHQH WDO JUDGR GH GDxR TXH VH GHEH GHUURFDU \ UHFRQVWUXLU
QXHYDPHQWH
)LJXUD (VTXHPDGHFiOFXORGHODVSpUGLGDVHFRQyPLFDVSRUUHSDUDFLyQGHOHGLILFLR
(Q OD SDUWH LQIHULRU GH OD VHJXQGD OtQHD GH OD ILJXUD VH LQGLFD HO FRVWR SRU PHWUR
FXDGUDGRGH UHSDUDFLyQSDUDORVQLYHOHVGHGDxRDVtSRUHMHPSOR SDUD HO dao leveHOFRVWRGH
UHSDUDFLyQHVHOGHO&75HWFTXH\DVHLQGLFyDQWHULRUPHQWH
5REHUWR$JXLDU)DOFRQt
&(,1&,(63(
(O PRGHOR GH HYDOXDFLyQ GH SpUGLGDV TXH VH SURSRQH FRQVLGHUD TXH HO GDxR HV
FRPSOHWR KDVWD XQ GHWHUPLQDGR QLYHO GH GDxR 3RU HMHPSOR VL HO DRIFTtotal VH HQFXHQWUD
FRPSUHQGLGRHQWUH \HOFRVWR GHUHSDUDFLyQVHUiLJXDODODVXPD GHUHSDUDU WRGD OD
HGLILFDFLyQ FRQ GDxR OHYH PiV HO FRVWR GH UHSDUDFLyQ GH WRGD OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ SRU GDxR
PRGHUDGR PiV HO SRUFHQWDMH GHO iUHD TXH WLHQH GDxR H[WHQVR SRUFHQWDMH TXH VH FDOFXOD
FRQVLGHUDQGRXQDYDULDFLyQOLQHDOHQWUH\
(-(03/2'($3/,&$&,11
6HGHVHDYHUHOGHVHPSHxRVtVPLFRHQWpUPLQRV HVWUXFWXUDOHV\HFRQyPLFRVGHWUHVYLYLHQGDV
GH GRV SLVRV FX\D SODQWDVH PXHVWUD HQ OD ILJXUD HQWUH ORVHMHV &' \ VH WLHQH XQD
WDSD JUDGD SRU OD FXDO VH OOHJD D OD WHUUD]D 7RGDV ODV FROXPQDV VRQ GH OD GLPHQVLyQ
PD\RU VHWLHQHHQODGLUHFFLyQSDUDOHOD DOHMH<ODORVDWLHQHXQSHUDOWH GH FPGHHVSHVRU
SDUDWRGDVODVYLYLHQGDV3DUDODVYLJDVVHYDQDFRQVLGHUDUFDVRVTXHVRQORVVLJXLHQWHV
x &DVR /DVYLJDVVHHQFXHQWUDQSpUGLGDVHQODORVD\VRQGHHVGHFLUVHWUDWD
GHXQDYLYLHQGDFRQYLJDVEDQGD
x &DVR /DV YLJDV GH ORV SyUWLFRV SHULPHWUDOHV VRQ GHVFROJDGDV GH ODV PLVPDV
GLPHQVLRQHV SHUR DKRUDODEDVHHV FP\ODDOWXUDFPODVYLJDVGHORV SyUWLFRV
LQWHULRUHVVRQEDQGDGH
(QODGLVWULEXFLyQHQSODQWDVHLQGLFDDGHPiVODXELFDFLyQGHO &HQWURGH0DVDVGHOD
HGLILFDFLyQFRQODRULHQWDFLyQGHORVHMHV;;<<(OVHQWLGR;HVHQODGLUHFFLyQPiVFRUWD
/ODPDODDWHQFLyQTXHORVHVWULERVGHYLJDV\FROXPQDV VHFRORTXHQDFPHQORV
H[WUHPRVGHOHOHPHQWRHQOXJDUGHFP(OGLiPHWURXWLOL]DGRHVGHPPHVPX\QRUPDOHO
HPSOHR GHHVWHGLiPHWUR HQODVYLYLHQGDV(OKRUPLJyQGHDFXHUGR DORVSODQRVHVWUXFWXUDOHV
WLHQHXQDUHVLVWHQFLDDOD FRPSUHVLyQGHNJFP\HODFHUR XQOtPLWHGHIOXHQFLDGH
NJFP
1 2 3
4.41 4.41
E
4.75
D
4.35
4.41 4.41
1 2 3
Y-Y
C
X-X
PRTICO EJE C = EJE D X - X
4.75
3
B
4.75
(Q OD ILJXUD VH LQGLFD FRQ HO Q~PHUR HO HVSHFWUR GH FDSDFLGDG VtVPLFD
UHVLVWHQWH GH OD FDVD GH GRV SLVRV FRQ YLJDV EDQGD &DVR 1 HQ VHQWLGR ; \ ORV FXDWUR
VLVPRVGHDQiOLVLV6HDSUHFLD TXHHOHVSHFWURGHFDSDFLGDG HVWi PX\GLVWDQWH GHORVHVSHFWURV
GHGHPDQGDORFXDOGHPXHVWUDDVLPSOHYLVWDVLQUHDOL]DUQLQJ~Q FiOFXORTXHODHGLILFDFLyQQR
YDDWHQHUXQEXHQGHVHPSHxR VtVPLFR
(YLGHQWHPHQWH OD FRQGLFLyQ PiV ySWLPD HV WHQHU YLJDV GHVFROJDGDV FRPR VH DSUHFLD
HQ OD FXUYDVXSHULRU GH OD ILJXUD 6H GHVWDFD TXH HO GHVHPSHxR SUHVHQWDGR HV SDUD HO
DQiOLVLVVtVPLFRHQ6HQWLGR;(QHOVHQWLGR<HQTXHVHWLHQHQPiVYDQRVHOGHVHPSHxRHV
PHMRU
(Q OD WDEOD VH UHVXPH ORV DVSHFWRV PiV LPSRUWDQWHV GHO DQiOLVLV VtVPLFR HQ
VHQWLGR ; (Q OD SDUWH VXSHULRU VH LQGLFDQ ORV GHVSOD]DPLHQWRV HQ HO SXQWR GH IOXHQFLD GH OD
HVWUXFWXUD SUiFWLFDPHQWH VRQ LJXDOHV SDUD ORV WUHV FDVRV (Q OD SDUWH LQIHULRU VH LQGLFDQ ORV
GHVSOD]DPLHQWRVODWHUDOHVPi[LPRV Dt ODGHPDQGDGHGXFWLOLGDG P \HOQGLFHGHGHVHPSHxR
I DE DQWHFDGDXQRGHORVVLVPRVDQDOL]DGRV/DVPD\RUHVGHPDQGDVGHGXFWLOLGDGVHWLHQHQ
SDUD HO &DVR 1 HQ FRQVHFXHQFLD KD\ PiV GDxR 6H DSUHFLD DGHPiV TXH HO QGLFH GH
'HVHPSHxRGLVPLQX\H FRQIRUPHVHDXPHQWDODUHVLVWHQFLD
/D HVWUXFWXUD TXH VH HVWi DQDOL]DQGR WLHQH XQ iUHD WRWDO GH FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH P
3RURWUDSDUWHHO&75 VH FRQVLGHUDLJXDOD86'SRUPHWUR FXDGUDGR\ODDOWXUDWRWDOFRQOD
FXDO VH GHWHUPLQD OD GLVWRUVLyQ JOREDO HV GH P &RQ ORV GDWRV REWHQLGRV HO FRVWR GH
UHSDUDFLyQSDUDORVGLIHUHQWHVHYHQWRVVtVPLFRVFRQVLGHUDGRVSDUDHO&DVR1VHLQGLFDD
FRQWLQXDFLyQ
x 6,602)5(&8(17(
DRIFTtotal
CT
USD
x 6,6022&$6,21$/
DRIFTtotal
CT
USD
x 6,6025$52
DRIFTtotal
CT
USD
x 6,60208<5$52
(QODWDEODVHUHVXPHQORVFRVWRV GHUHSDUDFLyQSDUDORVWUHVFDVRVFRPRHUDGH
HVSHUDUVH ORV PD\RUHV FRVWRV GH UHSDUDFLyQ VH HQFXHQWUDQ SDUD HO FDVR GH OD HVWUXFWXUD FRQ
YLJDVEDQGD \ORVPHQRUHVFRVWRVSDUDODHVWUXFWXUDFRQYLJDVGHVFROJDGDV(OSRUFHQWDMHTXH
VH LQGLFD HQ OD WDEOD HV FRQ UHVSHFWR DO FRVWR WRWDO GH FRQVWUXFFLyQ TXH HV GH
86' 6H GHVWDFD XQD YH] PiV TXH HO FRVWR GH UHSDUDFLyQ HV PD\RU TXH HO FRVWR GH
FRQVWUXFFLyQ