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200 Revista Controle & Automao/Vol.16 no. 2/Abril, Maio e Junho 2005
1 INTRODUCTION balanced with low THD. Both input currents and output
voltages are simultaneously controlled to be in phase with
The large use of non-linear loads, such as, personal respect the input voltages. Therefore, an effective power
computers, UPS, etc., has increased in the last years, factor correction is carried out.
causing problems to the power supply systems. The
The control algorithm using SRF method and the active
harmonic currents drawn by non-linear loads from utility
power flow through the UPS system are described and
have contributed to reduce the power factor and to increase
analytically studied. Design procedures, digital simulations
the total harmonic distortion (THD) in the utility input
and experimental results for a prototype are presented in
voltages. The problem increases when single-phase non-
order to verify the good performance of the proposed three-
linear loads are connected in three-phase, four-wire
phase line-interactive UPS system.
systems. In this case, as the phase currents are not
sinusoidal, even perfectly balanced single-phase loads can
result in significant neutral currents and their amplitude can 2 DESCRIPTION OF THE LINE-
exceed the amplitude of the line currents (Gruzs, 1990). If INTERACTIVE UPS TOPOLOGY
the non-linear loads are unbalanced, the input currents will
be unbalanced in terms of fundamental and harmonic The topology of the line-interactive UPS system is shown
components, and a very large third component and its in Fig. 1. Two pulsewidth modulation (PWM) converters,
multiples will flow in the neutral wire. The excessive coupled to a common dc-bus, are used to perform the series
neutral currents can cause damage both in the neutral active filter and the parallel active filter functions.
conductor and in the transformer to which it is connected Capacitors and a battery bank are placed in the dc-bus and a
(Quinn et al., 1992). Thereby, active filter topologies have static switch sw is used to provide the disconnection
been used to compensate neutral harmonic currents (Quinn between the UPS system and the power supply when an
et al., 1992; Quinn et al., 1993; Thomas el al., 1996). occasional interruption of the incoming power occurs. The
center-tap of the dc-bus is connected to the utility neutral.
Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems have enabled
the improvement of power source quality, providing clean
and uninterruptible power to critical loads such as industrial
process controls, computers, medical equipment, data
communication systems, and protection against power
supply disturbances or interruptions (Oliveira da Silva et
al., 2001; Kamran et al., 1995; Jeon et al., 1997, Cheung et
al., 1996; Lin et al., 1993). In (Lin et al., 1993) a three-
phase parallel processing UPS has been presented with
harmonic and reactive power compensation, but the output
voltages and the input currents cannot be controlled
simultaneously. Three-phase UPS systems with series-
parallel active power-line conditioning have been proposed
using different control strategies (Oliveira da Silva et al., Figure 1. Line-Interactive UPS system topology
2001; Kamran et al., 1995). In (Kamran et al., 1995) the
three-phase UPS system was employed for three-wire
systems, and in (Oliveira da Silva et al., 2001), albeit it can
be employed for three-wire and four-wire systems, the UPS 3 SYNCHRONOUS REFERENCE FRAME
was used to feed a non-linear load composed by a three- AND STATE FEEDBACK
phase non-controlled rectifier, in which neutral currents do CONTROLLERS
not exist.
This paper presents a three-phase line-interactive UPS 3.1 Current SRF-Based Controller
system with active series-parallel power-line conditioning (Standby Mode)
capabilities using an SRF-based controller, for three-wire An SRF-based controller is used to provide and to control
and four-wire systems in which three single-phase loads are
, i
, and i
) for
fed. In UPS standby operation mode, the series active the compensating reference currents ( ica cb cc
power filter acts as a sinusoidal current source and the the series PWM converter shown in Fig. 1. The block
parallel active power filter acts as a sinusoidal voltage diagram of the control scheme for current compensation is
source (Oliveira da Silva et al., 2001). The output voltages shown in Fig. 2. The three-phase load currents
are controlled to have constant rms values and low THD ( iLa , iLb , iLc ) are measured and transformed into a two-
and the source currents are controlled to be sinusoidal and phase stationary reference frame (dq)s quantities ( id s , iq s )
id sf cos T e
sin T id dc
s sin T (5)
iq f cos T 0
i
ca 1 0 s
2 id f
icb
1 2 3 2 s (6)
3 iq
i cc 1 2 3 2 f
Figure 2. Block diagram of the current
SRF-based controller.
3.2 State Feedback Current Controller
An additional dc-bus controller is responsible for regulating (Standby Mode)
the current I dc and the voltage V dc . Apart from the The single-phase block diagram of the current controller is
conventional active filter applications, in which only the shown in Fig. 3. The load currents ( i L a ,b ,c ) are measured
dc-bus voltage is controlled, the UPS dc-bus controller is and from the current SRF controller the sinusoidal current
able to control the dc-bus current for adequate charging of
the battery bank. The dc-bus controller is also responsible references ( i c
a ,b ,c ) are obtained. From Fig. 3, the closed-
to control the active power flow of the UPS system. Its
e
loop transfer function i c ( s ) / i c
( s ) is found as (7), in which
output ibdc is added to the active current in the d axis id dc
the gain of the PWM block is one.
as given by (3) and, thus, the amplitude of the reference
The dynamic stiffness transfer function of the series
currents can be controlled by id ce .
converter is given by (8), which is defined as the magnitude
i La of the difference between the input and output voltages that
id s 2 1 1 2 1 2
s i Lb (1)
iq 3 0 3 2 3 2
i Lc
id e cos T sin T id s
e sin T (2)
iq cos T iq s
id ce e
id dc ibdc (3)
Figure 3. Single-phase current controller of the
series active filter (series converter).
202 Revista Controle & Automao/Vol.16 no. 2/Abril, Maio e Junho 2005
ic ( s ) K Ps s K Is
2
i c
( s ) L fs s ( K Ps R L fs )s K Is (7)
v f ( s ) vs ( s ) L fs s 2 ( K Ps R L fs )s K Is
(8)
ic ( s ) s
X1 C fp .K Pi Y1 L fp .C fp Z 1 L fp
X2 K pv .K Pi Y2
C fp .( K Pi RLfp ) Z 2 RLfp (11)
3.4 Relation between the series | Z S | and
X3 Y4 K Iv .K Pi Y3 K pv .K Pi 1
the parallel | Z p | Impedances.
The frequency response of equation (9) is shown in Fig. 7 From Fig. 8, it can be noted that the higher impedance of
(a) and (b). At the power system frequency (Z = 377 rad/s), the parallel converter occurs at 3 KHz ( | Z p max | 0,4: ).
the gain of the system transfer function is about 0 dB and At this same frequency, from Fig. 5, the impedance of the
the phase shift is nearly zero degree. The bandwidth of the
series converter is | Z S | 20: . Thus, the relation between
system is about 6000 Hz. Fig. 8 shows the dynamic
stiffness frequency response of the voltage controller. It can | Z S | and | Z p max | is approximately 50. This is enough
be seen a high admittance obtained from (10) in a large for the parallel converter to absorb the harmonic currents of
range of the frequency spectrum, which is enough to absorb the load.
the harmonic currents of the load.
204 Revista Controle & Automao/Vol.16 no. 2/Abril, Maio e Junho 2005
From Fig. 5 it can be seen that the lower series impedance ( cos I1 = 1.0 and cos I1 = 0.7). These curves can be used to
occurs at 1,15 KHz ( | Z s min | 12: ). At this same determine the power rate of the series and the parallel
frequency, from Fig. 8, the impedance of the parallel PWM converters.
converter is | Z p | 0,05: . Thus, the relation between
If the charging of the batteries is taking into account,
| Z s min | and | Z p | is approximately 240. This is enough additional active power Pb , given by (14), should be
for the series converter to isolate the line from the load with included in the analysis.
respect to current harmonics of the load.
Thus, equations (16) and (17) replace equations (12) and
(13), respectively, where the charging factor k b is ever
4 ACTIVE POWER FLOW THROUGH
greater than zero, and P , given by equation (15), is the
THE UPS SYSTEM
sum of active load power PL and active power Pb , used to
The direction of the active power flow through the UPS charge the battery bank.
system is shown in Fig. 9. It can ever change because the
amplitude of the input voltages is variable. 2 2
Vf Vf
PL2 1 cos I1 1
V V (12)
Ss s s
SL PL2 Q L2 H L2 2
1 THDiL
(a)
(b)
Figure 9. Power flow of the UPS system: (a) Vs ! V f ;
(b) V f ! Vs .
In Fig. 10 (a) and (b) the normalized powers handled by the (b)
parallel converter | S p S L | and by the series converter
Figure 10. Normalized powers: (a) Parallel converter
| S s S L | are plotted for two different displacement factors | S p S L |, (b) Series converter | S s S L |.
206 Revista Controle & Automao/Vol.16 no. 2/Abril, Maio e Junho 2005
shows output voltage and input current of the phase a. Both *
The quantities v fa , i sa , iLa and i sa (reference input
input currents and output voltages are in phase with the
input voltages. The measured power factor (cos M) is equal current) are shown in Fig. 19 (a), for standby to backup
to 0,982. transition mode that occurs at 0.02s. When the input power
is out the input switch sw is opened and the input current
The neutral conductor load current and the neutral i sa drops to zero, but the output voltage v fa remains
conductor utility current are shown in Fig. 17 (a) and (b), providing power to the load. Thus, the PLL system forces
respectively. It is observed from Fig. 17 (b) that the
amplitude of the utility neutral current has been reduced the UPS to operate at a fixed reference frequency ( Z
=
considerably. 377 rad/s).
The input voltage ( v sa ), the output voltage ( v fa ) and the The transition from backup to standby operation mode of
the UPS system occurs at 0.31s, as shown in Fig. 19 (b) and
difference between them ( v ca ) are shown in Fig. 18 (a), (c). When the input power returns, the PLL system
which shows that the output voltages are in phase with synchronizes the UPS system with respect the utility and
respect the input voltages. For the load currents shown in the switch sw is closed. Thereby, immediately the input
Fig. 13 and the ratio between the output and input rms *
current i sa follows the reference i sa .
voltages ( V f V s ) presented in Fig. 18 (a), the source
* *
reference currents i sa ,b,c i ca,b,c obtained from the SRF-
based controller of Fig. 2, can be seen in Fig. 18 (b).
208 Revista Controle & Automao/Vol.16 no. 2/Abril, Maio e Junho 2005
Figure 16. Phase a output voltage v fa , and phase a input current isa .
(a) (b)
Figure 17. Neutral currents: (a) Load neutral current inL ; (b) Utility neutral current i ns .
(a) (b)
Figure 18. (a) Input voltage vsa , output voltage v fa , and compensation voltage vca ; (b) Source reference currents
* * *
( isa , isb , and isc ).
(c) (d)
Figure 19. Transition modes: (a) Standby-Backup transition mode output voltage v fa , input current isa , reference input
*
current isa , and output current iLa ; (b) and (c) Backup-Standby transition mode; (d) Standby mode.
Quinn, C. A., Mohan, N. (1992). Active Filtering of Harmonic Jeon, S. J., Cho, G. H. (1997). A Series-Parallel Compensated
Currents in Three-Phase, Four-Wire Systems with Three- Uninterruptible Power Supply with Sinusoidal Input
Phase and Single-Phase Non-Linear Loads. Proceedings Current and Sinusoidal Output Voltage. Proceedings of
of the 7th Applied Power Electronics Conference and the 28th Power Electronics Specialist Conference, PESC,
Exposition, APEC, pp. 829-836. pp. 297-303.
Quinn, C. A., Mohan, N., Mehta, H. (1993). A Four-wire, Current- Cheung, R., Cheng, L., Yu, P., Sotudeh, R. (1996). New Line-
Controlled Converter Provides Harmonic Neutralization in Interactive UPS System with DSP-Based Active Power-
Three-Phase, Four-Wire Systems. Proceedings of the 8th Line Conditioning. Proceedings of the 27th Power
Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, Electronics Specialist Conference, PESC, pp. 981-985.
APEC, pp. 841-846.
Lin, Y., Joos, G., Lindsay, J. F. (1993). Performance Analysis of
Thomas T., Haddad K., Jos G., Jaafari A. (1996). Performance Parallel-Processing UPS Systems. Proceedings of the 8th
Evaluation of Three-Phase Three and Four Wire Active Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition,
Filters. Proceedings of the 31th Industry Applications APEC, pp. 533-539.
Society Annual Meeting, IAS, pp. 1016-1023.
210 Revista Controle & Automao/Vol.16 no. 2/Abril, Maio e Junho 2005