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45-54, 2010 45
ISSN 1517-8595
ABSTRACT
The objective of this present research was to simulate and evaluate the performance of
spray dryers in function of air characteristics using Matlab software. Simulations were
conducted to identify the effect of the influence of inlet air temperature (from 100C to
140C) and of relative humidity of ambient air (from 20% to 80%) on energy
consumption and thermal efficiency. It was found that energy consumption increased as
drying air temperature and as relative humidity of ambient air increased. The thermal
efficiency of the process diminished as drying air temperature and as relative humidity
of ambient air increased.
RESUMO
disadvantages of spray drying. The outlet air energy consumption and thermal efficiency
has residual heat and to reach saturation using Matlab, 2001.
condition to have maximum use of energy is
difficult. The possible methods of saving MATERIAL AND METHODS
energy are increasing the inlet air temperature
and diminishing the outlet air temperature
(Kessler, 1981). Brennan, 1992, presents some
changes that would reduce energy consumption: Material
(1) isolation of equipment; (2) recirculation of
exhaust air; (3) heat recovery of exhaust air; (4) Properties of dairy products according to
use of direct heater; (5) drying in two stages; Singh & Heldmann, 1998:
(6) concentration of feed; (7) automation of the
outlet air temperature. More details regarding Feed flow rate, F=1kg/s;
energy consumption reduction can be found in Critical moisture content, wet basis,
Zargorzycki, 1983, Masters, 1972, Grikitz, Xc=0,45kgwater/kgproduct;
1986, Heldman & Hartel, 1977, and Driscoll, Final moisture content to calculate
1955. The cost of heating the drying air is the drying time, Xf =0,05kgwater/kgproduct.
most important economic factor in the drying
process. In addition, the improvements of The concurrent flow dryer configuration was
computational methods are some of the most used, according to Brennan et al., 1998. The
important contributions of technological ambient air considered for simulation was
progress that help in understanding the drying measured at a temperature of 30 C, 60%
process. Advances in computer science and the relative humidity, and 16 gwater/kgdryair of
facilities provided by the personal computer absolute humidity at Feira de Santana, BA,
enable experimental data to be adjusted to Brazil. The ambient air was heated to the
mathematical models and simulations to be desired simulation temperature before entering
tested using specific software. Park et al., 2007, the dryer. After drying, the outlet air relative
obtained the numerical solution of the Ficks humidity was fixed at 70%. The characteristics
Law and Kajiyama & Park, 2008, studied the of the heated air are presented in Table 1. The
influence of feed parameters on spray drying characteristics of ambient air with different
energy consumption using Matlab, 2001. The relative humidity used in simulation are
objective of this work was to evaluate the presented in Table 2. (Singh & Heldmann,
influence of air properties on spray drying 1998, Himmelblau, 1998 and Smith et al.,
2000).
Ta Twb wb Yf
(C) (C) (kJ/kg) (gwater/kgdry air)
100 37 2414.1 42.0
110 39 2409.3 45.5
120 40 2406.9 49.0
130 41 2404.5 52.5
140 42 2402.1 56.0
RH Twb wb Y0 Yf
(%) (C) (kJ/kg) (gwater/kgdry air) (gwater/kgdry air)
20 36 2416.4 6 38
30 37 2414.1 8 40
40 38 2411.7 10 42
50 39 2409.3 13 44
60 40 2406.9 16 47
70 41 2404.5 19 50
Revista Brasileira de Produtos Agroindustriais, Campina Grande, v.12, n.1, p.45-54, 2010
48 Influence of air parameters on spray drying energy consumption Kajiyama & Park
80 42 2402.1 23 53
Where: Ta is heated air temperature; Twb is wet TE = (energy required to evaporate moisture at
bulb temperature; wb is latent heat at Twb; RH T temperature/energy supplied to dryer)
is the relative humidity of ambient air; Y0 is the
absolute humidity of inlet drying air; and Yf is
absolute humidity of outlet drying air. This leads to the following equation used
to calculate TE (Strumillo & Kudra, 1986 and
Mathematical considerations Kaminski et al., 1989):
W = M (Yf Y0 ) (3) W wb PG ev
TE = = (7)
M(H aq H atm ) PG aq
The energy needed to raise air
temperature is calculated by Equation 4:
The algorithms used in this work with
PG aq = M(H aq H atm ) (4) software Matlab are presented in Figure 1. The
calculations of energy consumption and thermal
efficiency in function of air temperature are
The energy consumption is simulated
indicated. The calculations of energy
using Matlab, 2001 using Equations (1), (2), consumption and thermal efficiency in function
(3), and (4). of relative humidity are indicated in
The energy efficiency (or thermal parentheses.
efficiency: TE) of the dryer is defined as:
Revista Brasileira de Produtos Agroindustriais, Campina Grande, v.12, n.1, p.45-54, 2010
Influence of air parameters on spray drying energy consumption Kajiyama & Park 49
START
No
Data dependent of temperature: Drying air
temperature, Wet bulb temperature (Idem), Latent
heat (Idem), Absolute humidity of outlet drying air
(Idem), (Absolute humidity of inlet drying air)
Revista Brasileira de Produtos Agroindustriais, Campina Grande, v.12, n.1, p.45-54, 2010
50 Influence of air parameters on spray drying energy consumption Kajiyama & Park
Revista Brasileira de Produtos Agroindustriais, Campina Grande, v.12, n.1, p.45-54, 2010
Influence of air parameters on spray drying energy consumption Kajiyama & Park 51
As expected, more energy is needed to decreasing is less than heating energy (air
obtain high temperatures of drying air enthalpy).
(Equation 4). The function is non-linear Figure 5 shows the thermal efficiency
because of the variation of the airs heat (TE) in function of drying air temperature (Ta).
capacity (Equation (1)) and because of air flow The thermal efficiency diminishes as drying air
variation (M). The M diminishes as temperature temperature increases, resulting in an increase
increases to evaporate the water (W), but this of energy consumption in function of increasing
drying air temperature, as shown in Figure 4
.
Influence of relative humidity fact results in increasing air mass flow (M) with
increasing relative humidity to evaporate the
Figure 6 shows the simulation result of same water (W).
energy consumption to heating air (PGaq) in The energy needed to evaporate water in
function of relative humidity of ambient air food diminishes slightly as relative humidity
(RH). increases, as shown in Figure 6. The increasing
Energy consumption increases as wet bulb temperature of heated air diminishes
ambient air relative humidity increases. This latent heat as shown in Figure 7.
Figure 6 - Heating (PGaq) and evaporation energy (PGev) in function of relative humidity (RH)
Revista Brasileira de Produtos Agroindustriais, Campina Grande, v.12, n.1, p.45-54, 2010
52 Influence of air parameters on spray drying energy consumption Kajiyama & Park
The thermal efficiency (TE) diminishes heating energy and the decrease of energy used
as relative humidity (RH) increases, as seen in for evaporation, which can be seen in Figure 6.
Figure 8. This result is due to the increase in air
Feira de Santana, and the National Council for Kessler, H. G. 1981. Food engineering and
Scientific and Technological Development dairy technology, Verlag A. Kessler,
(CNPq). Freising; Germany.
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NOMENCLATURE
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