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Modelo Animal Aspectos Éticos Da Experimentação Animal 2003 PDF
Modelo Animal Aspectos Éticos Da Experimentação Animal 2003 PDF
A necessidade de avanar conhecimentos mdicos colo- Artigo 4 - O animal s poder ser submetido s interven-
cada em oposio ao igualmente importante conceito de res- es recomendadas nos protocolos das experincias
peito pela vida e, no meio, esto aqueles que devem formular que constituem a pesquisa ou os programas de aprendi-
os conceitos ticos 6. zado cirrgico quando, durante ou aps a vivisseco,
Na declarao de Helsinki I, adotada na 18 Assemblia M- receber cuidados especiais.
dica Mundial, realizada em Helsinki (Finlndia), no ano de
1964, foi enunciado no item 1 dos Princpios Bsicos: A pes- 1 - Quando houver indicao, o animal poder ser
quisa clnica deve adaptar-se aos princpios morais e cient- sacrificado sob estrita obedincia s prescries ci-
ficos que justificam a pesquisa clnica e deve ser baseada em entficas.
experincias de laboratrio e com animais 5. 2 - Caso no sejam sacrificados, os animais mais uti-
Para que sejam respeitadas as leis e princpios, foram cria- lizados em experincia ou demonstraes somente
das as Comisses de tica para Pesquisa em Animais. O pri- podero sair do biotrio trinta dias aps a interven-
meiro pas a criar estas comisses foi a Sucia em 1979. Os o, desde que destinados a pessoas ou entidades
Estados Unidos da Amrica adotaram esta prtica em 1984, idneas que por eles queiram responsabilizar-se.
enquanto no Brasil os comits foram constitudos na dcada
de 90 7. importante que os membros dessas comisses se- Artigo 5 - Os infratores desta Lei esto sujeitos:
jam capazes de avaliar a natureza e as conseqncias que
determinado experimento pode trazer. Os membros dos Co- I - s penalidades cominadas no Artigo 64, caput, do
mits de tica em Experimentao Animal, assim como os Decreto-lei no 3.688, de 3 de outubro de 1941, no
legisladores, tm a difcil tarefa de conciliar os aspectos ti- caso de ser a primeira infrao;
cos com os interesses cientficos, legais, econmicos e co- II - interdio e cancelamento do registro do biotrio
merciais 2. ou do centro de pesquisa, no caso de reincidncia.
O exerccio da pesquisa deve ser conduzido somente por
pessoas cientificamente qualificadas e sob constante super- Artigo 6 - O Poder Executivo, no prazo de noventa dias, re-
viso de seu orientador. Na revista Acta Cirrgica Brasileira, gulamentar a presente Lei, especificando:
95% dos artigos enviados sua Comisso Cientfica so de
pesquisa em animais de laboratrio, muitas vezes no obe-
I - O rgo competente para o registro e a expedio de
decendo aos princpios ticos da experimentao animal 5.
autorizao dos biotrios e centros de experincias
Existem leis e princpios que regem a experimentao ani-
e demonstraes com animais vivos;
mal, visando reduzir ao mnimo qualquer dor, sofrimento ou
II - As condies gerais exigveis para o registro e fun-
estresse imposto aos animais. Este consenso refletido em
cionamento dos biotrios;
legislaes tais como Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act no
Reino Unido, Animal Welfare Act nos Estados Unidos da III - rgo e autoridades competentes para a fiscaliza-
Amrica e Council of Europe Directive na Comunidade Euro- o dos biotrios e centros mencionados no inciso I.
pia 8-12.
A Lei Federal n 6.638, de 8 de maio de 1979, estabelece nor- Artigo 7 - Esta Lei entrar em vigor na data de sua publica-
mas para a prtica didtico-cientfica da vivisseco de ani- o.
mais e determina outras providncias 13: Artigo 8 - Revogam-se as disposies em contrrio.
Artigo 1 - Fica permitida, em todo o territrio nacional, a vi- At o presente, decorridos mais de vinte anos, a Lei Federal
visseco de animais, nos termos desta Lei. n 6.638 ainda no foi regulamentada e implantada. Tramita
Artigo 2 - Os biotrios e os centros de experincia e de- no Congresso Nacional o Anteprojeto de Lei que dispe so-
monstraes com animais vivos devero ser registrados bre a criao e o uso de animais para atividades de ensino e
em rgo competente e por ele autorizados a funcionar. pesquisa. Deve-se tambm lembrar do Projeto de Lei n
Artigo 3 - A vivisseco no ser permitida: 1.153/95, cujo texto ameaa a realizao de pesquisas em
animais, prejudicando ou impedindo o avano cientfico e
tecnolgico 5.
I - Sem o emprego da anestesia;
O Conselho Nacional de Sade, pelo decreto 93.933 de 14
II - Em centros de pesquisa e estudos no registrados
de janeiro de 1987, aprovou as normas de pesquisas em sa-
em rgo competente;
de. O captulo II (Aspectos ticos da Pesquisa em Seres Hu-
III - Sem a superviso de tcnico especializado; manos), artigo 5, pargrafo II cita: A pesquisa que se reali-
IV - Em animais que no tenham permanecido mais de za em seres humanos dever desenvolver-se conforme as
15 dias em biotrios legalmente autorizados; seguintes bases: estar fundamentada na experimentao
V - Em estabelecimento de ensino de primeiro e segun- prvia realizada em animais, em laboratrios ou em outros
do graus e em quaisquer locais freqentados por me- fatos cientficos 14. Amaioria dos cdigos internacionais que
nores de idade. tratam das normas de pesquisa na rea da sade contm es-
ses princpios.
Pelo decreto 93.933, o Conselho Nacional de Sade aprovou Artigo VIII - O uso de animais em procedimentos didticos e
no captulo VIII (da Pesquisa Farmacolgica), artigo 52 14 . experimentais pressupe a disponibilidade de aloja-
As exigncias da pesquisa pr-clnica so: mento que proporcione condies de vida adequada s
espcies, contribuindo para sua sade e conforto. O
Animais transporte, a acomodao, a alimentao e os cuidados
com os animais criados ou usados para fins biomdicos
Os estudos devem ser planejados de maneira a obter o mxi- devem ser dispensados por tcnico qualificado;
mo de informaes utilizando-se o menor nmero possvel Artigo IX - Os investigadores e funcionrios devem ter qua-
de animais. lificao e experincia adequadas para exercer procedi-
Todos os animais utilizados devem ser criados em biotrios mentos em animais vivos. Devem-se criar condies
que assegurem boa qualidade. para seu treinamento no trabalho, incluindo aspectos de
Os estudos pr-clnicos devem ser realizados em trs esp- trato e uso humanitrio dos animais de laboratrio13.
cies de mamferos, sendo pelo menos uma, no roedor. Os
animais devem pertencer a linhagens bem definidas, evitan- Dos artigos acima expostos, pode-se observar que o seu
do-se cepas com caractersticas genticas especiais. contedo encerra trs princpios bsicos: sensibilidade,
Deve-se utilizar igual nmero de machos e fmeas. bom senso e boa cincia.
O Colgio Brasileiro de Experimentao Animal (COBEA), A assemblia da UNESCO, realizada no dia 27 de janeiro de
entidade filiada ao International Council for Laboratory Ani- 1978, em Bruxelas, proclamou a Declarao Universal dos
mal Science (ICLAS), procurando colaborar no aprimora- Direitos dos Animais:
mento das condutas dirigidas experimentao em animais
no pas, elaborou os seguintes artigos referentes aos Princ- Artigo 1 - Todos os animais nascem iguais diante da vida, e
pios ticos da Experimentao Animal: tm o mesmo direito existncia.
Artigo 2 - Cada animal tem direito ao respeito.
Artigo I - Todas as pessoas que pratiquem experimentao O homem, enquanto espcie animal, no pode atribuir-
biolgica devem tomar conscincia de que o animal se o direito de exterminar os outros animais, ou explo-
dotado de sensibilidade, de memria e que sofre sem r-los, violando esse direito. Ele tem o dever de colocar
poder escapar dor; sua conscincia a servio de outros animais.
Artigo II - O experimentador moralmente responsvel por Cada animal tem direito considerao, cura e pro-
suas escolhas e por seus atos na experimentao ani- teo do homem.
mal; Artigo 3 - Nenhum animal ser submetido a maus tratos e
Artigo III - Procedimentos que envolvam animais devem a atos cruis.
prever e se desenvolver considerando-se sua relevn- Se a morte de um animal necessria, ela deve ser ins-
cia para a sade humana e animal, a aquisio de co- tantnea, sem dor ou angstia.
nhecimentos ou o bem da sociedade; Artigo 4 - Cada animal que pertence a uma espcie selva-
Artigo IV - Os animais selecionados para um experimento gem tem o direito de viver livre no seu ambiente natural
devem ser de espcie e qualidade apropriadas e apre- terrestre, areo ou aqutico, e tem o direito de reprodu-
sentar boas condies de sade, utilizando-se o nmero zir-se.
mnimo necessrio para se obter resultados vlidos. Ter A privao da liberdade, ainda que para fins educativos,
em mente a utilizao de mtodos alternativos, tais contrria a esse direito.
como modelos matemticos, simulao por computador Artigo 5 - Cada animal pertencente a uma espcie, que
e sistemas biolgicos in vitro; vive habitualmente no ambiente do homem, tem o direito
Artigo V - imperativo que se utilizem animais de maneira de viver e crescer segundo o ritmo e as condies de
adequada, incluindo a evitar o desconforto, angstia e vida e de liberdade que so prprias de sua espcie.
dor. Os investigadores devem considerar que os proces- Toda modificao imposta pelo homem para fins mer-
sos determinantes de dor ou angstia em seres huma- cantis contrria a esse direito.
nos causam o mesmo em outras espcies; Artigo 6 - Cada animal que o homem escolher para compa-
Artigo VI - Todos os procedimentos que possam causar dor nheiro tem o direito a uma durao de vida conforme sua
ou angstia precisam desenvolver-se com sedao, longevidade natural.
analgesia ou anestesia adequada. Atos cirrgicos ou O abandono de um animal um ato cruel e degradante.
outros atos dolorosos no podem implementar-se em Artigo 7 - Cada animal que trabalha tem o direito a uma ra-
animais no anestesiados e que estejam apenas parali- zovel limitao de tempo e intensidade de trabalho, a
sados por agentes qumicos e/ou fsicos; uma alimentao adequada e ao repouso.
Artigo VII - Os animais que sofram dor ou angstia intensa Artigo 8 - A experimentao animal, que implica sofrimen-
ou crnica, que no possam aliviar-se, e os que no se- to fsico, incompatvel com os direitos do animal, quer
ro utilizados, devem ser sacrificados por mtodo indo- seja uma experincia mdica, cientfica, comercial ou
lor e que no cause estresse; qualquer outra.
Tcnicas substitutivas devem ser utilizadas e desenvol- Due to the importance of the subject and its poor disclosure, a
vidas. research was carried out in the literature and a small number
Artigo 9 - Nenhum animal deve ser criado para servir de of subject-related studies where found, which has encour-
alimentao, deve ser nutrido, alojado, transportado e aged us to highlight animal experiment ethics.
abatido, sem que para ele tenha ansiedade ou dor.
Artigo 10 - Nenhum animal deve ser usado para diverti-
mento do homem. A exibio dos animais e os espetcu- CONTENTS
los que utilizem animais so incompatveis com a
dignidade do animal. Post-Graduation Strictu Sensu and Research
Artigo 11 - O ato que leva morte um animal sem necessi-
dade um biocdio, ou seja, um crime contra a vida. According to the dictionaries, thesis means a proposition
Artigo 12 - Cada ato que leve morte um grande nmero presented to be publicly defended, presented by a candidate
de animais selvagens um genocdio, ou seja, um delito to an academic degree. It is a sustained contribution with ar-
contra a espcie. O aniquilamento e a destruio do guments based on individual research.
meio ambiente natural levam ao genocdio. Experimental theses are performed with lab animals. Disser-
Artigo 13 - O animal morto deve ser tratado com respeito. tations for Masters Degree do not need to be original. Candi-
As cenas de violncia de que os animais so vtimas, de- dates may repeat an already published experimental model,
vem ser proibidas no cinema e na televiso, a menos provided the experiment is personally performed. Doctor-
que tenham como fim mostrar um atentado aos direitos ates theses have to be original and unpublished.
dos animais. Umberto Eco, in 1998, has listed the necessary requirements
Artigo 14 - As associaes de proteo e de salvaguarda for a Doctorates thesis: The study leans over a recognizable
dos animais devem ser representadas em nvel de go- and defined object, in a way to be similarly recognized by oth-
verno. Os direitos dos animais devem ser defendidos ers; the study has to tell about the object something that has
por leis, como os direitos dos homens. never been said, or has to review the subject under a different
angle; the study has to be useful for others; the study should
CONCLUSO provide elements for verification and contestation of the hy-
pothesis presented, thus for a public continuity 1.
Os docentes, ps-graduandos, residentes e graduandos de
uma Faculdade de Medicina, que utilizam animais em seus Experimental Study
experimentos tm por obrigao conhecer e praticar os prin-
cpios ticos de proteo aos animais adequados realiza- After Experimental Research Ethical Committees evaluation
o de um trabalho cientfico, em cumprimento legislao and approval, the experimental study or pilot experience is
que dita as normas de pesquisa na rea da sade. started and is critical to mature and define the investigation in
terms of samples and procedures.
The pilot experience allows for the definition of the protocol or
of how many protocols will be needed for a disciplined record-
ing of observations and data obtained during the different ex-
Ethics and Animal Experiments perimental stages. The protocol should contain in detail all
experimental phase data. For such, the researcher should
Taylor Brando Schnaider, M.D., Cludio de Souza, M.D. make systematized and standardized notes as investiga-
tions progress.
INTRODUCTION During the pilot experience, researchers learn how to deal
with the animal and practice the technique to be used. Differ-
Animals should be kindly treated because they ent procedures are analyzed and adjusted, such as anes-
have the same origin as men. St. Chrisostome. thetic procedures (drugs and doses), administration routes
and anesthetic maintenance. The candidate practices the
A true and consolidated ethical attitude is to know that both technique to be used until reaching the highest possible
animals and human beings are born, grow up, reproduce, feel methodological uniformity.
and die, however the latter have the ability to reason.
Sometimes researchers consider themselves masters of life Lab Animal Facilities and Experimental Animals
and death and animals not are always able to protect them-
selves from the experiment to be performed and from the sci- Lab animal facility is the place where live animals of any spe-
entific and technical ignorance of the person in charge. cies are grown up and/or kept for lab studies, and which oper-
Ethical principles try to pave mens way back to nature, teach- ates with its own funds. It is built on a physical area with ade-
ing them that in respecting rights and differences among spe- quate size and partitions where expert teams work. Water
cies they might overcome their own differences and accom- and specific feed shall always be present in addition to con-
plish their duties. stant temperature and adequate artificial lighting.
Petroianu states that the literature should be investigated for were created in the 90s 7. It is important for these committees
the best choice of the animal species adapted to scientific in- members to be able to evaluate the nature and potential con-
vestigation purposes 2. sequences of an experiment. Animal Experiment Ethical
Some premises should be observed, especially the easiness Committees members and legislators face the difficult task of
of feeding, handling, technical procedure and operational reconciling ethical aspects with scientific, legal, economic
costs. and commercial interests 2.
In Brazilian lab animal facilities, three major species are used Research should only be performed by scientifically qualified
for experimental studies, all mammals: rat, most popular ani- people under continuous supervision of their leader.
mal for research due to size and quantity; rabbit for docility Ninety-five percent of the articles forwarded to the journal
and easy handling; dog, for size and anatomic constitution. Acta Cirurgica Brasileiras Scientific Committee are related
Researchers shall know well animals peculiarities and re- to lab animals research, very often disrespecting animal ex-
spect animal experiment ethical principles 2,3. periment ethical principles 5.
There are laws and principles ruling animal experiments,
Legislation and Research aiming at decreasing to a minimum any pain, suffering or
stress imposed to animals. This consensus is reflected in
The first attempt to regulate animal research was proposed laws such as Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act in the
by the Cruelty to Animals Act, in London, in a time coinciding United Kingdom, Animal Welfare Act, in the USA, and Coun-
with the discovery and practice of surgical anesthesia by Wil- cil of Europe Directive, in the European Community 8-12.
liam T. G. Morton using ether, in 1846. As from this date, ani- Brazilian Federal Law 6638, from May 8, 1979, provides for
mals started to deserve all benefits conquered and applied to the didactic-scientific practice of animal vivisection and other
humans, especially painless operating procedures. Some covenants 13:
rules are still considered unchangeable: first line anesthetics
should be administered for pain relief; animal experiments Article 1 - Animal vivisection is allowed throughout the Bra-
should be carried out by qualified researchers; experiments zilian territory as provided by this Law.
motivated by scientific evolution aim at live beings welfare 4. Article 2 - Lab animal facilities and experiment and demons-
Ethical principles benefiting animal experiments and in force tration centers with live animals shall be registered in a
to date were developed in England, as late as in 1876 5. The qualified agency which will authorize their operations.
Brazilian Spiritist Federation admits that animals have an in- Article 3 - Vivisection will not be allowed:
telligent principle, some manifestation of kindness and a true
evolving soul. The Jewish Law bans animal cruelty, stating I - Without anesthesia;
that they should be gently treated, with kindness and com- II - In research and study centers not registered before
passion. Still according to this same law, animal experiments a qualified agency;
are only allowed if aimed at humans well-being and not sim- III - Without the supervision of a specialized technician;
ply to meet individual desires and such provisions are de- IV - In animals remaining less than 15 days in a legally
scribed in the Exodus (23:5) and Deuteronomy (25:4). Juda- authorized lab animal facility;
ism also adopts the concept that everything created by God V - In teaching centers or any sites attended by minors.
was done to serve Humanity 5.
Gilmore states that the Canadian Animal Well-Being Move- Article 4 - Animals should only be submitted to the procedu-
ment is based on two major objectives: first, decrease suffer- res recommended by experimental protocols or surgical
ing and the number of animals used in scientific research; teaching programs when, during or after vivisection,
and second, touch scientists to make them think about the they are subject to special care.
need for using animals in their experiments. Studies are be-
ing sponsored to develop in vitro what was before performed 1 - If indicated, the animal shall be euthanized accor-
in live animals, however there is the question whether replac- ding to strict scientific provisions.
ing animals would impair medical science evolution. 2 - If they are not euthanized, most common animals
The need for medical knowledge advancements is opposed used in experiments or demonstrations will only be
to the equally important concept of respect to life and, in the allowed to leave lab facilities 30 days after the proce-
middle, are those who should define ethical concepts 6. dure, provided they are given to suitable people or
According to Helsinki I declaration, adopted during the 18th entities willing to take care of them.
World Medical Assembly in Finland, 1964, in item 1 of its Ba-
Article 5 - Offenders will be subject to:
sic Principles: Clinical research should be adapted to moral
and scientific principles justifying clinical research and I - Penalties provided in Article 64, caption, of De-
should be based on lab and animal experiments 5. cree-Law 3688, of October 3, 1941, in case of the first
Animal Research Ethical Committees were created to assure violation;
that laws and procedures are adhered to. The first country to
II - Interdiction or cancellation of the registration of the
create such committees was Sweden in 1979. The USA
lab facility or research center in case of contumacy.
adopted this practice in 1984, while in Brazil, committees
Article 6 - The Executive Power will regulate this Law within Article IV - Animals selected for an experiment should be of
90 days, specifying: adequate species and quality and be in good health con-
ditions, and the minimum number of animals needed for
I - the qualified agency to register and authorize lab ani- valid results should be used. Alternative methods, such
mal facilities and research centers, in addition to live as mathematical models, computer simulation and in vi-
animal demonstrations; tro biological systems should always be considered;
II - General conditions required for registration and Article V - It is mandatory that animals are used in an ade-
operation of lab animal facilities; quate manner, including preventing discomfort, anxiety
III - Qualified agency and authorities to inspect lab ani- and pain. Researchers should consider that processes
mal facilities and centers provided in item I. causing discomfort and pain to humans have the same
Article 7 - This law will be in force as from the date of its pu- effects in other species;
blication. Article VI - All procedures potentially causing pain or dis-
Article 8 - Provisions against this law are revoked. comfort should be performed under adequate sedation,
analgesia or anesthesia. Surgeries and other painful
To date, after more than 20 years, Federal Law 6638 has not procedures are not to be implemented in non-anestheti-
yet been regulated and implemented. The Congress is study- zed animals who are simply paralyzed by chemical
ing a draft on breeding and using animals for teaching and re- and/or physical agents;
search purposes. It should also be reminded that Draft Article VII - Animals suffering severe or chronic pain or dis-
1153/95 is threatening animal research thus impairing or pre- comfort which cannot be relieved and those who will not
venting scientific and technological advancements 5. be used should be euthanized by a painless method not
The National Council of Health has approved in January 14, causing stress;
1987 the decree 93933 which provides for health research Article VIII - The use of animals for didactic and experi-
standards. Chapter II (Ethical Aspects of Research in Human mental procedures should presuppose lodging facilities
Beings), article 5, paragraph II states: Research with human allowing adequate life conditions to species, contribu-
beings should be performed according to the following princi- ting to their health and comfort. Transportation, lod-
ples: be based on previous experiments performed with ani- ging, feeding and care with animals grown or used for
mals, in lab facilities or based on other scientific factors 14. biomedical purposes should be provided by a qualified
Most international codes dealing with health research have technician;
this same rule. Article IX - Researchers and employees should be ade-
According to decree 93933, the National Council of Health quately qualified and experienced to act upon live ani-
has approved in Chapter VIII (on Pharmacological Re- mals. There must be conditions for their training on the
search), article 52 14: Pre-clinical research requirements are: job, including aspects of humanitarian handling of lab
animals 13 .
Animals
From the above, one may observe that the content could be
Studies should be designed to obtain the maximum possible
summarized into three basic principles: sensitivity, common
of information using the lowest number of animals.
sense and good science.
All animals used should be grown in facilities assuring high
The UNESCO assembly held in January 27, 1978 in
quality.
Brussels, has proclaimed the Universal Declaration of Ani-
Pre-clinical studies should be performed with three mammal
mal Rights:
species, being at least one, a non-rodent. Animals shall be-
long to well defined lineages avoiding strains with special ge-
Article 1 - All animals are born equal in front of the life and
netic characteristics. The same number of males and fe-
have same rights to live.
males should be used.
Article 2 - Every animal has the right to respect. Human be-
The Brazilian College of Animal Experiments (COBEA), affili-
ings, as animal species, cant take upon themselves the
ated to the International Council of Laboratory Animal Sci-
right to exterminate other animals or to exploit them vio-
ence (ICLAS), trying to cooperate to improve animal experi-
lating this right; men have to put their knowledge to the
ment management in Brazil, has developed the following arti-
service of other animals. Every animal has the right to
cles related to Animal Experiment Ethical Principles:
human consideration, healing and protection.
Article I - Everyone involved in biological experiments Article 3 - Animals must not be subjected to bad treatments
should be aware that animals have sensitivity, memory or to cruel acts.
and suffer without being able to avoid pain; If necessary to kill an animal, it must be instantaneous,
Article II - Researchers are morally responsible for their painless and cause no apprehension.
choices and acts during animal experiments; Article 4 - Wild animals have the right to live and reproduce
Article III - Animal procedures should be developed consi- in freedom in their own natural environment. Any loss of
dering their relevance for human and animal health, the freedom, even for educative reasons, is conflicting with
acquisition of knowledge or social welfare; this right.
Article 5 - Every animal being part of a species traditionally 05. Goldenberg S - Aspectos ticos da pesquisa com animais. Acta
living in human environment has the right to live and Cir Bras, 2000; 15:193-195.
06. Gilmore A - The use of animals in research. Can Med Assoc J,
grow at the rhythm and in the conditions of life and of fre-
1985;132:564-568.
edom that are adapted to its species. Any modification
07. Britt D - Ethics, ethical committees and animal experimentation.
imposed by human beings for the sole purpose of ear- Nature, 1984;311:503-506.
ning money is conflicting with this right. 08. American College of Emergency Physicians. Animal use in re-
Article 6 - All animals chosen by men to be pets have the search. Ann Emerg Med, 1993; 22:265-266.
right to a lifespan according to their natural longevity. 09. Flecknell PA - Anesthesia of animals for biomedical research. Br
The abandonment of an animal is a cruel and degrading J Anaest, 1993;71:885-894.
action. 10. Montgomery CA - Oncologic and toxicologic research: allevia-
tion and control of pain and distress in laboratory animals. Can-
Article 7 - All working animals have the right to a reasonable
cer Bull, 1990;42:230-237.
limitation of work duration and intensity, to adequate fee- 11. Toth LA, Olson GA - Strategies for minimizing pain and distress in
ding and rest. laboratory animals. Lab Animals 1991;30:33-39.
Article 8 - Animal experiments entailing physical or psycho- 12. Von Noorden GK - In defense of animal research. Am J
logical suffering violate the rights of animals. Replace- Ophthalmol, 1991;111:367-369.
ment methods must be developed and systematically 13. Goldenberg S, Tonini K - Tese Experimental no Mestrado e no
implemented. Doutorado, em: Rapoport A - Mestrado e Doutorado na rea de
Sade. 1 Ed, So Paulo: Pancast; 1997;147-164.
Article 9 - Animals raised to feed men should be fed, lod-
14. Conselho Nacional de Sade. Normas de Pesquisa em Sade.
ged, transported and killed without anxiety or pain. Biotica, 1995;3:137-154.
Article 10 - No animal should be used for human pleasure.
Animal shows and exhibitions with animals are incompa-
tible with animal dignity. RESUMEN
Article 11 - Any act leading to needless animal death is a bi- Schnaider TB, Souza C - Aspectos ticos de la Experimenta-
ocide, that is, a crime against life. cin Animal
Article 12 - Any act compromising the survival of a wild spe-
cies and any decision leading to such act are tantamount Justificativa y Objetivos - El tema abordado es de suma
to genocide, that is to say, a crime against the species. importancia, pues se desea que el ser humano alcance su
The massacre of wild animals, and the pollution and des- bienestar fsico, mental, social y espiritual, sin olvidar los
truction of biotypes are acts of genocide. sagrados derechos de todos los animales. La mayora de los
cdigos internacionales que tratan de las normas de pesquisa
Article 13 - A dead animal must be treated with decency. en la rea de la salud cita que la pesquisa desarrollada en seres
Scenes of violence where animals are victims should be humanos debe estar fundamentada en la experimentacin
banned from movies or TV, except if they are to show a previa realizada en animales, en laboratorios o en otros hechos
violation to animal rights. cientficos. El presente articulo tiene por objetivo explanar los
aspectos ticos de la experimentacin animal.
Article 14 - The specific legal status of animals and their
Contenido - Los autores revn los conceptos de disertacin y
rights must be recognized by law, as it is the case with
tesis, tesis experimental, ensayo experimental o experiencia
human rights. piloto y de biotrio. A seguir hacen una retrospectiva histrica
acerca de la primera tentativa para establecer normas en
relacin a la pesquisa experimental, ocurrida a mediados del
CONCLUSION siglo XIX en Londres. Se resalta que algunos criterios definidos
en aquella poca persisten hasta el presente. La primera
comisin de tica en pesquisa animal fue creada en la Suecia
Professors, graduating students, residents and Medical en 1979, y a seguir en los EUA en 1984. En Brasil, los comits
School students working with animal experiments have the de tica en pesquisa animal fueron constituidos a partir de la
duty of knowing and applying animal protection ethical princi- dcada de noventa. Desde mayo de 1979 existe la Ley Federal
ples adequate for a scientific study, in compliance with the 6638 que establece normas para la prctica didctico-cientfica
de la viviseccin de animales. Esa ley, entretanto, an aguarda
laws ruling health research practices. reglamentacin. Adems de ella, tramitan en el Congreso
Nacional algunos anteproyectos disponiendo sobre el uso de
animales para actividades de enseanza y pesquisa.
REFERNCIAS - REFERENCES Finalmente, se presentan en la ntegra las normas adoptadas
por el Colegio Brasileo de Experimentacin Animal y la
Declaracin Universal de los Derechos de los Animales.
01. Gusmo S, Silveira RL - Redao do Trabalho Cientfico na rea
Biomdica. 1 Ed, Rio de Janeiro: Revinter; 2000;68-73. Conclusiones - Los docentes, ps-graduandos, practicantes y
02. Petroianu A - Aspectos ticos na pesquisa em animais. Acta Cir graduandos de una Facultad de Medicina, envueltos en
pesquisas realizadas en animales, deben conocer los
Bras, 1996;11:157-164.
principios ticos que tienen como finalidad proteger los
03. Schossler JE - A escolha, conteno e manuseio de animais de
animales seleccionados para la realizacin de un trabajo
experimentao. Acta Cir Bras, 1993;8:166-168. cientfico.
04. Pimenta LG, Silva AL - tica e experimentao animal. Acta Cir
Bras, 2001;16:255-260.