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CANAL de

TRANSMISSION

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I Propagation guide

I-1: Longueur d'onde dans le vide

& & & & ( >( ( &> E& )K) + (& F * + ( ,


.55 ,!A / !A E1 /55F: ( & && ( (( L+ > ( M;
* + ( EB * & C & ( & ; #8F:

I-2: Longueur d'onde guide

* + ( .55 ,!A / !A & & & & ( >( ( (


@=& & + & & + &> E ( ( & ) ( ( +
& & (F & + & & + ( & ( ) & N8:

I-3: temps de propagation en GSM

( ( H ( I H) , ;& * + ( .55 ,!A: " & &


( ( ( &> E ( + ;& ( & F: ( & )
( (4
( @=& ; 5 )H
( @=& )K) & ( ( & + ) & N8:
( & ( , %- J) E ) ) & + ,F

I-4: conversion rapport dB

( ( & & & ( ( ( <4 $ 8 / 5 55 855


-55 $: 5 -: 5 $
%

I-5: conversion dB en linaire

( ( & & & ( ) ( < (& ( 45 < 55


< $5 < $% < O < O . <:

I-6: conversion puissance en dBm

( & ( ( ( <)4 5)G $5)G 55)G G PG JG

& ** ( *& ( &' (

! " %#$%
I-7: calculs de TOS et de coefficients de rflexion

Q & ) ( ( & & A& ** ( *& (& & ** (


*& ( ( ( ) ( < ER5N-5 F4
RN8. 85 $- RN5 E F RNOD-5 D-5 E ) : ) ( F
NE OSSF#NE SSF

I-8: Une antenne mal adapte

( ( & ( ( N -
( ( $G ; ( ( (( &
; -: Q ( N$G
Q=
Q *:

1 ) (A & ( *& E (G F:

1 )( & ** ( *& ( &>( (( ( < & ( ( ( ( <):

7 & & & ( && ( <E <)F & ( *& :0 * &


& ( ( (& & & ( *& ( & ) ( ) (G
( <):

& & & ( = = &>( (( :

1 )( (& ) =& &>) ( &>( (( :

I-9: Quelle est le mobile le plus sensible

( %) =& (& ( ( =& ** & (


( ) (4 <) $P0 58
5 <P0: ( ( ) ( P0
( (; & ** ) & @=& >( H &>( (( +
( ) ( -5 ): (+ H) ( ** ( ( =& <P0
6- : ) & * ) ( ) =&

! " 8#$%
I-10 Utilisation de lchelle des dB, dBm

1 ( ( & ( ( Q = ( *& ( (
** ( *& (:

(
Q
Q

N5 ( (N

( Q *& & ( ( ( && & ( 4


Q NQ T # $ 8

( ( & + && ( ** ( *& ( ( ( ( ( ( (


) ( & ) ( ( ( (: ) B C & ;& ( 8 (
( (E U F ) * ( ( =& &> ( ( &
( (:

1 (( A &> ( & ( Q ( <) ( * ( ( ** ( (


) ( < ( <): 1 & ( * $: 1 &> ) (
& :

! " -#$%
II : caractristiques fondamentales du canal de transmission

II-2 Exemple de non linarit : lintermodulation

Q ( & & ( ( && ( ( (& ) ( ) &:

( ( (& ( ( * ( ( (* ( ( ( ( & ) (
) &4

0EFN 0 E F O % 0 %E F
(& ) ; ( (& ) ( V 4
0EFN E$* F O < E$*$ F

& & & (& :


& & * ( ( I H) & ( * =& ) & E ) (
(& ) > ( & =& 4 < %
%
UU %
$
< UU %<
$
UU
% %
% UU %< UU F:
" ( &>&& ( * + ( && + *$N* O*:
1 &>(*& ( ( >( ) & ( > % * + ( S$*$ * S
S$* *$S:
( ; (& * ( ( (* ( & ( (( E &&( ?
( (& ( ?F: (( ( (& ) && )( 0EF?

! " #$%
II-3 Canal temps discret : introduction au principe de lgalisation

() & ( (& & ( ( &>( ( (& ( ) + ( (


>& ) ( = ( & E ( ( & & ( & + ( I) + :
1 * ( = & & & = & (( W5 X & & I) + W
O XF : & ) ( =( ( & & I ) >( ( && (
) = =: >& ) ( = ( ; &>( ( NJ = ( J : & ( ; (
(& ( && (( :

$ $
>J
J J ?N
# = JN!E JF ??N J # =

$ % & $ %

&& )K) ( (& ( && (( (& & ) ( (( J:


* ( ( (* H (& ( ;&> (4

= +5- + 5 $- $

( && ( J ((& (& ) ( I H) E J N5 JY5F : + (


=( >( & 4W $ % Z XNW X:

& & ( & (& W $ % Z X: 1 (( ( & ( I+


) ( D * & * ( ( (* ! ( &: 1 & =&
(& = ( ) & :

1 & =& & ( &> I H & ** ( 5-


5 $- (( ( & ( & )) ; E ) &
= + 5 6 + 5 8 $ F:

> & ( ( [( () ( & * ( ( (*


( & * \ (; ( >J * H& + =& (& ) & :
&> ( & * ( ( (* (& & & I)= & J ) (
( * ( ( (* >JN E JF ) ( > & & (& \: A * ( (
(* + ( ; (* & ( ) + " E ( ) & (( && (* ( F:

( ) & &> & " (*& () + "7 E ( ) & (( && * ( F


>+ (4
>>JN >E JFN J ]5- J

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II-4 Distorsion du canal en amplitude et en phase

& & & ( (& ) ) ( E7 7$F: & &


H Q UU #< <N7$ 7

&& ( (& + ; ) ( & (:

II-5 Capacit du canal

( ( H ( I H) () ( * ) ( (& = ( ;&
(( (4
= = & $ +

( () (* ( ( ; ( + ( >(* ) ( 2 E= F: (
) I H) E $F & + & & ( & ;= ( ( (
(+ & ) () ( ( ) ( $: ) & = (
( < <$ ( () ( ( (:

( ; ( & () ( ( ) & (& ( & ;=


& ( ( >( = ( ( &) <: 1 ( = ( ) I H)
E # F E # F$ ) () ( * $: 1 (( & & ( (
8 ( : ** &> ) ( ( ( & ;= E ( <F (
& ) (* >( $ 5 ( &> I H E # F N 55^^ :

( + &> ) ( ( & = ( ( ) > ) ( ( =& ) ( &


* ) ( : )=& ( ** (( && ; & = ( ( & (&
* ) & (( (: , ( + & ( ) ) ( ( ( >) (
) ) & & = & & )K) (( & ;& = ( (
N 5<: 1 ( ( ( & &) : ** &> ) ( (
& + & I H) E F ( = ( ( ,!A ; 5 ,!R 55
,!A ( ( & ( 5N 65 <)#!A: & & & ) (
&) & * ( (& )( & &) ) ) & = + : E&(E OF_ ).

! " /#$%
III Bruit dans les systmes

III-1 : dmonstration de la formule de FRIIS

( ) ( & * ) & 7 ( & ( :


) ( & (:

$ $
7 7$ $

`F =& &> ( & ( = & + & ( ( )


E 4= ) &* & ) O= ( F: & & &> (
= ( ( E $F:

$`F " & & *( ( * = : &+ *( ( & &


&> ( * = &>) & * + & ( ; &> (
+ a& :

%`F ( ( ) &* * =& = E ) F; ( * =


7$N/ <: & & & * = + & ( (& ( ( 4
7 N < N <
7$ N $ < $ N $5 <

8`F ) ) ( (( ( * > ( ( N E <F *


= 7N : , ( + &> ( * = + & ( = ( $`F
) &* E & (( ( F:

! " .#$%
III-2 : dtermination de la sensibilit des rcepteurs

( ( H ( (( * \( ; ( ( (( : ( =& *(
)) & ( ) () & + ; &>( E )( E
F ;&
&>( (( F ( ( ( (& ; = ) () & ( E E # F) (
( & ) ( * & ( ) F:

# ^E # F) (
()*
^ ) (N

) (N ( =&
, H& (( ; ( ( (( & & *( ( & ( =& :

( & & ) H& ( = I( & ; &>(


+ a& :

`F =& &> ( & ( + & ( & = ( ( :


E= &>( (( O = + & ( D ( ( & ) (F:

$`F ) & ( & ;= ( ( E= & + & (F (


( ) & :

%`F =& &> ( & ( =& ( ) = '( ((


+ & (+ ( N 5: 2 & (& )H & + & & )=& &
D ( >) & & ( =& *?

8`F Q ( & ( (= I ( & ( + & ( & = ( (


b (<: Q ( + = I( + & * = 7% < )
&) &' ) ( ( ( = + & ( & % < ; (
&? E ( + H (> ** ( ( ( =& 7UU7% <F 7
&' & ( () + ( N 5 ( N 5 # 5N$.`b (N8`b
E ( ) F:

-`F & & & ( + & ( & = ( ( & ( =& & ) =&
& ( = E< F , (+
E # F) (N. < E )) ( ( , 5%:5%F
<N$55 b!A
7N/ < E) = & F 5 < E< F ) () ) & ( )) ( ( ,
(N 5

! " 5#$%
III-3 : comment amliorer la sensibilit dun rcepteur ?

( & ( & ( ( & + E 0F = (( + & E+ & * &


= F ( & + ) ( ; (* = % <:
= ( ( I H) - ,!A & ( & ;= ;%5
< ( = (( + & (: ) = &>( (( &
; 5: Q ( \ ( >( (( & ; <) &>( (( & &
: * & &>( (( ;&>( )( & ( \ $ <: (
** ( ( E ) & @=& F: > =D *
*( & H& >( ( I H) )) ( ( ) (
>) & & ( ) ( ( & ; :1 ( = ( &
D & ( =& ( &'( (( * ( ) ( && & & (
( :

`F & & & ( =& ( & & (( ) ( ; &'( (( :


1 ;& ( \ :

$`F ( ( & & ( @=& & ; 5 < ( &'( (( & :


& & & * = + & ( E @=& O = F (
( = & : (& (?

%`F ' & & ( &') \ ( ) >( + & ) : (


= ( &' + &') & (& \ * =& & & ( ) &*
=& ') & & ( ( & @=& & & : ') & * H (
( 5 < (* = - <: & & & * =
+ & ( E @=& O ) & 5 <O = F ( ( = & : (&
( ) ( ( ( ?

8`F ( ( && ;&' & & &') & * ( &'( (( & @=& : & & &
* = + & (E ) & 5 < O @=& O = F (
( = & : (& (? 1 A& ) (c &>& ) ( ( :
, ( + &' ) ( ( ( ) ') & & + & ( ( ( (
( ( $8 <:

! " #$%
IV Transmission sur cbles coaxiaux

IV-1 Caractristiques de cbles coaxiaux


( & * ) ( & + @=& ) + B (C d
; & ) ( ( (+ D ( E 4##eee: ( =& : )F
( * & * ) & ) ( & & ) (& +
@=& ( ) & @=& " 6/ " %5% > ( d & @=& !f6 -5
E (`6$ F & + & & >( ) &
( > :

& & & ) & + & &> & ( & @=& E" &
& *& (d N$ F:
0 * & * ) & (( ( &>) ( + & & & @=&
:
7 )K) & &( +
1 & &> ( &> ( ( ( <# 55) (* ( ( & ( &( +
" E# 55)F * N #E eF: ( & ( & )) * + (
& + && &>** ) ( (: E ( ( & I ( ( & (
(+ gF ( + > ( )H ( ; % 58 E* N* F & &> &
( (+ :
& & & * ) & & ( " (* ( ( & ( & # : 0 * &
* ) & + * &> I H ( ( E)K) = FQ
& @=& & & & ( &( + & :0 * & (&
) ( ) :

! " $#$%
& ) ( ( (+
@=& 3 d
4##eee: ( =& : )

! " %#$%
& ) ( ( (+
@=& 3 d
4##eee: ( =& : )

! " 8#$%
IV-2 Cble versus Liaison hertzienne
( ) ) -5 G ( & ( * ! A (: ( \ O6
<) ; 55) % <) ; J) %% <) ; 5 J): & & ( & )H
> ( @=& & >) ( + & ; -5 + )
>= ( (+ E ( ( N F: & ( ( && (+ ) (
=& ?
) &> & ( (* ( ( & ( ( @=& & & (
A (: & & :

IV-3 Full duplex sur cble unique


( & ( @=& &E @=& F ( & (* && & : ( (
( () ) & () ( * \( ( ( ( &>) & : & &
( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( *& & @=& : + )
() ) K =& & ( ) \ : ( & ( (& + (
& ( (* ) ** ( &: ) & * ( (:

, N
0
+
"$ "

+
0$ N "$ 0O
, R
0

) &* ** ( & ( E) ( >( (* ( ) (


( && F & ( ** ( & & ; &> ( : & ( "$ ( &
** )) ( & + &> ( ( & & ( $+ I & :
O
1 )( & & ( ( & ( ( 0 0$ 0 0:
+ && ( ( ( & & * ( ( ?
2 && & & & 0$#0 ( < E; & & 0 N5F & JN
"$# R N5 . ?

! " -#$%
V Rflectomtrie temporelle

V-1 Reprendre la diapo Rflexions multiples: exemple 1


& ** ( * *& (4 & & EF, ( + ( ( (
& ((:

V-2 Rflexion sur une charge rsistive insre dans un guide

( ( ( ( ( O O
>) ( + && R5: &> H 0 0$O $
O

+
( &+ ( ( ( ( ( :
( ( ( *& ( )K) 0

( ( ( ( ()
+
&> H $ $ : ( ( ( (
+ +
( & (& )K) ( ( $ :

" & & & ( ( & ( ( & ( &>) ( + R5 :


1 (( A & & ( (( ( & ( ( ( & & ( & (
& ":
( & ** ( *& ( = ( +
) () ( = ( $
+ +
):

V-3 Rflectomtrie : jonction de 3 guides

( & D( ( % >) ( O O
0$O $
O
0
+ (+ ER5F &
) & ( *& ) ) && :
&> H ( &+ ( ( ( ( (
+ 0 0%O %
O
: ( ( ( *& (

)K) ( ( (
+ +
() & $ % $ %:
( ( ( ( ( & (&
+ + +
)K) ( ( $ % :

" & & & ( ( & ( ( & ( &>) ( + R5 :


1 (( A & & ( (( ( & ( (;& D( (
( & ** ( *& ( = ( +
) () ( $ = ( $
+ +
)
% = ( %
+ +
):

V-4 Drivation sur ligne tlphonique (Bridged Taps) utilise en ADSL

! " #$%
( ( &>) > ( (\ ( @=& & ( ( & @=&
( & ( & ( 1 : ( & ( ( ( I &
& I & & ) ( & & (+ E ( 7 ( F: && ) (
* & ) ( ( = (( + & + ( & () ( ( &
& (+ :
( & & (+ < N
(
$ = ((

%
1 , "
$
)

1 , 4 )) ( & E( ( F & ) ) 1
4) ) 1 ) ( &>= ((
"4, ) 1 &>= (( :

(( + & ( + *& () & & : & ( )K) (


& ( * =& + & ( &> ( >) ( +
& H ) ( ** ( : Q && 1 ( & & *& h1 > ( ) & & &
( & ) ( & & ) ( $
( =& ) ( & * =& :

1 ) & &>= (( " 7& &


1 (
= ((
" 7& $ , )
"
1 1
$

*& 1 ( % H4" a " & = ( ) ( & (:


& & (& (& 1 : 1 ( & & *& ) ))
( (& = ( ( (& 1 E & (& = ( (
& (+ i5 8 b!AjF: &>( & *& $ + & (; ( ( &
= ( & (+ :

Q ) & I H) ( H I
) &* ( 4
& ( ( ) ( + &&
( ( R5
> & ( ( *& ( ) & + & N$ 5:
>) & ( % 58- J) E N O $F
> ( (& ( + &( ( ( ( & * + ( : ( + I H
(> = ( ( ( * k ( ( && & ( ( H ( (&
&) (* + ( : > & &> 1 + & ( ( ( )=
) & ED + >;$- F ( ( 8 b!A:
( & ( N$ 6 - ) )( ( ;8%- )
&>= (( : && & )K) + + & @=& ( &:

! " 6#$%
>) & & & & ( ( & ( * ) ( :

(( $ ) ( & & ( @=&


( ( : ( ( ( ( (( 4 $ :

& & & ) ( + (\ ( E $


F:

$ ()(" 4
( & () ( >( ) & ( ( & =( E "RF E )
I)= & 4 N #1 N =N #1= k1= N = = ( (= # F >) & $0 & ( &
&>= (( : ( & ( ( ( $T E F: ( ( =
$55 b= # E 5b= # ( & & " = ( ) &* &
( ( ) && F: > ( ( ( && : " ( & (&
\ 0"E F &>) ( > ( = (+ ; N5: & & >( & (
(& = ( ( ?

( > >( + ) & )& (:

A
%

O$#%

O$#%
O$#%
$
- 6 / .

% (( H D & () ( >( ( & " ) & & ( ( (


((& ( + < # 8%- ): 1 )( & (& () * ( & & &
+ ( ( : ( & ( ( ) ( && & ( (
)( & 4 <N 5 5 E F: ( & & 0 " E F# & : 1 & =& ( (
(& ( ( (: 1 * \(+ & &>) ( &
& ( $ & + & (: & & = ) ) & 1 ( I)= &
( (* ( ( & & ( :

8 ( * \ (+ & E ( * & &F& () ( &>= (( &


( &: = ( & " I) + &>) ( * * \( ( ( : 2 &
&>) & ( & I H) &>) ( & ( * ( & )K)
?

- () ( 1
(& 1 ( ( ( )=& ) & * + ( *JNJ*
E*N8b!AF: ) & ( ( ;) * &>) & & >( ( & ( V &

! " /#$%
; + ) I)= & : >( )= ) ( & >( ) & >( (*
4 *J * #$U*U *J * #$: Q ( ( ( ( (& ( V & (
( ( ) & :Q & I H) ) & (& \ 0"E F (* ( ( (&
( ( EF* ( &>) &+ ( ( & E E FF:

7 ( ( (* (* + (
1 & & (& * + ( & & * ) 0"E*F N)E*F ED$* OE*FF k
( ( & + && )E*F E*F ( & ) & & ( & ( V &: ((
0" *E*F & (& + & ( = ( (: Q ) &* (
&) & & & (& \ (( & )H *& ( \ & :
& & ( & + ( 0"E*F#0" *E*FN!E*F: 2 && &
* + ( && + ( ?
( (& ( * ( E*& * ( F * ( ( (* K (
( ( ( & = ( ( 1 : 2 && & ) )
( ( & () ( 1 ?

! " .#$%
V-6 TD rflectomtrie temporelle

( ** ) ; &> > ( ( &I &: *


) ( & & * : ) ( > H &>( &I &>) (
+ @=& & & ( -5 l: >( &I & () ) & & (
& ( ( (: >(* ) ( * ( &>( &I & )H +
( ** ( *& ( & (& & ( & :

1 ( & ( & (( & & ( ( &>) ( >( R& & ** (


*& ( :

( ( && >( ( (( (( & * $: 1 )( & &


() ( :

( ( && >( ) ( (( & * %:

) & ( ( ) m (* ( ( n n$ E & ** ( *& (


( & ) + $F &>( && ) o N $:

H )( & ( & & & & :

" ( & + ( ( & ( ( && & * 8:

( ) & & ( @=& & & ( - - ): * - (( &


( ( && ( H (( (: 1 )( & ) &
& + ( ( @=& &:

( ( & ( & + ( ( =& * E N .-F:


( ( && ( (( & * : (+ & & ) +
( ; ( *& ( & (( )( & ( * :

! " $5#$%
* $

* % * 8

* - *

! " $ #$%
VI Transmission sur paires torsades

! " $$#$%
VII Transmission radio

Sensibilit et porte du WLAN (IEEE 802.11a) (daprs Haykin)

( ) G & () ( h( > = ) ( ,= # -8
,= # ;& * + ( >( (- !A:

=& ( & ( & + >& =& & ( ) & () & &> 4


Q" N Q 8 < % :& 5E F G 7E+F 7 7E+F

G 7 4 G && ( (7 E (& ) F
7 7 4 7& ( (7 E ( ;& &F
8 <4* ( (
% :& 5E F 4 ( ( ** ( 4 %: 4 ( ()H

- #
( & ( *& /5$: )) ( ( p( * p7
) && + 5 <& : ; ,= # & ( ) & ( <Q b:
) & ( + E ( F ( =# 5 < ( ' =(
5 : ( ( & ( >= ) ( q &I ') & ) ( (
+ ( ( (* ;% < E% < ( & F: 1 ( ( & =# 5
+ 8 <: Q & ( ) & & =# 5 & # &
& (4 =# 5NE # FTE 1=#<F:
& & & ( =& ( G ; ,= # ? ) A ;& * (
( G ( ( & ;<< ) (N /$ <):

; -8 ,= # & ( , 2 8: 1 ( ( + & =# 5 +
%5 < ( ' =( 5 : ( ( ') & ) ( (
& ) ( % < (: 2 && & ( =&
( ?
& & & ( =& ( G ;-8 ,= #

. /01
Q ( & ( ;- !A & ( () ( $55 )G : 1 ( &
= ( ) () ( ( & + && &
( ; -8 ,= # ?

! " $%#$%

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