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9062
∞ ∞ ∞
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;
;
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9062
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3 8&O
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9062
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;
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62
: d 3 = :T: I 33 = %: $3 : $3 + %: $ ; 3 : $ ; 3 + + %: $ 3 : $ 3 :D3

: d 3 = ∑ %: $ 3 : $ 3 :D3
=
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9062
97dBT: 3.06&) 2
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d = T: 3 = 
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;
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O O
=−
;
[ ! − ] = = ∴ O = ;
;
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⌡ ⌡
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2!

1!
!"!3 #
"!
' ! !

"!

KE`

!

"!

2!

1!

%
.

#
a =
= ## = # #E
##
H3 α [ KE` '

H
7 → Z α [ ± KG

#
%!!
HE 3
 # #E (# KE ) # #E (# KE ) 
. # #E − KG ≤ ≤ # #E + KG  = KE`
 ## ## 
. {# #KM ≤ ≤ # #M#} = KE`

. { KM` ≤ ≤ M #`} = KE`
. ! KE` "!

!

!

"!
1 !
!

!

G B,-&/+* '& D,$B,U ./ %) & 'B$&/&,U &,-/& '(%
):'B% ..(*DB,B% µ & µ

8!

!!2

!

!

!!

! Y Y '
F

'!
5
!
! σ σ 4!
'
! !!

!2

3
2=
(Y )
± Y − (µ ± µ )
HG
σ σ
+

%!! HG HM !

(µ ± µ ) 3
!
"!

!"
!

!
!
(µ ± µ )
!
5
!
! 4!
 σ 
( )
.  Y ± Y − 2 α
σ

σ
( )
+ ≤ µ ± µ ≤ Y ± Y + 2 α

σ

+  = H−α

H
 
'!
5
!
! σ σ 4!

!
!

'
! !! % 3
=
(Y )
± Y − (µ ± µ )
HM
 
%  + 
 
! !! % υ = + −

!

%!! HM H !

(µ ± µ ) 3
!
"!

!"
!

!
!
(µ ± µ )
!
5
!
! 4!

!
! 7 !!2

  
( )
.  Y ± Y − α

%  +

( ) 
 ≤ µ ± µ ≤ Y ± Y + α %  +   = H−α HK
 
    
'!
5
!
! σ σ 4!

!"
'
! !! % 3
=
(Y )
± Y − (µ ± µ )
H#
 % % 
 
 + 
 
! !! % φ

!
φ

H !3b4

φ=
( + )

− H

+
+ +
% %
= = H

%!! H# H !

(µ ± µ ) 3
!
"!

!"
!

!
!

(µ ± µ )
!
5
!
! 4!

!" 7 !!2

 % 
( ) %

%

( %
)
.  Y ± Y − α + ≤ µ ± µ ≤ Y ± Y + α +  = H−α

H9
 
B,-&/+* '& D,$B,U ./ %) & 'B$&/&,U '& '(%
././UV&% ..(*DB,B% &

8!

!!2

!

5

! !

a
a !

!1

a ±

!2

!

a 1

2=
(a a ) − ( ± )
±
H<
a
a
a a
+

%!! H< HM !

( ± ) 3
!
"!

!"
5

!
! ( ± ) 7 !!2

 a
a
a a a
a
a a 
. ( a ) − 2α
a ± + ≤ ± ≤ ( a )+ 2 α
a ± +  = H−α HE
 
M B,-&/+* '& D,$B,U ./ +/Bc,DB ..(*DB,* σ

8!

!!2

!

!L!

( )
% '
! !! !3

χ 3
 
.  χ α ≤ χ ≤ χ α  = H−α HG
 − 

χ =
( − )% H
σ
9

8!
χ H!3

H ! !!
!3

υ = −
!

%!! H HG !

σ 3 !

"!

!L!

!
σ 7 !!2

 
 ( − ) % ( − ) % 
. ≤ σ ≤  = H−α HM
 χ α χ α 
−
 
K B,-&/+* '& D,$B,U ./ '&%+B .'/T ..(*DB,* σ

8!

!!2

!
!
%
D!

!2

!!
!
"!

HM 3 !
"!

σ "

 

.
( − )%
≤ σ≤
( − )%  = H−α

HK

 χ α χ α 

−

&7
3 (

? !
! !

"
!
H >
9# #E 9 <E #
' ! !

"!

KE`

!

!L!

!

%
.

Y = G = E % = < % = EE υ = − = < α = # #E
'
9 H
7 3 χ α = < χ
α =
= = # <M

−
χα <

<
%!!
HM 3
 (E − ) < (E − ) < = KE`

. ≤ σ ≤ 
 < # <M 
{ }
. #M ≤ σ ≤ # #M = KE`
. ! KE` "!

!

!L!

1 !
!

!

3 ' ! !

"!

KE`

! !

!

!
%
.

{ }
. #M ≤ σ ≤ # #M = KE`
.{# K9 ≤ σ ≤ < <M } = KE`
. ! KE` "!

! !

1 ! !

!

E
1 -*
2*2
2-

! !!

4 8!

!

L θ

3
!
(!!2

! !!
2!
3
Y −µ
2= ∴ 2 σ 7 = Y −µ H
σ7
"
2 = Y −µ 3
= 2 α σ 7 H
(!!2

! !! % 3
Y −µ
= ∴ σ 7 = Y −µ H9
σ7
"
2 = Y − µ 3
= α σ 7 H<
)%-/0&) *&-d/B %B).*&% D) /&.%BUT & σ D,J&DB'
σ
,
! σ 7 = %!! σ 7 H !

3

 2 α σ 
=  
 HE
 

2 α [

6 1

! !!

!2

!
8 "!

H 3 α
G
σ [ !

[

!8 H !
)%-/0&) *&-d/B %B).*&% %&) /&.%BUT & σ D,J&DB'
+! !

! !!

!

σ ,−
σ7 = HG
,−
%!! HG H !

3
2 α σ ,
= H
H,−+ 2 α σ

2 α [

6 1

! !!

!2

!
8 "!

H 3 α
σ [ !

[

!8 H !
&7
3 @

4

"!!

!

!

!"!!
!
!

E KE`
"!

! #<_
%
.

σ [ E

# [ #<
H 3 α [ KE` '
H
7 → Z α [ ± KG

%!!
HE 3

 KGE 
=  = G#
5
 # < 
3 @

4

!

E###
5 !
!

E KE`
"!

! #<_
.

, [ E###
σ [ E
# [ #<
H3 α [ KE` '

H
7 → Z α [ ± KG

%!!
H 3
KG E E### <M###
=
= = E9G
5
# < HE### − + KG E MKEMM
9 )%-/0&) *&-d/B %B).*&% D) /&.%BUT & σ '&%D,J&DB'
%
,
! σ 7 = %!! σ 7 H< !

3

 α % 
# =  
 HM
 

M
α [

6 1

! !!
% −

!

!

8 "!

H 3 α
% [ !

!
# [

!8 H !
% # <

! 1 1 ! "!!

!

L θ
< )%-/0&) *&-d/B %B).*&% %&) /&.%BUT & σ

'&%D,J&DB'
+! !

! !!

!

% ,−
σ7 = HK
,−
%!! HK H< !

3
α % ,
# = H#
H,−+ α %

α [

6 1

! !!
% 3

!

!
8 "!

H 3 α
% [ !

!
[

!8 H !
% # <

! 1 1 ! "!!

!

L θ
K
&7
R (

!

4 [ E !

!"!!
" !
Y = <G 9# !
% [ KM< @

4

"!!

!

!

KE` "!

E`_
%
.

% [ KM<
# [ ##E <G9# [ 9E
H 3 α [ KE` '
< H
7 → α [ ± #G
<

%!!
HM 3

 #G KM< 
# =   [
5
 9E 
D # >

!

!

!
!

!
µ
3 (

!

4 [ # !

E ###
5 " !
Y = M# !

% [ M# @

4

"!!

!

!

KE` "!

<`_
.

, [ E###
% [ M#
# [ ##< M# [ K
#
H 3 α [ KE` '
< H
7 → α [ ± #K
K

%!!
H# 3
#K M # E### 9< <<

# =
= = GG
5
K HE### − + #K M # <9 M9K
D # >

!

!

!
!

!
µ
E )%-/0&) '% ././UV&% D) /&.%BUT

!1

!2

!

1

a −

2 = a −
∴ 2 σ a = H
σ a
"
2 =
a − 3
= 2 α σ a H

,
! σ a = D 4

3

!

4 !

a %!! σ a H !

3

2 α
a
a
# =
H9
#

2 α [

6 1

! !!

!2

!
8
"!

H 3 α
a [

a [ "

a =−

# [

!8 H !
% # <

! 1 1 ! "!!

!

L θ
G )%-/0&) '% ././UV&% %&) /&.%BUT
,−
,
! σ a = D 4
, −

3

!

4 !

a %!! σ a H !
3

2 α
a
a ,
# =
H<
# (, −)+ 2 α
a
a

2 α [

6 1

! !!

!2

!
8
"!

a [

a [ "

a =−

, [

4

# [

!8 H !
% # <

! 1 1 ! "!!

!

L θ
&7
3 (

!

4 [ E !

<

!"!!
"
a = = #G @

4

E
"!!

!

!

KE` "!

E`_

%
.

a = #G
a [ #M<
# [ ##E
H 3 α [ KE` '
H
7 → 2 2 [ ± KG

%!!
H9 3
KG #G #M<
# = = #
5
# #E
D # >

!

!

!
!

!

3 (

!

4 [ # !

E

9 ###
5 " !

a = = # E @

#

4

"!!

!

!

KE` "!

<`_
.

, [ 9###
a = #E
a [ #E
# [ ##<
H 3 α [ KE` '
H
7 → 2 2 [ ± KG

%!!
H< 3
KG # E #E 9###
# = = 9K
5
# #< (9### −)+ KG # E #E
D # >

!

!

!
!

!

!
"

"

" #

!
"
$
%

&!
'' ()*+,+,+,#-,).#,
,& / $

&0

&!
1 0 2(13"0 4
1 0 ! 2('13 " 0
0 5
6 0 7 ! 0 (
&80 !('
,
"9
&7$

#0 !%

&
3
( µ = µ ( µ = µ (  µ = µ
1  1  1  2''1
(' µ ≠ µ (' µ > µ ('  µ < µ
#
&
21!!
21
2 1 !!

!
:

"#%&7&

!4!
' ;+<)=+,>+#.+)#?@6+;+A+)?@6
1 ;%& # & 2;#13 " %&

0 (5
1 ;%& ;7& 2;;13 " %&

7
0 (

8%& &B

"

%& 2;.1
' +;;6>6)6)
B
7
0
!
': +;;6>6)6))
B

0

'C D-E+F>+,)<D)).GD.)#
B
4

7

) + %

3
α HI7 (J(!K 2'1
D4 "

!% $ L'L5LLC
LL'
C
#

))"3
β HI (J(K 2'1
'M ;),.6,>+6N#>#,>+>+.),=+,
OP#>;6'';),.6,)D+;+D+,#6N#>#>+>+.),@6
;+#F)>#>+
>+.),@6
(LE (L
# (L > &. 2'α1 +))2β1
;7 (L +)2α1 > &. 2'β1
OP#>;6'>+.),@6>+PN;6+,,6;
;+#F)>#>+
>+.),@6 (LE (L
+ D&+
# (L
> &. 2'α1 +))2β1
#!#
;7 (L
+)2α1 > &. 2'β1
;!#
OP#>;6'Q>+.),@6>+PNNB>).6
;+#F)>#>+
>+.),@6 (LE (L
6 D& 6
# (L
> &. 2'α1 +))2β1
6
;7 (L
+)2α1 > &. 2'β1
D&6
'R +,OP+N#<+;#F>+PN+,+>+()*+,+
D &
0 !

% 3
M
'S + 0 (
S + 0 !('
S !% $ α
:S >
%&7&0 (
CS +
!
MS ;7 (
!

;;;#
'T +,+>+()*+,+#;##NB>)#6PF#.)6D#F9
'S ( 3 µ=µ
µ ≠ µ

S ('3 µ > µ
µ < µ

S !% $ α
:S>
%&7&3
'S.3>!&
S.3>!&

R
CS.
3
−µ
/= 2':1
σ

'S
−µ
= 2'C1
,

S
MS. 3
1 / > / α > α 7 (5

1 / > / α > α 7 (5
1 / < − / α < − α 7 (
+
3
'P
4 %

!
"
CL
,!& ":
,

M &
!
"
:T

"&"
CL
!% $ CUV
,&3
'S(39HCL
S('39≠CL
SαHLLC
T
:S>
&%&7&

> &

/
/ α H±'WM

CS.4 /3
:T − CL
/= = − R
:
M
MS . &3
/ < − / α H'WM 7 ( 7

"

""
CL
!WCU

!&

M !"
!
" :T

! & C:

"
&"

CL
!% $ CUV
,&3
'S ( 3 µ = CL
S (' 3 µ < CL
S α = L LC
W
:S>
&%&7&
> & 5νH'HC

αH'MT
CS.4 + 3
:T − CL
= = − LL
C :
M
MS. &3
X αH'MT7 (7
"
!

& .

"! "
CL

'W +,+>+()*+,+#;##;66;?@66PF#.)6D#F

'S(3H
 ≠

S('3  >
 <

S !% $ α
L
:S>
%&7&
CS. /3
−
/= 2'M1

MS. 3
1 / > / α 7 (5

1 / > / α 7 (5
1 / < − / α 7 (
+
3
P

%

WLU Y

! % +

LL
!

%
" !
'ML
%& " %

& !
% $ LL'
,&3
'S(3HLWL
S('3XLWL
SαHLL'
'
:S>
&%&7&3
> &/αHLL'

/αH
CS.4 + /3
'ML
= = LT
LL
LT − L W
Z= = − :R'
L WL'
LL
MS.
/ X /α H 7 ( 7

%& & " %

! % $
LL'
''L +,+ >+ ()*+,+ #;# # >)+;+D?# +D;+ >P#, NB>)#,
6PF#.)6D#), µ + µ
'S ( 3 µ' − µ = L
µ' − µ ≠ L

S ('3 µ' − µ > L
µ' − µ < L
S !% $ α
:S>
%&7&3

''L'#
! σ' σ &

''L#
! σ' σ &

%
''L#
! σ' σ &

''L:#
2
1

CS.
3
#
! σ' σ
& 3
[' − [
/= 2'R1
σ' σ
+
'
#
! σ' σ
&

%3
[' − [
= 2'T1
' ' 
,  + 
 ' 

& ,
υ = ' + − %

#
! σ' σ
&

3
[' − [
= 2'W1
 ,' , 
 
 + 
 ' 

& ,
φ %
φ 2%
" #\

13
(!' + ! )
φ= − 2''L1
!' !
+
' + ' + '
,' ,
!' = ! = 2'''1
'
:
#
2
1

=
,

& ,
υ = − ' %
#
! , & 3
∑
='

= 2''1

∑ ( − )

='
, = 2''1
−'
= [' − [ 2'':1

"
!

MS. 3
1 / > / α > α 7 (5

1 / > / α > α 7 (5
1 / < − / α < − α 7 (

C
''' +,+ >+ ()*+,+ #;# # >)+;+D?# +D;+ >P#, ;66;?=+,
6PF#.)6D#), ' +
'S ( 3 ' − = L
' − ≠ L

S ('3 ' − > L
' − < L
S !% $ α
:S>
%&7&3
CS.
3
]' −
]
/= 2''C1
' ' 
] (' −
] )  + 
 ' 
] "33

#
!
] ' +
' ]
]=
2''M1
' +
'

]' =
] = &
! '
'
MS. 3
1 / > / α > α 7 (5

1 />/ α > α 7 (5
1 /<− / α <− α 7 (

M
'' +,+>+()*+,+#;##E#;)GD.)#6PF#.)6D#F σ

'S(3 σ = σ L
σ ≠ σ

S('3 σ > σ

σ < σ

S !% $ α
:S>
%&7&
CS. χ 3
χ =
( − ') , 2''R1
σ L
# χ 21 2''R1

&

υ = − ' %
MS. 3
1 χ < χ α χ > χ α 7 (5

'−

1 χ > χ α 7 (5
1 χ < χ' − α 7 (
D χ !
χ α χ' − α !
/3
'−

' '
χ α =
χ' − α = 2''T1
'−

χα χα

R
'' +,+ >+ ()*+,+ #;# # )<P#F>#>+ >+ >P#, E#;)GD.)#,

6PF#.)6D#), σ' + σ
'S(3 σ' = σ
σ ≠ σ

S('3 σ > σ

σ < σ

S !% $ α
:S>
%&7&
CS. 3
,'
= 2''W1
,
# 2''W1
& ,

υ' = ' − ' %
υ = − '
%

MS. 3
1 < α > α 7 (5

'−

1 > α 7 (5
1 < ' − α 7 (
D !

α ' − α !
/3
'−

' '
α = ' − α = 2'L1
'−

α α

T
'': +,+ >+ ()*+,+ >+ ^#;F+ #;# # )<P#F>#>+ >+ _ 2_ ` 1

E#;)GD.)#,6PF#.)6D#), σ' σ σ a
'S(3 σ' = σ = = σ a
S('3

!$ "

S !% $ α
:S>
%&7&
CS. χ 3
 _


LM 
∑υ ,
_


( − _ ) % ∑
='
χ = − υ % ,  2''1
. −_
 ='

 

3
_
= ∑ 5 υ
='
= − ' 2'1
'  _ ' ' 

. ='+
(_ − ')

∑
 = ' υ
−
− _ 
2'1

# χ 212''1

&

υ = _ − ' %
MS. &3
, χ > χ α 7 (L
''C +,+>6OP)OP#>;#>6#;#;6E#>+#>+;bD.)#
6
0

!!

&
& 7 0 !!

$
& P
0 "

W
3 &

& &
& 7
0
&
4 0

&

0 &%

0 2

1
6

0

! & 7 &"
+ ! &

%

Y _ ! ,7 6 Y !
"
! # &
/0

Y "
!
+ # "3
_
(6 − + )

χ = ∑
= ' +
2':1
# χ 21 2':1

&

υ = _ − − ' % c

$
& /0

P
! &

8
% Y D& 4
$ % !!

Y

!:C&

/

#%
%

Y & '

C,
Y

4

Y

! 7 # Y !

&
"

_ /

6 ! &

:L
D

d e

&
"
:L
c
%"%'3
_ ( 6 − + − L C )

χ = ∑
= ' +
2'C1
; 3
'S(3

7

0
S('3
&7

0
S !% $ α
:S>
%&7&
CS. χ 2':12'C1

"
:Lc

%"%'
MS. &3
, χ > χ α 7 (L
+
3
7

/

&W': / α HLLC

# % Y !
4

[ P
!/ Y

c
&
C

Y

:'
#^+F#'' ;+OfbD.)#, #AP,#>#, ># >),;)^P)?@6 >#,

)>#>+, >6, PD.)6Dg;)6, ># +N;+,# [
>),;)^P)?@6D6;N#F
;+OfbD.)# ;+OfbD.)#
)>#>+, 6^,+;E#># +*;).#
261 2+1
':ChTC LR LR
TChCC '' ''
CCh:C 'C '
:Ch:WC 'L ''
:WChCMC LR LT
6D+>6,>#>6,^;P6,3, ; (

P
!/ ` :L / 2':1
3
_
(6 − + )

χ = ∑
= ' +
HLC
#
&%&7&4
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