FIBRAS DE CRISTAIS FOTÔNICOS

PHOTONIC CRYSTAL FIBERS (PCFS)

O confinamento da luz pode ser explicado por dois

mecanismos diferentes: reflexão interna total e PBG.

Geometria de uma (a) holey fiber e (b) fibra PBG. d e Λ

representam o diâmetro dos orifícios e a constante periódica,
respectivamente.
Classification of Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF)
 Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF)

Holey fiber (HF)* Photonic band-gap fiber (PBGF)**

* J.C. Knight, T.A. Birks, P.St.J. Russell, and D.M. Atkin,
Opt. Lett., vol. 21, pp. 1547-1549, Oct. 1996.
** R.F. Cregan, B.J. Mangan, J.C. Knight, T.A. Birks, P.St.J. Russell,
P.J. Roberts, and D.C. Allan, Science, vol. 285, pp. 1537-1539, Sept. 1999.
 HOLEY FIBERS

Holey fibers (HFs) múltiplos orifícios de ar periodicamente

arranjados ao redor de um núcleo com índice de refração alto.
O índice efetivo deste tipo de fibra pode, no caso mais
simples, ser aproximado por uma fibra de índice degrau.
Porém, o índice de refração da microestrutura da casca exibe
uma dependência com o comprimento de onda bastante
diferente do da sílica pura.
 HOLEY FIBERS

Holey fibers (HFs)

Projetar fibras com um novo conjunto completo de
propriedades que não seria possível com a tecnologia
padrão.
Propriedades inusuais: largo intervalo de operação
monomodal, grande controlabilidade da dispersão
cromática, birefringência, área modal e não linearidades.
Estruturas mais complexas podem ser construídas
utilizando arranjos de orifícios de tamanhos diferentes em
várias estruturas periódicas e não periódicas.
 PBG FIBERS

Photonic Band Gap Fibers (PBGF), a luz se propaga no

núcleo de ar e o confinamento é devido as bandas
proibidas fotônicas da microestrutura da casca.
 PBG FIBERS

Photonic Band Gap Fibers (PBGF)

A propagação da luz num núcleo oco oferece muitas
aplicações promissoras: transporte de altas potências sem
o risco de danificar a fibra, sensores de gás ou para
guiamento no vácuo com o mínimo de perdas.

Insensibilidade à curvatura, mesmo para raios de curvatura

muito pequenos.

Facilidade na obtenção de altos valores de dispersão na

ordem de milhares de ps/nm/km.
 ？
？
Solid-core Holey Fibers
solid core

holey cladding forms

effective
low-index material

Can have much higher contrast

than doped silica…
strong confinement = enhanced
nonlinearities, birefringence, …

[ J. C. Knight et al., Opt. Lett. 21, 1547 (1996) ]

Solid-core Holey Fibers
nonlinear fibers
endlessly [ Wadsworth et al.,
single-mode JOSA B 19,
2148 (2002) ]
[ T. A. Birks et al.,
Opt. Lett. 22,
961 (1997) ]

polarization
-maintaining
low-contrast
[ K. Suzuki,
Opt. Express 9, linear fiber
676 (2001) ] (large area)

[ J. C. Knight et al.,
Elec. Lett. 34,
1347 (1998) ]
 Preform Construction
Tubes are packed in a hexagonal shape with hollow,
solid, birefringent, doped or tubular core elements.
Multi-Core Preform
 Drawing PCF
Preform of packed tubes is drawn in a draw tower
furnace
Fiber Draw Tower @ MIT
building 13, constructed 2000–2001

~6 meter
(20 feet)
research
tower

[ figs courtesy Y. Fink et al., MIT ]

SEM Image of Multicore Fiber
Multi-core Drop with drawn fiber
 Advantages:
•PCF with high-index core is more flexible than conventional fiber:
- Possible to make very large core area to send high power
- Possible to make core very small compared to
conventional fibers. Designer wavelengths possible.

•Air-guiding PCF (hollow core of fiber):

- Possible to send high power
- No entrance or exit reflectance

Challenges:

•PCF is difficult to fabricate

•PCF is limited to specific frequencies
 ANÁLISE

Análise através de Métodos Numéricos:

Elementos Finitos e/ou Diferenças Finitas
Modelos Empíricos
 ANÁLISE DE FIBRAS DE CRISTAIS FOTÔNICOS
PHOTONIC CRYSTAL FIBERS (PCFS)

( )
∇ × [ s ]−1 ∇ × E − k 02 n 2 [ s ]E = 0

[ K ]{E} = k n [ M ]{E}
2 2
0 eff

⎡{Et }⎤
{E} = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ z ⎦
{ E }
[K], [M] : FEM matrices
neff : effective index
neff = β / k0
 Vector Finite Element Method (VFEM)
Basic equation
( )
∇ × [ s ]−1 ∇ × E − k 02 n 2 [ s ]E = 0

E = e ( x, y ) exp( − γz )

FEM γ= α + j β

propagation constant
attenuation constant

[ K ]{E} = γ [ M ]{E}2
Group-velocity dispersion

λ neff
2
d
Confinement loss D=−
c dλ2
Lc = 8.686 α [dB/m] neff = β / k0
PHOTONIC CRYSTAL FIBERS (PCFS)

Imagem SEM
PHOTONIC CRYSTAL FIBERS (PCFS)

Tratamento da Imagem
PHOTONIC CRYSTAL FIBERS (PCFS)

Discretização
Empirical Relation for Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) Design

à single-mode operation
à dispersion
à birefringence
à PMD
à confinement loss
à effective area
à MFD
à beam divergence
à wavelength, λ à NA
à hole pitch, Λ à bending loss
à hole diameter, d à splice loss
à number of rings, N à effective nonlinearity
Effective V Parameter (Normalized Frequency)
à Conventional V parameter
2π
V= a nco2 − ncl2
λ
2π
U= a nco2 − neff
2

λ
2π SIF
W= 2
a neff − ncl2
λ

à Effective V-parameter for PCF

*
2π
V= aeff nco2 − nFSM
2

λ
* M. Koshiba and K. Saitoh, Opt. Lett.,
vol. 29, pp. 1739-1741, Aug. 2004. PCF
 V parameter for PCFs
à Normalized frequency
2π
V= aeff nco2 − nFSM
2

à Effective core radius

*
aeff = Λ / 3

M. Koshiba, IEICE Trans. Electron.,

à Cutoff wavelength vol. E85-C, pp. 881-888, Apr. 2002.

Vc = V (λ c ) = 2.405
 Effective Cladding Index

F. Brechet, J. Marcou, D. Pagnoux,

and P. Roy, Opt. Fiber Technol.,
vol. 6, pp. 181-191. Apr. 2000.
M. Koshiba, IEICE Trans. Electron.,
vol. E85-C, pp. 881-888, Apr. 2002.
 Empirical Relation for V Parameter

2π ⎛λ d⎞ A2 (d / Λ )
V= aeff nco2 − nFSM
2
V ⎜ , ⎟ = A1 (d / Λ ) +
λ ⎝Λ Λ⎠ 1 + A3 (d / Λ ) exp{ A4 (d / Λ )λ / Λ}
aeff = Λ / 3 ⎛d⎞
i1b
⎛d⎞
i2 b
⎛d⎞
i3 b

Ai = ai 0 + ai1 ⎜ ⎟ + ai 2 ⎜ ⎟ + ai 3 ⎜ ⎟ (i = 1 to 4)
⎝Λ⎠ ⎝Λ⎠ ⎝Λ⎠

i=1 i=2 i=3 i=4

ai0 0.54808 0.71041 0.16904 −1.52736
ai1 5.00401 9.73491 1.85765 1.06745
ai2 −10.43248 47.41496 18.96849 1.93229
ai3 8.22992 −437.50962 −42.4318 3.89
bi1 5 1.8 1.7 −0.84
bi2 7 7.32 10 1.02
bi3 9 22.8 14 13.4

For λ/Λ<2 and V>0.85, the expression

gives values of V which deviates less than
1.3 % from the corrected values.
 Effective Cladding Index and Cutoff Wavelength
à Effective Cladding Index à Cutoff wavelength
2
⎛ Vλ ⎞ Vc = V (λ c ) = 2.405
nFSM = n −⎜ 2 ⎟
⎜ 2πa
co ⎟
⎝ eff ⎠

For λ/Λ<1.5 and V>0.85, the expression gives

values of nFSM which deviates less than 0.25 % * J.R. Folkenberg et al., Opt. Lett.,
from the values obtained through vector FEM. vol. 28, pp. 1882-1884, Oct. 2003.
 Mode Field Diameter
à Marcuse formula*

w 1.619 2.879
= 0.65 + 3 / 2 +
aeff V V6

PCF Λ [μm] d/Λ

LMA-5 2.9 0.44
LMA-8 5.6 0.49
LMA-11 7.0 0.44

fabricated by Crystal Fibre A/S

** M.D. Nielsen, J.P. Folkenberg,
* D. Marcuse, Bell Syst. Tech. J., N.A. Mortensen, and A. Bjarklev,
vol. 56, pp. 703-718, May-June 1977. Opt. Express, vol. 12, pp. 430-435, Feb. 2004.
 Beam Divergence

λ −1
θ = tan
πw

* M.J. Gander, R. McBride, J.C.D. Jones, T.A. Birks, J.C. Knight, P.St.J. Russell,
P.M. Blanchard, J.G. Burnett, and A.H. Greenaway, Opt. Lett., vol. 24,
pp. 1017-1019, Aug. 1999.
** N.A. Mortensen, J.R. Folken, P.M.W. Skovgaad, and J. Broeng,
IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 14, pp. 1094-1096, Aug. 2002.
 Splice Losses between a PCF and a SMF
⎧⎪⎛ 2 w w ⎞ 2 ⎛ − 2δ 2
⎞⎫⎪
LS = −10 log10 ⎨⎜⎜ 2 SMF 2 ⎟⎟ exp⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟⎬ [dB]
⎪⎩⎝ SMF
w + w ⎠ ⎝ w + w 2
SMF ⎠⎪⎭
wSMF : modal spot size of SMF
δ : transverse offset

δ=0

* J. Ju, W. Jin, Y.L. Hoo, and M.S. Demokan,

Mocrowave Opt. Technol. Lett., vol. 42, pp. 171-173, July 2004.
 V-Parameter and W-Parameter
à Normalized frequency
2π 2π
V= a nco − ncl =
2 2 2
a nsilica − nFSM
2

λ λ

à Normalized transverse phase constant

2π 2π
U= a nco − neff =
2 2 2
a nsilica − neff
2

λ λ

à Normalized transverse attenuation constant

2π 2π
W= a neff − ncl =
2 2 2
a neff − nFSM
2

λ λ

V 2 = U 2 +W 2
 Empirical Relation for W Parameter

2π ⎛λ d⎞ B2 (d / Λ )
W= 2
aeff neff − nFSM
2
W ⎜ , ⎟ = B1 (d / Λ ) +
λ ⎝Λ Λ⎠ 1 + B3 (d / Λ ) exp{B4 (d / Λ )λ / Λ}
aeff = Λ / 3 ⎛d⎞
d i1
⎛d⎞
di 2
⎛d⎞
di 3

Bi = ci 0 + ci1 ⎜ ⎟ + ci 2 ⎜ ⎟ + ci 3 ⎜ ⎟ (i = 1 to 4)
⎝Λ⎠ ⎝Λ⎠ ⎝Λ⎠

i=1 i=2 i=3 i=4

ci0 −0.0973 0.53193 0.24876 5.29801
ci1 −16.70566 6.70858 2.72423 0.05142
ci2 67.13845 52.04855 13.28649 −5.18302
ci3 −50.25518 −540.66947 −36.80372 2.7641
di1 7 1.49 3.85 −2
di2 9 6.58 10 0.41
di3 10 24.8 15 6

For λ/Λ<2 and W>0.1, the expression

gives values of W which deviates less
than 0.015 from the corrected values.
 Effective Index and Chromatic Dispersion
à Chromatic dispersion
à Effective Index λ d neff
2

D=− + Dm
2 c dλ 2

⎛ Wλ ⎞
neff = n 2
−⎜ ⎟
FSM ⎜ 2πa ⎟
⎝ eff ⎠

For λ/Λ<1.5 and W>0.1, the expression gives

values of neff which deviates less than 0.15 %
from the values obtained through vector FEM.
 Bending Losses of PCFs
⎛ 4ΔW 3 R ⎞
* Λ [μm] d/Λ
πaeff PCF
2α b = exp⎜ − ⎟
V2 ⎜ 3a V 2 ⎟ LMA-20 13.20 0.485
4 Aeff W W
R
+ ⎝ eff ⎠
aeff 2ΔW LMA-25 16.35 0.500

Aeff = πw2 LMA-35 23.15 0.500

fabricated by Crystal Fibre A/S

* J. Sakai and T. Kimura, “Bending loss of propagation modes in arbitrary-index profile optical fibers,”
Appl. Opt., vol. 17, pp. 1499-1506, May 1978.
Effective Index Profile of Index-Guiding HF

effective
refractive
index

1.45

core cladding outer cladding

1.0
 Doubly Clad Fiber Approximation
à Effective core radius
*
aeff = Λ / 3

à Effective inner-cladding radius

N **
S N = π(beff
2
− aeff
2
)=S ∑ 6I
I =1

SN: Area of inner-cladding region

S : Area of an elementary cell
N : Number of air-hole rings
à Effective indexes
n1 = nsilica , n2 = nFSM , n3 = nsilica

* M. Koshiba, IEICE Trans. Electron.,

vol. E85-C, pp. 881-888, Apr. 2002.
** M. Koshiba and K. Saitoh, Eleｃnton. Lett.,
submitted for publication.
 Confinement Losses in HFs

à Marcuse formula*

λU 3W ⎛ 2beff W ⎞
Lc = 8.686 × exp ⎜− ⎟
2 4 2
neff aeff V K1 (W ) ⎜ aeff ⎟
⎝ ⎠

* M. Marcuse, Appl. Opt., vol. 21,

pp. 4208-4213, Dec. 1982.
** T.P. White, R.C. McPhedran, C.M. de
Sterke, L.C. Botten, and M.J. Steel,
Opt. Lett., vol. 26, pp. 1660-1662,
Nov. 2001.
*** V. Finazzi, T.M. Monro, and D.J.
Richardson, OFC 2002, ThS4, Mar.2002.
 Conclusions
à In order to simply design a PCF, we have provided
the empirical relations for both V parameter and W
parameter of PCFs only dependent on the air hole
diameter and the hole pitch.
à We demonstrated the accuracy of these expressions
by comparing the proposed empirical relations with
the results of full-vector FEM.
à It was shown that using the empirical relations the
fundamental properties of PCFs, such as cutoff
wavelength, mode field diameter, splice loss,
chromatic dispersion, bending loss, and confinement
loss, could be easily estimated without the need for
numerical computations.
 Index-Guiding Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF)

à Wide single-mode wavelength

range
à Great controllability in
− group-velocity dispersion
− modal birefringence
− mode area
à High nonlinearity applied to
− supercontinuum generation
− optical parametric amplifier à hole pitch, Λ
− pulse compression
− soliton transmission à hole diameter, d
− wavelength conversion à number of rings, N
 Conventional Index-Guiding PCF

mean
refractive
index

1.45

core clad outer clad

1.0
New Design Principle
Optimization of di
enables PCFs to
control their
dispersion properties.

Λ: hole-to-hole spacing
di (i = 1 ～ n):
hole diameter of the
ith air-hole ring
d1 > d 2 = L = d n d 2 < d1 = d 3 = L = d n
(a) (b)

Λ = 2.0 μm Λ = 2.0 μm
d1 = 0.5 μm d1 = 0.5 μm
d 2 = 0.5 μm d 2 = 0.6 μm
d 3 = 0.5 μm d 3 = 0.6 μm
d 4 = 0.5 μm d 4 = 0.6 μm

(c) (d)
Λ = 2.0 μm Λ = 2.0 μm
d1 = 0.5 μm d1 = 0.5 μm
d 2 = 0.6 μm d 2 = 0.6 μm
d 3 = 0.7 μm d 3 = 0.7 μm
d 4 = 0.7 μm d 4 = 1.8 μm
(a) Λ = 2.0 μm, d1 = 0.5 μm, d 2 = 0.5 μm, d 3 = 0.5 μm, d 4 = 0.5 μm
(b) Λ = 2.0 μm, d1 = 0.5 μm, d 2 = 0.6 μm, d 3 = 0.6 μm, d 4 = 0.6 μm
(c) Λ = 2.0 μm, d1 = 0.5 μm, d 2 = 0.6 μm, d 3 = 0.7 μm, d 4 = 0.7 μm
(d) Λ = 2.0 μm, d1 = 0.5 μm, d 2 = 0.6 μm, d 3 = 0.7 μm, d 4 = 1.8 μm
 Conventional Dispersion-Flattened PCF

λ = 1.55 μm

11 rings
Λ = 2.47 μm, d = 0.57 μm * Λ = 2.62 μm, d = 0.632 μm * *
* W.H. Reeves et al., Opt. Express, ** A. Ferrando et al., Opt. Express,
vol. 10, pp. 609-613, July 2002. vol. 9, pp. 687-697, Dec. 2001.
PCF with Ultra-Low and Ultra-Flattened Dispersion

Λ = 1.6 μm
d1 = 0.47 μm, d 2 = 0.71 μm, d 3 = 0.74 μm
d 4 = 0.62 μm, d 5 = L = d10 = 0.65 μm
 Leakage Loss and Effective Core Area

Lc < 0.1 dB/km for λ < 1.7 μm Aeff = 9.4 μm 2 at λ = 1.55 μm

 Backgrounds
Increasing demands for dense optical wiring
Insufficient bending property
¾Robustness of small radius bending of SMF(ITU-T G.652)
<0.1dB/m(bend loss) for practical use (> dia. 30mm for <0.1dB/m)

We propose novel type of holey fiber for optical wiring applications

Fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) network

R = 30 mm In-door optical fiber

R = 15 mm PC
ONU

R = 5 mm

Small bending radius is

strongly requested.
 Transmission Loss of Holey Fibers

3.2 dB/km @ 1.55 μm and 7.1 dB/km @ 0.85 μm 1 dB/km @ 1.55 μm and 2 dB/km @ 1.31 μm
H. Kubota, K. Suzuki, S. Kawanishi, M. Nakazawa, K. Tajima, K. Nakajima, K. Kurokawa, N. Yoshizawa,
M. Tanaka, and M. Fujita, CLEO/QELS 2001, CPD3, May 2001. and M. Ohashi, OFC 2002, ThS3, Mar. 2002.

0.37 dB/km @ 1.55 μm and 0.71 dB/km @ 1.31 μm 0.28 dB/km @ 1.55 μm and 0.35 dB/km @ 1.31 μm
K. Tajima, J. Zhou, K. Nakajima, and K. Sato, K. Tajima, J. Zhou, K. Kurokawa, and K. Nakajima,
OFC 2003, PD1, Mar. 2003. ECOC-IOOC 2003, Th4.1.6, Sept. 2003.
 Basic Design Strategy of
Single-Mode Hole-Assisted Fiber

Small holes = Large holes = Optimized core and

Low index contrast High index contrast air-hole diameters

Single mode ○ Higher-order modes × Effectively single mode ○

High bend loss × Low bend loss ○ Low bend loss ○
 Minimum Required MFD of Holey Fiber
Splice loss
Holey fiber Single-mode fiber
2 wSMF wHF
spot size: wHF spot size: wSMF LS = −20 log10 2 [dB]
wSMF + wHF2

pot size w: half of the MFD

MFD HF ≥ 8.8 μm @ 1.55 μm

We can determine that the

minimum value of the MFD of
the holey fiber is 8.8 μm.
0.3 dB
Relation Between the MFD and the Cutoff Wavelength

The cutoff wavelength is defined such as the leakage loss of the higher-order mode being 22 dB/m.
The Germanium concentration of the core is assumed to be set up to the level of 0.36 %.
 Dependence of the Cutoff Wavelength on the Allowable Bending Radius

If the total bending loss for 10 turns is less than 0.5 dB at 1.65 μm,
then the radius of each turn is defined as the allowable bending radius.
Dependence of the Cutoff Wavelength and the Allowable Bending
Radius on Air-Hole Diameter of the Second Ring

Hole pitch: Λ ≈ 9.0 μm

Hole diameter: d1/Λ=0.38, d2/Λ=0.39
Doped-core radius: a=3.0 μm
Optimized structure!
 Single-Mode Holey Fiber with Low Bending Loss

Mode field diameter : 9.3 μm @ 1.55 μm

Λ=8.98 μm, d1=3.51 μm, d2=3.71 μm, a=2.95 μm

Cutoff wavelength measurement

Cutoff wavelength : 1.1 μm

Effective Index Curves and Field Distribution

Fundamental mode Higher-order mode

 Experimental Results of Bending and Splice Loss

Single-mode fiber Holey fiber

splicing point

Ave. = 0.08 dB

Bending loss Bending radius 5 mm 0.011

[dB/turn] Bending radius 10 mm 0.002 Splice loss between HF and SMF
Conclusions
¾We have proposed and demonstrated a novel type of bending-insensitive
single-mode holey fiber for optical interconnection applications.
¾The fiber with a doped core and two layers of holes with different air-hole
diameters have been designed.

Fiber characteristics at 1.55 μm

Mode field diameter [μm] 9.3

Fiber cutoff wavelength [μm] 1.1

Dispersion [ps/km/nm] 21.8

Bending loss Bending radius 5 mm 0.011

[dB/turn]
Bending radius 10 mm 0.002
 Fiber Termination for practical use

Step1 Dependency of collapsing loss on taper length

Arc fusion splicing
0.8

Collapsing loss [dB]

Holey fiber SMF
0.6
λ1.55μm
0.4
taper length
0.2
Large excess loss by MFD mismatch λ1.31μm
0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
Taper length [mm]

Step2 Step3
Burner collapsing
Attaching connector

taper length Reduce the excess loss

by Connector
gradual MFD transition