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0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Abertura
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
Fecho
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Fecho
0 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
Detecção de pontos isolados Pontos terminais em
Esqueletos Junções em esqueletos
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Esqueleto
central
inexistente
1 2
Imagem com 540x720 pixies. Resultado com distância mínima entre pixeis de 10
Imagem com 540x720 pixies. Resultado com distância mínima entre pixeis de 20
Imagem com 540x720 pixies. Resultado com distância mínima entre pixeis de 30
ImBW=im2bw(Im,0.1); minDist=sqrt((x-Xp(1))^2+(y-Yp(1))^2);
imtool(ImBW); indMin=1;
for i=2:size(Xp)
ImPer=getBorder(ImBW); % get image with object borders dist=sqrt((x-Xp(i))^2+(y-Yp(i))^2);
imtool(ImPer); if dist<minDist
minDist=dist;
[Yp,Xp]=find(ImPer~=0); % get list of border pixels indMin=i;
[Yo,Xo]=find((ImBW-ImPer)~=0); % get object pixels without borders end
end
ImRes=zeros(size(ImBW)); % prepare resulting image
Np=1;
for i=1:size(Xo,1)
nP=verSkeleton1(Xo(i),Yo(i),Xp,Yp); function ImPer = getBorder( ImBW ) for i=2:size(Xp)
if nP>1 % Get borders of object(s) on a binary image if i~=indMin % skip the minimum
ImRes(Yo(i),Xo(i))=1; dist=sqrt((x-Xp(i))^2+(y-Yp(i))^2);
end ImPer=zeros(size(ImBW)); % if dist==minDist % exact distance
end % Np=Np+1;
% find object borders in ImBW to ImPer % end
figure, imshow(ImRes+ImPer); if abs(dist-minDist)<=1 && ...% threshold to be defined
for i=2:size(ImBW,1)-1 sqrt((Xp(indMin)-Xp(i))^2+(Yp(indMin)-Yp(i))^2)>10 %% distance
for j=2:size(ImBW,2)-1 between points - second threshold to be defined
if ImBW(i,j)==1 Np=Np+1;
if ImBW(i-1,j)==0 ImPer(i,j)=1; end
elseif ImBW(i+1,j)==0 ImPer(i,j)=1; end
elseif ImBW(i,j-1)==0 ImPer(i,j)=1; End
elseif ImBW(i,j+1)==0 ImPer(i,j)=1;
end
end
end
end
End
Imagem com 482x757 pixeis e eixo médio com distância mínima entre pixeis> 10
46
Algoritmos de componentes ligados
• São muito utilizados em imagens de objectos sobre fundos
contrastantes.
• Todos os algoritmos processam uma linha da imagem de
cada vez.
• Todos os algoritmos etiquetam o primeiro píxel da imagem
e tentam propagar a etiqueta pelos píxeis à sua direita ou
abaixo dele.
• Podem ser usadas adjacências a 4 ou a 8 pixels:
Adjacência a Adjacência a
4 pixels 8 pixels
0 0 A 0 0 0 B
0 0 A A 0 0 B
0 0 A A A 0 B
0 0 A A A A ?
Quarta linha
0 0 A 0 0 0 A
0 0 A A 0 0 A
0 0 A A A 0 A
0 0 A A A A A
Resultado final
DEE/FCT/UNL - Sistemas Sensoriais José Manuel Fonseca 48
Algoritmos de componentes ligados
• Os diferentes algoritmos de componentes ligados diferem
nas respostas às seguintes questões:
• Qual a etiqueta a atribuir ao pixel “?” ?
• Como é que o algoritmo regista a equivalência entre duas (ou
mais) etiquetas ?
• Como é utilizada a informação de equivalência entre etiquetas
para completar o processamento ?
1 1
4 5
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
7 2
7 2
Propagação de etiquetas Propagação de etiquetas
bottom-up/right-left top-down/left-right
DEE/FCT/UNL - Sistemas Sensoriais José Manuel Fonseca 51
Algoritmos de componentes ligados - algoritmo
clássico
• Algoritmo clássico:
• Atribuir uma etiqueta diferente a todos os pixels não nulos.
• Da esquerda para a direita, de cima para baixo, atribuir a cada pixel a etiqueta de
menor valor de entre todas as dos seus vizinhos.
• Cada vez que mais do que uma etiqueta se pode propagar ao mesmo pixel é
propagada a menor delas e a equivalência é registada numa tabela de
equivalências.
• É calculado o fecho transitivo da tabela de equivalências.
• É efectuada uma segunda passagem substituindo cada etiqueta pela sua
equivalente na tabela de equivalências.
• Características:
• Faz apenas duas passagens.
• Exige uma tabela para registo das equivalências que pode ser um problema em
imagens complexas.
3 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2
4
1 2 2 1 2 2
Equivalências 1 1 11 11 2 2 2 1 1 11 11 2 2 2 Fecho
detectadas transitivo
1 1 18 18 11 11 2 2 1 1 11 11 11 11 2 2
18-11
27-2 1 25 11 27 27 27 27 2 2 1 11 11 2 2 2 2 2 2 1-33
33-1 33 33 1 25 11 2 1 1 1 11 11 2 2-27
11-18-25
25-11 33 25 25 11 1 11 11 11
33 25 25 11 1 11 11 11
Propagação de etiquetas top-down/left-right Transposição das equivalências
DEE/FCT/UNL - Sistemas Sensoriais José Manuel Fonseca 53
Exemplo
Uma etiqueta diferente para cada grão de arroz
Binarização Componentes
Ligados
1 1 1 1 1 1 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 2
1 1 1 1 2
1 1 1 1 2
1 1 1
1 1 1
0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6
1 2 3 2 2 2 5 6 6 5 1
0 1 1 1 3
0 1 1 1 3
1 1 1 1 1 3
1 1 1 1 1 3
1 1 0
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
0 1 1
0 1 1
2 1 1 1 1 1 1 4
2 1 1 1 1 1 1 4
2 1 1 1 1 1 1 4
0 3 3 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1
1
1 1 1
1 1 1
2 1 1
2 1 1 2 2 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4
1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 4
Imagem binária depois de efectuado o 1 1 1 1 4
threshold
3 3 3 3
Segmentação final
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
0 1 1 0
1 1 1 1
0 1 1 0
1 1 1 1
1 1 2 0
1
1 0 1 4
1
2 1 2 4
2 1 1 4
0 0 2 0
0 1 1 0
P45º P135º 1 0
P45º P135º
3 *1 + 2 * 2 + 4 * 3 + 3 * 4 31
Cy = = = 2.58
12 12
∑p i = 1 + 2 + 3 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 12
1 2 3 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 3 Área
2 1 1 2
Centro 3 1 1 1 1 4
4 1 1 1 3
Geométrico
1 2 3 4 5 6 ∑p i = 3 + 2 + 4 + 3 = 12
1 *1 + 2 * 2 + 3 * 3 + 2 * 4 + 2 * 5 + 2 * 6 44
Cx = = = 3,67
12 12
Region Growing (Threshold 30) Region Growing (Threshold 65) Region Growing (Threshold 100)
Emagrecimento
1passagem
Emagrecimento
2 passagens
Engrandecimento