2.

Territórios Negros
José Maurício Andion Arruti

2.1. Propriedade ou Território?

!"#$%&'(%"#")&*%#!"#$%&"#$"'(#%)!*#%#")&*%#'+,*'!(-(.'/'%(#)+,-'.#%"-'/)"#$0"(01()"2#"%3'#1'"#-*'(%4%0*'"#
$'"# 405*'*0'"2# 1'"# "%/6%"# $%# 3)*1'0"# %# *%50"('"# ),# 1)"# -*)7*'.'"# ,105%*"0(8*0)"2# .)&0409'1$)# %"(04)"# $%#
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%""'# '"")+0'/:)# $%# (%.'"# %"(%5%# 407'$'# '# ,.# +)1(%D()# %.# @,%# '# @,%"(:)# ?(10+'# %# +,4(,*'4# %*'# 50"('# +).)#
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$0"+,*")"#7)5%*1'.%1('0"#@,'1()#)"#$'#)-)"0/:)#$%#%"@,%*$'#@,%2#-'*'#'@,?.#$%#",'"#*'$0+'0"#$0<%*%1/'"2#")&#
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,.'# -)-,4'/:)# '(?# %1(:)# B# .'*7%.# $)# $0"+,*")# $%# +4'""%=# K"")# +I'.'# '# '(%1/:)# -'*'# )# <'()# $%# @,%# -'*'#
(%*.)"# ,.# @,'$*)# *%'4# $'# L4,('# -%4'# (%**'M# 1)# N*'"04# ?# -*%+0")# %"('*.)"# '(%1()"# 1:)# "A# B"# <)*.'"# $%#
$).01'/:)# %# %D-*)-*0'/:)# %+)1E.0+'# %# B# *%"0"(J1+0'# -)4;(0+'# 0.-)"('# '# %4'"2# .'"# ('.&?.# B"# <)*.'"# $%#
$).01'/:)2#%D-*)-*0'/:)#%#*%"0"(J1+0'#")+0'4#%#+,4(,*'4#@,%#4I%"#'+).-'1I'.#%#01"(*,.%1('409'.=##
O%""%# 1)5)# +)1(%D()2# 5)4('*# B# '"")+0'/:)# %1(*%# *%<)*.'# '7*8*0'# %# (%**0(A*0)"# ")+0'0"# ),# ?(10+)"# 1)"#
-%*.0(%#,.#%<%0()#+)1(*8*0)P#0.-)*#'#+)1"0$%*'/:)#$%#@,%#1)#N*'"04#)#-*)+%"")#$%#(*'1"<)*.'/:)#$'#L(%**'M#
%.#.%*+'$)*0'#1:)#<)0#-4%1'.%1(%#+).-4%('$)=#Q0710<0+'(05'"#-'*+%4'"#$%#1)""'#-)-,4'/:)#1:)#505%.#")&*%#
"0.-4%"# L-*)-*0%$'$%"# <,1$08*0'"M2# .'"# ")&*%# (%**0(A*0)"# ")+0'0"2# %"(*%0('.%1(%# 407'$)"# B"# ",'"# 0$%1(0$'$%"# %#
.%.A*0'"#I0"(A*0+'"#%#+,4(,*'0"=#
2.1.1 Territórios Indígenas
R%# <'()2# (,$)# -'*%+%# (%*# 01;+0)# +).# '# @,%"(:)# $'"# L(%**'"# 01$;7%1'"M2# @,%# I)3%# ":)# .'0"# $%# SST2#
$0"(*0&,;$'"# -)*# @,'"%# ()$)"# )"# %"('$)"# $'# <%$%*'/:)# U'# G10+'# %D+%/:)# ?# )# V0',;W2# +I%7'1$)# '# ,.# ()('4# $%#
-),+)# .'0"# $%# XTT# .04I6%"# $%# I%+('*%"2# '# .'0)*# -'*(%# '01$'# "%.# '# $%50$'# *%7,4'*09'/:)=# !"# 01(%*%""%"#
+)1(*'*0'$)"#-%4'#%D0"(J1+0'#$%""'"#8*%'"#*%"%*5'$'"#":)#%1)*.%"#%#",'#<)*/'#?#+)1"('1(%.%1(%#%50$%1+0'$'2#
+).)#"%#$%,#1)#+'")#$)#$%+*%()#7)5%*1'.%1('4#U1=XYYS2#3'1%0*)#$%#XZZ[W#@,%#'4(%*),#)"#-*)+%$0.%1()"#$%#
$%.'*+'/:)#$'"#8*%'"#01$;7%1'"2#'&*01$)#%"-'/)#U)#L+)1(*'$0(A*0)MW#-'*'#'#+)1(%"('/:)#$%#.,0('"#$%4'"=#
H0"()*0+'.%1(%2#'#<07,*'#$'"#L8*%'"#01$;7%1'"M#<)0#+*0'$'#+).)#,.#.%0)#$%#50'&0409'*#)#0")4'.%1()#$'"#
-)-,4'/6%"# 01$;7%1'"# '01$'# '**%$0'"# B# +050409'/:)2# ",&.%(%1$)\'"# B# (,(%4'# %"('('4# %2# -)*# .%0)# $%# .?()$)"#
+0%1(;<0+)"#+'4+'$)"#1)#%5)4,+0)10".)#")+0'42#(*'1"<)*.'\4'"#%.#L(*'&'4I'$)*%"#1'+0)1'0"M=#F.#,.#-*0.%0*)#
.).%1()2# -)*('1()2# @,%# "%# %"(%1$%,# $'# $?+'$'# $%# XZXT# ')"# '1)"# +01@]%1('2# '# +)1"(0(,0/:)# $'"# L8*%'"#
01$;7%1'"M# *%"-)1$%,# '# )&3%(05)"# %D+4,"05'.%1(%# 7%)-)4;(0+)"2# $'# %D-'1":)# -'*'# )# !%"(%2# %# %+)1E.0+)"2#
407'$)"# 0.-4'1('/:)# $%# -*)+%"")"# (?+10+)"# $%# '.-40'/:)# $'# -*)$,(050$'$%# -)*# I%+('*%# ),# ')# "0.-4%"#
'**%1$'.%1()# $%""'"# (%**'"# -'*'# 1:)# 01$;7%1'"=# !# "%,# $%"(01)# %*'# $%"'-'*%+%*# B# .%$0$'# @,%# '# (,(%4'#
(*'1"<)*.'""%#&*0$'*#(1(-+-1*&%#!+0$+#"%,"#I'&0('1(%"#%.#,.'#-)-,4'/:)#I).)7J1%'#%#-*)$,(05'=##
R%-)0"# $)"# '1)"# +01@]%1('2# 1)# %1('1()2# '# .,$'1/'# $%# -)"(,*'# $)# .,1$)# -A"\7,%**'# <*%1(%# B#
01()4%*^1+0'# ?(10+'# %# +,4(,*'42# )# <)*('4%+0.%1()# $)# 01$07%10".)# 4'(01)\'.%*0+'1)# %# '# 01"(0(,+0)1'409'/:)# $'"#
+0J1+0'"#")+0'0"#1)#N*'"04#4%5),#'#,.#*).-0.%1()2#'01$'#@,%#1:)#'&")4,()2#+).#'@,%4%#.)$%4)#01$07%10"('#
)<0+0'4=#>"#8*%'"#%#-'*@,%"#01$;7%1'"#-'""'.#'#"%*#50"()"#+).)#$%"(01'$)"#B#-*%"%*5'/:)#$'"#<)*.'"#")+0'0"#%#
+,4(,*'0"#'1+%"(*'0"#%2#%.#-),+)#(%.-)#)"#(%**0(A*0)"#01$;7%1'"#(*'1"<)*.'.\"%#%.#,.#$)"#0.-)*('1(%"#<)+)"#
$%# *%"0"(J1+0'# ')# ',()*0('*0".)# $)"# .%7'\-*)3%()"# $)# *%70.%# .040('*# 0.-)"()# %1(*%# )"# '1)"# [T# %# _T=# >)"#
-),+)"# '"# -*A-*0'"# 40$%*'1/'"# 01$;7%1'"# ()*1'.\"%# +'$'# $0'# .%1)"# %"(*'1I'"# ')"# -*)+%"")"# $%# 1%7)+0'/:)#
")&*%# ",'"# (%**'"2# +I%7'1$)# '# -)1()# $%# -*%""0)1'*%.# )# 7)5%*1)# <'9%1$)# <,1+0)18*0)"# $'# `aO>K#
-*0"0)1%0*)"2# %1<*%1('1$)# +).# '*.'"# )# '5'1/)# $%# 7'*0.-%0*)"# %# 7*04%0*)"2# 015'$01$)# '"# "%$%"# *%70)1'0"# %#
+%1(*'4#$'#`aO>K#%#+)1%+('1$)\"%#+).#),(*)"#.)50.%1()"#$%#^.&0()#01(%*1'+0)1'4=#b'0"#7*,-)"#I'&040('.\
"%#'#<'4'*#$0*%('.%1(%#+).#'"#',()*0$'$%"#7)5%*1'.%1('0"#%#.,0()"#$)"#"%,"#3)5%1"#-'""'.#'#"'0*#$'"#'4$%0'"#
-'*'# %"(,$'*# '7*)1).0'# ),# $0*%0()2# 1:)# -'*'# L%5)4,;*%.M# *,.)# B# +050409'/:)# &*'1+'2# .'"# +).)# <)*.'# # $%#
.'10-,4'*#)#+A$07)#$)"#","#-*A-*0)"#%D-*)-*0'$)*%"#'#"%,#<'5)*=#
O)# O)*$%"(%# $)# -';"2# %"(%# -*)+%"")#$%#.)&0409'/:)# 01$;7%1'#(%5%# <)*/'# ",<0+0%1(%# -'*'# *%5%*(%*# ,.#
-*)+%"")# I0"(A*0+)# '-'*%1(%.%1(%# %1+%**'$)=# R%-)0"# $)"# 7)5%*1)"# -*)501+0'0"# $'# *%70:)# (%*%.# $%+*%('$)#
()$)"# )"# "%,"# '4$%'.%1()"# 01$;7%1'"# )<0+0'4.%1(%# %D(01()"# 1'# $?+'$'# $%# X_YT2# )"# '1)"# cT2# YT# %# ZT# $%"(%#
"?+,4)#'""0"(%.#",+%""05)"#+0+4)"#$%#,.'#L+'.01I'$'#$%#5)4('M=#Q,'"#+).,10$'$%"#L+'&)+4'"M2#"0(,'$'"#1'"#
(%**'"# $%# '1(07)"# '4$%'.%1()"2# +).%/'*'.# '# *%+)1@,0"('*# )# $0*%0()# '# ('0"# (%**0(A*0)"2# 1:)# "A# 1%7'1$)2# .'"#
015%*(%1$)#'#%D-%+('(05'#$%#,.'#+)1(*)4'$'#%#$A+04#I).)7%1%09'/:)#?(10+'#%#+,4(,*'4=#H)3%#%D0"(%.#.'0"#$%#
cT#$%"(%"#7*,-)"#1)#O)*$%"(%#%#%""%#1G.%*)#1:)#-8*'#$%#+*%"+%*2#%.#&,"+'#$)#*%+)1I%+0.%1()#)<0+0'4#$%#",'#
'1+%"(*'40$'$%# 01$;7%1'# %2# -)*# .%0)# $%4'2# $'# 4%70(0.'/:)# )<0+0'4# $%# "%,"# (%**0(A*0)"# ")+0'0"2# @,'"%# "%.-*%#
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2.1.2. Territórios Negros
d%+%1(%.%1(%2# +).# '# e)1"(0(,0/:)# $%# XZ__2# )# )*$%1'.%1()# 3,*;$0+)# &*'"04%0*)# '.-40),#
+)1"0$%*'5%4.%1(%#'#-)""0&040$'$%#$%#<'4'*.)"#1'#-)""%#(%**0()*0'4#$%$0+'$'#B#.'1,(%1/:)#$)"#7*,-)"#")+0'0"#
%.# ",'# $05%*"0$'$%# $%# <)*.'"# +,4(,*'0"=# !# '*(07)# [_# $)# >()# $'"# R0"-)"0/6%"# e)1"(0(,+0)1'0"# b*'1"0(A*0'"#
*%+)1I%+%,# )# $0*%0()# @,%# '"# +).,10$'$%"# *%.'1%"+%1(%"# $%# @,04).&)"# (J.# B"# (%**'"# @,%# )+,-'.2# '""0.#
+).)#'#)&*07'/:)#$)#F"('$)#%.#4%7'409'*#('0"#-)""%"=#O%""%#+'")2#'01$'#1:)#I8#%"(0.'(05'"#-*%+0"'"#@,'1()#')#
1G.%*)# $%# +).,10$'$%"# 1%7*'"# @,%# *%0501$0+'.# ),# '01$'# -)$%.# 50*# '# *%0501$0+'*# (%**0(A*0)"# $%# ,")#
(*'$0+0)1'42#.'"#,.'#+)0"'#?#+%*('2#'"#%"(0.'(05'"#010+0'0"2#@,%#-*)3%('5'.#'-%1'"#,.'#),#$,'"#$G90'"#$%4'"#%.#
()$)# )# -';"2# <)*'.# ",*-*%%1$0$'"# -)*# ,.'# *%'40$'$%# '(?# %1(:)# $%"+)1I%+0$'# 1)"# .%0)"# -)4;(0+)"# %# .%".)#
'+'$J.0+)"=#!"#4%5'1('.%1()"#-*%40.01'*%"#<'4'.#$%#+%1(%1'"#$%""'"#+).,10$'$%"#'-%1'"#%.#'47,1"#%"('$)"2#
+).)#f'*'1I:)2#N'I0'#%#f01'"#g%*'0"=#
>#*%$'/:)#$)#'*(07)#[_#$%0D'#%50$%1(%#",'#01(%1/:)#$%#*%-'*'/:)#I0"(A*0+'2#$%#5'4)*#"0.&A40+)2#5)4('$'#
')#*%"(*0()#,105%*")#$)"#L*%.'1%"+%1(%"M#$'@,%4%"#@,%#<)*'.#;+)1%"#$'#*%"0"(J1+0'#B#%"+*'50$:)=#>4?.#$0"")2#
('4#'*(07)#",*7%#'+).-'1I'$)#$%#,.#),(*)#'*(07)#+)**%"-)1$%1(%2#1'#"%/:)#$%$0+'$'#B#e,4(,*'2#@,%#$%(%*.01'#
)#().&'.%1()#L$)"#$)+,.%1()"#%#$)"#";(0)"M#*%4'(05)"#'#'1(07)"#@,04).&)"=#>-%"'*#$'@,%4'"#@,%#-)""'.#(%*#
"0$)#'"#L01(%1/6%"#$)#4%70"4'$)*M2#1)#%1('1()2#)#@,%#)+)**%#?#'#+)15%*":)#$%""'"#1)*.'"#5)4('$'"#B#*%-'*'/:)#
$)#-'""'$)#%.#01"(*,.%1()"#$%#+)1"(*,/:)#$)#<,(,*)=#
># '-*)-*0'/:)# $'# 1)*.'# -)*# -'*(%# $)# .)50.%1()# ")+0'4# 407'$)# '# %""'"# +).,10$'$%"# 1%7*'"2# @,'"%#
()$'"# '+,'$'"# -)*# +)1<40()"# <,1$08*0)"# +).# 7*04%0*)"# $'"# (%**'"# @,%# )+,-'.2# .,0('"# 5%9%"# I8# .'0"# $%# +%.#
'1)"2#4%5),#'#,.'#*%01(%*-*%('/:)#$)#(%*.)#@,04).&)"=#>#(%1$J1+0'#I)3%2#'01$'#@,%#1:)#"%#(%1I'#$%<010$)#
,.'#4%70"4'/:)#+).-4%.%1('*#')#'*(07)#+)1"(0(,+0)1'42#?#@,%2#-'*'#%<%0()"#$'#4%02#().%\"%#-)*#L*%.'1%"+%1(%#
$%#@,04).&)"M#()$'"#'@,%4'"#+).,10$'$%"#$%"+%1$%1(%"#$%#7*,-)"#(%**0()*0'409'$)"#$%#'1(07)"#%"+*'5)"#),#$%#
"%,"#$%"+%1$%1(%"#$0*%()"=#
e).)# )"# .)50.%1()"# 1%7*)"# &*'"04%0*)"# ('.&?.# "A# I'50'.# '"",.0$)#)# (%*.)#2"%#*!3*-+).)#,.'#
%"-?+0%#$%#'+%*5)#"0.&A40+)#-'*'#",'"#4,('"#,*&'1'"2#"%.#.'0)*%"#+)1"%@]J1+0'"#")&*%#",'#I0"(A*0+'#<'4('#$%#
'(%1/:)#')#.,1$)#*,*'42#+).)#-'*'#)#F"('$)#&*'"04%0*)#'#@,%"(:)#1%7*'#"%.-*%#<)0#0")4'$'#+).)#,.'#@,%"(:)#
+,4(,*'42#%"5'90'$'#$%#"%,"#"0710<0+'$)"#-)4;(0+)"2#0"")#+)4)+),#('0"#+).,10$'$%"#1%7*'"#*,*'0"#%.#,.'#"0(,'/:)#
+,*0)"'=#F4'"#":)#'-)0'$'"#%#'""%"")*'$'"#-)*#%1(0$'$%"#$)#.)50.%1()#")+0'4#)*0701'4.%1(%#407'$'"#B"#4,('"#
01$;7%1'"2#$'#.%".'#<)*.'#@,%#)"#*%+,*")"#'$.010"(*'(05)"#'+0)1'$)"#-%4)#F"('$)#(J.#<)*(%#01"-0*'/:)#1)#
01$07%10".)#)<0+0'4=#!+)**%#%1(:)#'#(*'1".0"":)#$%#,.'#%D-%*0J1+0'#I0"(A*0+'#$'#4,('#-)*#(%**0(A*0)"#?(10+)"#
$'"#+).,10$'$%"#01$;7%1'"#-'*'#'"#+).,10$'$%"#1%7*'"=##
2.1.3. Território e diferença
b'0"# +).,10$'$%"2# ('1()# 01$;7%1'"# @,'1()# $%# L*%.'1%"+%1(%"# $%# @,04).&)"M2# *%-*%"%1('.# ,.'#
*%"-)"('# -)4;(0+'# %1+I'*+'$'# $%# +,4(,*'# $%# 7*,-)"# I8# .,0()# .'*701'409'$)"2# +,3'# '<0*.'/6%"# $%# ",'"#
0$%1(0$'$%"# I0"(A*0+'"# %D07%# '# *%50":)# $'# 0$?0'# @,%# (%.)"# ")&*%# )# N*'"04=# >)# 4'$)# $'"# $0"+,""6%"# ")&*%# )"#
0.07*'1(%"#%,*)-%,"2#'#-%@,%1'#-*)-*0%$'$%#%#)#4'(0<G1$0)2#?#1%+%""8*0)#'+*%"+%1('*#)"#(%**0(A*0)"#")+0'0"2#$%#
,")#(*'$0+0)1'4#%#.,0('"#5%9%"#+)4%(05)2#<,1$'$)"#%.#(*'$0/6%"#+,4(,*'0"#%#%"(*,(,*'"#")+0'0"#@,%#*%.%(%.#'#
'+%*5)"# .,0()# $0"(01()"2# +).)# )"# 01$)'.%*0+'1)"# %# '<*0+'1)"=# R'# .%".'# <)*.'2# "%# %.# 1)""'"# '1840"%"# $%#
+)13,1(,*'#$'#L4,('#-%4'#(%**'M#$%5%#7'1I'*#7*'1$%#0.-)*(^1+0'#'#*%1)5'/:)#@,%#)#f)50.%1()#$)"#Q%.#b%**'#
5%.#-*)$,901$)#1)#+%18*0)#-)4;(0+)#&*'"04%0*)2#+).#'#*%().'$'#$%#,.#507)*)")#$0"+,*")#$%#+4'""%2#+).#",'#
7*'1$%# +'-'+0$'$%# $%# )*7'109'/:)2# -4'1%3'.%1()# %# -*)$,/:)2# 1:)# -)$%.)"# +)1(01,'*# ","(%1('1$)# 1)""'#
+%7,%0*'#@,'1()#B"#),(*'"#$0.%1"6%"#$%"('#.%".'#4,('=#
h8#-'*%+%#-)"";5%4#+)1('.01'*#)#$%&'(%#")&*%#'#*%<)*.'#'7*8*0'#+).#'#+'*7'#+*;(0+'#@,%#'#%.%*7J1+0'#
-)4;(0+'#$%""%"#7*,-)"#$%#1'(,*%9'#?(10+'#%#+,4(,*'4#1)"#0.-6%#B#)&"%*5'/:)=#g*,-)"#@,%#4,('.#1:)#"A#-)*#
L,.#-%$'/)#$%#(%**'M#),#-%4'#*%-'*'/:)#$%#%**)"#$)#-'""'$)2#.'"#('.&?.#-%4'#$%<%"'#$%#"%,"#.)$)"#$%#50$'#
%#)*7'109'/:)#")+0'4#-*%"%1(%"2#",'"#<)*.'"#*%4070)"'"2#*0(,'0"#%#$%#.'1,"%0)#$'#1'(,*%9'2#'""0.#+).)#-)*#,.'#
1)5'#-%*"-%+(05'#$%#<,(,*)2#%.#@,%#"%3'.#+)1"0$%*'$)"2#$%1(*)#$%#",'"#-*A-*0'"#-%+,40'*0$'$%"2#+).)#'()*%"#
*%4%5'1(%"#1)#.).%1()#$%#<)*.,4'/:)#%#%D%+,/:)#$'"#-)4;(0+'"#-G&40+'"=##

2.2 Entre a memória e o desejo: o direito

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L4,('M# -%4'# (%**'2# -%4)# $0*%0()# $%# )*7'109'/:)# ',(E1).'# %# -%4'# $0710$'$%2# %4'# -'""'# 505%*# ('.&?.# )# @,%#
-)$%*;'.)"#$%1).01'*#+).)#,.##4'*&+))*-1+-%1+0$%,%&(56*7#.'*+'$)#-)*#')#.%1)"#$,'"#+'*'+(%*;"(0+'"#$%#1)"")#
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 2.3. Comunidades Remanescentes de Quilombos

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2.3.1 O nome
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