4 Funções exponenciais e funções logarítmicas

Atividade de diagnóstico a1 = 4

Pág. 118 5. 
an = 2 + an −1 , ∀n ∈ ℕ \ {1}
n +1− 3 n − 3 n − 2 n − 3
1.1. u n +1 − u n = − = − = Seja a condição P ( n ) ⇔ an = 2n + 2
n +1 n n +1 n
n 2 − 2n − n2 + 3n − n + 3 3 • Para n = 1 , vem a1 = 2 × 1 + 2 ⇔ an = 4
= = > 0, ∀n ∈ ℕ
n ( n + 1) n ( n + 1)
Proposição verdadeira
• Admitamos, por hipótese, que para determinado
u n +1 − u n > 0, ∀n ∈ ℕ . Logo, ( un ) é estritamente crescente. n ∈ ℕ , an = 2 n + 2 .
1.2. un +1 − un = 3n +1 − 3n = 3n = 3n × 3 − 3n = 2 × 3n > 0, ∀n ∈ ℕ Pretendemos provar que an +1 = 2 ( n + 1) + 2 .

un +1 − un > 0, ∀n ∈ ℕ . Logo, ( un ) é estritamente crescente. an +1 = 2 + a( n +1) −1 Fórmula de recorrência

n +1 n n n = 2 + an = 2 + 2n + 2 Por hipótese
5 5 5 5 5
2.1. un +1 − un =   −  =   × −  = 2 ( n + 1) + 2
2  2  2 2  2
n n
Logo, a propriedade é hereditária.
 5  5  3  5 Pelo princípio de indução matemática:
=    − 1 = ×   > 0, ∀n ∈ ℕ
 2 2  2  2 ∀n ∈ ℕ , a n = 2 n + 2
un +1 − un > 0, ∀n ∈ ℕ . Logo, ( un ) é estritamente crescente. 1
6
 1 
1−   1 −  3
n +1 n n n  3  36   1  364
1 1 1 1 1 6. S6 = u1 × = 1× = × 1 − =
2.2. un +1 − un =   −  =  × −  = 1 2 2  729  243
2  2  2 2 2 1−
3 3
an +1 − an = r , ∀n ∈ ℕ , dado que ( an ) é uma progressão
n
1 1 7.
= − ×   < 0, ∀n ∈ ℕ
2 2 aritmética de razão r:
un +1 − un < 0, ∀n ∈ ℕ . Logo, ( un ) é estritamente vn +1 k an+1
= an = k an+1 − an = k r , ∀n ∈ ℕ
vn k
decrescente.
Portanto, se ( an ) é uma progressão aritmética de razão r,
un = ( −2) ; u1 = −2 , u2 = 4 , u3 = −8
n
2.3.
( vn ) é uma progressão geométrica de razão k r .
u 2 > u1 e u3 < u2
Logo, ( un ) não é monótona. Pág. 119
n +1 n+3 n 1
2 2
n
8.1. lim = lim =
3.1. un +1 − un =   −  = 3n + 1 3n 3
5 5 n2 + 1 n2 n
n n 8.2. lim = lim = lim = +∞
2 2  3 2 2n + 1 2n 2
=    − 1 = − ×   < 0, ∀n ∈ ℕ
 5 5  5 5
8.3. lim 2
n n
= lim 2 = lim = 0
1
Logo, ( un ) é estritamente decrescente pelo que n +3 n n
1 + 2n − n3 −n 3 1
n 8.4. lim = lim 3 = −
2 2 2 − 4 n + 2n 3 2n 2
un ≤ u1 , ∀n ∈ ℕ .Como u1 = e   > 0, ∀n ∈ℕ :
5  5 8.5. lim n a = 1
2 25n − 1 25n 25 5
0 < un ≤ , ∀n ∈ ℕ 8.6. lim = lim = =
5 n 9n 9 3
Logo, u n ( ) é limitada. 8.7. lim
n2 + 1
= lim
n2 + 1 n2
= lim 2 = 1 = 1
2
1 n n n
3.2. Se n é ímpar: 0 < ≤ 1, ∀n ∈ ℕ 1 1 1
n −1 −1 −1
1− n
Logo, −2 ≤ u n ≤ 1, ∀n ∈ ℕ , pelo que ( un ) é limitada. 8.8. lim = lim n = lim n = = lim n = −∞
5n 5n 5n 5
4. Seja a condição em ℕ : n ≤ n 3 n n2 n
• Para n = 1, 1 ≤ 13 ⇔ 1 ≤ 1 é uma proposição verdadeira. 5 5
8.9. lim = =0
• Admitindo que para determinado n ∈ ℕ, n ≤ n3 9n 2 − 1 + n +∞
( ∞−∞)
pretendemos provar que n + 1 ≤ ( n + 1) . ( )
3
8.10. lim n − 2n − 1 =
( n + 1) ( )( )
3
= n3 + 3n2 + 3n + 1 n − 2n − 1 n + 2n − 1
n ≤ n 3 ⇒ n + 1 ≤ n 3 + 1 ⇒ n + 1 ≤ n 3 + 1 + 3n 2 + 3n ⇒ = lim =
n + 2n − 1
3n 2 + 3n > 0, ∀n ∈ ℕ
n − ( 2n − 1) −n + 1
⇒ n + 1 < ( n + 1)
3 = lim = lim =
n + 2n − 1 n + 2n − 1
Logo, a propriedade é hereditária.
Portanto, pelo princípio de indução matemática:
n ≤ n3 , ∀n ∈ ℕ

81
 4.1. Limites notáveis

 1 1  3,6 
4
n  −1 +  −1 + C = 10 000 1 +
 n 2.2.  = 10 364,89
= lim = lim n =  100 × 4 
 n 2n − 1  n 2n − 1 Capital cumulado: 10 364,89 €
n  +  +
 n n  n2 n2 3. Opção BTC
365
1  1,8 
−1 + C = C0  1 + ≈ 1,018C0
n −1 + 0 
= lim = = −∞  100 × 365 
1 2 1 0+
+ − Opção BCT
n n n2 365
 1,7 
3n +1 3n × 3 3
n
C = C0 1 +  ≈ 1,017C0
8.11. lim n = lim n = lim   × 3 = 0 × 3 = 0  1000 × 365 
4 4 4 A melhor opção é a BTC.
n
2n 4 n × 4 2 2 4 4
+   + 16 0 + 16  r   r  5082
2 +4
n n+2
4 n
4 n
4 4. 5000 1 +  = 5082 ⇔ 1 +  = ⇔
8.12. lim n = lim = lim =  100 × 4   400  5000
4 − 3n 3n 3
n
1− 0
1− n 1−   r 2541 r 2541
4  
4 ⇔1+ =4 ⇔ =4 −1 ⇔
400 2500 400 2500
= 16
2541
   2 n   ⇔ r = 400 4 − 400 ⇒ r ≈ 1,63
8.13. lim ( 3n +1 − 2n ) = lim 3n  3 −     = +∞ × ( 3 − 0 ) = +∞ 2500
 
   3    r % ≈ 1, 63%
 1 
n + n 2 1 − 2  Pág. 126
n + n2 − 1  n 
8.14. lim = lim = 5n 5n
2n + 1 2n + 1  1  5 
5.1. lim 1 +  = lim 1 +  = e5
 1   n  5n 
1 n 1 + 1 − 2 
n + n 1− 2 n   −3 
2n
 −6 
2n

= lim n = lim  =1 5.2. lim 1 +  = lim 1 +  = e−6

2n + 1  1   n   2n 
n 2 + 
 n  2
6n
 4 
6n

n 5.3. lim 1 −  = lim 1 −  = e−4

1  3n   6n 
2− n + 3   +3 0+3
= lim   n
2
8.15. lim − n = =3
2 +1 1 0 +1 Pág. 127
  + 1 n
2  1
n  1 
n
 2
1

2 5.4. lim  1 +  = lim  1 +  = e = e

2

2 −b
n n   −1 0 −1  2n   n 
= b = =0
8.16. lim lim  
( ) +∞
n
2 b 2n 3n − 2 3n −2
 2  2  2
2
n 5.5. lim 1 +  = lim 1 +  × 1 +  =
  −1 0 −1  n  n  n
2n − b n b 1
8.17. lim = lim = =−  6   2
3n −2
2b n 2 2 2 = lim 1 +  × lim 1 +  = e6 × 1 = e6
 3n   n
Atividade inicial 1 n −1 ( n + 3) −3 −1
Pág. 120  2   2 
5.6. lim 1 +  = lim 1 +  =
1. 1061, 2080 × 0, 02 = 21, 224 16  n + 3  n +3
1061, 2080 + 21, 224 16 ≈ 1082, 43  2 
n+3
 2 
−4

Ao fim do quarto ano terá 1082,43 €. = lim 1 +  × lim 1 +  = e ×1 = e

2 2

 n + 3  n + 3
n 3
 r   2  −n−2
−1 
−n −2
2. C = C0 1 +  = 1000 1 +  = 1061, 208 €  1   1
 100   100  5.7. lim 1 +  = lim 1 +  × lim 1 +  =
 n  − n   n
= e −1 × 1−2 = e −1
Pág. 122 2
10   1  
n

 2,5     
1. r = 2,5% ; C = 5000  1 +  ≈ 6400,42 € 2n
 lim 1 + 5  
 100    1 
2n  5n 1 +     n  
O capital acumulado ao fim dos 10 anos será de 6400,42 €.  5n + 1   5n   
5.8. lim   = lim  =   n 
 5n + 3    3    3  
Pág. 123  5n 1 + 5n     
5 
  
2. C0 = 10000, r = 3, 6%  lim 1 + n  
   
2    
 3,6 
2.1. C = 10 000 1 +  ≈ 10 363,24  15 
2

 100 × 2  2 2
 =  e− 5  = e− 5
4
=  3
e
Capital cumulado: 10 363,24 €   
 e5   
 

82
 4.1. Limites notáveis

n
Pág. 128 n   2 2 
 2
2n × 22  1  
2 n 4
8.1. lim  1 −  = lim 1 −    =
 1  
 lim 1 + n    n   n  
 1 + 2n
2n +2
 2 +1 n
  
=  
2  
6.1. lim  n  = lim   2n 
=
2 +2  1 + 2n
n
  2 
 lim 1 +    2  2 
 2  = lim  1 −  1+  =
  2    n  
n

 n 
4
 e1 
=  2  = ( e −1 ) = e−4
4 n n
 2  2
e
  = lim  1 −  × lim  1 +  = e− 2 × e 2
= e0 = 1
2n  n   n 
2n
 1
 3
 ( n + 1)!( n + 3)  3  ( n + 1)!( n + 3)  2 
2n
  2 2
6.2. lim  = lim    =  2n  1 − n 2  
2n
 ( n + 2 )!  ( n + 2 )( n + 1)!    2n − 4 
2
 
   8.2. lim  2  = lim  =
 2n − 1   2n 2  1 − 1  
  2 
 2n  
1

n   3 
n 3
lim  1 +  
 n + 3  3 
1

 n   =  e 3 = e3 = 3 e
3 1 2n
= lim   =   2   2  2 
 n+2  2
n
 e   1 − 1 + n  

 lim  1 +    n   
  n  = lim   =
3n 2 + 7 n + 2 3n 2 + n
 1  1 
 3n + 7n + 2 
2 2 n +1
−3n 2 − n 1  1 − 1 + 
6.3. lim   = 6n + 2
  2n  2n  

 3n + n 
2

2
2 n+1
 2 ( 3n + 1) 
2 n+1
 
 6n + 2   
= lim 1 + 2  = lim 1 +  =
 n ( 3n + 1)  
 3n + n  n n 
 lim 1 − 2 
 × lim 1 +
2 
 2
  n  n    e− 2 × e 2 
2n 1 2n
 2  2  4   
= lim  1 +  × lim  1 +  = lim  1 +  ×1 =
1
=  = 
 n  n  2n  1    − 2 
n n 1 1
  1  
= e4×1 = e4       e ×e 2 
 lim 1 − 2  × lim 1 + 2  
2n
  3    n   n  
 2n + 3 
2n  2 n  1 + 2n    






 
6.4. lim  = lim    =

 3n + 1   3 n 1 + 1   2 2
    e0   1 
 3n   =  0  =   =1
2  e  1
  3 
n

en +1 en × e
     en + 1   en 1 
2
 lim 1 + 2   lim  2 − n  = lim  2 − n − n  =
  3  
n 8.3.
 1+     n    e   e e 
n    2
3

2
= lim   × 
2n    
= lim   ×  = en ×e e n ×e
 3   1  
n
 3   1   1  e 
  = lim  2 − 1 − n  = lim  1 − n  = e− e
 1 +     3  
  3n   lim 1 +   e   e ×e
  n  
  
   
2
Pág. 134
 3
 x x
 e2  =0 x
=  0× 1 9.1. 2 = 64 ⇔ 2 = 26 ⇔ = 6 ⇔ x = 12
2 2
 2
 e3 
 
n
S = {12}
  3 2
 5n  1 + n   2
n
 5n + 3  2   = 9.2. 1+ 3 x
= 162 ⇔ 162 × 31+ 3 x = 2 ⇔
6.5. lim   = lim  3
 n+2   n 1 + 2   2 1
  n   ⇔ 31+ 3 x = ⇔ 31+ 3 x = ⇔
  162 81
1
 1
3  2
n

lim  1 + ⇔ 31+ 3 x = 4 ⇔ 31+ 3 x = 3−4 ⇔
  
1
 e3  2 3
= lim 5 ×  n 
= +∞ ×  = +∞
n
  5
2 
n
  e2  ⇔ 1 + 3 x = −4 ⇔ 3 x = −5 ⇔ x = −
 lim  1 +   3
  n 
 5
S = − 
Pág. 132  3
9 2 x + 3 = 3x +1 ⇔ ( 32 )
2 x +3
= 3 x +1 ⇔
(2 )
6
2 9.3.
6× 2
2 12 − 3 4×3 − 3 3− 3
7.1. 3
= 3
=2 =2 = 22 =2 3
⇔ 34 x + 6 = 3 x +1 ⇔ 4 x + 6 = x + 1 ⇔
2 2
5
⇔ 3 x = −5 ⇔ x = −
= ( 33 )
2+ 8 2+2 2 2
7.2. 3 2 ×3 8
=3 =3 = 33 2
= 27 2
3
 5
S = − 
 3

83
 4.1. Limites notáveis

85 x −1 − 2 = 0 ⇔ ( 23 )
5 x −1
9.4. = 2⇔ Pág. 135
x x x
1 1 4 1 1
1
1 11.1.   > 0,04 ⇔   > ⇔   > ⇔
⇔ 215 x − 3 = 2 2 ⇔ 15 x − 3 = ⇔  5  5  100 5 25
2 x 2
1 1
⇔ 15 x = 3 +
1 7
⇔ 15 x = ⇔ x =
7 ⇔   >   ⇔ x < 2 ; S = ]−∞ , 2[
2 2 30 5 5
7 11.2. 25 − 5 ≤ 0 ⇔ 5 x ≥ 5 2 ⇔ x ≥ 2 ; S = [ 2 , + ∞[
x

S = 
 30  2
−5 x 2
−5 x 25
2
11.3. 22 x < 0, 25 ⇔ 22 x < ⇔ Cálculo auxiliar
100
9.5. (4 )
1− x 2
=8 −x
⇔ 2
 ( ) 2 1− x  = 2
 ( )3 −x
⇔
1 2 2
−5 x
2x2 − 5x + 2 = 0 ⇔
⇔ 22 x ⇔ 22 x − 5 x < 2−2 ⇔
< ⇔x=
5 ± 25 −16
⇔
⇔ (2 )
2−2 x 2
=2 −3 x
⇔2 4−4 x
=2 −3 x
⇔ 4 4
⇔ 2 x 2 − 5 x < −2 ⇔ 2 x 2 − 5 x + 2 < 0 ⇔ 1
⇔x= ∨ x =2
⇔ 4 − 4 x = −3x ⇔ x = 4 2
1  1 
S = {4} ⇔ x ∈  , 2  ; S =  , 2
2  2 
9.6. 2 x +1 − 2 x − 2 + 2 x −1 − 2 x = 40 11.4. 10 x − 2 × 5 x > 0 ⇔ 10 x > 2 × 5 x ⇔
⇔ 2 x × 2 − 2 x × 2 −2 + 2 x × 2 −1 − 2 x = 40 ⇔
10 x
 1 1  ⇔ x > 2 ⇔ 2 x > 21 ⇔ x > 1
⇔ 2 x  2 − × + − 1 = 40 ⇔ 5
 4 2 
S = ]1 , + ∞[
5 4
⇔ 2 × = 40 ⇔ 2 x = × 40 ⇔
x
11.5. 32 x + 9 ≥ 10 × 3x ⇔ ( 3x ) − 10 × 3x + 9 ≥ 0
2
Cálculo auxiliar
4 5 y2 −10y + 9 = 0 ⇔
⇔ 2 = 32 ⇔ 2 = 2 ⇔ x = 5
x x 5
Fazendo y = 3 x , vem: 10 ± 100 − 36
⇔y = ⇔
S = {5} y 2 − 10 y + 9 ≥ 0 ⇔ y ≤ 1 ∨ y ≥ 9 ⇔ 2
⇔ y =1 ∨ y = 9
( ) ⇔ 3 ≤ 1∨ 3 ≥ 9 ⇔ 3 ≤ 3 ∨ 3 ≥ 3 ⇔
2 x x x 0 x 2
9.7. 22 x − 5 × 2 x + 4 = 0 ⇔ 2x − 5 × 2x + 4 = 0 ⇔
⇔ x ≤ 0 ∨ x ≥ 2 ⇔ x ∈ ]−∞ , 0] ∪ [ 2 , + ∞[
5 ± 25 − 16
⇔ 2x = ⇔ 2x = 1 ∨ 2x = 4 ⇔ S = ]−∞ , 0] ∪ [ 2 , + ∞[
2
⇔ 2 x = 20 ∨ 2 x = 2 2 ⇔ x = 0 ∨ x = 2
2x 2x −2 x
(
11.6. 5 2 x − 3 > 10 × 5 −2 x ⇔ 5 − 3 × 5 > 10 × 5 × 5 ⇔
2x
)
S = {0 , 2}
⇔ (5 2x 2
) − 3 × 52 x − 10 > 0
9.8. 53 x − 4 × 5 x = 5 × 5 − x ⇔ Cálculo auxiliar
Fazendo y = 52 x , temos:
⇔ ( 53 x − 4 × 5x ) × 5x = 5 × 5− x × 5x ⇔ y2 − 3y −10 = 0 ⇔
y 2 − 3 y − 10 > 0 ⇔ y < − 2 ∨ y > 5 ⇔ 3 ± 9 + 40
⇔5 4x
− 4×5 2x
=5⇔ 5 ( ) 2x 2
− 4×5 − 5 = 0
2x
⇔ 5 2 x < − 2 ∨ 5 2 x > 51 ⇔ x ∈ ∅ ∨ 2 x > 1 ⇔
⇔y =
2
⇔ y =−2 ∨ y = 5
⇔

1
4 ± 16 + 20 ⇔x>
⇔ 52 x = ⇔ 5 2 x = −1 ∨ 52 x = 5 2
2
1 
A equação 52 x = −1 é impossível S =  , + ∞
2 
1 
⇔ x ∈ ∅ ∨ 5 2 x = 51 ⇔ 2 x = 1 ⇔ x =   20
2 12.1. AB = f ( 0 ) − g ( 0 ) = 42 + 2 − = 18 − 10 = 8
2
1 
S =  12.2. 0 ∉ F , porque f ( 0 ) − g ( 0 ) > 1 .
2
10. f ( x ) = 4x − 8 g ( x) = 2 x +2
+ 24 20
12.3. f ( x ) − g ( x ) ≤ 1 ⇔ 43 x + 2 + 2 − ≤1⇔
Ponto A: f ( 0 ) = 4 − 8 = −7 → A ( 0 , − 7 )
0 21− 3 x
Ponto B: ⇔ 4 3 x × 4 2 − 20 × 2 3 x −1 + 1 ≤ 0 ⇔
f ( x ) = g ( x ) ⇔ 4 x − 8 = 2 x + 2 + 24 ⇔ ⇔ ( 22 ) × 16 − 20 × 23 x × 2 −1 + 1 ≤ 0 ⇔
3x

⇔ ( 22 ) − 2 x × 22 − 32 = 0 ⇔ ( 2 x ) − 4 × 2 x − 32 = 0
x 2

⇔ 16 × ( 23 x ) − 10 × 23 x + 1 ≤ 0
2

4 ± 16 + 128 4 ± 12 Fazendo y = 23 x :
⇔ 2x = ⇔ 2x = ⇔ Cálculo auxiliar
2 2 16y2 −10y +1 = 0 ⇔
1 1
⇔ 2 x = −4 ∨ 2 x = 8 ⇔ x ∈ ∅ ∨ 2 x = 23 ⇔ x = 3 16 y 2 − 10 y + 1 ≤ 0 ⇔ y ≥ ∧y≤ ⇔ 10 ± 100 − 64
8 2 ⇔y = ⇔
f ( 3) = 43 − 8 = 56 → B ( 3 , 56 ) 32
1 1 1
⇔y = ∨ y=
Ponto C: g ( 0 ) = 20 + 2 + 24 = 28 → C ( 0 , 28 ) ⇔ 23 x ≥ ∧ 23 x ≤ 2−1 ⇔ 8 2
23
AB × abcissa de B 28 − ( −7 ) × 3 35 × 3 ⇔ 2 3 x ≥ 2 −3 ∧ 3 x ≤ −1 ⇔
A[ ABC ] = = =
2 2 2 1 1
⇔ 3 x ≥ −3 ∧ x ≤ − ⇔ x ≥ −1 ∧ x ≤ −
= 52, 5 3 3
A[ ABC ] = 52,5 u.a.
 1
F =  −1 , − 
 3

84
 4.1. Limites notáveis

Pág. 136  1  1 
15.9. log 7 1 + log 2   + log 1 4 = log 7 7 0 + log 2  4  + y =
0  16  2 
2e x − 2
 
02 ( e x − 1) 2 ex − 1 2 2
32

13.1. lim = lim = lim = ×1 =  2 2 22

x →0 3x x →0 3x 3 x →0 x 3 3 = 0 + log 2 2 −4 +  −  = −4 − = −
 5 5 5
 0 y = −x
  Cálculo auxiliar
e− x − 1  0  e− x − 1 ey −1 Se x → 0, y → 0
= − lim = − lim = −1
y y
13.2. lim  1 1
log 1 4 = y ⇔ 4 =   ⇔ 22 =  5  ⇔ 22 = ( 2−5 ) ⇔
y
x →0 x x →0 −x x →0 y 32  32  2 
2
 0ex − 1 ex −1 ⇔ 22 = 2−5 y ⇔ −5 y = 2 ⇔ y = −
  ×x lim 5
e −1 x  0 1 x →0 x
13.3. lim 3 x = lim 3 x x = × =
x →0 e − 1 x →0 e − 1 3 e3 x − 1
× 3x lim Pág. 139
3x x →0 3x 2
 1 
16.1. log ( 0,01) = log   = log (10 ) = log10 = −4
2 −2 2 −4
1 1 1 1 1 y = 3x
= × = × =  100 
3 e −1 3 1 3
y Se x → 0, y → 0
3
lim −
y →0 y  0,001  10 −3 10 2 3
− −3
16.2. log   = log = log 3 = log10 2 =
e2 ( e x − 2 − 1)
3

e x − e2 e x −2 − 1  1000  10 10
13.4. lim = lim = e 2 lim = 9
x →2 x − 2 x →2 x−2 x → 2 x−2 − 9
= log10 2
=−
ey −1 y=x−2 2
= e 2 × lim = e2×1 = e2 Se x → 2, y → 0. 2
2
y →0 y 16.3. ln 3 e 2 = ln e 3 =
3
  1  1  1 1
13.5. lim  x  e x − 1  = lim  e y − 1  = ( ) y=
x
⇔x=
y
 1 
 1   1

x →+∞
   
y →0 y
  Se x → +∞, y → 0. 16.4. ln 
 e

 + ln e e = ln  1( )  + ln  e× e 2  =
  
ey −1  e2 
= lim =1 1 1
y →0 y − 1+ 1 3
= ln e 2 + ln e 2
= − + =1
2 2
Pág. 137
Pág. 140
14.1. log 2 16 = log 2 2 = 4 4
17.1. 2 x +1 − 6 = 0 ⇔ 2 x +1 = 6 ⇔ 2 x × 2 = 6 ⇔ 2 x = 3 ⇔
1 ⇔ x = log 2 3
14.2. log 2 = log 2 2−1 = −1
2 S = {log 2 3}
5
5 17.2. e x = 10 ⇔ x = ln10
14.3. log 2 32 = log 2 2 = log 2 2 =
5 2
2 S = {ln10}
Pág. 138 x x
15.1. log 2 32 = log 2 25 = 5  3 225  3  9
17.3. (1,5) = 2,25 ⇔   =
x
⇔  = ⇔
15.2. log10 10 = log10 101 = 1  
2 100  
2 4
x 2
 1  1  3  3
15.3. log 3   = log 3  3  = log 3 3−3 = −3 ⇔  =  ⇔ x =2
 27  3  2 2
1
−2
S = {2}
15.4. log 1 16 = log 1 4 2 = log 1   = −2
4 4 44 17.4. 2 x +1 − 3 × 2 x −1 − 3 = 0 ⇔ 2 x × 2 − 3 × 2 x × 2 −1 − 3 = 0 ⇔
15.5. log 9 81 = log 9 9 = 2 2
3  3
⇔ 2 × 2x − × 2 x − 3 = 0 ⇔  2 −  × 2x = 3 ⇔
1
1 2  2
15.6. log81 9 = log81 81 = log 81 81 = 2
2 1 x
⇔ × 2 = 3 ⇔ 2 x = 6 ⇔ x = log 2 6
15.7. log 5 125 = log 5 53 = 3 2
5 5 1
S = {log 2 6}
15.8. log 8
32 = log 8
25 = log 8 2 2 = log 8 (2 )
3 3× 3
=
1 5 5
x
(
17.5. x × 2 x − 3 x = 0 ⇔ x 2 − 3 = 0 ⇔ x = 0 ∨ 2 = 3 ⇔
x
)
( 8) 5
×
= log 8 8 2 3
= log 3
=
8
3 ⇔ x = 0 ∨ x = log 2 3
ou S = {0 , log 2 3}
( ) ( )
y y
log 32 = y ⇔ 32 = 8 = 25 = 23 ⇔
= 1 ⇔ (ex ) − 2 = ex ∧ ex ≠ 0 ⇔
8 2 2
17.6. e x − x
y e
5
 3 5 3
y 3y 5
⇔ 22 =  22  ⇔ 27 = 22 ⇔ = ⇔
1± 1+ 8
⇔ (ex ) − ex − 2 = 0 ⇔ ex =
2
  2 2 ⇔
2
5
⇔ 3y = 5 ⇔ y = ⇔ e x = −1 ∨ e x = 2 ⇔ x ∈ ∅ ∨ x = ln 2 ⇔ x = ln 2
3
5 S = {ln 2}
Logo, log 8 32 =
3

85
 4.1. Limites notáveis

17.7. 9 x − 2 × 3 x +1 + 5 = 0 ⇔ ( 32 ) − 2 × 3x × 3 + 5 = 0 ⇔
x 1
20.2. log a ( )
b × a 3 = log a b 2 + log a a 3 =
1
2
log a b + 3 =
6 ± 36 − 20
⇔ ( 3 x ) − 6 × 3x + 5 = 0 ⇔ 3 x =
2
⇔ 1 3
2 × ( −3 ) + 3 =
=
2 2
6±4 1 1
⇔ 3x = ⇔ 3x = 1 ∨ 3x = 5 ⇔ 20.3. log b c + = 2+ = 2+2= 4
2 log c b 1
⇔ x = log 3 1 ∨ x = log 3 5 ⇔ x = 0 ∨ x = log 3 5 2
S = {0 , log 3 5} b×3a  12 1

20.4. log b 2
= log b  b × a 3
 − log b c =
2

c  
17.8. 2 e 6 x − 3 = 5 e 3 x ⇔ 2 ( e3 x ) − 5e3 x − 3 = 0 ⇔
2
1 1
1 1
= log b b 2 + log b a 3 − 2log b c = + log b a − 2 × 2 =
5 ± 25 + 24 1 2 3
⇔e = 3x
⇔ e 3 x = − ∨ e3 x = 3 ⇔
4 2 1 1  1 1 1
= + ×−  − 4 = − − 4 =
1 2 3  3 2 9 (×18)
⇔ x ∈ ∅ ∨ 3 x = ln 3 ⇔ x = ln 3 ( ×9 ) ( ×2 )
3
9 − 2 − 72 65
1  = =−
S =  ln 3 18 18
3 
21.1. f ( x ) = 2log 2 ( x 2 − 1) − log 2 ( x + 1) =
2

 f (1) = g (1)
1+ b
4 + a = 3 × 2
18.  ⇔ ⇔ = 2log2 ( x2 − 1) − 2log 2 ( x + 1) = x +1> 0
 f ( 2 ) = g ( 2 )
2+ b
16 + a = 3 × 2
x −1
2

16 + a − ( 4 + a ) = 3 × 22 + b − 3 × 21+ b = 2  log 2 ( x 2 − 1) − log 2 ( x + 1)  = 2log 2 =

⇔ ⇔ x +1
2 +b
16 + a = 3 × 2 ( x − 1)( x + 1)
= 2log 2 = 2log 2 ( x − 1)
12 = 3 ( 2 − 2 x +1
⇔
2+b 1+ b
)⇔ 2 − 2 = 4
2+b 1+ b

⇔
 2+b 21.2. f ( x ) = 0 ⇔ 2log 2 ( x − 1) = 0 ∧ x > 1 ⇔
16 + a = 3 × 2
2+b
16 + a = 3 × 2
⇔ log 2 ( x − 1) = 0 ∧ x > 1 ⇔ x − 1 = 2 0 ∧ x > 1 ⇔
2 × 4 − 2 × 2 = 4 2 × 2b = 4
b b

⇔ ⇔  ⇔ ⇔ x −1 = 1∧ x > 1 ⇔ x = 2
2+b
16 + a = 3 × 2 16 + a = 3 × 2 × 2
2 b

 2 = 2
b
b = 1 Pág. 146
⇔ ⇔ 22.1. log 3 ( x − 1) = 2 ⇔ x − 1 = 32 ∧ x − 1 > 0 ⇔ x = 10
16 + a = 12 × 2 a = 8
S = {10}
a = 8 e b =1
Pág. 145 22.2. 2 log 3 ( x − 1) = 2 ∧ x − 1 > 0 ⇔ log 3 ( x − 1) = ∧ x > 1 ⇔
19.1. ln e + e
4
= 4 + e = 4 + e = 4 + 9 = 13
2ln 3 ln 32 ln 9 ⇔ x − 1 = 31 ∧ x > 1 ⇔ x = 4
5 1  S = {4}
19.2. ln 4 − 5ln 6 + 10ln 3 = 5  ln 4 − ln 6 + 2ln 3  =
2 2  22.3. log3 ( x − 1) = 2 ⇔ ( x − 1) = 32 ∧ ( x − 1) > 0 ⇔
2 2 2

 1
  
( 3) 4 ⇔ ( x − 1 = 3 ∨ x − 1 = −3 ) ∧ x − 1 ≠ 0 ⇔
2
= 5  ln 4 2 − ln 6 + ln = 5  ln + ln 3  =
   6  ⇔ x = 4 ∨ x = −2
2 
= 5ln  × 3  = 5ln1 = 5 × 0 = 0 S = {−2 , 4}
6 
22.4. log 2 5 + log 2 ( x − 2 ) = log 2 10 ⇔
ln ( 5 )
2

19.3. e2 + 2 ln = e2 × e
5
= e2 × eln 5 = e2 × 5 = 5e2 ⇔ log2 5 ( x − 2 ) = log2 10 ∧ x − 2 > 0
eln a a
19.4. eln a − 3ln b = ln b3 = 3 ⇔ 5 x − 10 = 10 ∧ x > 2 ⇔ 5 x = 20 ∧ x > 2 ⇔ x = 4
e b
S = {4}
(
19.5. log a log b b a
3

) = log a a3 = 3
22.5. ln ( 3 x ) − ln ( 2 x + 1) = 0 ⇔
1 logb b 1 1 1 ⇔ ln ( 3 x ) = ln ( 2 x + 1) ∧ 3 x > 0 ∧ 2 x + 1 > 0 ⇔
20. log c b = ⇔ = ⇔ = ⇔ log b c = 2
2 logb c 2 log b c 2
1
1 log a a 1 1 1 ⇔ 3x = 2 x + 1 ∧ x > 0 ∧ x > − ⇔ x =1
log b a = − ⇔ =− ⇔ =− ⇔ 2
3 log a b 3 log a b 3
S = {1}
⇔ log a b = −3
22.6. 2log 5 x + log 5 ( 5 x ) = 4 ⇔
 a 1
20.1. log a  2  = log a a − log a b 2 = log a a 2 − 2log a b = ⇔ log 5 x 2 + log 5 ( 5 x ) = 4 ∧ x > 0 ⇔
b 
1 1 13
⇔ log5 ( x2 × 5x ) = 4 ∧ x > 0 ⇔ 5 x 3 = 5 4 ∧ x > 0 ⇔
= − 2 × ( −3 ) = + 6 =
2 2 2 ⇔ x 3 = 53 ∧ x > 0 ⇔ x = 5
S = {5}

86
 4.1. Limites notáveis

22.7. log 2 ( x + 1) = 1 − log 2 3 ⇔ ( )

22.11. x + log 1 + 2 = x log5 + log6 ; D = ℝ
x

⇔ log 2 ( x + 1) + log 2 3 = 1 ∧ x + 1 > 0 ⇔

x + log (1 + 2 ) = x log5 + log6 ⇔
x

⇔ log 2 3 ( x + 1)  = 1 ∧ x > −1 ⇔

⇔ log10 + log (1 + 2 ) = log5
x x x
+ log6 ⇔
1
⇔ 3 x + 3 = 21 ∧ x > −1 ⇔ x = −
3 ⇔ log 10 x (1 + 2 x )  = log ( 6 × 5 x ) ⇔
 1 ⇔ 10 x (1 + 2x ) = 6 × 5x ⇔ ( 2 × 5 ) (1 + 2 x ) − 6 × 5 x = 0
x
S = − 
 3
⇔ 2 x × 5x (1 + 2 x ) − 6 × 5x = 0 ⇔ 5 x  2 x (1 + 2 x ) − 6  = 0
22.8. log 2 ( log 3 ( x + 1) ) = 1
⇔ 5x = 0 ∨ 2 x + ( 2 x ) − 6 = 0 ⇔
2
D = { x ∈ ℝ : x + 1 > 0 ∧ log 3 ( x + 1) > 0} =
= { x ∈ ℝ : x > −1 ∧ x + 1 > 30} = ⇔ x ∈ ∅ ∨ ( 2x ) + 2x − 6 = 0 ⇔ 2x =
2 −1 ± 1 + 24
⇔
2
= { x ∈ ℝ : x > −1 ∧ x > 0} = ℝ +
⇔ 2 x = − 3 ∨ 2 x = 2 ⇔ x ∈∅ ∨ x = 1 ⇔ x = 1
log 2 ( log 3 ( x + 1) ) = 1 ⇔ log 3 ( x + 1) = 2 ∧ x > 0 ⇔ S = {1}
⇔ x + 1 = 32 ∧ x > 0 ⇔ x = 8 23.1. ln ( 5 x + 1) > ln x ⇔
S = {8}
⇔ 5x + 1 > x ∧ x > 0 ∧ 5x + 1 > 0 ⇔
(
22.9. log x + 2 x + 3 = 2 ⇔
2
) 1
⇔ 4 x > −1 ∧ x > 0 ∧ x > − ⇔
D = { x ∈ ℝ : x + 2 > 0 ∧ x + 2 ≠ 1 ∧ x2 + 3 > 0} =
5
1 1
⇔ x >− ∧ x>0∧x>− ⇔ x>0
= x ∈ ]−2 , − 1[ ∪ ]−1 , + ∞[ 4 5
ln ( x 2 + 3) S = ℝ+
log x + 2 ( x + 3) = 2 ⇔
2
= 2∧ x∈D ⇔ 23.2. log 3 ( 3x ) + log 1 ( x + 2 ) ≥ 0 ⇔
ln ( x + 2 ) 3

⇔ ln ( x2 + 3) = 2ln ( x + 2) ∧ x ∈ D ⇔ x+2>0 log 3 ( x + 2 )

⇔ log 3 ( 3x ) + ≥ 0 ∧ 3x ≥ 0 ∧ x + 2 > 0 ⇔
1
⇔ ln ( x 2 + 3) = ln ( x + 2 ) ∧ x ∈ D ⇔
2
log 3
3
⇔ x2 + 3 = ( x + 2) ∧ x ∈ D ⇔
2
log 3 ( x + 2 )
⇔ log 3 ( 3 x ) + ≥0∧ x >0⇔
⇔ x2 + 3 = x2 + 4 x + 4 ∧ x ∈ D ⇔ −1
1 ⇔ log 3 ( 3 x ) − log 3 ( x + 2 ) ≥ 0 ∧ x > 0 ⇔
⇔ 4 x = −1 ∧ x ∈ D ⇔ x = −
4 ⇔ log 3 ( 3x ) ≥ log 3 ( x + 2 ) ∧ x > 0 ⇔
 1
S = −  ⇔ 3x ≥ x + 2 ∧ x > 0 ⇔ 2 x ≥ 2 ∧ x > 0 ⇔ x ≥ 1
 4
S = [1 , + ∞[
Pág. 147 23.3. log 2 ( x − 3) + 2 ≥ log 2 ( 5 − x ) ⇔
22.10. log3 x + x + 9 − log9 ( x + 1) = 1
2 Cálculo auxiliar
⇔ log 2 ( x − 3) + log 2 22 ≥ log 2 ( 5 − x ) ∧ x > 3 ∧ x < 5
x2 + x + 9 = 0
D = { x ∈ ℝ : x2 + x + 9 > 0 ∧ x + 1 > 0} = ∆ = 1 − 36 < 0
⇔ log 2 4 ( x − 3)  ≥ log 2 ( 5 − x ) ∧ x > 3 ∧ x < 5 ⇔
x 2 + x + 9 > 0, ∀ x ∈ ℝ
= ]−1 , + ∞[ ⇔ 4 x − 12 ≥ 5 − x ∧ 3 < x < 5 ⇔ 5 x ≥ 17 ∧ 3 < x < 5
17 17
log3 x2 + x + 9 − log9 ( x + 1) = 1 ⇔ ⇔ x ≥ ∧3< x <5 ⇔ ≤x<5
5 5
1
log 3 ( x + 1)
⇔ log 3 ( x 2 + x + 9 ) 2 − = 1 ∧ x > −1 ⇔ 17 
log 3 9 S =  , 5
5 
log 3 ( x + 1) 23.4. log (1 − x ) + 1 ≥ 0 ⇔ log (1 − x ) ≥ −1 ∧ 1 − x > 0 ⇔
log 3 ( x 2 + x + 9 ) −
1
⇔ = 1 ∧ x > −1 ⇔
2 2
1
⇔ log3 ( x 2 + x + 9) − log3 ( x + 1) = 2 ∧ x > −1 ⇔ ⇔ 1 − x ≥ 10 −1 ∧ x < 1 ⇔ − x ≥
10
−1∧ x < 1 ⇔

⇔ log3 ( x 2 + x + 9 ) = log3 32 + log3 ( x + 1) ∧ x > −1 ⇔ ⇔ −x ≥ −

9
∧ x <1 ⇔ x ≤
9
∧ x <1⇔ x ≤
9
10 10 10
⇔ log3 ( x2 + x + 9 ) = log3 ( 9 ( x + 1) ) ∧ x > −1 ⇔
 9
S =  −∞ , 
⇔ x + x + 9 = 9 x + 9 ∧ x > −1 ⇔
2
 10 
⇔ x 2 − 8 x = 0 ∧ x > − 1 ⇔ x ( x − 8 ) = 0 ∧ x > −1 Pág. 148
⇔ x = 0∨ x =8 ( )
23.5. log2 x + x ≤ log2 ( 3x − 3) + 1
2

S = {0 , 8}
D = {x ∈ ℝ : x 2
+ x > 0 ∧ 3x − 3 > 0} = ]1 , + ∞[

87
 4.1. Limites notáveis

x 2 + x = 0 ⇔ x ( x + 1) = 0 ⇔ x = 0 ∨ x = −1 Pág. 150
1 1
3x − 3 > 0 ⇔ 3x > 3 ⇔ x > 1  1
 1 
 ( ∞× 0 )  y= ⇔x=
24.1. lim ( x + 1)  e − 1 = lim  + 1 ( e y − 1)  =
x x y
log 2 ( x2 + x ) ≤ log2 ( 3x − 3) + 1 ⇔
x →+∞ y →0
   y   Se x → +∞, y → 0

1 + y y  ey −1
⇔ log 2 ( x2 + x ) ≤ log 2 ( 3x − 3) + log 2 2 ∧ x > 1 ⇔ = lim  ( e − 1)  = lim (1 + y ) × lim =1
y→0
 y  y →0 y →0 y
⇔ log 2 ( x2 + x ) ≤ log 2 2 ( 3x − 3)  ∧ x > 1 ⇔ 0
 
x 0 e y −1 y = ln ( x + 1) ⇔ e y = x + 1 ⇔
⇔ x + x ≤ 6 x − 6 ∧ x > 1 ⇔ x − 5x + 6 ≤ 0 ∧ x > 1
2 2 24.2. lim = lim =1
x → 0 ln ( x + 1) y →0 y ⇔ x = e y − 1, se x → 0, y → 0
⇔ 2 ≤ x ≤ 3∧ x >1 ⇔ 2 ≤ x ≤ 3 Cálculo auxiliar
0
S = [ 2 , 3] x 2 − 5x + 6 = 0 ⇔
ln ( x + 1)  0 
 
ln ( x + 1)
⇔x=
5 ± 25 − 24 24.3. lim 2 = lim = y = ln ( x + 1) ⇔
x → 0 x + 3x x →0 x ( x + 3)
3− x  2
 > 2 − log 3 ( 5 x )
23.6. log 3  ⇔ x = 2∨ x = 3 ⇔ ey = x +1 ⇔
 x  1 ln ( x + 1) ⇔ x = ey −1
= lim × lim = Se x → 0, y → 0
 3− x  x →0 x + 3 x→0 x
D = x ∈ ℝ : > 0 ∧ 5 x > 0 =
 x  1 y 1 1 1 1 1
= × lim y = × = × =
= { x ∈ ℝ : 3 − x > 0 ∧ x > 0} = 3 y →0 e − 1 3 ey −1 3 1 3
lim
= {x ∈ ℝ : x < 3 ∧ x > 0} = ]0 , 3[
y →0 y
0
3− x 1− x 0 1 1 − (2 − e
  y
)= y = ln ( 2 − x ) ⇔
log 3   > 2 − log 3 ( 5 x ) ⇔ 24.4. lim = lim ⇔ ey = 2 − x ⇔
 x  x →1 2ln ( 2 − x ) 2 y →0 y
⇔ x = 2 − ey
3− x
⇔ log 3   + log 3 ( 5 x ) > 2 ∧ x ∈ ]0 , 3[ ⇔ −1 + e e −1 x →1⇒ y → 0
y y
1 1
 x  = lim = lim =
2 y →0 y 2 y →0 y
 3− x 
⇔ log3  × 5x  > 2 ∧ x ∈ ]0 , 3[ ⇔ 1 1
 x  = ×1 =
2 2
⇔ log 3 (15 − 5 x ) > 2 ∧ x ∈ ]0 , 3[ ⇔
 x+4
⇔ 15 − 5 x > 32 ∧ x ∈ ]0 , 3[ ⇔ 5 x < 6 ∧ x ∈ ]0 , 3[ ⇔ 0
ln    x+4
ln ( x + 4 ) − ln 4  0 
 
y = ln  ⇔
= lim 
4 
24.5. lim =  4 
6  6  6
∧ x ∈ ]0 , 3[ ⇔ x ∈ 0 ,  ; S =  0 , 
x→0 x x →0 x x+4
⇔x< ⇔ ey = ⇔
5  5  5 y y 4
= lim y = lim =0= ⇔ 4e = x + 4 ⇔
( )
y

 3 x − 1  y → 0 4e − 4 y →0 4 e y − 1
23.7. 3log 1 x < log 1  ⇔ ⇔ x = 4ey − 4
3 3 4 
1 1 1 1 x →0⇒ y →0
3x − 1 = lim y = × =
⇔ log 1 x 3 < log 1 ∧ x > 0 ∧ 3x − 1 > 0 ⇔ 4 e −1 4 ey −1
4
y→0 lim
3 3 y y →0 y
3x − 1 1 1 1 1
⇔ x3 > ∧ x>0∧ x> ⇔ = × =
4 3 4 1 4
1 1  5 + x3 
⇔ 4 x > 3 x − 1 ∧ x > ⇔ 4 x 3 − 3x + 1 > 0 ∧ x >
3
0
3 3 (
ln 5 + x − ln 5 3
) ln 
= lim  3  =
5

 
0

Os zeros inteiros de P ( x ) = 4 x 3 − 3 x + 1 , caso existam, 24.6. lim

x→0 x 3 x →0 x
são divisores de 1, ou seja, 1 ou –1.  x3 
ln  1 + 
P ( −1) = 4 × ( −1) + 3 + 1 = 0
3
 x3 
5 y
= lim  3  = lim
y = ln  1 +  ⇔
=
( )  5
4 0 –3 1 x→0 x y →0 5 e y − 1
x3
–1 –4 4 –1 ⇔ e =1+
y
⇔
1 1 1 1 5
4 –4 1 0 = × = ×1 = ⇔ x = 5 ( e − 1)
3 y

1 5 e −1
y
5 5
4 x − 3x + 1 > 0 ∧ x > ⇔
3 lim x →0⇒ y →0
y →0 y
3

⇔ ( x + 1) ( 4 x 2 − 4 x + 1) > 0 ∧ x >
1
⇔ Pág. 151
3
0
 
⇔ ( x + 1)( 2 x − 1) > 0 ∧ x >
2 1
⇔ x−2 0 x−2 x−2
24.7. lim = lim 1 = lim =
3 x→2 ln x − 1 x →2 x →2 1
( 2 x − 1)
2
≥ 0, ∀x ∈ ℝ ln ( x − 1) 2 ln ( x − 1)
1 2
⇔ x + 1 > 0 ∧ 2x − 1 ≠ 0 ∧ x >
3 x−2 e +1− 2
y
y = ln ( x − 1) ⇔
= 2lim = lim =
x → 2 ln ( x − 1) y →0 y
1 1 1 1 1  ⇔ ey = x −1 ⇔
⇔ x > −1 ∧ x ≠ ∧ x > ⇔ x ∈  ,  ∪  , + ∞
2 3  3 2   2  ey −1 ⇔ x = ey +1
= 2lim = 2 ×1 = 2 x→2⇒ y→0
y→0 y
1 1   1 
S =  ,  ∪  , + ∞
3 2  2 

88
 4.1. Limites notáveis

 3 ∞×0
  x + 3   ∞×0   3  y = ln  1 +  ⇔ 25.6. lim ( x + 1) e x  = lim ( − y + 1) e − y  =
24.8. lim  x ln    = xlim
→ +∞ 
x ln  1 +   =  x x →−∞ y →+∞ y = −x ⇔ x = − y
x →+∞
  x    x  3 x → −∞ ⇒ y → +∞
⇔ e =1+ ⇔
y
1
 3  y x −1
= lim  y × y  = 3lim y = 3 3 1− y y 0 −1
y →0 e − 1
  y →0 e − 1 ⇔ ey −1 = ⇔ x = y = lim y = lim = = 0 dado que
x e −1 y → +∞ e x → +∞ e y +∞
1 1 x → +∞ ⇒ y → 0
= 3× = 3× = 3 y
ey −1 1
lim ey
y →0 y lim = +∞ .
y →+∞ y
Outro processo:
  x + 3   3
x
 3
x
∞ ln x ln x 1
  2 2 +1 2× × +1
lim x ln 
x → +∞ 
  = xlim ln 1 +  = ln xlim 1 +  2ln x + x 2  ∞ 
= lim x = lim x x =
  x  → +∞
 x →+∞
 x 26.1. lim
Atendendo a que a função
x →+∞ x −1
2 x →+∞
1− 2
1 x →+∞ 1
1− 2
= ln e 3 = 3 logarítmica é contínua. x x
0
 
2x +3 − 8  0  2x × 8 − 8 2x −1 eln 2 − 1
x
2× 0× 0 +1 ln x
24.9. lim = lim = 8lim = 8lim = = 1 dado que lim =0
x→0 x x→0 x x →0 x x →0 x 1− 0 x →+∞ x
2x − 1 eln 2 − 1
x
e x ln 2 − 1 ∞ 1 1
= 8lim = 8lim = 8 × lim =
 
ln x + 1  ∞  ln x 2 + 1 ln x + 1
x→0 x x→0 x x →0 x 26.2. lim = lim = lim 2 =
x →+∞ x+2 x →+∞ x+2 x →+∞ x+2
e x ln 2 − 1 ey −1 y = x ln 2
= 8 × ln 2 × lim = 8ln 2 × lim = x→0⇒ y →0 1 ln x 1 1
x →0 x ln 2 x → 0 y × + ×0+0
= lim 2 x x = 2 = 0 , dado que .«
= 8ln 2 × 1 = 8ln 2 x →+∞ 2 1+ 0
1+
∞ ex x
2 × 2 − 1 2 × +∞ − 1
25.1. lim 2
 
2e x + x 2  ∞ 
= lim x =
( ) = +∞ pois ln x
x →+∞ x − x x →+∞ 1 1− 0 lim =0 .
1− 2 x →+∞ x
x ∞
 
ex log x 2  ∞  log y y = x2
lim 2 = +∞ 26.3. lim = lim =
x →+∞ x Se x → +∞, y → +∞
x → +∞ x2 y →+∞ y
∞ 1
  1+ 2 ln y
x3 + x  ∞  x = 1 + 0 = 0 porque lim e = +∞
x
25.2. lim x = lim ln10 1 ln y 1
e x →+∞ e x
+∞ x →+∞ x = lim = × lim = ×0 = 0
y →+∞ y ln10 y →+∞ y ln10
x
( ∞ −∞ )   ln x  
 3 × 7 x − 3 x3   x3  x3 26.4. lim ( x − 5ln x ) = lim  x  1 − 5  =
25.3. lim 
x →+∞ x  = lim  3 − 3 x  = 3 − 3 × lim x x → +∞ x →+∞
  x  
 7  x →+∞  7  x →+∞ 7

ln x
= 3 − 3×
1
= 3 − 3×
1
= 3 − 3× 0 = 3 = +∞ (1 − 5 × 0 ) = +∞ , dado que lim =0
x →+∞ x
7x +∞
lim 3 ∞
ln ( 3x 4 )  ∞ 
x →+∞ x
ln 3 + 4ln x
7x eln 7
x
e x ln 7 26.5. lim = lim =
Dado que lim 3
= lim 3 = lim 3 = y = x ln 7
x →+∞ 5x x →+∞ 5x
x →+∞ x x →+∞ x x →+∞ x
x → +∞ ⇒ y → +∞ ln 3 4 ln x 4
e x ln 7
e x ln 7
= lim + lim = 0+ ×0 = 0
= ( ln 7 ) lim 3 = ( ln 7 ) lim
3 3
x →+∞ 5x 5 x →+∞ x 5
x ( ln 7 ) ( ln 7 )
x → +∞ 3 x →+∞ 3
x
ey
= ( ln 7 ) × lim = ( ln 7 ) × ( +∞ ) = +∞ Pág. 153
3 3

y →+∞ y3 1 0× ( −∞ )
1 1
3 26.6. lim = lim = ln10 × lim =
 y x →0 x log x x→0
x
ln x x → 0 x ln x
∞×0
x3  
x →+∞
(
25.4. lim x3 e−2 x = lim ) x →+∞ e2 x
= lim  y
y →+∞ e
2 y
y = 2x ⇔ x =
2
ln10
1 1 1
x→0⇒ y→0 = ln10 × lim = y=
x
⇔x=
y
1 3 y →+∞ 1 1
y × ln   x → 0+ ⇒ y → +∞
1 1 1 1
= lim 8 y = × = × = 8×0 = 0 y  y
y →+∞ e 8 ey
8 +∞
lim 1 1
y →+∞ y3 = ln10 × lim = ln10 × lim =
× ln ( y −1 )
y →+∞ 1 y →+∞ ln y
Pág. 152 −
y y
∞−∞  5  5x  
x →+∞
(
25.5. lim 5x − x5 ) = lim  x  5 − 1  = +∞ × ( +∞ − 1) = +∞
x →+∞ x = − ln10 ×
1 1
= − ln10 × + =
   ln y
lim 0
Dado que: y →+∞ y
x
5x eln 5 e x ln 5
= lim 5 = ( ln 5 ) × lim = − ln10 × ( +∞ ) = −∞
5
lim y = x ln 5
( x ln 5)
x →+∞ x 5 x →+∞ x x → +∞ 5
x → +∞ ⇒ y → +∞

ey
= ( ln 5 ) × lim = ( ln5) × ( +∞ ) = +∞
5 5

y → +∞ 5
y

89
 4.1. Limites notáveis

  1  2
×  1  1+ x 
1 2
∞ln  x  1 +    1+ x x  1 + x 2 x lim  ln  
ln ( x + 1)
  x →0  x  1− x  
∞
 x  28.2. lim   = = = e2
= lim 
lim   e
26.7. lim = x →0 1 − x x →0 1 − x
 
x →+∞ x x →+∞ x  
Dado que:
 1
ln x + ln  1 +   ey +1 
1+ x 
 x  1  1 + x  y = ln  ⇔
= lim = lim  ln   = lim  y × y =  1− x 
x →+∞ x x →0 x
  1 − x  y →0  e − 1  ey =
1+ x
⇔
1− x
 1 = lim ( e y + 1) × lim y
y
= ⇔ e − x ey = 1 + x
y
ln  1 +  y →0 e − 1
+ lim 
ln x x 0 y →0 ⇔ x + x ey = ey −1
= lim =0+ =0 ⇔ x (1 + e y ) = e y − 1
x →+∞ x x →+∞ x +∞ 1 1
= (1 + 1) × = 2× = 2 ey −1
  1  ey −1 1 ⇔x=
∞
ln  x 3  3 + 3   lim ey +1
ln ( 3 x 3 + 1)  ∞   x  y →0 y x→0⇒ y →0
= = lim 
3
26.8. lim =  1 
x →+∞ ln x x → +∞ ln x 1 lim  ×ln x 
28.3. lim+ x ln x = e x→0 = e1 = e
+  ln x 
 1  x →0
ln x 3 + ln  3 + 3  lim ( sin x ×ln x )
= lim  3x 
= 28.4. lim+ x sin x = lim+ e x→0+ = e0 = 1
x →+∞ x →0 x →0
ln x
Dado que:
 1 
3ln x + ln  3 + 3   sin x 
= lim  3x 
= lim ( sin x × ln x ) = lim+  × x ln x  =
x → 0+ x →0  x 
x →+∞ ln x 1 1
sin x y= ⇔x=

ln  3 + 3 
1  = lim+ × lim+ ( x ln x ) = x y
x →0 x x →0
x → 0+ ⇒ y → +∞
+ lim 
3ln x 3 x 
= lim =
x →+∞ ln x x →+∞ ln x 1 1 1 
= 1 × lim  × ln  = lim  ln y −1  =
y →+∞ y y →+∞ y
ln 3  y   
=3+ = 3+0 = 3
+∞  − ln y  ln y
= lim   = − ylim =0
  1  y →+∞
 y  →+∞ y
∞
ln e x  1 + x  
ln ( e x + 1)  ∞    e 
26.9. lim = lim =
x → +∞ x x → +∞ x Pág. 155
 1  1 2 n −1
ln e x + ln 1 + x  x + ln 1 + x   3  n +1
 2 n −1  3 
lim  ln 1+ 

= lim  e 
= lim  e 
= 29.1. lim 1 +  = e  n +1  2 n 
= e 2 × ln 1 = e 2 × 0 = e 0 = 1
x →+∞ x x →+∞ x  2n 
 1 2n − 1 2n
ln 1 + x  Dado que lim = lim =2
n +1 n
= lim + lim   = 1 + ln1 = 1 + 0 = 1
x e
x →+∞ x x →+∞ x +∞  4n + 3 
n+2   4 n + 3 
lim ( n + 2 ) lim  
 4
 +∞× ln 
 3 n +1  
3 3  ln x 29.2. lim   =e 
= e 3
= e +∞ = +∞
27.1. lim x = e x
lim
x →+∞ 
x
ln x 

=e
3 lim
x →+∞ x
=e 3× 0
=1  3n + 1 
x →+∞
4n + 3 4
1 1 
lim  ln (1+ x ) 
Dado que →
27.2. lim (1 + x ) = e x
x →+∞  x 
= e =1
0 3n + 1 3
x → +∞
n2   n + 2  n+2
n+2 u = ln  ⇔
2
lim  n × ln  
Dado que:  n + 3 
= e −∞ = 0
 =e  n +3

29.3. lim 
  1   n+3 ⇔ eu =
n+2
⇔
∞
ln  x  + 1  n+3
ln (1 + x )  ∞ 
 
1   x  Dado que:
= lim 
n e + 3eu = n + 2 ⇔
u

lim ln (1 + x )  = lim =
x → +∞  x
  x →+∞ x x →+∞ x   n + 2   ( ∞×0) n eu − n = 2 − 3e w
lim n 2 × ln   = n ( eu − 1) = 2 − 3eu
1  1    n + 3 
ln x + ln  + 1 ln  + 1 n=
2 − 3eu

= lim  x 
= lim
ln x
+ lim 
x 
=  2 − 3e   u 2 eu − 1
= lim  u n → +∞ ⇒ u → 0−
x →+∞ x x →+∞ x x →+∞ x  × u =
u →0
 e − 1   porque
n+2
< 1, ∀n ∈ ℕ
ln1 n+3
=0+ =0+0=0
+∞
= lim
( 2 − 3e ) u 2

× lim−
u
=
u → 0− eu − 1 u →0 eu − 1
Pág. 155
1 1 1 1
x  2x
 1  x 
lim  ln  +1  1 = × = −∞ × = −∞
28.1. lim  + 1 =e x→0  2 x  2 
=e 4 0− eu − 1 1

x →0 2
 lim
u →0 − u
Dado que: 1− n  1− n  n3 + n  
   n 3 + n  3n + 2 lim  ×ln  
 3 n + 2  n 2 + 2  
1
− ×( +∞ )
 1 x  1  ( ∞×0 )1 x 
y = ln  + 1  29.4. lim  2  = e  =e 3 = e −∞ = 0
lim  ln  + 1   = lim  × y n +2
x →0 2 x
 2  2 y →0  2 ( e − 1)
y

2 
 x
⇔ ey = +1 ⇔ 1− n 1 n3 + n n3
1 1 1 1 1 2 Dado que → − ; lim 2 = lim 2 = lim n = +∞
= × = × = ⇔ x = 2 ( e y − 1) 3n + 2 3 n +2 n
4 ey −1 4 1 4
lim x→0⇒ y→0 e lim ln x = +∞
y →0 y x →+∞

90
 4.1. Limites notáveis

1− n 1 n3 + n n3 
3n
3 
→ − ; lim 2 = lim 2 = lim n = +∞
 1 − 2n 
Dado que 3 n −1 −1
3n + 2 3 n +2 n  3 − 2n   3 − 2n 
31.6. lim   = lim   ×  lim  =
1− 2 n 1− 2 n  3 n −1    1 − 2n   1 − 1   1 − 2n 
 3n − 1 
1 1
4 n +1 lim  ln  2  − ×ln 0+ − ×( −∞ )
29.5. lim  2 =e  4 n +1  n + n  
= e 2
=e 2  2n 

n +n 3
  3 
n

= e +∞ = +∞ dado que:    
 lim 1 − 2 
1 − 2n 1 3n − 1 3n 3 
→ − , lim 2 = lim 2 = lim = 0 + e   n   −3 
3
3 1 3
4n + 1 2 n +n n n 
=    × 1−1 =  e 2  × 1 =  e − 2 + 2  = e −3
n   1   
lim ln x = −∞ .   1   e− 2   
x → 0+  
 lim 1 − 2 
  
 n 
Pág. 158  
   
4
 2,1  n n n
30.1. C = 12 000 1 +  ≈ 13 040,20  3n − 1 1   6n − 2 − 2n − 1   4n − 3 
 100  31.7. lim  −  = lim   = lim  
 2n + 1 2   4n + 2   4n + 2 
Capital acumulado: 13 040,20 € n
4 4  3
 r   r  12 837  4
30.2. 12 000 1 +  = 12 837 ⇔ 1 +  = ⇔ lim 1 − 
 100   100  12 000  3 
n
 n 3
 1 − 4n 
− 3 1 5

= lim  =   = e 4 = e− 4 − 2 = e− 4
r 12 837 12 837 
⇔1+ =4 ⇔ r = 100 4 − 100 ⇒  1 + 2   1
n 1

100 12 000 12 000  e2

 4n 
lim 1 + 2
⇒ r ≈ 1, 7 
 n
r % ≈ 1, 7%  
2 2
  2  
n
 2 
n×
3
 1 + 3n 
2n
  2n
   2 2 4
 3n + 2 
2n
 2   3n + 2  3
31.1. lim 1 +  = lim 1 + 3   =  e 3  = e 3
 3n    n    
31.8. lim  3
+  = lim  3n + 1  = lim   =
 1 3n   1 + 1 
  
   3n 

n 2
 2   2  3
n

n+ 2
n −1
1+ n  n+2
−1
  
31.2. lim   = lim   × lim   =  lim  1 + 3 
 n +1   n +1  
 1 + 1 
2
  n   32  3 2
 n      e   23 − 13  3 2

n
= n 
=  1 =  e  = e 9

 2   1   e3   
lim  1 +      
2
 n  × 1−1 = e = e 3 
=  lim  1 + 
n 
 1
n
e1   
lim  1 +     
 n
1
−n −n 32.1. Seja a condição un = , ∀n ∈ ℕ .
 2  2  1 + 2n
31.3. lim 1 −  = lim 1 +  =e
2

 n  −n  1 1 1
• Para n = 1, u1 = ⇔ = , obtém-se uma
n −1 n −1 n −1 1 + 2 ×1 3 3
 2−n  2n + 2 + 2 − n  n+4
31.4. lim  2 +  = lim   = lim   proposição verdadeira.
 n +1   n +1   n +1  • Admitamos, por hipótese, que a condição se verifica
n
 4
n
para determinado valor de n ∈ ℕ .
 4 lim 1 + 
 1 +  −1
Provemos que também é válida para n + 1 , ou seja,

n × lim n + 4   n  × 1−1 =
= lim     = n 1
1
 1 +   n + 1   1 u n +1 =
lim 1 +  1 + 2 ( n + 1)
 n  n
1
e4
= × 1 = e3 un
e u n +1 = = 1 + 2n = Fórmula de recorrência e por
1 + 2un 1 + 2 hipótese
n2
 2  1 + 2n
1+
n 2 −1 −1
 n2 + 2  n2   n2 + 2  1
31.5. lim  2  = lim   ×  lim 2  =
n +4  1 + 4   n +4
= 1 + 2n = 1
 n2  1 + 2n + 2 1 + 2 ( n + 1)
n2 1 + 2n
 2 
lim  1 + 2  −1 Portanto, a propriedade é hereditária.
 n   n2  e2 Pelo princípio de indução matemática ficou provado
= n2
×  lim 2 
= 4 × 1−1 = e −2
 4   n  e 1
lim  1 + 2  que un = , ∀n ∈ ℕ .
 n  1 + 2n

91
 4.1. Limites notáveis

2n 2n 1 3
 1   2n  −∞
32.2. lim ( un × vn ) n = lim  +∞
v x
× 2n  = lim   = 2 2
 1 + 2n   1 + 2n 
2n 4x − 8 – – – 0 +
  3 − 9x + 0 – – –
 1  1 1
= lim   = 2n
= = e −1 P – 0 + 0 –
1  
 1 +  1 e
 1 3 
 2n 
lim 1 + 
 2 n  (4 x
− 8 )( 3 − 9 x ) < 0 ⇔ x ∈  −∞ ,  ∪  , + ∞ 
 2   2 
25 1
−x
33.1. 2 = 0,25 ⇔ 2 = −x
⇔ 2 = ⇔ 2− x = 2−2 ⇔
−x
 1 3 
100 4 S =  −∞ ,  ∪  , + ∞ 
 2   2 
⇔ − x = −2 ⇔ x = 2
S = {2}
35.1. lim
ex − x − 1
= lim
( e x − 1) − x = lim e x − 1 − lim x =
x →0 x x →0 x x →0 x x→0 x
8 8 4
33.2. 2 x + = 5 ⇔ 2x + x = 5 ⇔ 2x + x − 5 = 0 ⇔
2 x +1 2 ×2 2 = 1 −1 = 0
5 ± 25 − 16 e3 x + 2 − e2 1 e2 ( e3 x − 1)
⇔ ( 2x ) − 5 × 2x + 4 = 0 ⇔ 2x =
2
⇔ 35.2. lim = × lim =
2 x →0 5x 5 x →0 x
5±3
⇔ 2x = ⇔ 2x = 1 ∨ 2x = 4 ⇔ e2 e3 x − 1 3e 2 ey −1 y = 3x
2 = × 3 × lim = × lim = Se x → 0, y → 0
5 x →0 3x 5 y →0 y
⇔ 2 x = 20 ∨ 2 x = 2 2 ⇔ x = 0 ∨ x = 2
S = {0 , 2} 3e 2 3e 2
= ×1 =
5 5
1
33.3. 3− x + 31+ x = 4 ⇔ + 3x × 3 − 4 = 0 ⇔
3x e x +3 − e e ( e x + 2 − 1)
35.3. lim = lim =
x →−2 x 2 − 4 x →−2 ( x − 2 )( x + 2 )
⇔ 1 + 3 × ( 3x ) − 4 × 3x = 0 ⇔
2

e ex+2 − 1 y = x+2
4 ± 16 − 12 = lim × lim =
⇔ 3 × (3 )
x 2
− 4 × 3x + 1 = 0 ⇔ 3 = x
⇔ x →−2 x − 2 x →−2 x + 2 Se x → −2, y → 0
6
e ey −1 e e
4±2 1 = × lim = − ×1 = −
⇔3 = x
⇔ 3x = ∨ 3x = 1 ⇔ 3x = 3−1 ∨ 3x = 30 −4 y → 0 y 4 4
6 3
x2 − x x ( x − 1) x −1
⇔ x = −1 ∨ x = 0 35.4. lim = − lim x −1 = − lim x × lim x −1 =
x →1 1 − e x −1 x →1 e −1 x →1 x →1 e −1
S = {−1 , 0} y = x −1
y 1 1
= −1 × lim = − = − = −1 Se x → 1, y → 0
33.4. 2 x −1 − 8 × 8 x = 0 ⇔ 2 x −1 = 23 × ( 2 )
3 x
⇔ 2x −1 = 23+3 x ⇔ y →0 e y − 1 ey −1 1
lim
y →0 y
⇔ 3 + 3x = x − 1 ⇔ 2 x = −4 ⇔ x = −2
S = {−2} 35.5. lim
x x x
= − lim x − x = − lim − x 2 x =
33.5. 3 x −1 + 3 x + 3 x +1 = 13 ⇔ 3 x × 3−1 + 3 x + 3 x × 3 = 13 ⇔
x →0 e− x − e x x →0 e − e x→0 e e −1 ( )
1 1 2x y = 2x
1  13 3 = − lim × × lim =
⇔ 3x  + 1 + 3  = 13 ⇔ 3x × = 13 ⇔ 3x = 13 × x→0 e− x 2 x →0 e2 x − 1 Se x → 0, y → 0
 3  3 13
1 1 y 1 1 1 1
⇔ 3x = 3 ⇔ x = 1 = − × × lim y = − × = − ×1 = −
1 2 y →0 e − 1 2 ey −1 2 2
S = {1} lim
y→0 y
34.1. 3 x − 3 × 9 x < 0 ⇔ 3x < 31 × ( 32 ) ⇔ 3x < 31+ 2 x ⇔
x
0
e y − ( y + 1)
  2
e x −1 − x 2  0  y = x −1 ⇔ x = y +1
⇔ x < 1 + 2 x ⇔ x > −1 35.6. lim = lim =
x →1 x −1 y →0 y Se x → 1 , y → 0
S = ]− 1 , + ∞ [
e y − y2 − 2 y − 1 e y −1 y2 + 2 y
= lim = lim − lim =
( )(
34.2. 4 − 8 3 − 9 < 0
x x
) y→0 y y →0 y y →0 y
y ( y + 2)
4 x − 8 = 0 ⇔ ( 2 2 ) = 23 ⇔ 2 2 x = 23 ⇔
x
• = 1 − lim = 1 − lim ( y + 2 ) = 1 − 2 = −1
y →0 y y →0

3
⇔ 2x = 3 ⇔ x = 1 1
2 36.1. log 2 0,25 = log 2 = log 2 2 = log 2 2 −2 = −2
4 2
3
4 x − 8 > 0 ⇔ 2 2 x > 23 ⇔ 2 x > 3 ⇔ x > 1 1
2

2 36.2. log 1 0,25 = log 1 = log 1   = 2

2 2 4 2 2
3 − 9 x = 0 ⇔ 3 = ( 32 ) ⇔ 31 = 32 x ⇔ 1 = 2 x ⇔ x =
x 1
• 1
2 1
36.3. log 3 3 3 = log 3 33 =
1 3
3 − 9 x > 0 ⇔ 3 > 32 x ⇔ 1 > 2 x ⇔ x < 1
2 1 2

3 = log 3 33 = log 3  ( 3 )  ( 3) 2

2 3
36.4. log 3
= log 3
=
3  3
3

92
 4.1. Limites notáveis

36.5.
( log 0,001)
2

=
( log10 ) −3 2

=
( −3)
2

=
9 3
= y2 − 2 y − 8 = 0 ⇔ y =
2 ± 4 + 32
⇔ y = −2 ∨ y = 4
2 × log1 000 000 2 × log106 2×6 12 4 2

log 2 1 + log 0,01 0 + log10 −2 (e ) x 2

− 2e x − 8 = 0 ⇔ e x = −2 ∨ e x = 4 ⇔
36.6. = =
1  1 ⇔ x ∈∅ ∨ x = ln 4 ⇔ x = 2ln 2
log 3   × log 2 4 8 log3  4  × log 2 4 23
 81  3  (e ) x 2
− 2e − 8 < 0 ⇔ e > − 2 ∧ e x < 4 ⇔
x x

−2 −2 −2 2 ⇔ x ∈ ℝ ∧ x < ln 4 ⇔ x < 2ln 2

= = = =
−4
3
−4 ×
3 −3 3 Zeros e sinal de e x − 2 :
log 3 3 × log 2 2 4
4 e x − 2 = 0 ⇔ e x = 2 ⇔ x = ln 2
e 2 − 2 < 0 ⇔ x < ln 2
Pág. 159 x −∞ ln 2 2 ln 2 +∞
37.1. 7 × 9 2 x −1 + 34 x −1 + 2 × 9 x = 16 ⇔ N – – – 0 +
P – 0 + + +
⇔ 7 × 92 x × 9 −1 + 34 x × 3−1 + 2 × ( 32 ) = 16 ⇔
x
Q + – 0 +

S = ]ln 2 , 2ln 2[
⇔ 7 × ( 32 ) × + 34 x × + 2 × 32 x = 16 ⇔
2x 1 1
9 3
39.1. 32 + log3 x = 32 × 3log 2 x = 9 × x = 9 x
7 1
⇔ × 34 x + × 34 x + 2 × 32 x − 16 = 0 ⇔ 39.2. 32 log3 x = 3log3 x = x 2
2

9 3
⇔ 7 × 34 x + 3 × 34 x + 18 × 32 x − 144 = 0 ⇔ 32 9
39.3. 32 − log3 x = log 3 x
=
3 x
⇔ 10 × 3 4x
+ 18 × 3 − 144 = 0 ⇔
2x

( x)
( x)
4
4
⇔ 5 × (3 )
x + 2 log 2 x log 2 2
2x 2
+ 9 × 32 x − 72 = 0 ⇔ 39.4. 24 log2 =2 × 2log2 x = × x2 =

−9 ± 81 + 1440 −9 ± 39 = x2 × x2 = x4
⇔ 32 x = ⇔ 32 x = ⇔ 1 1
10 10 ln x + ln ln 1
39.5. e x
= e ln x × e x
= x× =1
24 1 x
⇔ 32 x = − ∨ 32 x = 3 ⇔ x ∈ ∅ ∨ 2 x = 1 ⇔ x =
39.6. 23 log8 x = ( 23 )
log8 x
5 2 = 8log8 x = x
1 
S =  28 1 28
2 39.7. log 2 − log 3 x = log 2 4 − log 3 3− x =
16 3 2
−10 x −2 x
37.2. 4 e −10 x = e −2 x − 3e −6 x ⇔ 4e × e = e − 3e
10 x −6 x
× e10 x ( ) = log 2 24 − ( − x ) = 4 + x
⇔ 4 = e 8 x − 3e 4 x ⇔ e ( ) 4x 2
− 3e 4 x − 4 = 0 ⇔  1 
= log 3 ( 32 )
1 2 x +1
39.8. log 3 92 x +1 + ln + ln  1 =
3 ± 9 + 16 e  2 
⇔ e4 x = ⇔ e 4 x = −1 ∨ e 4 x = 4 ⇔ e 
2 1
− 1 3
⇔ x ∈ ∅ ∨ 4 x = ln 4 ⇔ 4 x = ln 2 2 ⇔ = log 3 34 x + 2 + ln e 2
= 4x + 2 − = 4x +
2 2
ln 2
⇔ 4 x = 2ln 2 ⇔ x = 1 3
2 3
27 × 3 3 × 32 32 3
−4
40.1. log3 = log 3 4 = log 3 4 = log3 32 =
 ln 2  81 3 3
S = 
 2  −
5
5
x+2 = log 3 3 2
=−
38.1. x × 2 + x × 2
2 x
> 0 ⇔ x ×2 + x×2 ×2 > 0 ⇔
2 x x 2
2
⇔ 2x ( x 2 + 4 x ) > 0 ⇔ x 2 + 4 x > 0 ⇔ (2 > 0, ∀x ∈ ℝ )
x 1 3
10−3 × (103 ) 2
−3 +
0,001 × 1000 10 2
40.2. log = log = log −6 =
⇔ x ( x + 4 ) > 0 ⇔ x ∈ ]−∞ , − 4[ ∪ ]0 , + ∞[ ( 0,01) (10 )
3 −2 3 10
S = ]−∞ , − 4[ ∪ ]0 , + ∞[ 3
−3+ + 6
9
9
= log10 10 2
= log10 10 2 =
38.2. e + 5 e < 6 e
3x x 2x
(
⇔ e e − 6e + 5 < 0 ⇔
x 2x x
) (e x
> 0, ∀x ∈ ℝ )
100
2
1
⇔ e − 6e + 5 < 0
2x x Cálculos auxiliares
y2 − 6 y + 5 = 0 ⇔ 64 × ( 0,5 )
10 100 (2 )6 10
× 
2 =
Fazendo y = e x , temos: 6 ± 36 − 20 40.3. log 2 = log 2 10
⇔y= 3210 × 0, 2510
( 25 ) ×  14 
10
2
y2 − 6 y + 5 < 0 ⇔ y > 1 ∧ y < 5 ⇔ 6±4
⇔y=
2
⇔ e x > 1 ∧ e x < 5 ⇔ x > 0 ∧ x < ln 5 ⇔ y = 1∨ y = 5 260 × 2 −100 260 −100
= log 2 = log 2 =
S = ]0 , ln 5[ 1
2 × 2 −20
25

(2 ) × (2 )
50 2 −2 10

38.3. e x <
8
⇔ −
8
< ⇔
( e ) − 2e x − 8 < 0 x 2
2−40
= log 2 2−40 −5 =
x
e 0 = log 2
ex − 2 ex − 2 ex − 2 25
Zeros e sinal de ( e x ) − 2e x − 8 . = log 2 2−45 = −45
2

Seja y = e x .

93
 4.1. Limites notáveis

log 2 (16 x 2 ) log 2 (16 x 2 )

−1
1
( )
4
41.1. f ( x ) = log 2 x − = log 2 x 2 − = 43.3. log 1 x = −1 ⇔ x =   ∧ x ≠ 0 ⇔ x = 3 ∧ x ≠ 0 ⇔
log 2 4 2 3 3
1 ⇔ x = −3 ∨ x = 3
= log 2 x 2 − log 2 (16 x 2 ) = log 2 x 2 − log 2 16 x 2 2 =
1
2
( ) S = {−3 , 3}
= 2log 2 x − log 2 ( 4 x ) = 2log 2 x − ( log 2 4 + log 2 x ) = 43.4. log 2 ( 3 x − 2 ) = 2 + log 2 ( x − 2 ) ⇔
= 2log 2 x − log 2 x − log 2 22 = ⇔ log 2 ( 3 x − 2 ) = log 2 22 + log 2 ( x − 2 ) ∧
= log 2 x − 2 ∧3x − 2 > 0 ∧ x − 2 > 0 ⇔
41.2. f ( x ) ≤ 0 ⇔ log 2 x − 2 ≤ 0 ∧ x > 0 ⇔ log 2 x ≤ 2 ∧ x > 0 ⇔ log 2 ( 3x − 2 ) = log2 4 ( x − 2 ) ∧ x >
2
∧x>2⇔
3
⇔ x ≤ 2 2 ∧ x > 0 ⇔ x > 0 ∧ x < 4 ⇔ x ∈ ]0 , 4]
⇔ 3x − 2 = 4 x − 8 ∧ x > 2 ⇔ x = 6
{x ∈ ℝ : f ( x ) ≤ 0} = ]0 , 4] S = {6}
 7 13  43.5. 2log ( 2 x + 1) = log ( 8 x ) ⇔
 (2 )
32 = 25
 1   3 128   1  
41.3. f   − 6× f   = f  10  − 6 × f  128 = 27
⇔ log ( 2 x + 1) = log ( 8x ) ∧ 2 x + 1 > 0 ∧ 8x > 0 ⇔
1 2
 1024   32  2   ( 25 ) 2  1024 = 210
 
⇔ ( 2 x + 1) = 8x ∧ x > 0 ⇔
2

 7 −5   − 16 
= f (2 −10
) − 6 f  2 3 2  = f ( 2−10 ) − 6 f 2  = ⇔ 4x2 + 4 x + 1 − 8x = 0 ∧ x > 0 ⇔
   
⇔ 4x2 − 4x + 1 = 0 ∧ x > 0 ⇔
 −
1

= log 2 2−10 − 2 − 6  log 2 2 6 − 2  = ⇔ ( 2 x − 1) = 0 ∧ x > 0 ⇔ x =
2 1
  2
 1  1 
= −10 − 2 − 6  − − 2  = −12 + 1 + 12 = 1 S = 
 6  2
f ( x ) +1
41.4. a) 2 = x − 1 ⇔ 2log 2 x − 2 +1 = x − 1 ∧ x > 0 ⇔
⇔ 2log 2 x × 2 −1 = x − 1 ∧ x > 0 ⇔ (
43.6. ln (18x − 3) = ln ( 6 x − 1) + ln 4 x − 6
2
)
x
⇔ = x − 1 ∧ x > 0 ⇔ x = 2x − 2 ∧ x > 0 ⇔ D = { x ∈ ℝ :18x − 3 > 0 ∧ 6 x − 1 > 0 ∧ 4 x2 − 6 > 0} =
2
⇔x=2  6 
= , + ∞
S = {2}  2 
b) 2 f ( x ) + 1 > f ( 2 x ) ⇔ 18 x > 3 ∧ 6 x > 1 ∧ 2 x 2 − 3 > 0 ⇔
⇔ 2 ( log 2 x − 2 ) + 1 > log 2 ( 2 x ) − 2 ∧ x > 0 ⇔ 1 1  3 3
⇔x> ∧ x > ∧  x < − ∨x>  ⇔
⇔ 2log 2 x − 4 + 1 > log 2 ( 2 x ) − 2 ∧ x > 0 ⇔ 6 6  2 2 

⇔ log 2 x 2 > log 2 ( 2 x ) + 1 ∧ x > 0 ⇔ ⇔x>A

3
⇔x>
6
2 2
⇔ log 2 x 2 − log 2 ( 2 x ) > 1 ∧ x > 0 ⇔
ln (18x − 3) = ln ( 6 x − 1) + ln ( 4 x2 − 6) ⇔
 x2  x
⇔ log 2   > 1 ∧ x > 0 ⇔ > 2 ∧ x > 0 ⇔
⇔ ln 3 ( 6 x − 1)  − ln ( 6 x − 1) = ln ( 4 x 2 − 6 ) ∧ x >
2 x 6
  2
⇔x>4 2
S = ]4 , + ∞ [ ⇔ ln3 + ln ( 6 x − 1) − ln ( 6 x − 1) = ln ( 4 x 2 − 6) ∧ x >
6
2
log a b log a b log a b
42.1. log a b = = 1
= = 2log a b 6 6
log a a 1 ⇔ 4x2 − 6 = 3 ∧ x > ⇔ 4x2 = 9 ∧ x > ⇔
2
log a a 2 2
2
log a b log a b 1  3 3 6 3
42.2. log a 2 b = = = log a b ⇔ x = − ∨ x = ∧ x > ⇔x=
log a a 2 2 2  2 2 2 2
log a b log a b log a b 3
42.3. log 1 b = = −1
= = − log a b S = 
a log a
1 log a a −1 2
a
43.7. ( log x ) − 2log x + 1 = 0 ⇔ ( log x − 1) = 0 ∧ x > 0 ⇔
2 2

log a b log a b 1
42.4. log a k b = = = log a b ⇔ log x = 1 ∧ x > 0 ⇔ x = 10
log a a k k k
43.1. log 3 x = 2 ⇔ x = 32 ⇔ x = 9 S = {10}
S = {9} 43.8. log 2 x 2 − 3log 2 x + 1 = 0 ⇔
43.2. log x 81 = 4 ⇔ 81 = x 4 ∧ x > 0 ∧ x ≠ 1 ⇔ ⇔ 2log 2 x − 3log 2 x + 1 = 0 ∧ x > 0 ⇔
⇔ x = 3 ∧ x > 0∧ x ≠1 ⇔ x =3
4 4
⇔ − log 2 x + 1 = 0 ∧ x > 0 ⇔ log 2 x = 1 ∧ x > 0 ⇔
S = {3} ⇔x=2
S = {2}

94
 4.1. Limites notáveis

43.9. log 2 2 x − 4 = 0 ⇔ ( log2 x ) = 4 ∧ x > 0 ⇔

2
44.4. log 2 2 x − 4 ≤ 0 . Seja y = log 2 x .

⇔ ( log 2 x = −2 ∨ log 2 x = 2 ) ∧ x > 0 ⇔ y 2 − 4 ≤ 0 ⇔ y ≥ −2 ∧ y ≤ 2

log 2 2 x − 4 ≤ 0 ⇔ log 2 x ≥ −2 ∧ log 2 x ≤ 2 ∧ x > 0
1
⇔ x=2 ∨x=2 ⇔x= ∨x=4
−2 2
1
4 ⇔ x ≥ 2 −2 ∧ x ≤ 4 ∧ x > 0 ⇔ ≤x≤4
4
1 
S =  , 4 1 
4  S =  , 4
4 
( log 2 x ) − ( log 2 ( 2 x ) ) = 0 ⇔
2 2
43.10.
 5x − 2 
⇔ ( log 2 x ) = ( log 2 ( 2 x ) ) ⇔
2 2 44.5. ln   ≥ 2ln ( 4 − x ) ⇔
 2 
⇔ ( log 2 x = log 2 ( 2 x ) ∨ log 2 x = − log 2 ( 2 x ) ) ∧ x > 0  5x − 2 
 ≥ ln ( 4 − x ) ∧ 5 x − 2 ≥ 0 ∧ 4 − x > 0 ⇔
2
⇔ ln 
 2 
⇔ ( x = 2 x ∨ − log 2 x = log 2 ( 2 x ) ) ∧ x > 0 ⇔
5x − 2 2
≥ (4 − x) ∧ x > ∧ x < 4 ⇔
2
⇔
⇔ ( x = 0 ∨ log2 x−1 = log2 ( 2 x ) ) ∧ > 0 ⇔ 2 5
1 5x − 2 2
⇔ = 2x ∧ x > 0 ⇔ 2 x2 = 1 ∧ x > 0 ⇔ ⇔ ≥ 16 − 8 x + x ∧ < x < 4 ⇔
2

x 2 5
 2
1 1 1 ⇔ 5 x − 2 ≥ 32 − 16 x + 2 x 2 ∧ < x < 4 ⇔
⇔ x2 = ∧ x > 0 ⇔  x = − ∨x= ∧x >0⇔ 5
2  2 2  Cálculos auxiliares
2
⇔ 2 x 2 − 21x + 34 ≤ 0 ∧ < x < 4 ⇔ 2 x 2 − 21x + 34 = 0
2  2  5
⇔x= ; S=  ⇔x=
21 ± 212 − 8 × 34
2  2   17   2  4
⇔ x ∈ 2 ,  ∩  , 4 ⇔ 21 ± 13
44.1. log 2 ( x − 1) − log 2 ( 4 x − 7 ) ≥ 0 ⇔  2  5  ⇔x=
4

⇔ log 2 ( x − 1) ≥ log 2 ( 4 x − 7 ) ⇔ ⇔ x ∈ [ 2 , 4[ ⇔ x =2∨ x =

17
2
⇔ x − 1 ≥ 4x − 7 ∧ x − 1 > 0 ∧ 4x − 7 > 0 ⇔
7 7
⇔ 3x ≤ 6 ∧ x > 1 ∧ x > ⇔ x ≤ 2 ∧ x >
4 4
S = [ 2 , 4[
7 
S =  , 2
4  44.6. log 2 2 x − 4 < 3log 2 x ⇔ log 2 2 x − 3log 2 x − 4 < 0
44.2. log 3 ( x + 2 ) − log 3 ( x + 7 ) > 1 ⇔ Fazendo y = log 2 x : Cálculos auxiliares
y2 − 3y − 4 = 0 ⇔
⇔ log 3 ( x + 2 ) > log 3 ( x + 7 ) + log 3 3 ∧ y − 3 y − 4 < 0 ⇔ y > −1 ∧ y < 4
2
3 ± 9 + 16
⇔ y=
∧x + 2 > 0 ∧ x + 7 > 0 ⇔ log 2 2 x − 3log 2 x − 4 < 0 ⇔ 2
⇔ y = −1 ∨ y = 4
⇔ log 3 ( x + 2 ) > log3 3( x + 7 )  ∧ x > −2 ∧ x > −7 ⇔ ⇔ log 2 x > −1 ∧ log 2 x < 4 ∧ x > 0 ⇔

⇔ x + 2 > 3x + 21 ∧ x > −2 ⇔ 2 x < −19 ∧ x > −2 ⇔ 1 

⇔ x > 2 −1 ∧ x < 2 4 ⇔ x ∈  , 16 
19 2 
⇔ x < − ∧ x > −2 ⇔ x ∈∅ ; S = ∅
2 1 
S =  , 16 
2 
44.3. log 4 ( x + 2 ) ≥ log 2 ( 2 x + 1) ⇔ ( )
44.7. ln 3e − 2 < 2 x ⇔ 3e x − 2 < e 2 x ∧ 3e x − 2 > 0 ⇔
x

log 2 ( x + 2 )
⇔ ≥ log 2 ( 2 x + 1) ∧ x + 2 > 0 ∧ 2 x + 1 > 0 2
⇔ e 2 x − 3e x + 2 > 0 ∧ e x >
⇔
log 2 4 3
log 2 ( x + 2 )
⇔ ( e x ) − 3e x + 2 > 0 ∧ x > ln
1 2 2
⇔ ≥ log 2 ( 2 x + 1) ∧ x > −2 ∧ x > − ⇔ Cálculos auxiliares
2 2 3
y2 − 3y + 2 = 0 ⇔
1 Fazendo y = e x :
⇔ log 2 ( x + 2 ) ≥ 2log 2 ( 2 x + 1) ∧ x > − ⇔ ⇔ y=
3± 9 −8
2 y2 − 3 y + 2 > 0 ⇔ y < 1∨ y > 2 2
⇔ y = 1∨ y = 2
1
⇔ log 2 ( x + 2 ) ≥ log 2 ( 2 x + 1) ∧ x > − ⇔ ( ) 2
2
e x − 3e x + 2 > 0 ∧ x > ln ⇔
2 3
1
⇔ x + 2 ≥ ( 2 x + 1) ∧ x > − ⇔ ⇔ ( e x < 1 ∨ e x > 2 ) ∧ x > ln
2
2
⇔
2 3
1 2
⇔ x + 2 ≥ 4x + 4x + 1 ∧ x > − ⇔
2
Cálculos auxiliares ⇔ ( x < 0 ∨ x > ln 2 ) ∧ x > ln
2 3
4 x 2 + 3x − 1 = 0 ⇔
1
⇔ 4 x + 3x − 1 ≤ 0 ∧ x > −
2
⇔x=
−3 ± 9 + 16
2 8
1
1 1 1 1 ⇔ x = −1 ∨ x =
⇔ −1 ≤ x ≤ ∧ x > − ⇔ − < x ≤ 4
4 2 2 4  2 
S =  ln , 0  ∪ ]ln 2 , + ∞[
 1 1  3 
S = − , 
 2 4

95
 4.1. Limites notáveis

ln x + 1 ln x + 1 0 1 1
44.8. <1⇔ −1 < 0 ⇔  
ln x  0  ln x 2
ln x
3ln 2 x + 1 3ln 2 x + 1 45.8. lim = lim = lim 2 = y = ln x ⇔
x →1 x − 1 x →1 x − 1 x →1 x − 1 ⇔ x = ey
ln x + 1 − 3ln x − 1
2
3ln x − ln x 2
⇔ <0⇔ <0⇔ 1 ln x 1 y Se x → 1, y → 0
3ln 2 x + 1 3ln 2 x + 1 = lim = × lim =
( 3ln 2
x + 1 > 0, ∀x ∈ ℝ +
) 2 x →1 x − 1 2 y →0 e y − 1
⇔ 3ln 2 x − ln x > 0 ⇔
1 1 1 1 1
 1 Cálculos auxiliares = × = × =
⇔  ln x < 0 ∨ ln x >  ∧ x > 0 ⇔ 3y2 − y = 0 2 ey −1 2 1 2
 3 ⇔ y ( 3 y − 1) = 0
lim
y→0 y
 1
 ⇔ y = 0∨ y =
1
⇔  x < 1 ∨ x > e3  ∧ x > 0 ⇔  0
− e x ( e2 x − 1)
3  
  e x − e3 x  0 
45.9. lim = lim =
x → 0 ln ( 2 x + 1) x → 0 ln ( 2 x + 1)
⇔ x ∈ ]0 , 1[ ∪  3 e , + ∞ 
 e2 x − 1  y = 2x
2x
S = ]0 , 1[ ∪  3 e , + ∞  = lim ( − e x ) × lim  × = x→0⇒ y→0
x→0 x →0  2 x ln ( 2 x + 1) 

Pág. 160 u = ln ( 2 x + 1) ⇔
e2 x − 1 2x ⇔ eu = 2 x + 1 ⇔
0
y = ln (1 + 2 x ) ⇔ = −1 × lim × lim =
ln (1 + 2 x ) ln (1 + 2 x ) x → 0 ln ( 2 x + 1)
 
0 x →0 2 x ⇔ 2 x = eu − 1
45.1. lim = = 2lim = ⇔ e y = 1 + 2x ⇔ x→0⇒u→0
x→0 x x→0 2x ⇔ 2x = e y − 1 ey −1 eu − 1
= −1 × lim × lim = −1 × 1 × 1 = −1
y 1 1 Se x → 0, y → 0 y→0 y u →0 u
= 2lim y = 2× = 2× = 2
y →0 e − 1 1 1
lim y  ∞−∞ 
 
y →0 e − 1 e x − e3 x  ∞   e3 x − e x 3x 
45.10. lim = − lim  × =
ln x
= lim y =
y 1 1 y = ln x ⇔ x →+∞ ln ( 2 x + 1) x →+∞
 3x ln ( 2 x + 1) 
45.2. lim = =1
x →1 x − 1 y →0 e − 1 e y −1 1
e3 x (1 − e−2 x )
⇔ ey = x
lim 3x
y →0 y x →1⇒ y → 0 = − lim × lim =
x →+∞ 3x  
x →+∞ 1 
0 ln  x  2 +  
ln ( 2 x + 1)  0  2ln ( 2 x + 1) ln ( 2 x + 1)
2  

45.3. lim = lim = 2 × 2lim =

  x 
x →0 x x → 0 x x → 0 2x 3x
× lim (1 − e −2 x ) × lim
e 3x
= − lim =
y 1 1 y = ln ( 2 x + 1) ⇔ x →+∞ 3 x x →+∞ x →+∞  1
= 4lim y = 4 = 4× = 4 ln x + ln  2 + 
y →0 e − 1 ey −1 1 ⇔ e y = 2x + 1 ⇔  x
lim
y →0 y ⇔ 2x = e y − 1
x → 0, y → 0
= −  +∞ × 1 × ( +∞ )  = −∞ , dado que:
0 1
ln ( x + 1) ln ( x + 1)
 
ln x + 1 0 1
2 e3 x ey y = 3x
45.4. lim = lim = lim = • lim = lim = +∞ Se x → +∞ , y → +∞
x→0 x x → 0 x 2 x → 0 x y = ln ( x + 1) ⇔ x →+∞ 3x y →+∞ y

lim (1 − e −2 x ) = 1 − e −∞ = 1 − 0 = 1
⇔ ey = x +1 ⇔ x = ey −1
1 y 1 1 1 1 1 •
= × lim y = × = × = x →+∞
2 y→0 e − 1 2 ey −1 2 1 2
lim 3x 3
y →0 y • lim = lim =
x →∞  1  x →+∞  1
0 ln x + ln  2 +  ln  2 + 
x ( x − 1)  x ln x
+ 
x
 
x2 − x  0  y = ln ( 2 − x )
45.5. lim = lim = x x
x →1 ln ( 2 − x ) x →1 ln ( 2 − x )
⇔ ey = 2 − x ⇔
3 3
x −1 2 − ey −1 x = 2 − ey = = = +∞
= lim x × lim = 1 × lim = + ln 2 0+
x →1 x →1 ln ( 2 − x ) y →0
Se x → 0, y → 0 0 +
y +∞
ey −1 e 2 x − 3e x + 2
= − lim = −1 45.11. lim . Fazendo y = e x : Cálculos auxiliares
y →0 y x →0 x2 + x
y2 − 3y + 2 = 0
0 e − 3e + 2 = y − 3y + 2 =
2x x 2
3± 9 −8
x ( x − 5)
 
x 2 − 5x  0  y = ln ( 6 − x ) ⇔ y=
45.6. lim
x → 5 ln ( 6 − x )
= lim
x →5 ln ( 6 − x )
= ⇔ ey = 6 − x ⇔
= ( y − 1)( y − 2 ) = e − 1 e − 2
x x
( )( ) 2
⇔ y = 1∨ y = 2

6 − ey − 5  ey −1
⇔ x = 6 − ey
Se x → 5, y → 0 lim
e2 x − 3e x + 2
= lim
( e x − 1)( e x − 2) =
= lim x × lim = 5 ×  − lim = x →0 x +x
2 x →0 x ( x + 1)
x →5 y →0 y  y →0 y 
= 5 × ( −1) = −5 ex − 1 ex − 2 e0 − 2 1 − 2
= lim × lim = 1× = = −1
x →0 x x →0 x + 1 0 +1 1
0  2 + 2x  ( ∞ −∞ )
ln  
ln ( 2 + 2 x ) − ln 2  0 
 
lim  log ( x + 1) − 3log x  =
3

= lim 
2  45.12.
x → +∞  
45.7. lim =
x →0 x x →0 x
= lim log ( x + 1) − log x3  =
3
ln (1 + x ) y y = ln ( x + 1) ⇔ x → +∞  
= lim = lim y =
y →0 e − 1
( x + 1)
x →0 3 3
x ⇔ x +1 = ey  x +1
1 ⇔ x = e −1 y = lim log = lim log   =
= =1 x →+∞ x3 x →+∞
 x 
Se x → 1, y → 0
ey −1
lim   1 
y →0 y = lim 3log 1 +   = 3 × log1 = 0
x →+∞
  x 

96
 4.1. Limites notáveis

( ∞ −∞ )
  2   2
45.13. lim  log ( x 2 − 1) − log ( x − 1)  = ∞ ln  x  1 −   ln x + ln 1 − 
ln ( x − 2 )  ∞ 
 
x →1
  x   = lim  x
46.3. lim = = lim
= lim+ log
x2 − 1
= lim log
( x − 1)( x + 1) = x →+∞ x x →+∞ x x →+∞ x
x →1 x − 1 x →1+ x −1  2
ln 1 − 
= lim+ log ( x + 1) = log 2 ln x  x = 0+ 0 =0
x →1 = lim + lim
x →+∞ x x →+∞ x +∞
45.14.
x → +∞ 
(  )
lim  x ln ( x 2 − 9 ) − 2ln x  = ( x > 3) ∞
 
ln x  ∞  ln x
x → +∞ 
(
= lim  x ln ( x − 9 ) − ln x  =
2

2
) 46.4. lim
x →+∞ ln ( x + 1)
= lim
x →+∞   1 
=
ln  x  1 + 
  x2 − 9    9    x 
= lim  x ln  2   = lim  x ln 1 − 2   =
x → +∞
  x  x →+∞
  x  = lim
ln x
= lim
1
=

x →+∞  1  x → +∞  1
  3  3    ln x + ln  1 +  ln 1 + 
= lim  x ln   1 − 1 +    =
1+ 
 x x
x →+∞
   x  x  
ln x
   3  3   1
= lim  x  ln 1 −  + ln  1 +    = = =1
x →+∞
   x   x  
1+
0
+∞
  3  3 
= lim  x ln 1 −  + x ln 1 +   =   1 
x →+∞
  x  x   ∞  ln  x 2  1 + 2 
ln ( x 2 + 1)  ∞o    x 
  3    3  46.5. lim = lim =
x →+∞ ln ( x + 1)   1 
= lim  x ln 1 −   + lim  x ln 1 +   x →+∞
x →+∞
  x  x →+∞
  x  ln  x  1 +  
  x 
= −3 + 3 = 0 , dado que:  3
y = ln  1 −   1   1 
  ( ∞×0 )  − 
 x ln x 2 + ln  1 + 2  2ln x + ln  1 + 2 
• lim  x ln  1 −   = lim−  y × y  =
3 3
⇔ ey = 1−
3
= lim  x  = lim  x =
x →+∞
 x  y→0  e − 1 
 x x →+∞  1 x →+∞  1
⇔ ey −1 =
−3 ln x + ln  1 +  ln x + ln  1 + 
1 1  x  x
= −3 × = −3 × = −3 −3
x
ey −1 1 ⇔x= y  1 
lim e −1 ln  1 + 2 
y → 0− y x → +∞ ⇒ y → 0−
2+  x 
2+
0
 3  ( ∞×0 )  3   3 ln x +∞
• lim  x ln  1 +   = lim+  y × y  = y = ln  1 +
 x
 = lim
x → +∞  1
=
0
=2
x →+∞
  x  y → 0  e − 1  3 ln 1 +  1+
+∞
1+ 
⇔ ey = 1+ x
1 1 x
= 3× = 3× = 3 3 ln x
ey −1 1 ⇔ ey −1 =
∞
lim+ x  
x →0 y 3 x + 2 ∞ x
⇔x= y 46.6. lim = lim =
45.15. De acordo com 45.14.: e −1 x →+∞ ln ( x + 3) x → +∞   3 
x → +∞ ⇒ y → 0+ ln  x 1 +  
( ( )
lim  x ln x 2 − 9 − ln x 2  =
x →−∞ 
)

  x 
x 1
  3    3  = lim = lim =
= lim  x ln 1 −   + lim  x ln 1 +  = x →+∞  3 x →+∞  3
x →−∞
  x   x →−∞
  x  ln x + ln  1 +  ln 1 + 
+ 
 x ln x x
= −3 + 3 = 0 , dado que x x
 3  ( ∞×0)  −3 
• lim  x ln  1 −   = lim+  y × y  =
1 1
 3
y = ln  1 −  = = + = +∞
x →−∞
  x  y → 0  e − 1   x 0+0 0
−3
 x + 2   ( ∞×0 )   2 
46.7. lim  3x ln 
1 ⇔x=
= −3 × = −3 ×1 = −3 ey −1   = 3 xlim x ln 1 +  =  2
→+∞  x  
y = ln  1 +  ⇔
ey −1 x → −∞ ⇒ y → 0+
x →+∞
  x     x
lim+
y →0 y  2  1 ⇔ e = 1+
y 2
= 3 lim+  y × y  = 6 × = x
  3   ( ∞×0 )  3   3 y →0  e − 1  ey −1 2
lim  x ln  1 +   = lim−  y × y  = y = ln  1 + 
 x lim+ ⇔ ey −1 =
x →−∞
  y→0  e − 1 
 x  3
y →0 y x
⇔x= y 2
1 ⇔x= y
e −1 1 e −1
= 3× = 3 ×1 = 3 = 6× = 6
ey −1 x → −∞ ⇒ y → 0− 1 x → +∞ ⇒ y → 0+
lim−
y→0 y ∞
 
ln x + 1  ∞  ln x + 1 ln x + 1
 +∞ 
  2+
ln x 46.8. lim = lim = ln10 × lim =
x →+∞ log x x →+∞ ln x
2 x + ln x  −∞ 
x = 2 + 0 = 2 = −∞
x →+∞ ln x
46.1. lim = lim ln10
x →+∞ 1 − ln x x →+∞ 1
−
ln x 0 − 0 0−
x x  1 
( ∞−∞ )
= ln10 × lim 1 +  = ln10 × (1 + 0 ) = ln10
  ln x   x → +∞
 ln x 
46.2. lim ( 2ln x − x ) = lim  x  2 − 1  =
x →+∞ x →+∞
  x 
= +∞ × ( 2 × 0 − 1) = −∞

97
 4.1. Limites notáveis

e3 x ( e− x − 1)
1
 1  1 
e 2 x − e3 x y = 3x ⇔ x =
y
 1 1− x lim  ln   × ln  + 
1  1 
= = = e 0  0  = e ( ) = +∞
x→1−  1− x  1− x   + +∞× +∞
47.1. lim
x →+∞ x 2
lim
x →+∞ x 2 3 48.2. lim−   =e
x →1  1 − x 
x → +∞ ⇒ y → +∞
e3 x ey
= lim 2 × lim ( e − 1) = lim
 1 
−x
× ( 0 − 1) = 1
lim 
π  cos x
× ln (1+ cos x ) 

48.3. lim (1 + cos x )
2 x→
x → +∞ x x →+∞ y → +∞
1  cos x =e 2
= e1 = e , dado que:
 y  x→
π
3  2

ey ey  1  ( ∞×0 )  1  y = ln (1 + cos x )
= lim × ( −1) = −9 × lim 2 = −9 × ( +∞ ) = −∞ limπ  × ln (1 + cos x )  = lim  y × y  = ⇔ e y = 1 + cos x
y →+∞ 1 2 y →+∞ y x →  cos x  y → 0
 e −1  ⇔ cos x = e y − 1
y 2
9 1 1 π
x→ ⇒ y→0
2 2 = = =1 2
 ∞
  +1 +1 0 +1 ey −1 1
2 + 3x  ∞  3 x
+∞ lim
47.2. lim = lim = = =1 y→0 y
x →+∞ 3x + 3x
3× x +1 3× 0 +1
x →+∞ x 1
 1 
1 lim  ln ( x + 2 ) 
3 48.4. lim ( x + 2 ) ln x = e x→+∞  ln x 
= e1 = e , dado que:
x →+∞
dado que:
x x x 1 x ln 3   2 
lim = lim ln 3x = lim x ln 3 = lim = ln  x  1 +  
 1   x 
× ln ( x + 2 )  = lim 
x →+∞ 3 x x →+∞ x → +∞ e ln 3 x →+∞ e x ln 3
e lim =
y = x ln 3 x →+∞  ln x
1 y 1 1   x →+∞ ln x
= × lim = × = x → +∞ ⇒ y → +∞
ln 3 y → +∞ e y ey  2   2
ln 3
lim ln x + ln  1 +   ln 1 +  
y → +∞ y = lim  x
= lim 1 + 
x
=1
x →+∞ ln x x →+∞  ln x 
=
1
×
1
=
1
×0 = 0  
 
ln 3 +∞ ln 3
1 1 2
( 
lim  ln 2 x + 3  )
∞ x5
1+ x 48.5. lim ( 2 x 2 + 3) x = e x→+∞  x 
= e0 = 1 , dado que:
5  ∞  x →+∞
e +x x
= lim x e 10 =
47.3. lim x
x →+∞ 2 + x10 1  ( 0×∞ ) ln ( 2 x 2 + 3)
lim  ln ( 2 x 2 + 3)  = lim
x →+∞ 2 x
+ =
ex ex 
x →+∞ x
 x →+∞ x
x5   3   3
1+ ln  x 2  2 + 2   ln x 2 + ln  2 + 2 
ex 1+ 0   x   x 
lim = = +∞ , dado que: = lim = lim =
x10 0 + 0
x →+∞ x
2 x →+∞ x x →+∞ x
  +
e ex  3  3
2ln x + ln  2 + 2  ln  2 + 2 
x5 1 1 = lim  x 
= 2 lim
ln x
+ lim  x 
lim x = = =0; x →+∞ x →+∞ x x →+∞
x →+∞ e e x +∞ x x
lim 5 ln 2
x →+∞ x
= 2×0 + =0+0=0
x10 1 1 +∞
lim = = =0 lim sin x ×ln ( tan x ) 
+∞ 48.6. lim+ ( tan x )
sin x
x →+∞ e x ex = e x→0+ = e0 = 1 , dado que:
lim 10 x →0
x →+∞ x
0 × ( −∞ )
x lim+ sin x × ln ( tan x )  =
2 2 x→0
lim   = 0 porque 0 < < 1
x→+∞
e e  sin x 
= lim+  × tan x × ln ( tan x )  = y=
1
( ∞−∞ ) x → 0  tan x 
47.4. lim  x − ln ( 2 e − 3) = lim  ln e − ln ( 2e − 3)  =
x x x tan x
1
x →+∞ x→+∞
sin x 1 1 ⇔ tan x =
= lim+ × lim ln   = y
  x →0 tan x y →+∞ y  y x → 0+ ⇒ y → +∞
 ex   1  1
= lim ln  x  = lim ln   ln = − ln 2  cos x  ln y −1
x →+∞
 2e − 3  x →+∞  2 − 3  2 = lim+  sin x ×  × lim =
x→0  sin x  y →+∞ y
 ex 
 ln y 
x →−∞
(
47.5. lim  x − ln ( 3 − 2e x )  = −∞ − ln ( 3 − 2 e −∞ ) = ) = lim+ cos x ×  − lim
y →+∞ y
 = 1× 0 = 0
x →0
 
= −∞ − ln ( 3 − 0 ) = −∞ x  1 
 1  lim  x × ln 2 
= e x→0  x − x  = e0 = 1 , dado que:
+

 1 
48.7. lim+  2 
1 lim  ln ( 4 − x )  1 x →0  x − x 
48.1. lim ( 4 − x ) x − 3 = e x→3  x − 3 
= e −1 = , dado que:
x →3 e   1   ( 0×∞ )
lim+  x × ln  2 
=
 1  ∞×0 x →0
  x − x 
lim  × ln ( 4 − x )  = y = ln ( 4 − x )
x →3 x − 3
  ⇔ ey = 4 − x  x  1 
⇔ x = 4 − ey = lim+  × ( x − x 2 ) × ln  2 
=
x− x  x − x 
2
 1  x →0
= lim  × y = x → 3⇒ y → 0
y →0 4 − e y − 3
    1 
× lim ( x − x 2 ) × ln 
x
= lim+ 2 
=
y 1 1 x→0 x − x 2 x → 0+   x − x 
= − lim y =− = − = −1
y →0 e − 1 ey −1 1 x 1  y=
1
⇔ x − x2 =
1
lim = lim+ × lim  × ln y  x − x2 y
x (1 − x ) y →+∞  y
y →0 y x →0
 x → 0+ ⇒ y → +∞

1 ln y
98 = × lim =0
1 y →+∞ y
 4.1. Limites notáveis

Pág. 161 51.1. 22 + sin x + 1 = 5 × 2sin x , x ∈ [ 0 , 2π ]

n2
Fazendo sin x = y vem:
(n )

( ) 2 
− n2
2 2 2
nn
49.1. lim  1 + n2 × nn  = lim n2 = lim n2 = 2 2 + y + 1 = 5 × 2 y ⇔ 2 2 × 2 y − 5 × 2 y = −1 ⇔
 
(1 + n ) 2 2
(1 + n ) 2 2 ⇔ 4 × 2 y − 5 × 2 y = −1 ⇔ −2 y = −1 ⇔

n2
1 ⇔ 2 y = 1 ⇔ y = 0 ⇔ sin x = 0 ∧ x ∈ [ 0 , 2π ] ⇔
   2
n 2 2
  ⇔ x =0∨ x = π
 n2  2  1  1
= lim  2 
= lim   =   S = {0 , π}
+  2

 1 + 1
n
 1 n    1 
 lim 1 + 2   3
 n2    n   51.2. 3cos x + = 4 ∧ x ∈ [ 0 , 2π ] . Fazendo y = cos x , vem:
3cos x
1
 1 2 = 4 ⇔ (3 y ) + 3 = 4 × 3y ⇔ ( 3 y ) − 4 × 3 y + 3 = 0
1 1 3 2 2
=  = = 3y + y
e e e 3
4 ± 16 − 12
( 4n − 16 )
n n
2
 4n 2 − 16   4n 2 − 16 
n
⇔ 3y = ⇔ 3y = 3 ∨ 3y = 1 ⇔ y = 1 ∨ y = 0
49.2. lim = lim   = lim   = 2
( 2n )
2n
 ( 2n ) 2   4n
2

  ⇔ cos x = 1 ∨ cos x = 0 ∧ x ∈ [ 0 , 2π[ ⇔
n n
 16   2  2  π 3π
= lim  1 − 2  = lim 1 −  1 +   = ⇔ x =0∨ x = ∨x=
 4n    n  n  2 2
 2  2
n n
 π 3π 
= lim 1 −  × lim 1 +  = e−2 × e 2 = e 0 = 1 S = 0 , , 
 n  n  2 2
2n 51.3. 3 2 + ln x − 3 2 − ln x = 24 . Fazendo y = ln x , vem:
2 n2  1

2 n2
 1
 n +1   n + 1 n   1+ n  3 2 + y − 32 − y = 24 ⇔ 32 × 3 y − 32 × 3− y = 24 ⇔
49.3. lim  n  
= lim  = lim   =

 n + 2  
 n+2
9
 1 + 2  ( )
2
  ⇔ 9 × 3 y − y − 24 = 0 ⇔ 9 × 3 y − 9 − 24 × 3 y = 0
 n 3
⇔ 9 × (3 )
−2 y 2
  1 
n
− 24 × 3 y − 9 = 0 ⇔
 lim 1 +   2

=  n   =  e  = e−2 = 1
 2  8 ± 64 + 36
⇔ 3 × ( 3 y ) − 8 × 3 y − 3 = 0 ⇔ 3y =
2
  2 
n
e  e2 ⇔
 lim 1 +   6
  n 
1
⇔ 3 y = − ∨ 3 y = 3 ⇔ y ∈ ∅ ∨ y = 1 ⇔ ln x = 1 ⇔
 ( n + 1) ! 
n
3
n  
 un +1  p !( n + 1 − p )!  n! ⇔ x=e y = ln x
 = lim  = un = nC p =
49.4. lim  p !( n − p )!
 un  n!  S = {e}
 p! n − p ! 
 ( ) 
52.1. 4 x − 3 x +1 = 3 x − 2 2 x +1 ⇔ ( 22 ) − 3x × 3 = 3x − 2 2 x × 2 ⇔
x

n n
 ( n + 1)! p !( n − p )!  ( n + 1) n!( n − p )!  ⇔ 2 2 x + 2 × 2 2 x = 3x + 3 × 3x ⇔ 3 × 2 2 x = 4 × 3x ⇔
= lim   = lim  
 (p ! n + 1 − p ) 
! n !  ( n + 1 − p )( n − p )!n! 22 ( )
x
x
22 x 4 4  4 4
n ⇔ x = ⇔ = ⇔   = ⇔ x =1
 1
n
 1  lim 1 +  3 3 3x 3  3 3
 n +1 
n
 1+ n   n =
= lim   = lim  1 − p  = S = {1}
+ −
n
1− p 
   lim 1 +
n 1 p
 1 +  5x − 2 × x 252 x −5 − 2 x 53 x − 2 = 0 ⇔
 n   n  52.2.
x−2 2 x −5 3x −2
e
= 1− p = e1−1+ p = e p ⇔5 2
× 25 x
=5 2x
∧ x ∈ ℕ \ {1} ⇔
e x−2 2 x −5 3x −2

 3
un +1
 3
e n+1 e n ×e ⇔5 2
× (5 2
) x =5 2x
∧ x ∈ ℕ \ {1} ⇔
= lim  1 − n 
3e
49.5. lim 1 −  = lim 1 − n  = e−3e
 u n   e   e ×e x−2 4 x −10 3x −2
⇔5 2
×5 x
=5 2x
∧ x ∈ ℕ \ {1} ⇔
an
 1 
 1 − 2n 
an + b b x − 2 4 x −10 3x−2
+
 2n − 1   2n − 1  ⇔5 2 x
=5 2x
∧ x ∈ ℕ \ {1} ⇔
50.1. x = lim   = lim   × lim   =
 2n + 3   1 + 3   2n + 3 
x − 2 4 x − 10 3x − 2
 2n  ⇔ + = ∧ x ∈ ℕ \ {1} ⇔
a 2 x 2x
 ( x) ( 2) (1)
 
n
 1
    ⇔ x 2 − 2 x + 8 x − 20 = 3x − 2 ∧ x ∈ ℕ \ {1} ⇔
 lim 1 − 2
  a
  n    − 12  ⇔ x 2 + 3x − 18 = 0 ∧ x ∈ ℕ \ {1} ⇔
   × 1b =  e  = e −2 = e −2 a
 ( )
= 
n   3
  3    e2  −3 ± 9 + 72
 lim 1 +   ⇔x= ∧ x ∈ ℕ \ {1} ⇔
2   2
   
 n 
  ⇔ ( x = −6 ∨ x = 3) ∧ x ∈ ℕ \ {1} ⇔ x = 3
   
1 S = {3}
50.2. x = e ⇔ e −2 a = e ⇔ −2a = 1 ⇔ a = −
2

99
 4.1. Limites notáveis

8 ln 8
4
4 8 x 0 1 2 +∞
52.3. e ln 4 − ln x = 2
⇔e x = 2 ∧x>0 ⇔ = 2 ∧x>0⇔ x2 − 4 – – – – 0 +
x x x x
log 2 x
⇔ 4 x = 8 ∧ x > 0 ⇔ x = 2 ; S = {2} – 0 + + +
P + 0 – 0 +
52.4. ln 2 x + ln x 3 = 4 ⇔ ( ln x ) + 3ln x − 4 = 0 ∧ x > 0 ⇔
2

−3 ± 9 + 16
(x 2
− 4) log 2 x ≥ 0 ⇔ ]0 , 1] ∪ [ 2 , + ∞[
⇔ ln x = ∧x>0⇔ S = ]0 , 1] ∪ [ 2 , + ∞[
2
−3 ± 5 53.4. 2 × 3 x +1 < 6 × 2 x −1 ⇔ 2 × 3 x × 3 < 6 × 2 x × 2 −1 ⇔
⇔ ln x = ∧x>0⇔ x
5 3x 3  3 1
⇔ ( ln x = −4 ∨ ln x = 1) ∧ x > 0 ⇔ x = e −4 ∨ x = e ⇔ 6 × 3x < 3 × 2 x ⇔ < ⇔  < ⇔
2x 6  2 2
1  1 ln 2
S =  4 , e ⇔ x < log 3 ⇔ x < − log 3 2 ⇔ x < −
e  2 3
2 2 ln
( )
52.5. ln 2x − 4 − ln ( 2) = ln ( x − 1) ⇔
2
 
 2x − 4   ln 2 
⇔ ln   = ln ( x − 1) ∧ 2 x − 4 ≠ 0 ∧ x − 1 > 0 ⇔ S =  −∞ , −
 2   3
ln 
⇔ x − 2 = x − 1 ∧ x ≠ −2 ∧ x > 1 ⇔  2
30 20

⇔ ( x − 2 ) = x − 1 ∨ x − 2 = − x + 1 ∧ x > 1 ⇔  r   r 

54.1. C0 1 +  = 2C0 ⇔ 1 + 100  = 2 ⇔
 100   
3
⇔ ( −2 = −1 ∨ 2 x = 3 ) ∧ x > 1 ⇔ x = r r
2 ⇔ 1+ = 30 2 ⇔ = 30 2 − 1 ⇔
1 1
100 100
− 3x +1 = 3x + 2 2 x ⇔ 4 x × 4 2 − 3x × 3 = 3x + ( 2 2 ) ⇔
x+ x
52.6. 4 2 ⇔ r = 100 × 30 2 − 100 ⇒ r ≈ 2, 34
r % ≈ 2,34%
⇔ 4 x × 4 − 4 x = 3x + 3 × 3x ⇔ 2 × 4 x − 4 x = 4 × 3 x
n
 2,1 
 = 1,5C0 ⇔ (1 + 0,021) = 1,5 ⇔
x
4x 4 54.2. C0 1 +
n
⇔ 4 x = 4 × 3x ⇔ = 4 ⇔   = 4 ⇔ x = log 4 4  100 
3x 3 3
ln1,5
  ⇔ 1, 021n = 1,5 ⇔ n = log1,021 1,5 ⇔ n =
S = log 4 4  ln1,021
 3  55. a2 = b2 + c2 ⇔ a2 − b2 = c2
53.1. log x + 8 < log 2 x ⇔ ( log2 x ) − 6log 2 x + 8 < 0 ∧ x > 0
2 6 2
ln c ln c
2
log a + b c + log a − b c = + =
Cálculo auxiliar y2 − 6 y + 8 = 0 ⇔ ln ( a + b ) ln ( a − b )
Fazendo y = log 2 x :
⇔y=
6 ± 36 − 32
⇔ ln ( a − b ) × ln c + ln ( a + b ) × ln c
y2 − 6 y + 8 < 0 ⇔ y > 2 ∧ y < 4 2 = =
⇔ y =2∨ y =4 ln ( a + b ) × ln ( a − b )
Logo:
( log2 x )
2
− log2 x + 8 < 0 ∧ x > 0 ⇔ ln c  ln ( a − b ) + ln ( a + b ) 
= =
ln ( a + b ) × ln ( a − b )
⇔ log 2 x > 2 ∧ log 2 x < 4 ∧ x > 0
⇔ x > 22 ∧ x < 24 ⇔ ln c × ln ( a − b )( a + b )  ln c × ln ( a 2 − b2 )
= = =
⇔ x ∈ ]4 , 16[ ln ( a + b ) × ln ( a − b ) ln ( a + b ) × ln ( a − b )
S = ]4 , 16[ ln c × ln c 2 ln c ln c
= =2 × =
ex − 1 ln ( a + b ) × ln ( a − b ) ln ( a + b ) ln ( a − b )
53.2. < 0 → D = { x ∈ ℝ : x > 0 ∧ ln x ≠ 1} = ℝ + \ {e}
1 − ln x = 2 log a + b c × log a − b c
• ex − 1 = 0 ⇔ ex = 1 ⇔ x = 0 1 log b b 1
56.1. = log a b ; log a b = =
ex − 1 > 0 ⇔ ex > 1 ⇔ x > 0 logb a logb a log b a
• 1 − ln x = 0 ⇔ ln x = 1 ⇔ x = e 10
1 1 1 1
1 − ln x > 0 ⇔ ln x < 1 ⇔ x < e 56.2. ∑ log
k =2 n
= +
log 2 n log 3 n
+ ... +
log10 n
=
x 0 e +∞ k

ex −1 0 + + + = log n 2 + log n 3 + ... + log n 10

1 − ln x + 0 – 1
= log n ( 2 × 3 × ... × 10 ) = log n 10! =
Q + – log10! n
S = ]e , + ∞[
Avaliação 1
( )
53.3. x − 4 log2 x ≥ 0 → D = ℝ+
2
Pág. 162
• log 2 x = 0 ⇔ x = 1 1. f (16 ) = −2 ⇔ log a 16 = −2 ⇔ 16 = a −2 ⇔

log 2 x > 0 ⇔ x > 1 1 1 1

⇔ 16 =
⇔ a2 = ⇔a= (a > 0)
a2 16 4
• x − 4 = 0 ⇔ x = −2 ∨ x = 2
2
f ( x ) = log 1 x ; f (128) = log 1 128
x 2 − 4 < 0 ⇔ −2 < x < 2 4 4

100
 4.1. Limites notáveis

y 4 4
1  r   r  8210
log 1 128 = y ⇔ 128 =   ⇔ 27 = ( 2 −2 ) ⇔ 27 = 2−2 y
y
6.3. 8000 1 +  = 8210 ⇔ 1 +  =
4 4  100 × 4   400  8000
7 r 821 r 821
⇔ −2 y = 7 ⇔ y = − ⇔ 1+ =4 ⇔ =4 −1
2 400 800 400 800
7
f (128 ) = − 821
2 ⇔ r = 400 4 − 400 ⇒ r ≈ 2, 6
800
Resposta: (B)
n +1
r % ≈ 2, 6%
2×
2 un+1   2
n +1 7.1. f ( x ) = g ( x ) ⇔ 1 + log a x = log 1 x ∧ x > 0 ⇔
 2  2  2 2
= lim 1 +
a
lim 1 +  = lim  1 + 
n 
2.
 un    n  log a x
⇔ 1 + log a x = ∧x>0⇔
 2  1
n 1 log a  
 2 2  2 2 a
= lim 1 +  × 1 +  =
 n   n  ⇔ 1 + log a x =
log a x
∧ x > 0 ⇔ loga  1  = loga a −1 = −1
n 1 −1 a
 2 2  2 2 ⇔ 1 + log a x = − log a x ∧ x > 0 ⇔
= lim  1 +  × lim  1 +  = e × 1 = e
2 2 2 2

 n   n  ⇔ log a x + log a x = −1 ∧ x > 0 ⇔

Resposta: (C) 1
1
1 ⇔ 2log a x = −1 ∧ x > 0 ⇔ log a x = − ∧ x > 0 ⇔
3. log12 6 = log12 36 = log12 36 2 = log12 36 = 2
2 −
1
1 1
1 ⇔x=a 2
⇔x= ⇔x=
log12 (12 × 3)
1
2 a
2 a
1 1 1+ y  1   − 12  −
1
1 1
= ( log12 12 + log12 3) = (1 + y ) = 7.2. f  = f  a  = 1 + log a a = 1 − 2 = 2
2
2 2 2  a  
Resposta: (D) 8.1. 4 x +1 + 7 = 2 x + 4 ⇔ 4 x × 4 + 7 = 2 x × 2 4 ⇔
AD + BC
f ( x ) = ln x ; A[ ABCD] = ⇔ ( 2 4 ) × 4 + 7 = 16 × 2 x ⇔
x
4. × AB
2
⇔ 4 × ( 2 x ) − 16 × 2 x + 7 = 0 ⇔
2
AD = f ( a) = ln a
BC = f ( 3a) = ln ( 3a) ⇔ 2x =
16 ± 16 2 − 4 × 4 × 7
⇔
8
AB = 3a − a = 2a
16 ± 12 1 7
ln a + ln ( 3a ) ⇔ 2x = ⇔ 2x = ∨ 2x = ⇔
A[ ABCD] =
2
× 2a = a ln 3a 2 ( ) 8 2 2
 
7
Resposta: (D) ⇔ x = −1 ∨ x = log 2  
5. f ( x ) = g ( x ) ⇔ 2 + log 2 x = log 4 x ∧ x > 0 ⇔  2
 7
log 2 x S = −1 , log 2 
⇔ 2 + log 2 x = ∧x>0⇔  2
log 2 4
3
log 2 x 8.2. 3 + ln x = 4 . Seja y = ln x :
ln x

⇔ 2 + log 2 x = ∧x>0⇔ 3
2
3 + y = 4 ⇔ (3y ) − 4 × 3y + 3 = 0 ⇔
y 3 2
⇔ 4 + 2log 2 x = log 2 x ∧ x > 0 ⇔
3
⇔ log 2 x = −4 ∧ x > 0 ⇔
4 ± 16 − 12 4±2
1 ⇔ 3y = ⇔ 3y = ⇔
⇔ x = 2 −4 ⇔ x = 2 2
16
⇔ 3y = 3 ∨ 3y = 1 ⇔ y = 1 ∨ y = 0
f ( 2−4 ) = 2 + log2 2−4 = 2 − 4 = −2 ln x = 1 ∨ ln x = 0 ⇔ x = e∨ x = 1
S = {1 , e}
( x , y ) =  
1
, − 2
 16  1
Resposta: (A) 9. log3 x − 1 >
log9 x
log3 x log3 x 1 2
Pág. 163 log9 x = = =
5 log3 9 2 log9 x log 3 x
 2,1 
6.1. C = 8000 1 +  = 8876,03
 100  1 2
log3 x − 1 > ⇔ log 3 x − 1 > ∧ x > 0 ∧ x ≠1
Capital cumulado: 8876,03 € log9 x log 3 x
n
 1,9  10 000
⇔ log3 x − 1 −
2
> 0∧ x > 0∧ x ≠1
6.2. 8000 1 +  = 10 000 ⇔ 1,019 =
n
⇔
 100  8000 log3 x
ln (1, 25) ( log 3 x )
2
− log 3 x − 2
⇔ 1, 019 n = 1, 25 ⇔ n = log1,019 1, 25 ⇔ n = ⇔ > 0 ∧ x > 0 ∧ x ≠1
ln (1,019 ) log 3 x

101
 4.1. Limites notáveis

• Sinal de ( log3 x ) − log3 x − 2 :

2
10.4. f ( 2 x + 1) − f ( x ) =

Seja y = log 3 x : = 2 − 2log2 ( 2x + 1 + 1) − 2 − 2log2 ( x + 1) =

1± 1+ 8 1± 3 = −2log 2 ( 2 x + 2 ) + 2log 2 ( x + 1) =
y2 − y − 2 = 0 ⇔ y = ⇔y= ⇔
2 2
= 2( log2 ( x + 1) − log2 ( 2x + 2) ) =
⇔ y = −1 ∨ y = 2
x +1 1
= 2log2 = 2log2   =
• ( log3 x )
2
− log3 x − 2 = 0 ⇔ log3 x = −1 ∨ log3 x = 2 2 ( x + 1) 2

1 = 2 log 2 2 −1 = 2 × ( −1) = −2
⇔x= ∨ x=9
3 log 2 x
10.5. f ( x ) < 2 + log 1 ( x ) ⇔ 2 − 2log 2 ( x + 1) < 2 + ⇔
( log3 x ) 1
2
• − log3 x − 2 < 0 ⇔ log3 x > −1 ∧ log3 < 2 ∧ 2 log 2
2
∧x > 0 ∧ x ≠ 1
log 2 x
1 ⇔ 2 − 2log 2 ( x + 1) < 2 + ⇔
⇔ x > ∧ x > 0∧ x ≠1 −1
3
⇔ −2log 2 ( x + 1) < − log 2 x ⇔ log 2 ( x + 1) > log 2 x
• log 3 x = 0 ⇔ x = 1
⇔ x + 1 > x , condição universal em ℝ+
log 3 x < 0 ⇔ x < 1 ∧ x > 0
0
x ( x − 3) x ( x − 3)
 
1 x 2 − 3x  0 
0 1 9 +∞ 11.1. lim = lim = lim =
1 x →3 1
3 x → 3 ln x − 2 x →3 ln ( x − 2 ) 2 ln ( x − 2 )
N + 0 – – 0 + 2
D – – – 0 + + + x−3
= lim ( 2 x ) × lim = y = ln ( x − 2 ) ⇔
Q – 0 + – 0 +
x→3 x→3 ln ( x − 2 ) ⇔ ey = x − 2
ey + 2 − 3 ey −1 ⇔ x = ey + 2
1  = 6 × lim = 6 × lim =
S =  , 1 ∪ ]9 , + ∞[ y →0 y y → 0 y x → 3⇒ y →0
3 
= 6 ×1 = 6
10.1. f ( x ) = log 2 8 − log 2 x + 1 − log 4 4 + log 4 ( x + 1)  =
3
  1
tan x   1 
lim  tan x × ln   
+
1 11.2. lim+   = e x→0  x 
= e 0 = 1 , dado que:
x→0  x 
= 3 − log 2 ( x + 1) − 1 − 3log 4 ( x + 1) =
2

log ( x + 1)   1   tan x  1 
1
= 2 − log 2 ( x + 1) = 3 2 = lim+  tan x × ln    = lim+  × x ln   =
2 log 2 4
x →0
  x   x→0  x  x 

1 log ( x + 1) tan x  1 y=
1
⇔x=
1
= 2 − log 2 ( x + 1) − 3 2 = = lim+ × lim+  x ln  = x y
x→0 x x→0  x
2 2 x → 0+ ⇒ y → +∞
1 3 sin x 1 
= 2 − log 2 ( x + 1) − log 2 ( x + 1) = 2 − 2log 2 ( x + 1) = lim+ × lim  ln y  =
2 2 x →0 x cos x y →+∞  y 
10.2. f ( x ) = 0 ⇔ 2 − 2log 2 ( x + 1) = 0 ∧ x > −1 ⇔ 1 sin x ln y
= lim+ × lim × lim = 1×1× 0 = 0
⇔ log 2 ( x + 1) = 1 ∧ x > −1 ⇔ x + 1 = 2 ∧ x > −1 ⇔ x →0 cos x x →0+ x y →+∞ y

12. Se P pertence a uma circunferência de centro na origem e

⇔ x =1
raio 1 então x 2 + y 2 = 1 ⇔ 1 − y 2 = x 2
S = {1}
ln x ln x
f ( x) 2 − 2log 2 ( x + 1) 2 log ( x + 1)  log1+ y x + log1− y x = + =
= lim = lim  − 2 2 ln (1 + y ) ln (1 − y )
10.3. lim
x →+∞ x →+∞ x →+∞ x

x x  x 
ln (1 − y ) ln x + ln (1 + y ) ln x
= =
ln ( x + 1)   1 
ln  x  1 +   ln (1 + y ) × ln (1 − y )
ln 2 = − 2   x 
= 0 − 2 lim lim = ln x  ln (1 − y ) + ln (1 + y )
x →+∞ x ln 2 x →+∞ x = =
ln (1 + y ) × ln (1 − y )
 1
ln x + ln 1 + 
2  x = ln x × ln  (1 − y )(1 + y ) 
=− × lim = =
ln 2 x →+∞ x ln (1 + y ) × ln (1 − y )
  1  ln x × ln (1 − y 2 )
ln 1 +   ln x × ln x 2
2  ln x  x  = = =
=− ×  lim + lim = ln (1 + y ) ln (1 − y ) ln (1 + y ) ln (1 − y )
ln 2  x →+∞ x x →+∞ x 
  ln x ln x
  =2 × = 2log1+ y x × log1− y x
ln (1 + y ) ln (1 − y )
2  0 
=− ×0 + =0
ln 2  +∞ 

102