Elementos Quimicos

Periodic Table of the Elements
PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS

1 18
1 2
1 H He
1.0079 2 13 14 15 16 17 4.0026
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 Li Be PSE.Menu B C N O F Ne
6.941 9.0122 10.811 12.011 14.007 15.999 18.998 20.180
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
22.990 24.305 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 26.982 28.086 30.974 32.066 35.453 39.948
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.098 40.078 44.956 47.867 50.942 51.996 54.938 55.845 58.933 58.693 63.546 65.409 69.723 72.64 74.922 78.96 79.904 83.798
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.468 87.62 88.906 91.224 92.906 95.94 (98) 101.07 102.91 106.42 107.87 112.41 114.82 118.71 121.76 127.60 126.90 131.29
55 56 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
57 - 71
6 Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
La-Lu
132.91 137.33 178.49 180.95 183.84 186.21 190.23 192.22 195.08 196.97 200.59 204.38 207.2 208.98 (209) (210) (222)
89 -
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111
7 Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Uuu
Ac-
(223) (226) (261) (262) (266) (264) (277) (268) (281) (272)
Lr
Copyright © 1998-2005 by Eni Generalic
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Lanthanide La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
138.91 140.12 140.91 144.24 (145) 150.36 151.96 157.25 158.93 162.50 164.93 167.26 168.93 173.04 174.97
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

Actinide Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
HOME (227) 232.04 231.04 238.03 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (262)
SOLID LIQUID GAS 100 °C 101 kPa SYNTHETIC ELEMENT
Relative atomic mass is shown with five significant figures. For the precise value of the atomic mass you must click on an element
symbol in periodic table. For elements have no stable nuclides, the value enclosed in brackets indicates the mass number of the
longest-lived isotope of the element. However three such elements (Th, Pa and U) do have a characteristic terrestrial isotopic
composition, and for these an atomic weight is tabulated. (Atomic Weights of the Elements 1999, Pure Appl. Chem., Vol. 73, No.
4 (2001) 667-683)
CONTENT:
Glossary of chemical terms contain a brief definitions of selected terms of importance in chemistry
and related fields of science. Individual chemical compounds are not included. It is composed of
two parts:
● appendixes
● dictionary
Glossary of chemical terms A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L
M | N | O | P | R | S | T | U | V | X | Z
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Periodic table of the elements contains the basic data about the elements in five languages:
● English (Editors: Aditya Vardhan, Eni Generalic)

● French (Editor: Michel Ditria)
● Croatian (Editors: Eni Generalic, Marija Bralic, Slobodan Brinic)
● German (Editor: Marc Hens)
● Italian (Editor: editors wanted)
Periodic Table of the The further information of each element can be found by
Elements
● periodic table
PSE.Menu ● alphabetical listing names
● alphabetical listing of symbols
● ASCII periodic table
PSE.Menu is a small remote control for Periodic table of the elements. It opens in a separate
window and the selected page is loaded in a parent window.
Periodic table of the elements is prepared for prints in PostScript (PS) and Portable Document
Format (PDF) in two version
● black white version for laser printers

● colour version for colour printers
Printable periodic table
This JavaScript programs will work for both Netscape and MSIE users, so you need to get
Netscape Navigator 2.0, Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.0 or later. Pages are best viewed with
Microsoft Internet Explorer 4.0 or higher.
● Scientific calculator
Sci.Calc is a fully-functioning JavaScript calculator that contain of practically any common
and many advanced calculator functions (cosine, sine, tangent, power, square root,
exponents, etc.).
● Scientific calculator for chemists

JavaScript programs
Chem.Calc is a fully-functioning JavaScript scientific calculator that contains fundamental
physical constants and atomic weight of elements. The calculator contains a list with task
Chem.Calc history, storing all the recent inputs and results.
● Molar mass calculator

Molar mass calculator is an expression calculator for fast calculation of molecular weight of
compounds. The program translates the texts with chemical element symbols or without
them into a mathematical expression and calculates them.
'Tools & Toys' contains some programmes for chemists (and non-chemist). You can download a
programmes in two self-install copy: one with all the files needed and other without Visual Basic
library.
● EniG. Chemistry Assistant 2.4

is an expression calculator for fast calculation of molecular weight of compounds by simple
entry of chemical formula (the element symbols can be written in lowercase letters). The
calculator also provides a list of common physical constants and performs various
conversions between English and metric units. (Update: 2002/12/12)
Visual Basic programs ● EniG. Periodic Table of the Elements 2.11

contains the basic data about the element in 7 languages (Croatian, English, French,

German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish). It shows the change of physical condition with
the change of temperature. The language, the speed of temperature changes or the
exchange of elements can be adjusted by configuration file. The calculating module from the
programme Chemistry Assistant has been integrated. (Update: 2003/03/28)
● Links for chemists

● Chemistry journals
Links
● Statistics and awards for Periodic table of the elements
Statistics and awards ● About project
● Recommended resolution is 800x600 High Colour (16 bit).

● JavaScript enabled browser is required.
● Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page.
● If you have comments, correction or suggestions about this site, please send me an e-mail.
● The project is financed by Croatian Ministry for Science and Technology.
FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7
Last modified: 30.08.2005 (Eni Generalic)

Hydrogen - Periodic Table of the Elements
FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z
KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Hydrogen Hydrogène Vodik Idrogeno Wasserstoff

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Go.Element Atomic number: 1
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 1
Period: 1
H 1
H
Awards Hydrogenium 2 3 4
Links Discovery date: 1766 He Li Be
Chem.Calc
Hydrogen was discovered by Sir Henry Cavendish (England) in 1766. The origin of the name comes
PSE.Menu
from the Greek words hydroand genesmeaning waterand generate. It is colourless, odourless gas,
burns and forms explosive mixtures in air. Reacts violently with oxidants. Hydrogen is the most
abundant element in the universe.
My Software
EDITORS:
Relative atomic mass: 1.00794(7) Electronic configuration: 1s1
English
Formal oxidation number: -1 +1 Electronegativities: 2.2
Aditya Vardhan
Eni Generalic Thermal conductivity: 0.183 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): - μΩcm
Atomic radius: 37.3 pm Standard state (20 °C): gas
French
Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): 76.0 (solid, 11 K) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 13.26 (solid, 11 K)
70.8 (liquid, b.p.) 14.24 (liquid, b.p.)
Croatian 0.08988 (gas, 273 K) 22423.54 (gas, 273 K)
Eni Generalic
Marija Bralic
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Slobodan Brinic
German Melting point: -259.34 °C Heat of fusion: 0.12 kJ mol-1

Marc Hens Boiling point: -252.87 °C Heat of vaporization: 0.46 kJ mol-1
Italian Critical temperature: -239.96 °C Heat of atomization: 216.003 kJ mol-1
editors wanted
IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE
1st ionization energy: 1312.06 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): 0.53 ppm
Abundance of element (Earth's
2nd ionization energy: - kJ mol-1 crust):
1400 ppm
3rd ionization energy: - kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): (H2O) ppm
ISOTOPES
Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)
1H 1.007825032(1) 99.985(1)
2H 2.014101778(1) 0.015(1)
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Hydrogen - Periodic Table of the Elements
3H 3.016049268(1) *
MINERALS AND USES
Commercial quantities of hydrogen are produced by reacting superheated steam with methane or
carbon. In lab work from reaction of metals with acid solutions or electrolysis. Most hydrogen is used
in the production of ammonia and in metal refining. Also used as fuel in rockets. Its two heavier
isotopes (deuterium and tritium) used respectively for nuclear fusion. The price of 99.999 % pure
hydrogen gas costs 200.70 /dm3 in small quantities (1 dm3) and about 2.21 /dm3 in large
quantities (300 dm3).
REDUCTION POTENTIALS
Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation
2H+ + 2e- H2(g) ±0.000

2H+ + 2e- H2(g) - 0.41 [H+] = 10-7 mol dm-3
2H+ + 2e- H2(g) - 0.005 1 mol dm-3 HCl
2H+ + 2e- H2(g) - 0.005 1 mol dm-3 HClO4
2H2O + 2e- H2(g) + 2OH- - 0.83
H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e- 2H2O +1.77
HO2- + H2O + 2e- 3OH- +0.88
H2(g) + 2e- 2H- - 2.25
Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page.

If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.
FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7
Last modified: 09.12.2003

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Helium - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Helium Hélium Helij Elio Helium

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 18
Period: 1
He 2
He
1
3
H
Li
Awards Helium 9 10 11
Links Discovery date: 1868 F Ne Na
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu Helium was discovered by Pierre Jules César Janssen (France) and Sir William Ramsay (Scotland)
in 1868. The origin of the name comes from the Greek word heliosmeaning sun. It is light, odourless,
colourless inert gas. Second most abundant element in the universe.
My Software
NOBLE GASES
EDITORS: Relative atomic Electronic

mass:
4.002602(2)
configuration:
1s2
English
Formal oxidation
Aditya Vardhan 0 Electronegativities: -
number:
Eni Generalic
Thermal Electrical
conductivity:
0.155 W m-1 K-1 resistivity (20 °C):
- μΩcm
French
Michel Ditria Standard state (20
Atomic radius: 128 pm gas
°C):
Croatian
Density (g dm-3): ~1760 (solid, pressure 6.9 Molar volume ~2.27 (solid, pressure 6,9
Eni Generalic
MPa) (cm3 mol-1): MPa)
Marija Bralic
124.8 (liquid, m.p.) 32.07 (liquid, m.p.)
Slobodan Brinic
0.1785 (gas, 273 K) 22423.54 (gas, 273 K)
German
Marc Hens THERMAL PROPERTIES
Italian
Melting point: -272.2 °C Heat of fusion: 0.021 kJ mol-1
editors wanted
Boiling point: -268.93 °C Heat of vaporization: 0.082 kJ mol-1
Critical temperature: -267.97 °C Heat of atomization: 0 kJ mol-1
2nd ionization energy: 5250.56 kJ mol-1 crust):
0.008 ppm
3rd ionization energy: - kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.0000072 ppm
ISOTOPES
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Helium - Periodic Table of the Elements
3He 3.016029310(1) 0.000137(3)

4He 4.002603250(1) 99.999863(3)
MINERALS AND USES
Helium is found in natural gas deposits from wells in Texas, Oklahoma and Kansas. Used in
balloons, deep sea diving and welding. Also used in very low temperature research. The price of
99.999 % pure helium gas costs 177.10 /dm3 in small quantities (1 dm3) and about 2.52 /dm3 in
large quantities (300 dm3).


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Lithium - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Lithium Lithium Litij Litio Lithium

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 1
Period: 2
Li 2
He
1
3
H
Li
4
Be
Awards Lithium 10 11 12
Links Discovery date: 1817 Ne Na Mg
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu Lithium was discovered by Johan August Arfvedson (Sweden) in 1817. The origin of the name
comes from the Greek word lithosmeaning stone, apparently because it was discovered from a
mineral source whereas the other two elements, sodium and potassium, were discovered from plant
sources. It is soft silvery-white metal. Lightest of metals. Reacts slowly with water and oxygen.
My Software Flammable. Can ignite in air. Reacts with water to give off a flammable gas.
ALKALI METAL
EDITORS:
English Relative atomic mass: 6.941(2) Electronic configuration: [He] 2s1

Aditya Vardhan Formal oxidation number: +1 Electronegativities: 0.98
Eni Generalic
Thermal conductivity: 84.7 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 8.55 μΩcm
French
Atomic radius: 152 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid
Michel Ditria
Density (g dm-3): 534 (293 K) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 13.00 (293 K)
Croatian 515 (m.p.) 13.48 (m.p.)
Eni Generalic
Marija Bralic
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Slobodan Brinic
German Melting point: 180.5 °C Heat of fusion: 4.6 kJ mol-1

Marc Hens Boiling point: 1342 °C Heat of vaporization: 147.7 kJ mol-1
Italian Critical temperature: 2950 °C Heat of atomization: 157.8 kJ mol-1
editors wanted
1st ionization energy: 520.23 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm

13 ppm
3rd ionization energy: 11815.13 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.2 ppm
ISOTOPES
6Li 6.0151223(5) 7.5(2)

7Li 7.0160040(5) 92.5(2)
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Lithium - Periodic Table of the Elements
MINERALS AND USES
Lithium is obtained by passing electric charge through melted lithium chloride and from the silicate
mineral called spodumene [LiAl(Si2O6)]. Used in batteries. Also for certain kinds of glass and
ceramics. Some is used in lubricants. The price of lithium metal (99.95%) is about 550 for 1000 g.
Li+ + e- Li(s) - 3.045


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Beryllium - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Beryllium Béryllium Berilij Berillio Beryllium

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 2
Period: 2
Be 1
3
H
Li
4
Be
5
B
Awards Beryllium 11 12 13
Links Discovery date: 1828 Na Mg Al
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu Beryllium was discovered by Friedrich Wöhler (Germany) and independently by A. B. Bussy
(France) in 1828. The origin of the name comes from the Greek word beryllosmeaning mineral beryl;
also called glucinium from the Greek word glykysmeaning sweet. It is steel-grey metal. It resists
attack by concentrated nitric acid, has excellent thermal conductivity and is nonmagnetic. At ordinary
My Software temperatures, it resists oxidation in air. Beryllium and its salts are toxic and should be handled with
the greatest of care.
EDITORS:
ALKALINE EARTH METAL
English
Aditya Vardhan Relative atomic mass: 9.012182(3) Electronic configuration: [He] 2s2
Eni Generalic Formal oxidation number: +2 Electronegativities: 1.57
French Thermal conductivity: 200 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 4 μΩcm
Michel Ditria Atomic radius: 111.3 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid
Croatian Density (g dm-3): 1847.7 (293 K) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 4.88 (293 K)
Eni Generalic
Marija Bralic
Slobodan Brinic THERMAL PROPERTIES
German Melting point: 1287 °C Heat of fusion: 9.8 kJ mol-1

Marc Hens
Boiling point: 2471 °C Heat of vaporization: 308.8 kJ mol-1
editors wanted

1.5 ppm
ISOTOPES
9Be 9.0121821(4) 100
MINERALS AND USES
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Beryllium - Periodic Table of the Elements
Beryllium is found mostly in minerals like beryl [AlBe3(Si6O18)] and chrysoberyl (Al2BeO4). Pure
beryllium is obtained by chemically reducing beryl mineral. Also by electrolysis of beryllium chloride.
Its ability to absorb large amounts of heat makes it useful in spacecraft, missiles, aircraft, etc.
Emeralds are beryl crystals with chromium traces giving them their green colour. The price of 99.5 %
pure beryllium lump is 200.70 for 50 g.
Be2+ + 2e- Be(s) - 1.85

2-
Be2O3 + 3H2O + 4e- 2Be(s) + 6OH- - 2.62


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Boron - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Boron Bore Bor Boro Bor

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 13
Period: 2
B 4
Be
5
B
6
C
Awards Bor 12 13 14
Links Discovery date: 1808 Mg Al Si
Chem.Calc
Boron compounds have been known for thousands of years, but the element was not discovered
PSE.Menu
until 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy (England) and independently by Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac (France)
and L. J. Thenard (France). The origin of the name comes from the Arabic word buraqand the
Persian word burahmeaning boraks(Na2B4O7×10H2O). It is hard, brittle, lustrous black semimetal.
My Software Unreactive with oxygen, water, alkalis or acids. Combines with most metals to form borides.
BORON GROUP
EDITORS:
English Relative atomic mass: 10.811(7) Electronic configuration: [He] 2s2 2p1
Eni Generalic
Thermal conductivity: 27 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 1.8E+12 μΩcm
French Atomic radius: Standard state (20 °C):
79.5 pm solid
Michel Ditria
Density (g dm-3): 2340 (beta, 293 K) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 4.62 (beta, 293 K)
Croatian
Eni Generalic
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Marija Bralic
Slobodan Brinic
Melting point: 2075 °C Heat of fusion: 22.2 kJ mol-1
German
Marc Hens
Critical temperature: 3011 °C Heat of atomization: 557.64 kJ mol-1
Italian
editors wanted

10 ppm
ISOTOPES
10B 10.0129370(3) 19.9(2)

11B 11.0093055(5) 80.1(2)
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Boron - Periodic Table of the Elements
MINERALS AND USES
Boron is obtained from kernite, a kind of borax (Na2B4O7.10H2O). High purity boron is produced by
electrolysis of molten potassium fluroborate and potassium chloride (KCl). Amorphous boron is used
in pyrotechnic flares to provide a distinctive green color and in rockets as an igniter. The price of
99.5 % pure boron pieces is 997.90 for 250 g.
H3BO3 + 3H+ + 3e- B(s) + 3H2O - 0.869

H2BO3- + 4H+ + 3e- B(s) + 3H2O - 0.687
HBO32- + 5H+ + 3e- B(s) + 3H2O - 0.437
BO33- + 6H+ + 3e- B(s) + 3H2O - 0.165
B(OH)3 + 3H+ + 3e- B(s) + 3H2O - 0.87
BF4- + 3e- B(s) + 4F- - 1.04
H2B4O7 + 12H+ + 12e- 4B(s) + 7H2O - 0.836
B4O72- + 14H+ + 12e- 4B(s) + 7H2O - 0.792


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Carbon - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Carbon Carbone Ugljik Carbonio Kohlenstoff

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NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 14
Period: 2
C 5
B
6
C
7
N
Awards Carboneum 13 14 15
Links Discovery date: Al Si P
Chem.Calc
Carbon has been known since ancient times. The origin of the name comes from the Latin word
PSE.Menu
carbomeaning charcoal. Graphite form of carbon is a black, odourless, slippery solid. Graphite
sublimes at 3825 °C. Diamond form is a clear or colored; an extremely hard solid. C60 is
Buckminsterfullerine. Carbon black burns readily with oxidants.
My Software
CARBON GROUP
EDITORS:
Relative atomic mass: 12.0107(8) Electronic configuration: [He] 2s2 2p2
English
Formal oxidation number: -4 +2 +4 Electronegativities: 2.55
Aditya Vardhan
Eni Generalic Thermal conductivity: 5.7 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 1375 μΩcm
Atomic radius: 77.2 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid
French
Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): 3513 (diamant, 293 Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 3.42 (diamant, 293
K) K)
Croatian 2260 (graphit, 293 K) 5.31 (graphit, 293 K)
Eni Generalic
Marija Bralic
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Slobodan Brinic
German Melting point: 3550 °C Heat of fusion: 105 kJ mol-1

editors wanted
200 ppm
3rd ionization energy: 4620.50 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 28 ppm
ISOTOPES
12C 12 by definition 98.90(3)

13C 13.003354838(1) 1.10(3)
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Carbon - Periodic Table of the Elements
14C 14.003241988(4) *
MINERALS AND USES
Carbon is made by burning organic compounds with insufficient oxygen. There are close to ten
million known carbon compounds, many thousands of which are vital to organic and life processes.
Radiocarbon dating uses the carbon-14 isotope to date old objects. Black amorphous carbon (99.9
%) costs 48.40 for 1000 g. Graphite powder (99.9 %) costs 46.50 for 1000 g. Diamond powder
(99.9 %) costs 265.70 for 5 g. Fullerene powder (99.5 %) costs 762.20 for 5 g.
CO2(g) + 2H+ + 2e- CO(g) + H2O - 0.12

2CO2(g) + 2H+ + 2e- H2C2O4 - 0.49
CO2(g) + 2H+ + 2e- HCOOH - 0.20
CNO- + 2H2O + 2e- CN- + 2OH- - 0.97
2HCNO + 2H+ + 2e- (CN)2(g) + 2H2O +0.33
(CN)2(g) + 2H+ + 2e- 2HCN +0.37
C6H4O2 + 2H+ + 2e- C6H4(OH)2 +0.699 quinol / hidrohinol
C6H4O2 + 2H+ + 2e- C6H4(OH)2 +0.696 1 mol dm-3 HCl
C6H4O2 + 2H+ + 2e- C6H4(OH)2 +0.696 1 mol dm-3 HClO4
C6H4O2 + 2H+ + 2e- C6H4(OH)2 +0.696 1 mol dm-3 H2SO4


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Nitrogen - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Nitrogen Azote Dušik Azoto Stickstoff

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 15
Period: 2
N 6
C
7
N
8
O
Awards Nitrogenium 14 15 16
Links Discovery date: 1772 Si P S
Chem.Calc
Nitrogen was discovered by Daniel Rutherford (Scotland) in 1772. The origin of the name comes
PSE.Menu
from the Greek words nitron genesmeaning nitreand formingand the Latin word nitrum(nitre is a
common name for potassium nitrate, KNO3). It is colourless, odourless, generally inert gas.
Minimally reactive at room temperature. A component of many organic and inorganic compounds.
My Software Makes up about 78% of earth's atmosphere.
NITROGEN GROUP
EDITORS:
English Relative atomic mass: 14.0067(2) Electronic configuration: [He] 2s2 2p3
Aditya Vardhan -3 -2 -1 +1 +2 +3
Formal oxidation number: Electronegativities: 3.04
Eni Generalic +4 +5
French Thermal conductivity: 0.0258 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): - μΩcm
Michel Ditria Atomic radius: 54.9 pm Standard state (20 °C): gas
Croatian Density (g dm-3): 1026 (21 K) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 13.65 (21 K)
880 (m.p.) 15.92 (m.p.)
Eni Generalic
1.2506 (gas, 273 K) 22399.97 (gas, 273 K)
Marija Bralic
Slobodan Brinic
THERMAL PROPERTIES
German
Marc Hens
Italian Boiling point: -195.8 °C Heat of vaporization: 5.577 kJ mol-1
editors wanted
Critical temperature: -146.96 °C Heat of atomization: 470.842 kJ mol-1
1st ionization energy: 1402.34 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): 780900 ppm
20 ppm
ISOTOPES
14N 14.003074005(1) 99.634(9)
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15N 15.000108898(1) 0.366(9)
MINERALS AND USES
Nitrogen is obtained from liquid air by fractional distillation. Primarily to produce ammonia and other
fertilizers. Also used in making nitric acid, which is used in explosives. Also used in welding and
enhanced oil recovery. The price of 99.999 % pure nitrogen gas costs 177.10 /dm3 in small
quantities (1 dm3) and about 2.05 /dm3 in large quantities (300 dm3).
N2(g) + 6H+ + 6e- 2NH3(g) +0.057

N2(g) + 2H2O + 6H+ + 6e- 2NH×H2O +0.092
N2(g) + 8H+ + 6e- 2NH4+ +0.275
N2(g) + 5H+ + 4e- N2H5+ - 0.23
NO3- + 2H+ + e- NO2(g) + H2O +0.775
2NO3 + - 4H+ + 2e- N2O4(g) + 2H2O +0.80
NO3- + 3H+ + 2e- HNO2 + H2O +0.94
NO3- + 3H+ + 2e- HNO2 + H2O +0.92 1 mol dm-3 HNO3
NO3- + 2H+ + 2e- NO2- + H2O +0.835
NO3- + 4H+ + 3e- NO(g) + H2O +0.96
NO2(g) + e- NO2- +0.893
NO2(g) + H+ + e- HNO2 +1.093
NO2(g) + 2H+ + 2e- NO(g) + H2O +1.049
2NO2(g) + 6H+ + 6e- N2O(g) + 3H2O +1.229
2NO2(g) + 8H+ + 8e- N2(g) + 4H2O +1.363
NO2- + 2H+ + e- NO(g) + H2O +1.202
HNO2 + H+ + e- NO(g) + H2O +1.00
2NO2- + 6H+ + 4e- N2O(g) + 3H2O +1.396
2HNO2 + 4H+ + 4e- N2O(g) + 3H2O +1.297
2NO2- + 8H+ + 6e- N2(g) + 4H2O +1.520
2HNO2 + 6H+ + 6e- N2(g) + 4H2O +1.454
NO2- + 7H+ + 6e- NH3(g) + 2H2O +0.789
NO2- + 7H+ + 6e- NH×H2O + H2O +0.806
HNO2 + 7H+ + 6e- NH4+ + 2H2O +0.864
2NO(g) + 2H+ + 2e- N2O(g) + H2O +1.591
2NO(g) + 4H+ + 4e- N2(g) + 2H2O +1.678
NO(g) + 5H+ + 5e- NH×H2O +0.727
NO(g) + 6H+ + 5e- NH4+ + H2O +0.836
N2O(g) + 2H+ + 2e- N2(g) + H2O +1.766

N2O(g) + H2O + 8H+ + 8e- 2NH×H2O +0.510

N2O(g) + 10H+ + 8e- 2NH4+ + H2O +0.647
N3- + 7H2O + 6e- N2H4 + NH3(g) + 7OH- - 0.62



Oxygen - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Oxygen Oxygène Kisik Ossigeno Sauerstoff

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 16
Period: 2
O 7
N
8
O
9
F
Awards Oxygenium 15 16 17
Links Discovery date: 1774 P S Cl
Chem.Calc
Oxygen was discovered by Joseph Priestley (England) in 1774. The origin of the name comes from
PSE.Menu
the Greek words oxy genesmeaning acidand forming(acid former). It is colourless, odourless gas;
pale blue liquid. Extremely reactive. Forms oxides with nearly all other elements except noble gases.
It is the most abundant element in the earth's crust and makes up almost 21% of the atmosphere.
My Software
CHALCOGENS ELEMENT
EDITORS:
English
Formal oxidation number: -2 Electronegativities: 3.44
Aditya Vardhan
French
Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): 2000 (solid, m.p.) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 8.00 (solid, m.p.)
1140 (b.p.) 14.03 (b.p.)
Croatian 1.429 (gas, 273 K) 22392.44 (gas, 273 K)
Eni Generalic
Marija Bralic
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Slobodan Brinic

editors wanted
466000 ppm
3rd ionization energy: 5300.51 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): (H2O) ppm
ISOTOPES
16O 15.994914622(2) 99.762(15)

17O 16.9991315(2) 0.038(3)
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Oxygen - Periodic Table of the Elements
18O 17.9991604(9) 0.200(12)
MINERALS AND USES
Oxygen is obtained primarily from liquid air by fractional distillation. Small amounts are made in the
laboratory by electrolysis of water. Used in steel making, welding and supporting life. Naturally
occurring ozone (O3) in the upper atmosphere shields the earth from ultraviolet radiation. The price
of 99.99 % pure oxygen gas costs 188.90 /dm3 in small quantities (1 dm3) and about 1.46 /dm3
in large quantities (300 dm3).
O2(g) + 4H+ + 4e- 2H2O +1.229

O2(g) + 4H+ + 4e- 2H2O +0.815 [H+] = 10-7 mol dm-3
O2(g) + 2H2O + 4e- 4OH- +0.401
O2(g) + H2O + 2e- HO2- + OH- +0.076
O2(g) + 2H+ + 2e- H2O2 +0.682
O3(g) + 2H+ + 2e- O2(g) + H2O +2.07
O3(g) + 6H+ + 6e- 3H2O +1.501
O3(g) + H2O + 2e- O2(g) + 2OH- +1.24
-
HO2 + H2O + 2e- 3OH- +0.88
H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e- 2H2O +1.776


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Fluorine - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Fluorine Fluor Fluor Fluoro Fluor

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 17
Period: 2
F 8
O
9
F
2
10
He
Ne
Awards Fluor 16 17 18
Links Discovery date: 1886 S Cl Ar
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu Fluorine was discovered by Henri Moissan (France) in 1886. The origin of the name comes from the
Latin word flueremeaning to flow. It is pale yellow to greenish gas, with an irritating pungent odour.
Extremely reactive, flammable gas. Reacts violently with many materials. Toxic by inhalation or
ingestion. Does not occur uncombined in nature.
My Software
HALOGENS ELEMENT
EDITORS:
English
Formal oxidation number: -1 Electronegativities: 3.98
Aditya Vardhan
French
Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): 1516 (liquid, 85 Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 12.53 (liquid, 85 K)
K) 22403.78 (gas, 273 K)
Croatian 1.696 (gas, 273 K)
Eni Generalic
Marija Bralic
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Slobodan Brinic

editors wanted

625 ppm
ISOTOPES
19F 18.99840321(8) 100
MINERALS AND USES
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Fluorine - Periodic Table of the Elements
Fluorine is found in the minerals fluorite (CaF2) and cryolite(Na3AlF6). Electrolysis of hydrofluoric
acid (HF) or potassium acid fluoride (KHF2) is the only practical method of commercial production.
Used in refrigerants and other fluorocarbons. Also in toothpaste as sodium fluoride (NaF).
F2(g) + 2e- 2F- +2.87

F2(g) + 2H+ + 2e- 2HF +2.81
F2(g) + 2H+ + 2e- 2HF(aq) +3.06
F2O + 4H+ + 4e- 2HF + H2O +2.12
F2O + 2H+ + 4e- 2F- + H2O +2.15
F2O + 2H+ + 2e- F2(g) + H2O +1.44


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Neon - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Neon Néon Neon Neo Neon

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 18
Period: 2
Ne 9
F
2
10
He
Ne
3
11
Li
Na
Awards Neon 17 18 19
Links Discovery date: 1898 Cl Ar K
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu Neon was discovered by Sir William Ramsay and Morris W. Travers (England) in 1898. The origin of
the name comes from the Greek word neonmeaning new. It is colourless, odourless inert gas. Non-
reactive even with fluorine. Fourth most abundant element in the universe.
My Software
NOBLE GASES
EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 20.1797(6) Electronic configuration: [He] 2s2 2p6
English Formal oxidation number: 0 Electronegativities: -
Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 0.0491 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): - μΩcm
Eni Generalic
Atomic radius: 154 pm Standard state (20 °C): gas
French Density (g dm-3): 1444 (solid, m.p.) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 13.97 (solid, m.p.)
Michel Ditria 1207.3 (liquid, b.p.) 16.71 (liquid, b.p.)
0.89994 (gas, 273 K) 22423.38 (gas, 273 K)
Croatian
Eni Generalic
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Marija Bralic
Slobodan Brinic
German
Marc Hens
Italian
editors wanted

0.00007 ppm
ISOTOPES
20Ne 19.992440176(2) 90.48(3)

21Ne 20.99384674(4) 0.27(1)
22Ne 21.9913855(2) 9.25(3)
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Neon - Periodic Table of the Elements
MINERALS AND USES
Neon is obtained by liquefaction of air and separated from the other gases by fractional distillation.
Primarily for lighting. The price of 99.999 % pure neon gas costs 165.30 /dm3 in small quantities (1
dm3) and about 2.81 /dm3 in large quantities (300 dm3).


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Sodium - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Sodium Sodium Natrij Sodio Natrium

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 1
Period: 3
Na 2
10
He
Ne
3
11
Li
Na
4
12
Be
Mg
Awards Natrium 18 19 20
Links Discovery date: 1807 Ar K Ca
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu Sodium was discovered by Sir Humphry Davy (England) in 1807. The origin of the name comes from
the Latin word natriummeaning sodium carbonate. It is soft silvery-white metal. Fresh surfaces
oxidize rapidly. Reacts vigorously, even violently with water. Reacts with water to give off flammable
gas. Burns in air with a brilliant white flame.
My Software
ALKALI METAL
EDITORS:
Relative atomic mass: 22.989770(2) Electronic configuration: [Ne] 3s1
English
Formal oxidation number: +1 Electronegativities: 0.93
Aditya Vardhan
Eni Generalic Thermal conductivity: 141 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 4.2 μΩcm
French
Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): 971 (293 K) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 23.68 (293 K)
928 (m.p.) 24.77 (m.p.)
Croatian
Eni Generalic
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Marija Bralic
Slobodan Brinic
Melting point: 97.72 °C Heat of fusion: 2.64 kJ mol-1
German
Marc Hens
Italian
editors wanted

23000 ppm
ISOTOPES
23Na 22.9897697(2) 100
MINERALS AND USES
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Sodium - Periodic Table of the Elements
Sodium is obtained by electrolysis of melted sodium chloride (salt), borax and cryolite. Metallic
sodium is vital in the manufacture of organic compounds. Sodium chloride (NaCl) is table salt. Liquid
sodium is used to cool nuclear reactors. The price of 99.9 % pure sodium ingot is 67.10 for 450 g.
Na+ + e- Na(s) - 2.714


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Magnesium - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Magnesium Magnésium Magnezij Magnesio Magnesium

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 2
Period: 3
Mg 3
11
Li
Na
4
12
Mg
Be
Awards Magnesium 19 20 21
Links Discovery date: 1808 K Ca Sc
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu Magnesium was discovered by Sir Humphry Davy (England) in 1808. The origin of the name comes
from the Greek word Magnesia, a district of Thessaly. It is lightweight, malleable, silvery-white metal.
Burns in air with a brilliant white flame and reacts with water as temperature elevates. Can ignite in
air. React violently with oxidants.
My Software

EDITORS:
Relative atomic mass: 24.3050(6) Electronic configuration: [Ne] 3s2
English
Aditya Vardhan
French
1585 (m.p.) 15.33 (m.p.)
Croatian
Eni Generalic
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Marija Bralic
Slobodan Brinic
German
Marc Hens
Italian
editors wanted

32000 ppm
ISOTOPES
24Mg 23.9850419(2) 78.99(3)

25Mg 24.9858370(2) 10.00(1)
26Mg 25.9825930(2) 11.01(2)
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Magnesium - Periodic Table of the Elements
MINERALS AND USES
Magnesium is found in large deposits in the form of magnesite, dolomite and other minerals. It is
usually obtained by electrolysis of melted magnesium chloride (MgCl2) derived from brines, wells
and sea water. Used in alloys to make airplanes, missiles and other uses for light metals. Has
structural properties similar to aluminium. The price of 99.8 % pure magnesium granules is 111.60
for 1000 g.
Mg2+ + 2e- Mg(s) - 2.363

Mg(OH)2(s) + 2e- Mg(s) + 2OH- - 2.69
MgO(s) + 2H+ + 2e- Mg(s) + H2O - 1.722


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Aluminium - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Aluminium Aluminium Aluminij Alluminio Aluminium

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 13
Period: 3
Al 5
13
B
Al
6
14
C
Si
Awards Aluminium 30 31 32
Links Discovery date: 1827 Zn Ga Ge
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu Aluminium was discovered by Friedrich Wöhler (Germany) in 1827. The origin of the name comes
from the Latin word alumenmeaning alum. It is soft, lightweight, silvery-white metal. Exposed
surfaces quickly form protective oxide coating. Metal reacts violently with oxidants. Third most
abundant element in the earth's crust.
My Software
BORON GROUP
EDITORS:
Relative atomic mass: 26.981538(2) Electronic configuration: [Ne] 3s2 3p1
English
Aditya Vardhan
French
2390 (m.p.) 11.29 (m.p.)
Croatian
Eni Generalic
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Marija Bralic
Slobodan Brinic
German
Marc Hens
Italian
editors wanted

84100 ppm
ISOTOPES
27Al 26.9815384(1) 100
MINERALS AND USES
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Aluminium - Periodic Table of the Elements
Aluminium is the most abundant metal to be found in the earth's crust, but is never found free in
nature. Aluminium is obtained by electrolysis from bauxite ... Used for many purposes from airplanes
to beverage cans. Too soft in its pure form so less than 1% of silicon or iron is added, which hardens
and strengthens it. The price of 99.9 % pure aluminium granules is 45.70 for 1000 g.
Al3+ + 3e- Al(s) - 1.662
Al3+ + 2e- Al+ - 2.76
Al+ + e- Al(s) - 0.55

AlO2- + 4H+ + 3e- Al(s) + 2H2O - 1.262
Al(OH)3(s) + 3e- Al(s) + 3OH- - 2.31
AlF63- + 3e- Al(s) + 6F- - 2.07


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Silicon - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Silicon Silicium Silicij Silicio Silizium

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 14
Period: 3
Si 5
13
B
Al
6
14
C
Si
7
15
N
P
Awards Silicium 31 32 33
Links Discovery date: 1824 Ga Ge As
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu Silicon was discovered by Jöns Jacob Berzelius (Sweden) in 1824. The origin of the name comes
from the Latin word silicismeaning flint. Amorphous form of silicon is brown powder; crystalline form
has grey metallic appearance. Solid form unreactive with oxygen, water and most acids. Dissolves in
hot alkali. Silica dust is a moderately toxic acute irritant.
My Software
CARBON GROUP
EDITORS:
English
Aditya Vardhan
Eni Generalic Thermal conductivity: 148 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 10 μΩcm
French
2525 (m.p.) 11.12 (m.p.)
Croatian
Eni Generalic
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Marija Bralic
Slobodan Brinic
German
Marc Hens
Italian
editors wanted

267700 ppm
ISOTOPES
28Si 27.976926533(2) 92.23(1)

29Si 28.97649472(3) 4.67(1)
30Si 29.97377022(5) 3.10(1)
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Silicon - Periodic Table of the Elements
MINERALS AND USES
Silicon makes up major portion of clay, granite, quartz (SiO2) and sand. Commercial production
depends on a reaction between sand (SiO2) and carbon at a temperature of around 2200 °C. Used
in glass as silicon dioxide (SiO2). Silicon carbide (SiC) is one of the hardest substances known and
used in polishing. Also the crystalline form is used in semiconductors. The price of 99.999 % pure
silicon granular is 67.40 for 1000 g.
SiO2(s) + 4H+ + 4e- Si(s) + 2H2O - 0.86

SiO32- + 6H+ + 4e- Si(s) + 3H2O - 0.455
HSiO3- + 5H+ + 4e- Si(s) + 3H2O - 0.632
H2SiO3 + 4H+ + 4e- Si(s) + 3H2O - 0.780
SiO2(s) + 8H+ + 8e- SiH4(g) + 2H2O - 0.377
SiO32- + 10H+ + 8e- SiH4(g) + 3H2O - 0.176
HSiO3- + 9H+ + 8e- SiH4(g) + 3H2O - 0.265
H2SiO3 + 8H+ + 8e- SiH4(g) + 3H2O - 0.339
Si(s) + 4H+ + 4e- SiH4(g) +0.102
SiF62- + 4e- Si(s) + 6F- - 1.2


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Phosphorus - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Phosphorus Phosphore Fosfor Fosforo Phosphor

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 15
Period: 3
P 6
14
C
Si
7
15
N
P
8
16
O
S
Awards Phosphor 32 33 34
Links Discovery date: 1669 Ge As Se
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu Phosphorus was discovered by Hennig Brandt (Germany) in 1669. The origin of the name comes
from the Greek word phosphorosmeaning bringer of light. White phosphorus is white to yellow soft,
waxy phosphorescent solid with acrid fumes. Toxic by inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. Red
phosphorus is powdery, non-flammable and non-toxic.
My Software
NITROGEN GROUP
EDITORS:
English
Aditya Vardhan
Eni Generalic Thermal conductivity: 0.235 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 1E+17 μΩcm
French
Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): 1820 (white, 293 Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 17.02 (white, 293
K) K)
Croatian 2200 (red, 293 K) 14.08 (red, 293 K)
Eni Generalic 2690 (black, 293 K) 11.51 (black, 293 K)
Marija Bralic
Slobodan Brinic
THERMAL PROPERTIES
German
Marc Hens Melting point: 44.15 °C Heat of fusion: 2.51 kJ mol-1
Boiling point: 280.5 °C Heat of vaporization: 51.9 kJ mol-1
Italian
editors wanted Critical temperature: 721 °C Heat of atomization: 314 kJ mol-1

1050 ppm
ISOTOPES
31P 30.9737615(2) 100
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MINERALS AND USES
Phosphorus is found most often in phosphate rock. Pure form is obtained by heating a mixture of
phosphate rock, coke and silica to about 1450 °C. Used in the production of fertilizers and
detergents. Some is used in fireworks, safety matches and incendiary weapons. Phosphorus is also
important in the production of steels, phosphor bronze and many other products. The price of 99 %
pure phosphorus powder is 43.90 for 500 g.
PO43- + 3H+ + 2e- HPO32- + H2O +0.121

HPO42- + 2H+ + 2e- HPO32- + H2O - 0.234
H2PO4- + H+ + 2e- HPO32- + H2O - 0.447
H2PO4- + 2H+ + 2e- H2PO3- + H2O - 0.260
H3PO4 + H+ + 2e- H2PO3- + H2O - 0.329
H3PO4 + 2H+ + 2e- H3PO3 + H2O - 0.276
PO43- + 8H+ + 5e- P (red) + 4H2O - 0.128
PO43- + 8H+ + 5e- P (white) + 4H2O - 0.156
HPO42- + 7H+ + 5e- P (red) + 4H2O - 0.288
HPO42- + 7H+ + 5e- P (white) + 4H2O - 0.316
H2PO4- + 6H+ + 5e- P (red) + 4H2O - 0.358
H2PO4- + 6H+ + 5e- P (white) + 4H2O - 0.386
H3PO4 + 5H+ + 5e- P (red) + 4H2O - 0.383
H3PO4 + 5H+ + 5e- P (white) + 4H2O - 0.411
PO43- + 11H+ + 8e- PH3(g) + 4H2O - 0.123
HPO42- + 10H+ + 8e- PH3(g) + 4H2O - 0.212
H2PO4- + 9H+ + 8e- PH3(g) + 4H2O - 0.265
H3PO4 + 8H+ + 8e- PH3(g) + 4H2O - 0.281
H3PO3 + 2H+ + 2e- H3PO2 + H2O - 0.499
HPO32- + 5H+ + 3e- P (red) + 3H2O - 0.298
HPO32- + 5H+ + 3e- P (white) + 3H2O - 0.346
H2PO3- + 4H+ + 3e- P (red) + 3H2O - 0.419
H2PO3- + 4H+ + 3e- P (white) + 3H2O - 0.467
H3PO3 + 3H+ + 3e- P (red) + 3H2O - 0.454
H3PO3 + 3H+ + 3e- P (white) + 3H2O - 0.502
H4P2O6 + 2H+ + 2e- 2H3PO3 +0.38
2H3PO4 + 2H+ + 2e- H4P2O6 + 2H2O - 0.94
P (red) + 3H+ + 3e- PH3(g) - 0.111
P (white) + 3H+ + 3e- PH3(g) - 0.063




Sulphur - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Sulphur Soufre Sumpor Solfo Schwefel

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 16
Period: 3
S 7
15
N
P
8
16
O
S
9
17
F
Cl
Awards Sulfur 33 34 35
Links Discovery date: As Se Br
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu Sulfur has been known since ancient times. The origin of the name comes from the Sanskrit word
sulveremeaning sulphur; also from the Latin word sulphuriummeaning sulphur. It is pale yellow,
odourless, brittle solid, which is insoluble in water but soluble in carbon disulfide.
My Software
CHALCOGENS ELEMENT
EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 32.065(5) Electronic configuration: [Ne] 3s2 3p4
English Formal oxidation number: -2 +4 +6 Electronegativities: 2.58
Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 0.269 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 2E+23 μΩcm
Eni Generalic
French Density (g dm-3): 2070 (alpha, 293 Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 15.49 (alpha, 293
Michel Ditria K) K)
1957 (beta, 293 K) 16.38 (beta, 293 K)
Croatian 1891 (liquid, 393 K) 16.96 (liquid, 393 K)
Eni Generalic
Marija Bralic
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Slobodan Brinic

Marc Hens Boiling point: 444.60 °C Heat of vaporization: 9.62 kJ mol-1
editors wanted

260 ppm
ISOTOPES
32S 31.9720707(1) 95.02(9)

33S 32.9714585(1) 0.75(4)
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34S 33.9678668(1) 4.21(8)

36S 35.9670809(3) 0.02(1)
MINERALS AND USES
Sulfur is found in pure form and in ores like cinnabar, galena, sphalerite and stibnite. Pure form is
obtained from underground deposits by the Frasch process. Used in matches, gunpowder,
medicines, rubber and pesticides, dyes and insecticides. Also for making sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The
price of 99.5 % pure sulfur powder is 23.60 for 500 g.
S(s) + 2e- S2- - 0.476
S(s) + H+ + 2e- HS- - 0.065

S(s) + 2H+ + 2e- H2S(g) +0.141
SO42- + 4H+ + 2e- H2SO3 + H2O +0.172
SO42- + 4H2O + 2e- SO3- + 2OH- - 0.93
SO42- + 8H+ + 6e- S(s) + 4H2O +0.357
HSO4- + 7H+ + 6e- S(s) + 4H2O +0.339
SO42- + 8H+ + 8e- S2- + 4H2O +0.149
SO4 + 2- 9H+ + 8e- HS- + 4H2O +0.252
SO42- + 10H+ + 8e- H2S(g) + 4H2O +0.303
HSO4- + 9H+ + 8e- H2S(g) + 4H2O +0.289
S2O82- + 2e- 2SO42- +2.01
S2O82- + 2H+ + 2e- 2HSO4- +2.123
S4O62- + 2e- 2S2O32- +0.08
S4O62- + 12H+ + 10e- 4S(s) + 6H2O +0.416
S2O62- + 2e- 2SO32- +0.026
SO2(g) + 4H+ + 4e- S(s) + 2H2O +0.451
H2SO3 + 4H+ + 4e- S(s) + 3H2O +0.450
2SO32- + 6H+ + 4e- S2O32- + 3H2O +0.705
2HSO3- + 4H+ + 4e- S2O32- + 3H2O +0.491
4HSO3- + 8H+ + 6e- S4O62- + 6H2O +0.581
4H2SO3 + 4H+ + 6e- S4O62- + 6H2O +0.509
SO32- + 6H+ + 6e- S2- + 3H2O +0.231
S2 +2- 2H+ + 2e- 2HS- +0.298
S22- + 2e- 2S2- - 0.524
S32- + 3H+ + 4e- 3HS- +0.097
S42- + 4H+ + 6e- 4HS- +0.033
S52- + 5H+ + 8e- 5HS- +0.003




Chlorine - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Chlorine Chlore Klor Cloro Chlor

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 17
Period: 3
Cl 8
16
O
S
9
17
F
Cl
10
18
Ne
Ar
Awards Chlorum 34 35 36
Links Discovery date: 1774 Se Br Kr
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu Chlorine was discovered by Carl William Scheele (Sweden) in 1774. The origin of the name comes
from the Greek word chlorosmeaning pale green. It is greenish-yellow, disagreeable gas with
irritating odour. Gas is toxic and severe irritant by contact or inhalation. Never found in free form in
nature.
My Software
HALOGENS ELEMENT
EDITORS:
English
Formal oxidation number: -1 +1 +5 +7 Electronegativities: 3.16
Aditya Vardhan
French
1507 (239 K) 23.53 (239 K)
Croatian 3.214 (273 K) 22061.61 (273 K)
Eni Generalic
Marija Bralic
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Slobodan Brinic

Italian Critical temperature: 144 °C Heat of atomization: 120 kJ mol-1
editors wanted

130 ppm
ISOTOPES
35Cl 34.96885271(4) 75.77(7)

37Cl 36.96590260(5) 24.23(7)
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Chlorine - Periodic Table of the Elements
MINERALS AND USES
Commercial quantities of chlorine are produced by electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride (NaCl)
from seawater or brine from salt mines. Used in water purification, bleaches, acids and many, many
other compounds such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFC).
Cl2(g) + 2e- 2Cl- +1.359

Cl2(aq) + 2e- 2Cl- +1.39
ClO4- + 2H+ + 2e- ClO3- + H2O +1.19
ClO4- + H2O + 2e- ClO3- + 2OH- +0.36
2ClO4- + 16H+ + 14e- Cl2(g) + 8H2O +1.39
ClO3- + 3H+ + 2e- HClO2 + H2O +1.21
ClO3- + H2O + 2e- ClO2- + 2OH- +0.33
2ClO3- + 12H+ + 10e- Cl2(g) + 3H2O +1.47
HClO2 + 2H+ + 2e- HClO + H2O +1.64
-
ClO2 + H2O + 2e- ClO- + 2OH- +0.66
2HClO + 2H+ + 2e- Cl2(g) + H2O +1.63
2ClO- + 2H2O + 2e- Cl2(g) + 4OH- +0.40


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Argon - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Argon Argon Argon Argo Argon

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 18
Period: 3
Ar 9
17
F
Cl
10
Ne
18
Ar
11
19
Na
K
Awards Argonum 35 36 37
Links Discovery date: 1894 Br Kr Rb
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu Argon was discovered by Lord Raleigh and Sir William Ramsay (Scotland) in 1894. The origin of the
name comes from the Greek word argosmeaning inactive. It is colourless and odourless noble gas.
Chemically inert. It is the third most abundant element in the earth's atmosphere and makes up
about 1%.
My Software
NOBLE GASES
EDITORS:
English
Formal oxidation number: 0 Electronegativities: -
Aditya Vardhan
French
1.784 (273) 22392.38 (273)
Croatian
Eni Generalic
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Marija Bralic
Slobodan Brinic
German
Marc Hens
Italian
editors wanted
1.2 ppm
ISOTOPES
36Ar 35.9675463(3) 0.337(3)

37Ar 36.9667759(3) *
38Ar 37.9627322(5) 0.063(1)
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Argon - Periodic Table of the Elements
39Ar 38.964313(5) *
40Ar 39.962383123(3) 99.600(3)
MINERALS AND USES
Argon is continuously released into the air by decay of radioactive potassium-40. Pure form is
obtained from fractional distillation of liquid air. Used in lighting products. It is often used in filling
incandescent light bulbs. Some is mixed with krypton in fluorescent lamps. Crystals in the
semiconductor industry are grown in argon atmospheres. The price of 99.999 % pure argon gas
costs 169.90 /dm3 in small quantities (1 dm3) and about 1.84 /dm3 in large quantities (300 dm3).


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Potassium - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Potassium Potassium Kalij Potassio Kalium

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 1
Period: 4
K 10
18
Ne
Ar
11
Na
19
K
12
20
Mg
Ca
Awards Kalium 36 37 38
Links Discovery date: 1807 Kr Rb Sr
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu Potassium was discovered by Sir Humphry Davy (England) in 1807. The origin of the name comes
from the Arabic word qalimeaning alkali(the origin of the symbol K comes from the Latin word
kalium). It is soft, waxy, silver-white metal. Fresh surface has silvery sheen. Quickly forms dull oxide
coating on exposure to air. Reacts strongly with water. Reacts with water to give off flammable gas.
My Software Reacts violently with oxidants. Occurs only in compounds.
ALKALI METAL
EDITORS:
English Relative atomic mass: 39.0983(1) Electronic configuration: [Ar] 4s1

Eni Generalic
Thermal conductivity: 102 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 6.15 μΩcm
French
Michel Ditria
Croatian 828 (m.p.) 47.22 (m.p.)
Eni Generalic
Marija Bralic
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Slobodan Brinic

editors wanted

9100 ppm
ISOTOPES
39K 38.9637068(3) 93.2581(44)

40K 39.9639987(3) 0.0117(1)
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Potassium - Periodic Table of the Elements
41K 40.9618260(3) 6.7302(44)
MINERALS AND USES
Potassium is found in minerals like carnallite [(KMgCl3).6H2O] and sylvite (KCL). Pure metal is
produced by the reaction of hot potassium chloride and sodium vapours in a special retort. Used as
potash in making glass and soap. Also as saltpetre, potassium nitrate (KNO3) to make explosives
and to colour fireworks in mauve. Vital to function of nerve and muscle tissues. The price of 90.2 %
pure potassium metal is 90.20 for 5 g.
K+ + e - K(s) - 2.925


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Calcium - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Calcium Calcium Kalcij Calcio Calcium

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 2
Period: 4
Ca 11
19
Na
K
12
Mg
20
Ca
21
Sc
Awards Calcium 37 38 39
Links Discovery date: 1808 Rb Sr Y
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu Calcium was discovered by Sir Humphry Davy (England) in 1808. The origin of the name comes
from the Latin word calxmeaning lime. It is fairly hard, silvery-white metal. Exposed surfaces form
oxides and nitrides. Reacts with water and oxygen. Occurs only in compounds.
My Software
EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 40.078(4) Electronic configuration: [Ar] 4s2
English Formal oxidation number: +2 Electronegativities: 1
Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 190 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 3.91 μΩcm
Eni Generalic
French Density (g dm-3): 1550 (293 K) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 25.86 (293 K)
Michel Ditria 1365 (m.p.) 29.36 (m.p.)
Croatian
Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES
Marija Bralic
Slobodan Brinic Melting point: 842 °C Heat of fusion: 9.33 kJ mol-1
German Boiling point: 1484 °C Heat of vaporization: 150.6 kJ mol-1

Marc Hens Critical temperature: 2607 °C Heat of atomization: 177.74 kJ mol-1
Italian
editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

52900 ppm
ISOTOPES
40Ca 39.9625911(3) 96.941(18)

42Ca 41.9586183(4) 0.647(9)
43Ca 42.9587668(5) 0.135(6)
44Ca 43.9554811(9) 2.086(12)
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Calcium - Periodic Table of the Elements
46Ca 45.953693(3) 0.004(3)

48Ca 47.952534(4) 0.187(4)
MINERALS AND USES
Calcium is obtained from minerals like chalk, limestone and marble. Pure metal is produced by
replacing the calcium in lime (CaCO3) with aluminium in hot, low pressure retorts. Used by many
forms of life to make shells and bones. Virtually no use for the pure metal, however two of its
compounds are, lime (CaO) and gypsum (CaSO4), are in great demand by a number of industries.
The price of 99.8 % pure calcium granules is 126.90 for 1000 g.
Ca2+ + 2e- Ca(s) - 2.866

CaO + 2H+ + 2e- Ca(s) + H2O - 1.90
Ca(OH)2(s) + 2e- Ca(s) + 2OH- - 3.03


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Scandium - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Scandium Scandium Skandij Scandio Scandium

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 3
Period: 4
Sc 12
20
Mg
Ca
21
Sc
22
Ti
Awards Scandium 38 39 40
Links Discovery date: 1879 Sr Y Zr
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu Scandium was discovered by Lars Fredrik Nilson (Sweden) in 1879. The origin of the name comes
from the Latin word Scandiameaning Scandinavia. It is fairly soft, silvery-white metal. Burns easily.
Tarnishes readily in air. Reaction with water releases hydrogen. Reacts with air and halogens.
My Software
TRANSITION ELEMENT: SCANDIUM GROUP
EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 44.955910(8) Electronic configuration: [Ar] 3d1 4s2
English Formal oxidation number: +3 Electronegativities: 1.36
Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 15.8 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 61 μΩcm
Eni Generalic
Michel Ditria
Croatian THERMAL PROPERTIES

Eni Generalic
Marija Bralic Melting point: 1541 °C Heat of fusion: 15.9 kJ mol-1
Slobodan Brinic
German
Marc Hens
Italian
editors wanted
30 ppm
ISOTOPES
45Sc 44.955910(1) 100
MINERALS AND USES
Scandium occurs mainly in the minerals thortveitile (~34% scandium) and wiikite. Also in some tin
and tungsten ores. Pure scandium is obtained as a by-product of uranium refining. Scandium metal
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Scandium - Periodic Table of the Elements
is used in some aerospace applications. Scandium oxide (Sc2O3) is used in the manufacture of high-
intensity electric lamps. Scandium iodide (ScI3) is used in lamps that produce light having a colour
closely matching natural sunlight. The price of 99.9 % pure scandium ingot is 263.10 for 1 g.
Sc3+ + 3e- Sc(s) - 2.08


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Titanium - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Titanium Titane Titanij Titanio Titan

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 4
Period: 4
Ti 21
Sc
22
Ti
23
V
Awards Titanum 39 40 41
Links Discovery date: 1791 Y Zr Nb
Chem.Calc
Titanium was discovered by William Gregor (England) in 1791. Named after the Titans, the sons of
PSE.Menu
the Earth goddess in Greek mythology. It is shiny, dark-grey metal. Powdered form burns in air.
Exposed surfaces form oxide coating. It can be highly polished and is relatively immune to
tarnishing. Unreactive with alkali and most acids.
My Software
TRANSITION ELEMENT: TITANIUM GROUP
EDITORS:
Relative atomic mass: 47.867(1) Electronic configuration: [Ar] 3d2 4s2
English
Formal oxidation number: +2 +3 +4 Electronegativities: 1.54
Aditya Vardhan
French
4110 (m.p.) 11.65 (m.p.)
Croatian
Eni Generalic
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Marija Bralic
Slobodan Brinic
German
Marc Hens
Italian
editors wanted

5400 ppm
ISOTOPES
46Ti 45.952629(1) 8.0(1)

47Ti 46.951764(1) 7.3(1)
48Ti 47.947947(1) 73.8(1)
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Titanium - Periodic Table of the Elements
49Ti 48.947871(1) 5.5(1)

50Ti 49.944792(1) 5.4(1)
MINERALS AND USES
Titanium usually occurs in the minerals ilmenite (FeTiO3), rutile (TiO2) and iron ores. Pure metal
produced by heating TiO2 with C and Cl2 to produce TiCl4 then heated with Mg gas in Ar
atmosphere. Since it is strong and resists acids it is used in many alloys. Titanium dioxide (TiO2), a
white pigment that covers surfaces very well, is used in paint, rubber, paper and many others. The
price of 99.95 % pure titanium sponge is 202.80 for 1000 g.
TiIV + e- TiIII - 0.092 1 mol dm-3 HCl

TiIV + 4e- Ti(s) - 0.88 1 mol dm-3 HCl
Ti3+ + e- Ti2+ - 0.369
Ti2+ + 2e- Ti(s) - 1.630

TiO22+ + H+ + 4e- HTiO2- +1.303
TiO22+ + 2H+ + 2e- TiO2+ + H2O +1.800
TiO2(s) + 4H+ + e- Ti3+ + H2O - 0.666
TiO2(s) + 4H+ + 2e- Ti2+ + H2O - 0.502
TiO2+ + 2H+ + e- Ti3+ + H2O +0.099
TiO2+ + 2H+ + e- Ti3+ + H2O +0.04 1 mol dm-3 H2SO4
TiO2+ + 2H+ + 2e- Ti2+ + H2O - 0.135
HTiO2- + 5H+ + 2e- Ti2+ + 3H2O +0.362
TiF62- + 4e- Ti(s) + 6F- - 1.19


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Vanadium - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Vanadium Vanadium Vanadij Vanadio Vanadium

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 5
Period: 4
V 22
Ti
23
V
24
Cr
Awards Vanadium 40 41 42
Links Discovery date: 1801 Zr Nb Mo
Chem.Calc
Vanadium was discovered by A. M. del Rio (Spain) in 1801 and rediscovered by Nils Sefstrom
PSE.Menu
(Sweden) in 1830. Named after Vanadis, the goddess of beauty in Scandinavian mythology. It is
soft, ductile, silvery-white metal. Resistant to corrosion by moisture, air and most acids and alkalis at
room temperature. Exposed surfaces form oxide coating. Reacts with concentrated acids.
My Software
TRANSITION ELEMENT: VANADIUM GROUP
EDITORS:
English
Formal oxidation number: +2 +3 +4 +5 Electronegativities: 1.63
Aditya Vardhan
Eni Generalic Thermal conductivity: 30.7 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 19.68 μΩcm
French
5550 (m.p.) 9.18 (m.p.)
Croatian
Eni Generalic
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Marija Bralic
Slobodan Brinic
German
Marc Hens
Italian
editors wanted

230 ppm
ISOTOPES
50V 49.947163(1) 0.250(2)

51V 50.943964(1) 99.750(2)
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Vanadium - Periodic Table of the Elements
MINERALS AND USES
Vanadium is found in the minerals patronite (VS4), vanadinite [Pb5(VO4)3Cl] and carnotite [K2(UO2)
2(VO4)2.3H2O]. Pure metal produced by heating with C and Cl to produce VCl3 which is heated
with Mg in Ar atmosphere. It is mixed with other metals to make very strong and durable alloys.
Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) is used as a catalyst, dye and fixer-fixer. The price of 99.7 % pure
vanadium granules is 299.90 for 250 g.
V3+ + e- V2+ - 0.256
V3+ + e- V2+ - 0.21 1 mol dm-3 HClO4
V2+ + 2e- V(s) - 1.18

2VO43- + 10H+ + 4e- V2O3 + 5H2O +1.238
VO43- + 6H+ + 2e- VO+ + 3H2O +1.256
VO2+ + 2H+ + e- VO2+ + H2O +1.00
V2O5 + 6H+ + 2e- 2VO2+ + 3H2O +0.998
V2O4 + 4H+ + 2e- 2VO+ + 2H2O +0.246
VO2+ + 2H+ + e- V3+ + H2O +0.359
VO2+ + H+ + e- VOH2+ +0.164
VO2+ + e- VO+ - 0.044

V2O3 + 6H+ + 2e- 2V2+ + 3H2O +0.161
VO+ + 2H+ + e- V2+ + H2O +0.126
VOH2+ + H+ + e- V2+ + H2O - 0.082
V(OH)4+ + 2H+ + e- VO2+ + 3H2O +1.00
V(OH)4+ + 2H+ + e- VO2+ + 3H2O +1.02 1 mol dm-3 HCl
V(OH)4+ + 2H+ + e- VO2+ + 3H2O +1.02 1 mol dm-3 HClO4


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Chromium - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Chromium Chrome Krom Cromo Chrom

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 6
Period: 4
Cr 23
V
24
Cr
25
Mn
Awards Chromum 41 42 43
Links Discovery date: 1797 Nb Mo Tc
Chem.Calc
Chromium was discovered by Louis-Nicholas Vauquelin (France) in 1797. The origin of the name
PSE.Menu
comes from the Greek word chromameaning colour. It is very hard, crystalline, steel-grey metal. The
pure metal has a blue-white colour. It is hard, brittle and corrosion-resistant at normal temperatures.
Hexavalent compounds toxic by skin contact.
My Software
TRANSITION ELEMENT: CHROMIUM GROUP
EDITORS:
English
Aditya Vardhan
French
6460 (m.p.) 8.05 (m.p.)
Croatian
Eni Generalic
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Marija Bralic
Slobodan Brinic
German
Marc Hens
Italian
editors wanted

185 ppm
ISOTOPES
50Cr 49.946050(1) 4.345(13)

52Cr 51.940512(2) 83.789(18)
53Cr 52.940654(2) 9.501(17)
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Chromium - Periodic Table of the Elements
54Cr 53.938885(1) 2.365(7)
MINERALS AND USES
The most important chromium mineral is chromite [Fe,Mg(CrO4)]. Produced commercially by heating
its ore in the presence of silicon or aluminium. Used to make stainless steel. It gives the colour to
rubies and emeralds. Iron-nickel-chromium alloys in various percentages yield an incredible variety
of the most important metals in modern technology. The price of 99.98 % pure chromium shot is
744.80 for 1000 g.
Cr3+ + e- Cr2+ - 0.408
Cr3+ + 3e- Cr(s) - 0.744
Cr2+ + 2e- Cr(s) - 0.91

Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 6e- 2Cr3+ + 7H2O +1.33
Cr2O72- + 12H+ + 6e- 2CrOH2+ + 5H2O +1.26
Cr2O72- + 10H+ + 6e- 2Cr(OH)2+ + 3H2O +1.14
Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 12e- 2Cr(s) + 7H2O +0.29
HCrO4- + 7H+ + 3e- Cr3+ + 4H2O +1.20
2-
CrO4 + 4H2O + 3e- Cr(OH)3(s) + 5OH- - 0.13
HCrO4- + 6H+ + 3e- CrOH2+ + 3H2O +1.28
CrO42- + 7H+ + 3e- CrOH2+ + 3H2O +1.40
CrO42- + 6H+ + 3e- Cr(OH)2+ + 2H2O +1.28
CrO42- + 4H+ + 3e- CrO2- + 2H2O +0.95
CrO42- + 2H+ + 3e- CrO33- + H2O +0.36


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Manganese - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Manganese Manganèse Mangan Manganese Mangan

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 7
Period: 4
Mn 24
Cr
25
Mn
26
Fe
Awards Manganum 42 43 44
Links Discovery date: 1774 Mo Tc Ru
Chem.Calc
Manganese was discovered by Johann Gahn (Sweden) in 1774. The origin of the name comes from
PSE.Menu
the Latin word magnesmeaning magnet, or magnesia nigrimeaning black magnesia(MnO2). It is
hard, brittle, grey-white metal with a pinkish tinge. Impure forms are reactive. Rusts like iron in moist
air.
My Software
TRANSITION ELEMENT: MANGANESE GROUP
EDITORS:
English
Aditya Vardhan
French
Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): 7440 (alpha, 293 Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 7.38 (alpha, 293
K) K)
Croatian 6430 (m.p.) 8.54 (m.p.)
Eni Generalic
Marija Bralic
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Slobodan Brinic

editors wanted

1400 ppm
ISOTOPES
55Mn 54.938050(1) 100
MINERALS AND USES
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Manganese - Periodic Table of the Elements
Manganese is most abundant ores are pyrolusite (MnO2), psilomelane [(Ba,H2O)2Mn5O10] and
rhodochrosite (MnCO3). Pure metal produced by mixing MnO2 with powered Al and ignited in a
furnace. Used in steel, batteries and ceramics. The steel in railroad tracks can contain as much as
1.2% manganese. It is crucial to the effectiveness of vitamin B1. The price of 99.9 % pure
manganese pieces is 87.80 for 1000 g.
MnIV + e- MnIII +1.65 14 mol dm-3 H2SO4
MnIII + e- MnII +1.59 14 mol dm-3 H2SO4
Mn3+ + e- Mn2+ +1.51 7.5 mol dm-3 H2SO4
Mn2+ + 2e- Mn(s) - 1.180

MnO4- + e- MnO42- +0.564
MnO4- + 2H2O + 3e- MnO2(s) + 4OH- +0.588
MnO4- + 4H+ + 3e- MnO2(s) (alfa) + 2H2O +1.695
MnO4- + 4H+ + 3e- MnO2(s) (beta) + 2H2O +1.679
MnO4- + 8H+ + 4e- Mn3+ + 4H2O +1.506
MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- Mn2+ + 4H2O +1.51
MnO42- + 4H+ + 2e- MnO2(s) + 2H2O +2.257
MnO42- + 5H+ + 2e- HMnO2- + 2H2O +1.234
MnO42- + 2H2O + 2e- MnO2(s) + 4OH- +0.51 18 °C
MnO2(s) + 4H+ + e- Mn3+ + 2H2O +0.948
MnO2(s) (alfa) + 4H+ + 2e- Mn2+ + 2H2O +1.23
MnO2(s) (beta) + 4H+ + 2e- Mn2+ + 2H2O +1.22
MnO2(s) (gama) + 4H+ + 2e- Mn2+ + 2H2O +0.21
Mn(OH)3(s) + e- Mn(OH)2(s) + 2OH- +0.1
Mn(CN)63- + e- Mn(CN)64- - 0.244
Mn(OH)2(s) + 2e- Mn(s) + 2OH- - 1.55
HMnO2- + 3H+ + 2e- Mn(s) + 2H2O - 0.163


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Iron - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Iron Fer Željezo Ferro Eisen

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NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 8
Period: 4
Fe 25
Mn
26
Fe
27
Co
Awards Ferrum 43 44 45
Links Discovery date: ~ 2500 BC Tc Ru Rh
Chem.Calc
Iron has been known since ancient times. The origin of the name comes from the Latin word
PSE.Menu
ferrummeaning iron. It is malleable, ductile, silvery-white metal. Exposed surfaces form red-brown
oxides. Forms very strong alloys (steel). Ferromagnetic. Metal dust flammable. Fourth most
abundant element in the earth's crust.
My Software
TRANSITION ELEMENT: IRON GROUP
EDITORS:
English
Formal oxidation number: +2 +3 Electronegativities: 1.83
Aditya Vardhan
French
7035 (m.p.) 7.94 (m.p.)
Croatian
Eni Generalic
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Marija Bralic
Slobodan Brinic
German
Marc Hens
Italian
editors wanted

70700 ppm
ISOTOPES
54Fe 53.939615(1) 5.8(1)

56Fe 55.934942(1) 91.72(30)
57Fe 56.935399(1) 2.1(1)
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Iron - Periodic Table of the Elements
58Fe 57.933280(1) 0.28(1)
MINERALS AND USES
Iron is obtained from iron ores. Pure metal produced in blast furnaces by layering limestone, coke
and iron ore and forcing hot gasses into the bottom. This heats the coke red hot and the iron is
reduced from its oxides and liquefied where it flows to the bottom. Iron is the most common metal in
human society. More than 90% of all metal refined in the world is iron. Used in steel and other alloys.
It is the chief constituent of hemoglobin which carries oxygen in blood vessels. Its oxides are used in
magnetic tapes and disks. The price of 99.97 % pure iron pieces is 53.00 for 1000 g.
Fe3+ + 3e- Fe(s) - 0.04
Fe3+ + e- Fe2+ +0.771
Fe3+ + e- Fe2+ +0.700 1 mol dm-3 HCl

Fe3+ + e- Fe2+ +0.732 1 mol dm-3 HClO4
Fe3+ + e- Fe2+ +0.68 1 mol dm-3 H2SO4
Fe2+ + 2e- Fe(s) - 0.440

FeOH2+ + H+ + e- Fe2+ + H2O +0.91
Fe(OH)2+ + 2H+ + e- Fe2+ + 2H2O +1.19
FeO42- + 8H+ + 3e- Fe3+ + 4H2O +1.70
FeO42- + 7H+ + 3e- FeOH2+ + 3H2O +1.65
FeO42- + 6H+ + 3e- Fe(OH)2+ + 2H2O +1.56
FeO42- + 5H+ + 3e- HFeO2 + 2H2O +1.00
HFeO2- + 3H+ + 2e- Fe(s) + 2H2O +0.49
Fe(CN)63- + e- Fe(CN)64- +0.36
Fe(CN)63- + e- Fe(CN)64- +0.71 1 mol dm-3 HCl
Fe(CN)63- + e- Fe(CN)64- +0.72 1 mol dm-3 HClO4
Fe(CN)63- + e- Fe(CN)64- +0.72 1 mol dm-3 H2SO4
Fe(C12H8N2)33+ + e- Fe(C12H8N2)32+ +1.06


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Cobalt - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Cobalt Cobalt Kobalt Cobalto Kobalt

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NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
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Group numbers: 9
Period: 4
Co 26
Fe
27
Co
28
Ni
Awards Cobaltum 44 45 46
Links Discovery date: 1735 Ru Rh Pd
Chem.Calc
Cobalt was discovered by Georg Brandt (Germany) in 1735. The origin of the name comes from the
PSE.Menu
German word kobaldmeaning goblinor evil spirit. It is hard, ductile, lustrous bluish-grey metal.
Surfaces stable in air. Reacts over time with dilute acids. It has remarkable magnetic properties.
My Software
TRANSITION ELEMENT: COBALT GROUP
English
Eni Generalic Atomic radius: Standard state (20 °C):
125.3 pm solid
Croatian
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Eni Generalic
Marija Bralic
Italian

29 ppm
ISOTOPES
59Co 58.933200(2) 100
MINERALS AND USES
Cobalt occurs in compounds with arsenic and sulfur as in cobaltine (CoAsS) and linneite (Co3S4).
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Cobalt - Periodic Table of the Elements
Pure cobalt is obtained as a by-product of refining nickel, copper and iron. Used in many hard alloys;
for magnets, ceramics and special glasses. Radioactive cobalt-60 is used in cancer therapy. The
price of 99.9 % pure cobalt pieces is 171.20 for 500 g.
Co3+ + e- Co2+ +1.808
Co2+ + 2e- Co(s) - 0.277

Co3O4(s) + 8H+ + 2e- 3Co2+ + 4H2O +2.11
Co2O3(s) + 6H+ + 2e- 2Co2+ + 3H2O +1.75
Co(OH)2(s) + 2e- Co(s) + 2OH- - 0.73
Co(NH3)63+ + e- Co(NH3)62+ +0.1
CoO(OH)(s) + H2O + e- Co(OH)2(s) + OH- +0.17


http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/co.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:29

Nickel - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Nickel Nickel Nikal Nichel Nickel

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NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 10
Period: 4
Ni 27
Co
28
Ni
29
Cu
Awards Niccolum 45 46 47
Links Discovery date: 1751 Rh Pd Ag
Chem.Calc
Nickel was discovered by Axel Fredrik Cronstedt (Sweden) in 1751. The origin of the name comes
PSE.Menu
from the German word kupfernickelmeaning Devil's copper or St Nicholas's (Old Nick's) copper. It is
hard, malleable, silvery-white metal. Soluble in acids, resist alkalis. It can be polished to a lustrous
finish. Resists corrosion in air under normal conditions.
My Software
TRANSITION ELEMENT: NICKEL GROUP
EDITORS:
English
Aditya Vardhan
French
7780 (m.p.) 7.54 (m.p.)
Croatian
Eni Generalic
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Marija Bralic
Slobodan Brinic
German
Marc Hens
Italian
editors wanted

105 ppm
ISOTOPES
58Ni 57.935348(2) 68.077(9)

60Ni 59.930791(2) 26.223(8)
61Ni 60.931060(2) 1.140(1)
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Nickel - Periodic Table of the Elements
62Ni 61.928349(2) 3.634(2)

64Ni 63.927970(2) 0.926(1)
MINERALS AND USES
Nickel is chiefly found in pentlandite [(Ni,Fe)9S8] ore. The metal is produced by heating the ore in a
blast furnace which replaces the sulfur with oxygen. The oxides are then treated with an acid that
reacts with the iron not the nickel. Used in electroplating and metal alloys because of its resistance
to corrosion. Also in nickel-cadmium batteries, as a catalyst and for coins. The price of 99.99 % pure
nickel pieces is 96.60 for 500 g.
Ni2+ + 2e- Ni(s) - 0.250

NiO2(s) + 4H+ + 2e- Ni2+ + 2H2O +1.593
NiO2(s) + 2H2O + 2e- Ni(OH)2(s) + 2OH- +0.49
Ni2O3(s) + 6H+ + 2e- 2Ni2+ + 3H2O +1.753
Ni3O4(s) + 2H2O + 2e- 3HNiO2- + H+ - 0.718
Ni3O4(s) + 8H+ + 2e- 3Ni2+ + 4H2O +1.977
HNiO2- + 3H+ + 2e- Ni(s) + 2H2O +0.648
Ni(CN)4 + 2- e- Ni(CN)3 + - CN- - 0.4
NiO42- + 8H+ + 4e- Ni2+ + 4H2O +1.8
Ni(NH3)62+ + 2e- Ni(s) + 6NH3 - 0.49
NiS(s) (alfa) + 2e- Ni(s) + S2- +0.76
NiS(s) (gama) + 2e- Ni(s) + S2- - 0.99


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Copper - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Copper Cuivre Bakar Rame Kupfer

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Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 11
Period: 4
Cu 28
Ni
29
Cu
30
Zn
Awards Cuprum 46 47 48
Links Discovery date: ~ 5000 BC Pd Ag Cd
Chem.Calc
Copper has been known since ancient times. The origin of the name comes from the Latin word
PSE.Menu
cuprummeaning the island of Cyprusfamed for its copper mines. It is malleable, ductile, reddish-
brown metal. Resistant to air and water. Exposed surfaces form greenish carbonate film.
My Software
TRANSITION ELEMENT: COPPER GROUP
English
127.8 pm solid
Croatian
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Eni Generalic
Marija Bralic
Slobodan Brinic Melting point: 1084.62 °C Heat of fusion: 13 kJ mol-1
Italian

75 ppm
ISOTOPES
63Cu 62.929601(2) 69.17(3)

65Cu 64.927794(2) 30.83(3)
MINERALS AND USES
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Copper - Periodic Table of the Elements
Pure copper occurs rarely in nature. Usually found in sulfides as in chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), coveline
(CuS), chalcosine (Cu2S) or oxides like cuprite (Cu2O). Most often used as an electrical conductor.
Also used in the manufacture of water pipes. Its alloys are used in jewellery and for coins. The price
of 99.9 % pure copper shot is 26.10 for 500 g.
Cu2+ + 2e- Cu(s) +0.337
Cu2+ + e- Cu+ +0.153
Cu+ + e- Cu(s) +0.521

HCuO2- + 3H+ + e- Cu+ + 2H2O +1.73
CuO22- + 4H+ + e- Cu+ + 2H2O +2.51
HCuO2- + 3H+ + 2e- Cu(s) + 2H2O +1.13
CuO22- + 4H+ + 2e- Cu(s) + 2H2O +1.52
2Cu2+ + H2O + 2e- Cu2O(s) + 2H+ +0.20
2HCuO2- + 4H+ + 2e- Cu2O(s) + 3H2O +1.78
2CuO22- + 6H+ + 2e- Cu2O(s) + 3H2O +2.56
CuO + 2H+ + e- Cu+ + H2O +0.62
Cu2+ + Br- + e- CuBr(s) +0.64
Cu2+ + Cl- + e- CuCl(s) +0.54
Cu2+ + I- + e- CuI(s) +0.86
CuI(s) + e- Cu(s) + I- - 0.185

Cu(NH3)42+ + e- Cu(NH3)2+ + 2NH3 - 0.01
Cu(NH3)2+ + e- Cu(s) + 2NH3 - 0.12
Cu(NH3)42+ + 2e- Cu(s) + 4NH3 - 0.07


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Zinc - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Zinc Zinc Cink Zinco Zink

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Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 12
Period: 4
Zn 29
Cu
30
Zn
13
31
Al
Ga
Awards Zincum 47 48 49
Links Discovery date: 1746 Ag Cd In
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu Zinc was discovered by Andreas Marggraf (Germany) in 1746. The origin of the name comes from
the German word zink. It is bluish-silver, ductile metal. Reacts with alkalis and acids. Tarnishes in air.
TRANSITION ELEMENT: ZINC GROUP

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EDITORS:
5.964 μΩcm
English Thermal conductivity: 116 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C):
Aditya Vardhan
Eni Generalic
French 6577 (m.p.) 9.94 (m.p.)
Michel Ditria

Eni Generalic
Marija Bralic Melting point: 419.53 °C Heat of fusion: 6.67 kJ mol-1
Slobodan Brinic
German Critical temperature: 3107 °C Heat of atomization: 130.181 kJ mol-1
Marc Hens
Italian IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

editors wanted
80 ppm
ISOTOPES
64Zn 63.929147(2) 48.6(3)

66Zn 65.926037(2) 27.9(2)
67Zn 66.927131(2) 4.1(1)
68Zn 67.924848(2) 18.8(4)
http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/zn.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:34

Zinc - Periodic Table of the Elements
70Zn 69.925325(4) 0.6(1)
MINERALS AND USES
Zinc is found in the minerals zinc blende (sphalerite) (ZnS), calamine, franklinite, smithsonite
(ZnCO3), willemite and zincite (ZnO). Used to coat other metal (galvanizing) to protect them from
rusting. Although some 90% of the zinc is used for galvanizing steel. Zinc metal is used in the
common dry-cell battery. Also used in alloys such as brass, bronze. Zinc compounds is also used in
the manufacture of paints, cosmetics, plastics, electronic devices, and other products. The price of
99.99 % pure zinc granules is 39.60 for 500 g.
Zn2+ + 2e- Zn(s) - 0.763

ZnO22- + 4H+ + 2e- Zn(s) + 2H2O +0.441
HZnO2- + 3H+ + 2e- Zn(s) + 2H2O - 0.054
ZnO22- + 2H2O + 2e- Zn(s) + 4OH- - 1.216
Zn(OH)2(s) + 2e- Zn(s) + 2OH- - 1.245
ZnS(s) + 2e- Zn(s) + S2- - 1.40

Zn(NH3)42+ + 2e- Zn(s) + 4NH3 - 1.04
Zn(CN)42+ + 2e- Zn(s) + 4CN- - 1.26


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Gallium - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Gallium Gallium Galij Gallio Gallium

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Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 13
Period: 4
Ga 30
Zn
13
Al
31
Ga
14
32
Si
Ge
Awards Gallium 48 49 50
Links Discovery date: 1875 Cd In Sn
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu Gallium was discovered by Lecoq de Boisbaudran (France) in 1875. The origin of the name comes
from the Latin word Galliameaning France. It is soft, blue-white metal. Stable in air and water.
Reacts violently with chlorine and bromine.
My Software
BORON GROUP
EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 69.723(1) Electronic configuration: [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1
Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 40.6 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 17.4 μΩcm
Eni Generalic
Michel Ditria 6113.6 (m.p.) 11.40 (m.p.)
Croatian
Marija Bralic
Slobodan Brinic Melting point: 29.76 °C Heat of fusion: 5.59 kJ mol-1

Marc Hens Critical temperature: 7347 °C Heat of atomization: 276 kJ mol-1
Italian

18 ppm
ISOTOPES
69Ga 68.925581(3) 60.108(9)

71Ga 70.924705(2) 39.892(9)
MINERALS AND USES
http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/ga.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:36

Gallium - Periodic Table of the Elements
Gallium is found throughout the crust in minerals like bauxite, germanite and coal. Used in
semiconductor production. It us used in making LED's (light-emitting diodes) and GaAs laser diodes.
The price of 99.99 % pure gallium ingot is 930.40 for 500 g.
Ga3+ + 2e- Ga+ - 0.4
Ga3+ + 3e- Ga(s) - 0.56

H2GaO3 + - 3e- Ga(s) + 4OH- - 1.22


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Germanium - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Germanium Germanium Germanij Germanio Germanium

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Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 14
Period: 4
Ge 13
31
Al
Ga
14
32
Si
Ge
15
33
P
As
Awards Germanium 49 50 51
Links Discovery date: 1886 In Sn Sb
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu Germanium was discovered by Clemens Winkler (Germany) in 1886. The origin of the name comes
from the Latin word Germaniameaning Germany. It is greyish-white semi-metal. Unaffected by
alkalis and most (except nitric) acids. Stable in air and water.
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CARBON GROUP
English Formal oxidation number: +2 +4 Electronegativities: 2.01
Eni Generalic
Croatian
Marija Bralic

Italian

1.6 ppm
ISOTOPES
70Ge 69.924250(2) 21.23(4)

72Ge 71.922076(2) 27.66(3)
73Ge 72.923459(2) 7.73(1)
74Ge 73.921178(2) 35.94(2)
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Germanium - Periodic Table of the Elements
76Ge 75.921403(2) 7.44(2)
MINERALS AND USES
Germanium is obtained from refining copper, zinc and lead. Widely used in semiconductors. It is a
good semiconductor when combined with tiny amounts of phosphorus, arsenic, gallium and
antimony. The price of 99.9999 % pure germanium ingot is 1088.10 for 120 g.
Ge2+ + 2e- Ge(s) +0.00

GeO2(s) + 4H+ + 2e- Ge2+ + 2H2O - 0.25
GeO2(s) + 4H+ + 4e- Ge + 2H2O - 0.01
H2GeO3 + 4H+ + 4e- Ge(s) + 3H2O - 0.13
GeO(s) + 2H+ + 2e- Ge(s) + H2O - 0.29


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Arsenic - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Arsenic Arsenic Arsen Arsenico Arsen

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Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 15
Period: 4
As 14
32
Si
Ge
15
33
P
As
16
34
S
Se
Awards Arsenum 50 51 52
Links Discovery date: 1250 Sn Sb Te
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu Arsenic was discovered by Albertus Magnus (Germany) in 1250. The origin of the name comes from
the Greek word arsenikonmeaning yellow orpiment. It is steel-grey, brittle semi-metal. Resists water,
acids and alkalis. Tarnishes in air, burns in oxygen. Highly toxic by inhalation or ingestion.
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NITROGEN GROUP
Eni Generalic
French Density (g dm-3): 5780 (alpha, 293 Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 12.96 (alpha, 293
Michel Ditria K) K)
4700 (beta, 293 K) 15.94 (beta, 293 K)
Croatian
Eni Generalic
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Marija Bralic
Slobodan Brinic
German
Marc Hens
Italian
editors wanted

1 ppm
ISOTOPES
75As 74.921596(2) 100
MINERALS AND USES
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Arsenic - Periodic Table of the Elements
Arsenic is found in mispickel (arsenopyrite). Many of its compounds are deadly poison and used as
weed killer and rat poison. Used in semiconductors. Some compounds, called arsenides, are used in
the manufacture of paints, wallpapers and ceramics. The price of 99.5 % pure arsenic sponge is
322.60 for 100 g.
H3AsO4 + 3H+ + 2e- AsO+ + 3H2O +0.55

H3AsO4 + 2H+ + 2e- H3AsO3 + H2O +0.559
H3AsO4 + 2H+ + 2e- H3AsO3 + H2O +0.577 1 mol dm-3 HCl
H3AsO4 + 2H+ + 2e- H3AsO3 + H2O +0.577 1 mol dm-3 HClO4
H2AsO4- + 3H+ + 2e- H3AsO3 + H2O +0.666
HAsO42- + 4H+ + 2e- H3AsO3 + H2O +0.881
HAsO42- + 3H+ + 2e- H2AsO3- + H2O +0.609
AsO43- + 3H2O + 2e- H2AsO3- + 4OH- - 0.67
2H3AsO4 + 4H+ + 4e- As2O3(s) + 5H2O +0.58
2H2AsO4- + 6H+ + 4e- As2O3(s) + 5H2O +0.687
2HAsO42- + 8H+ + 4e- As2O3(s) + 5H2O +0.901
2AsO43- + 10H+ + 4e- As2O3(s) + 5H2O +1.27
AsO43- + 8H+ + 5e- As(s) + 4H2O +0.648
As2O3(s) + 6H+ + 6e- 2As(s) + 3H2O +0.234
AsO+ + 2H+ + 3e- As(s) + H2O +0.254
H3AsO3 + 3H+ + 3e- As(s) + 3H2O +0.248
H2AsO3- + 4H+ + 3e- As(s) + 3H2O +0.429
H2AsO3- + H2O + 3e- As(s) + 4OH- - 0.68
As(s) + 3H+ + 3e- AsH3(g) - 0.608


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Selenium - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Selenium Sélénium Selenij Selenio Selen

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NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 16
Period: 4
Se 15
33
P
As
16
34
Se
S
17
35
Cl
Br
Awards Selenum 51 52 53
Links Discovery date: 1817 Sb Te I
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu Selenium was discovered by Jöns Jakob Berzelius (Sweden) in 1817. The origin of the name comes
from the Greek word selenemeaning moon. It is soft metalloid similar to sulfur. Ranges from grey
metallic to red glassy appearance. Unaffected by water. Soluble in alkalis and nitric acid. Burns in
air. Toxic by inhalation or ingestion.
My Software
CHALCOGENS ELEMENT
EDITORS:
Relative atomic mass: 78.96(3) Electronic configuration: [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4
English
Aditya Vardhan
French
Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): 4790 (grey, 293 K) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 16.48 (grey, 293
3987 (m.p.) K)
Croatian 19.80 (m.p.)
Eni Generalic
Marija Bralic
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Slobodan Brinic

Marc Hens Boiling point: 685 °C Heat of vaporization: 90 kJ mol-1
editors wanted

0.05 ppm
3rd ionization energy: 2973.74 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): - ppm
ISOTOPES
74Se 73.922477(2) 0.89(2)

76Se 75.919214(2) 9.36(11)
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Selenium - Periodic Table of the Elements
77Se 76.919915(2) 7.63(6)

78Se 77.917310(2) 23.78(9)
80Se 79.916522(2) 49.61(10)
82Se 81.916700(2) 8.73(6)
MINERALS AND USES
Selenium is obtained from lead, copper and nickel refining. Conducts electricity when struck by light.
Light causes it to conduct electricity more easily. It is used in photoelectric cells, TV cameras,
xerography machines and as a semiconductor in solar batteries and rectifiers. Also colours glass
red. The price of 99.999 % pure amorphous selenium shot is 301.80 for 1000 g.
SeO42- + 2H+ + 2e- SeO32- + H2O +0.880

SeO42- + H2O + 2e- SeO32- + 2OH- +0.05
SeO42- + 3H+ + 2e- HSeO3- + H2O +1.075
SeO42- + 4H+ + 2e- H2SeO3 + H2O +1.15
HSeO4- + 3H+ + 2e- H2SeO3 + H2O +1.090
SeO32- + 6H+ + 4e- Se(s) + 3H2O +0.875
HSeO3 + - 5H+ + 4e- Se(s) + 3H2O +0.778
H2SeO3 + 4H+ + 4e- Se(s) + 3H2O +0.740
SeO32- + 6H+ + 6e- Se2- + 3H2O +0.276
SeO32- + 7H+ + 6e- HSe- + 3H2O +0.414
HSeO3- + 6H+ + 6e- HSe- + 3H2O +0.349
HSeO3- + 7H+ + 6e- H2Se(g) + 3H2O +0.386
H2SeO3 + 6H+ + 6e- H2Se(g) + 3H2O +0.360
Se(s) + 2H+ + 2e- H2Se(g) - 0.369
Se(s) + 2e- Se2- - 0.924
Se(s) + H+ + 2e- HSe- - 0.510

Se(s) + 2H+ + 2e- H2Se(g) - 0.399


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Bromine - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Bromine Brome Brom Bromo Brom

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Group numbers: 17
Period: 4
Br 16
34
S
Se
17
35
Cl
Br
18
36
Ar
Kr
Awards Bromum 52 53 54
Links Discovery date: 1826 Te I Xe
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu Bromine was discovered by Antoine J. Balard (France) in 1826. The origin of the name comes from
the Greek word bromosmeaning stench. It is reddish-brown liquid with suffocating, irritating fumes.
Gives off poisonous vapour. Causes severe burns. Oxidizer.
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HALOGENS ELEMENT
Eni Generalic
Atomic radius: 114.5 pm Standard state (20 °C): liquid
Michel Ditria 3122.6 (293 K) 25.59 (293 K)
7.59 (gas, 273 K) 21055.07 (gas, 273 K)
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THERMAL PROPERTIES
Marija Bralic
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Marc Hens
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editors wanted

2.5 ppm
ISOTOPES
79Br 78.918338(2) 50.69(7)

81Br 80.916291(3) 49.31(7)
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Bromine - Periodic Table of the Elements
MINERALS AND USES
Bromine occurs in compounds in sea water. It was once used in large quantities to make a
compound that removed lead compound build up in engines burning leaded gasoline. Now it is
primarily used in dyes, disinfectants and photographic chemicals. The price of 99.8 % pure bromine
liquid is 79.10 for 1000 g.
Br2(l) + 2e- 2Br- +1.065

Br2(aq) + 2e- 2Br- +1.087
Br3- + 2e- 3Br- +1.05
HBrO3 + 5H+ + 6e- Br- + 3H2O +1.42
3HBrO3 + 15H+ + 16e- Br3- + 9H2O +1.462
2BrO3- + 12H+ + 10e- Br2(l) + 6H2O +1.52
BrO3- + 6H+ + 6e- Br- + 3H2O +1.44
BrO3- + 3H2O + 6e- Br- + 6OH- +0.61
2HBrO2 + 10H+ + 10e- Br2(l) + 6H2O +1.48
HBrO3 + 4H+ + 4e- HBrO + 2H2O +1.46
HBrO3 + 3H+ + 4e- BrO- + 2H2O +1.33
2HBrO + 2H+ + 2e- Br2(l) + 2H2O +1.59
2BrO- + 4H+ + 2e- Br2(l) + 2H2O +2.09
2BrO- + 2H2O + 2e- Br2(l) + 4OH- +0.45
BrO- + H2O + 2e- Br- + 2OH- +0.76


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Krypton - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Krypton Krypton Kripton Cripto Krypton

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Group numbers: 18
Period: 4
Kr 17
35
Cl
Br
18
Ar
36
Kr
19
37
K
Rb
Awards Krypton 53 54 55
Links Discovery date: 1898 I Xe Cs
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu Krypton was discovered by Sir William Ramsay and Morris W. Travers (England) in 1898. The origin
of the name comes from the Greek word kryptosmeaning hidden. It is colourless, odourless rare
noble gas. Reacts only with fluorine.
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NOBLE GASES
English Formal oxidation number: 0 Electronegativities: -
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Michel Ditria 2413 (liquid, b.p.) 34.73 (liquid, b.p.)
3.7493 (gas, 273 K) 22350.84 (gas, 273 K)
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Eni Generalic
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Marija Bralic
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Marc Hens
Italian
editors wanted
0.00001 ppm
ISOTOPES
78Kr 77.920386(7) 0.35(2)

80Kr 79.916378(4) 2.25(2)
82Kr 81.913485(3) 11.6(1)
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Krypton - Periodic Table of the Elements
83Kr 82.914136(3) 11.5(1)

84Kr 83.911507(3) 57.0(3)
86Kr 85.910610(1) 17.3(2)
MINERALS AND USES
Krypton is obtained from production of liquid air. Used in lighting products. Some is used as inert
filler-gas in incandescent bulbs. Some is mixed with argon in fluorescent lamps. The most important
use is in flashing stroboscopic lamps that outline airport runways. The price of 99.995 % pure
krypton gas costs 165.30 /dm3 in small quantities (1 dm3) and about 4.51 /dm3 in large
quantities (300 dm3).


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Rubidium - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Rubidium Rubidium Rubidij Rubidio Rubidium

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Group numbers: 1
Period: 5
Rb 18
36
Ar
Kr
19
37
Rb
K
20
38
Ca
Sr
Awards Rubidium 54 55 56
Links Discovery date: 1861 Xe Cs Ba
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu Rubidium was discovered by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff (Germany) in 1861. The origin of
the name comes from the Latin word rubidiusmeaning dark redor deepest red. It is soft, silvery-
white, highly reactive metal. Ignites in air. Reacts violently with water or oxidants.
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ALKALI METAL
EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 85.4678(3) Electronic configuration: [Kr] 5s1
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32 ppm
ISOTOPES
85Rb 84.911789(3) 72.165(20)

87Rb 86.909183(3) 27.835(20)
MINERALS AND USES
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Rubidium - Periodic Table of the Elements
Rubidium occurs abundantly, but so widespread that production is limited. Usually obtained from
lithium production. Used as a catalyst, photocells and vacuum and cathode-ray tubes. The price of
99.8 % pure rubidium metal is 1669.80 for 100 g.
Rb+ + e- Rb(s) - 2.93


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Strontium - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Strontium Strontium Stroncij Stronzio Strontium

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Group numbers: 2
Period: 5
Sr 19
37
K
Rb
20
Ca
38
Sr
21
39
Sc
Y
Awards Strontium 55 56 57
Links Discovery date: 1808 Cs Ba La
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu Strontium was discovered by Sir Humphry Davy (England) in 1808. Named after the village of
Strontianin Scotland. It is soft, malleable, silvery-yellow metal. Combustible in air, will react with
water. Exposed surfaces form protective oxide film. Metal ignites and burns readily.
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EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 87.62(1) Electronic configuration: [Kr] 5s2
Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 49 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 23 μΩcm
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260 ppm
ISOTOPES
84Sr 83.913425(4) 0.56(1)

86Sr 85.909262(2) 9.86(1)
87Sr 86.908879(2) 7.00(1)
88Sr 87.905614(2) 82.58(1)
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Strontium - Periodic Table of the Elements
MINERALS AND USES
Strontium is found in minerals celestite and strontianite. Used in flares and fireworks for crimson
colour. Strontium-90 is a long lived highly radioactive fallout product of atomic-bomb explosions. The
price of 99 % pure strontium ingot is 322.30 for 1000 g.
Sr2+ + 2e- Sr(s) - 2.89


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Yttrium - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Yttrium Yttrium Itrij Ittrio Yttrium

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Group numbers: 3
Period: 5
Y 20
38
Ca
Sr
21
Sc
39
Y
22
40
Ti
Zr
Awards Yttrium 56 57 72
Links Discovery date: 1843 Ba La Hf
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu Yttrium was discovered by Carl Gustaf Mosander (Sweden) in 1843. Named after Ytterby, a village
in Sweden. It is silvery, ductile, fairly reactive metal. Exposed surfaces form oxide film. Easily
combustible, reacts with oxygen in water to release hydrogen.
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EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 88.90585(2) Electronic configuration: [Kr] 4d1 5s2
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Michel Ditria

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Slobodan Brinic
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Marc Hens
Italian
editors wanted
20 ppm
ISOTOPES
89Y 88.905848(3) 100
MINERALS AND USES
Yttrium is found in minerals such as monazite, xenotime and yttria. Combined with europium to
make red phosphors for colour TV's. Yttrium oxide and iron oxide combine to form a crystal garnet
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Yttrium - Periodic Table of the Elements
used in radar. The price of 99.9 % pure yttrium ingot is 229.00 for 50 g.


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Zirconium - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Zirconium Zirconium Cirkonij Zirconio Zirkonium

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Group numbers: 4
Period: 5
Zr 21
39
Sc
Y
22
40
Ti
Zr
23
41
V
Nb
Awards Zirconium 57 72 73
Links Discovery date: 1789 La Hf Ta
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu Zirconium was discovered by Martin Heinrich Klaproth (Germany) in 1789. The origin of the name
comes from the Arabic word zargunmeaning gold colour. It is grey-white, lustrous, corrosion-
resistant metal. Exposed surfaces form oxide protective film.
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Marija Bralic
Slobodan Brinic Melting point: 1855 °C Heat of fusion: 23 kJ mol-1

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100 ppm
ISOTOPES
90Zr 89.904704(2) 51.45(3)

91Zr 90.905645(2) 11.22(4)
92Zr 91.905040(2) 17.15(2)
94Zr 93.906316(3) 17.38(4)
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Zirconium - Periodic Table of the Elements
96Zr 95.908276(3) 2.80(2)
MINERALS AND USES
Zirconium is found in many minerals such as zircon and baddeleyite. Used in alloys such as zircaloy
which is used in nuclear applications since it does not readily absorb neutrons. Also baddeleyite is
used in lab crucibles. Used in high-performance pumps and valves. Clear zircon (ZrSiO4) is a
popular gemstone. The price of 99.5 % pure zirconium slug is 81.50 for 100 g.
Zr4+ + 4e- Zr(s) - 1.539

H2ZrO3(s) + H2O + 4e- Zr(s) + 4OH- - 2.36
HZrO3- + 5H+ + 4e- Zr(s) + 3H2O - 1.276
ZrO2+ + 2H+ + 4e- Zr(s) + H2O - 1.570
ZrO2(s) + 4H+ + 4e- Zr(s) + 2H2O - 1.456
ZrO2×H2O(s) + 4H+ + 4e- Zr(s) + 3H2O - 1.533
ZrO2×2H2O + 4H+ + 4e- Zr(s) + 4H2O - 1.553


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Niobium - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Niobium Niobium Niobij Niobio Niob

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Group numbers: 5
Period: 5
Nb 22
40
Ti
Zr
23
41
V
Nb
24
42
Cr
Mo
Awards Niobium 72 73 74
Links Discovery date: 1801 Hf Ta W
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu Niobium was discovered by Charles Hatchett (England) in 1801. The origin of the name comes from
the Greek word Niobemeaning daughter of Tantalusin Greek mythology (tantalum is closely related
to niobium in the periodic table). It is shiny white, soft, ductile metal. Exposed surfaces form oxide
film.
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EDITORS:
Relative atomic mass: 92.90638(2) Electronic configuration: [Kr] 4d4 5s1
English
Aditya Vardhan
French
7830 (m.p.) 11.87 (m.p.)
Croatian
Eni Generalic
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Marija Bralic
Slobodan Brinic
German
Marc Hens
Italian
editors wanted

11 ppm
ISOTOPES
93Nb 92.906378(2) 100
MINERALS AND USES
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Niobium - Periodic Table of the Elements
Niobium occurs in a mineral columbite. It is used in stainless steel alloys for nuclear reactors, jets
and missiles. Used as an alloy with iron and nickel. It can be used in nuclear reactors and is known
to be superconductive when alloyed with tin, aluminium or zirconium. The price of 99.8 % pure
niobium pieces is 47.20 for 100 g.
NbV + 2e- NbIII - 0.373 6 mol dm-3 H2SO4
Nb3+ + 3e- Nb(s) - 1.1

Nb2O5(s) + 10H+ + 10e- 2Nb(s) + 5H2O - 0.65
NbO3+ + 2H+ + 2e- Nb3+ + H2O - 0.343
NbO(SO4)2- + 2H+ + 2e- Nb3+ + H2O + 2SO42- - 0.1
NbO(SO4)2- + 2H+ + 5e- Nb(s) + H2O + 2SO42- - 0.63


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Molybdenum - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Molybdenum Molybdène Molibden Molibdeno Molybdän

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Group numbers: 6
Period: 5
Mo 23
41
V
Nb
24
Cr
42
Mo
25
43
Mn
Tc
Awards Molybdenum 73 74 75
Links Discovery date: 1778 Ta W Re
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu Molybdenum was discovered by Carl William Scheele (Sweden) in 1778. The origin of the name
comes from the Greek word molybdosmeaning lead. It is silvery white, very hard metal, but is softer
and more ductile than tungsten.
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1 ppm
ISOTOPES
92Mo 91.906810(4) 14.84(4)

94Mo 93.905088(2) 9.25(3)
95Mo 94.905841(2) 15.92(5)
96Mo 95.904679(2) 16.68(5)
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Molybdenum - Periodic Table of the Elements
97Mo 96.906021(2) 9.55(3)

98Mo 97.905408(2) 24.13(7)
100Mo 99.907477(6) 9.63(3)
MINERALS AND USES
Molybdenum is found in the minerals molybdenite (MoS2) and wulfenite (MoO4Pb). Its alloys are
used in aircraft, missiles and protective coatings in boiler plate. The price of 99.7 % pure
molybdenum pellets is 96.90 for 500 g.
MoVI + e- MoV +0.43 4.6 mol dm-3 H2SO4
MoIII + 3e- Mo(s) - 0.2

H2MoO4(aq) + 2H+ + e- MoO2+ + 2H2O +0.4
HMoO4- + 3H+ + 2e- MoO2 + 2H2O +0.429
MoO42- + 4H+ + 2e- MoO2 + 2H2O +0.606
HMoO4- + 7H+ + 3e- Mo3+ + 4H2O +0.390
MoO42- + 8H+ + 3e- Mo3+ + 4H2O +0.508
MoO42- + 8H+ + 6e- Mo(s) + 4H2O +0.154
MoO42- + 4H2O + 6e- Mo(s) + 8OH- - 1.05


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Technetium - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Technetium Technétium Tehnecij Tecneto Technetium

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Glossary
Appendix
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Group numbers: 7
Period: 5
Tc 24
42
Cr
Mo
25
43
Mn
Tc
26
44
Fe
Ru
Awards Technetium 74 75 76
Links Discovery date: 1937 W Re Os
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu Technetium was discovered by Carlo Perrier and Emilio Segre (Italy) in 1937. The origin of the name
comes from the Greek word technikosmeaning artificial. It is silvery-grey metal. Resists oxidation but
tarnishes in moist air and burns in high oxygen environment. First synthetically produced element.
Radioactive.
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EDITORS:
Relative atomic mass: [98] Electronic configuration: [Kr] 4d6 5s1
English
Aditya Vardhan
French
Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): 11500 (est., 293 K) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 8.52 (est., 293 K)
Croatian
Marija Bralic

Italian

- ppm
ISOTOPES
98Tc 97.907216(4) *
99Tc 98.906255(2) *
MINERALS AND USES
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Technetium - Periodic Table of the Elements
Technetium is made first by bombarding molybdenum with deuterons (heavy hydrogen) in a

cyclotron. Added to iron in quantities as low as 55 part-per-million transforms the iron into a
corrosion-resistant alloy.


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Ruthenium - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Ruthenium Ruthénium Rutenij Rutenio Ruthenium

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Group numbers: 8
Period: 5
Ru 25
43
Mn
Tc
26
44
Fe
Ru
27
45
Co
Rh
Awards Ruthenium 75 76 77
Links Discovery date: 1844 Re Os Ir
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu Ruthenium was discovered by Karl Karlovich Klaus (Russia) in 1844. The origin of the name comes
from the Latin word Rutheniameaning Russia. It is rare, extremely brittle, silver-grey metal.
Unaffected by air, water or acids. Reacts with very hot (molten) alkalis.
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Marija Bralic
German Boiling point: 4150 °C Heat of vaporization: 567 kJ mol-1

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0.01 ppm
ISOTOPES
96Ru 95.907598(8) 5.52(6)

98Ru 97.905287(7) 1.88(6)
99Ru 98.905939(2) 12.7(1)
100Ru 99.904220(2) 12.6(1)
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Ruthenium - Periodic Table of the Elements
101Ru 100.905582(2) 17.0(1)

102Ru 101.904350(2) 31.6(2)
104Ru 103.905430(4) 18.7(2)
MINERALS AND USES
Ruthenium is found in pentlandite and pyroxinite. Used to harden platinum and palladium. Aircraft
magnetos use platinum alloy with 10% ruthenium. The price of 99.95 % pure ruthenium sponge is
784.80 for 50 g.
Ru2+ + 2e- Ru(s) +0.45

RuO2(s) + 4H+ + 4e- Ru(s) + 2H2O +0.79
RuO4(s) + e- RuO4- +1.00
RuO4- + e- RuO42- +0.59
RuCl5- + 2e- Ru2+ + 5Cl- +0.3
RuCl3 + 3e- Ru(s) + 3Cl- +0.68


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Rhodium - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Rhodium Rhodium Rodij Rodio Rhodium

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Glossary
Appendix
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Group numbers: 9
Period: 5
Rh 26
44
Fe
Ru
27
Co
45
Rh
28
46
Ni
Pd
Awards Rhodium 76 77 78
Links Discovery date: 1804 Os Ir Pt
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu Rhodium was discovered by William Hyde Wollaston (England) in 1804. The origin of the name
comes from the Greek word rhodonmeaning rose. It is hard, silvery-white metal. Inert in air and
acids. Reacts with fused alkalis.
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0.005 ppm
3rd ionization energy: 2996.86 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 1E-10 ppm
ISOTOPES
103Rh 102.905504(3) 100
MINERALS AND USES
Rhodium is obtained as a by-product of nickel production. Used as a coating to prevent wear on high
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Rhodium - Periodic Table of the Elements
quality science equipment and with platinum to make thermocouples. The price of 99.9 % pure
rhodium sponge is 1698.40 for 10 g.
Rh3+ + 3e- Rh(s) +0.8

RhCl63- + 3e- Rh(s) + 6Cl- +0.44
Rh2O3(s) + 6H+ + 6e- 2Rh(s) + 3H2O +0.87
RhO2 + 4H+ + 6Cl- + e- RhCl63- + 2H2O +1.4
RhO2+ + 2H+ + e- Rh3+ + H2O +1.40
RhO42- + 6H+ + 2e- RhO2+ + 3H2O +1.46


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Palladium - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Palladium Palladium Paladij Palladio Palladium

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Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 10
Period: 5
Pd 27
45
Co
Rh
28
46
Ni
Pd
29
47
Cu
Ag
Awards Paladium 77 78 79
Links Discovery date: 1803 Ir Pt Au
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu Palladium was discovered by William Hyde Wollaston (England) in 1803. Named after the asteroid
Pallaswhich was discovered at about the same time and from the Greek name Pallas, goddess of
wisdom. It is soft, malleable, ductile, silvery-white metal. Resists corrosion; dissolves in oxidizing
acids. Absorbs hydrogen. Metal dust is combustible.
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EDITORS:
Relative atomic mass: 106.42(1) Electronic configuration: [Kr] 4d10
English
Aditya Vardhan
French
10379 (m.p.) 10.25 (m.p.)
Croatian
Eni Generalic
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Marija Bralic
Slobodan Brinic
German
Marc Hens
Italian
editors wanted

0.001 ppm
ISOTOPES
102Pd 101.905608(3) 1.02(1)

104Pd 103.904035(5) 11.14(8)
105Pd 104.905084(5) 22.33(8)
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Palladium - Periodic Table of the Elements
106Pd 105.903483(5) 27.33(3)

108Pd 107.903894(4) 26.46(9)
110Pd 109.90515(1) 11.72(9)
MINERALS AND USES
Palladium is obtained with platinum, nickel, copper and mercury ores. Used as a substitute for silver
in dental items and jewellery. The pure metal is used as the delicate mainsprings in analog
wristwatches. Also used in surgical instruments and as catalyst. The price of 99.8 % pure palladium
granules is 622.00 for 25 g.
Pd2+ + 2e- Pd(s) +0.987

PdO3(s) + 2H+ + 2e- PdO2(s) + H2O +1.22 18 °C
PdO2(s) + 2H+ + 2e- PdO(s) + H2O +0.95 18 °C
PdO2 (s)+ H2O + 2e- PdO(s) + 2OH- +0.73
PdO2(s) + 4H+ + 2e- Pd2+ + 2H2O +1.194
PdCl62- + 2e- PdCl42- + 2Cl- +1.288 1 mol dm-3 HCl
PdCl62- + 4e- Pd(s) + 6Cl- +0.96
PdBr6 + 2- 2e- PdBr4 + 2- 2Br- +0.994 1 mol dm-3 KBr
Pd(OH)4(s) + 2e- Pd(OH)2(s) + 2OH- +0.73
Pd(OH)2(s) + 2e- Pd(s) + 2OH- +0.07


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Silver - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Silver Argent Srebro Argento Silber

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 11
Period: 5
Ag 28
46
Ni
Pd
29
Cu
47
Ag
30
48
Zn
Cd
Awards Argentum 78 79 80
Links Discovery date: ~ 3000 BC Pt Au Hg
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu Silver has been known since ancient times. The origin of the name comes from the Latin word
argentummeaning silver. It is silvery-ductile and malleable metal. Stable in water and oxygen.
Reacts with sulfur compounds to form black sulfides.
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Eni Generalic
Croatian
Marija Bralic

Italian

0.08 ppm
ISOTOPES
107Ag 106.905093(6) 51.839(7)

109Ag 108.904756(3) 48.161(7)
MINERALS AND USES
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Silver - Periodic Table of the Elements
Silver is found in ores called argentite (AgS), light ruby silver (Ag3AsS3), dark ruby silver (Ag3SbS3)
and brittle silver. Used in alloys for jewellery and in other compounds for photography. It is also a
good conductor, but expensive. The price of 99.9 % pure silver shot is 406.30 for 250 g.
Ag+ + e- Ag(s) +0.799
Ag+ + e- Ag(s) +0.228 1 mol dm-3 HCl

Ag+ + e- Ag(s) +0.792 1 mol dm-3 HClO4
Ag+ + e- Ag(s) +0.77 1 mol dm-3 H2SO4
Ag2+ + e- Ag+ +1.998

AgO+ + 2H+ + e- Ag2+ + H2O +2.016
2AgO(s) + 2H+ + 2e- Ag2O + H2O +1.41
2AgO(s) + H2O + 2e- Ag2O + OH- +0.599
Ag2O(s) + 2H+ + 2e- 2Ag(s) + H2O +1.173
Ag2O(s) + H2O + 2e- 2Ag(s) + 2OH- +0.342
Ag2CrO4(s) + 2e- 2Ag(s) + CrO42- +0.446
Ag2S(s) + 2H+ + 2e- 2Ag(s) + H2S(g) - 0.036
Ag2S(s) + 2e- 2Ag(s) + S2- - 0.712
AgCl(s) + e- Ag(s) + Cl- +0.222
AgCl(s) + e- Ag(s) + Cl- +0.228 1 mol dm-3 KCl

AgBr(s) + e- Ag(s) + Br- +0.073
AgI(s) + e- Ag(s) + I- - 0.151

Ag(CN)2 + - e- Ag(s) + 2CN- - 0.31
Ag(S2O3)23- + e- Ag(s) + 2S2O32- +0.017


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Cadmium - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Cadmium Cadmium Kadmij Cadmio Cadmium

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NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 12
Period: 5
Cd 29
47
Cu
Ag
30
Zn
48
Cd
31
49
Ga
In
Awards Cadmium 79 80 81
Links Discovery date: 1817 Au Hg Tl
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu Cadmium was discovered by Friedrich Strohmeyer (Germany) in 1817. The origin of the name
comes from the Latin word cadmiameaning calamine(zinc carbonate, ZnCO3), or from the Greek
word kadmeiawith the same meaning. It is soft, malleable, blue-white metal. Tarnishes in air, soluble
in acids, insoluble in alkalis. Boiling cadmium gives off a weird, yellow-colored vapour that is
My Software poisonous. Cadmium can cause a variety of health problems, including kidney failure and high blood
pressure.
EDITORS:
English
Aditya Vardhan Relative atomic mass: 112.411(8) Electronic configuration: [Kr] 4d10 5s2
Eni Generalic Formal oxidation number: +2 Electronegativities: 1.69
French Thermal conductivity: 96.8 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 6.83 μΩcm
Michel Ditria Atomic radius: 148.9 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid
Croatian Density (g dm-3): 8650 (293 K) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 13.00 (293 K)
Eni Generalic 7996 (m.p.) 14.06 (m.p.)
Marija Bralic
Slobodan Brinic
THERMAL PROPERTIES
German
Boiling point: 767 °C Heat of vaporization: 100 kJ mol-1
Italian
editors wanted Critical temperature: 2687 °C Heat of atomization: 112.05 kJ mol-1

0.098 ppm
ISOTOPES
106Cd 105.906458(6) 1.25(4)

108Cd 107.904183(6) 0.89(2)
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Cadmium - Periodic Table of the Elements
110Cd 109.903006(3) 12.49(12)

111Cd 110.904182(3) 12.80(8)
112Cd 111.902757(3) 24.13(14)
113Cd 112.904401(3) 12.22(8)
114Cd 113.903358(3) 28.73(28)
116Cd 115.904755(3) 7.49(12)
MINERALS AND USES
Cadmium is obtained as a by product of zinc refining. The mayor use of cadmium is in electroplating
of steel to protect it from corrosion. Also used to make nickel-cadmium batteries.The ability of
cadmium to adsorb neutrons has made it of great importance in the design of nuclear reactors. Its
compounds are found in paint pigments and a wide variety of intense colours. The price of 99.95 %
pure cadmium shot is 187.70 for 1000 g.
Cd2+ + 2e- Cd(s) - 0.403

Cd(CN)42- + 2e- Cd(s) + 4CN- - 1.09
Cd(NH3)42+ + 2e- Cd(s) + 4NH3 - 0.61
Cd(OH)2(s) + 2e- Cd(s) + 2OH- - 0.81
CdS(s) + 2e- Cd(s) + S2- - 1.17


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Indium - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Indium Indium Indij Indio Indium

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 13
Period: 5
In 30
48
Zn
Cd
31
Ga
49
In
32
50
Ge
Sn
Awards Indium 80 81 82
Links Discovery date: 1863 Hg Tl Pb
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu Indium was discovered by Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymus Theodor Richter (Germany) in 1863.
Named after the indicum(colour indigo), the colour it shows in a spectroscope. It is rare, very soft,
silver-white metal. Stable in air and water. Dissolves in acids. Metal can ignite and burn.
My Software
BORON GROUP
EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 114.818(3) Electronic configuration: [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1
Eni Generalic
Croatian
Marija Bralic

Italian

0.05 ppm
ISOTOPES
113In 112.904061(4) 4.3(2)

115In 114.903878(5) 95.7(2)
MINERALS AND USES
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Indium - Periodic Table of the Elements
Indium is found in certain zinc ores. Used to coat high speed bearings and as an alloy that lowers
the melting point of other metals. Relatively small amounts are used in dental items and in electronic
semiconductors. The price of 99.9 % pure indium shot is 400.30 for 250 g.
In3+ + 2e- In+ - 0.404
In3+ + 3e- In(s) - 0.345

In(OH)3 + 3e- In(s) + 3OH- - 1.0


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Tin - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Tin Etain Kositar Stagno Zinn

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 14
Period: 5
Sn 31
49
Ga
In
32
Ge
50
Sn
33
51
As
Sb
Awards Stannum 81 82 83
Links Discovery date: ~ 2000 BC Tl Pb Bi
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu Tin has been known since ancient times. The origin of the name comes from the Latin word
stannummeaning tin. It is silvery-white, soft, malleable and ductile metal. Exposed surfaces form
oxide film. Resists oxygen and water. Dissolves in acids and bases. Organic tin compounds may be
highly toxic.
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CARBON GROUP
EDITORS:
Relative atomic mass: 118.710(7) Electronic configuration: [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2
English
Aditya Vardhan
French
Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): 5750 (alpha, 273 Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 20.65 (alpha, 273
K) K)
Croatian 7310 (beta, 273 K) 16.24 (beta, 273 K)
Eni Generalic 6973 (m.p.) 17.02 (m.p.)
Marija Bralic
Slobodan Brinic
THERMAL PROPERTIES
German
Italian
editors wanted Critical temperature: 5536 °C Heat of atomization: 302 kJ mol-1

2.5 ppm
ISOTOPES
112Sn 111.904821(5) 0.97(1)

114Sn 113.902782(3) 0.65(1)
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Tin - Periodic Table of the Elements
115Sn 114.903346(3) 0.34(1)

116Sn 115.901744(3) 14.53(1)
117Sn 116.902954(3) 7.68(7)
118Sn 117.901606(3) 24.23(11)
119Sn 118.903309(3) 8.59(4)
120Sn 119.902197(3) 32.59(10)
122Sn 121.903440(3) 4.63(3)
124Sn 123.905275(1) 5.79(5)
MINERALS AND USES
Tin is principally found in the ore cassiterite (SnO2) and stannine (Cu2FeSnS4). Used as a coating
for steel cans since it is non-toxic and non-corrosive. Also in solder (33%Sn:67%Pb), bronze (20%
Sn:80%Cu) and pewter. Stannous fluoride (SnF2), a compound of tin and fluorine is used in some
toothpaste. The price of 99.8 % pure tin shot is 57.70 for 500 g.
Sn4+ + 2e- Sn2+ +0.154
Sn4+ + 2e- Sn2+ +0.14 1 mol dm-3 HCl

Sn4+ + 4e- Sn(s) +0.01
Sn2+ + 2e- Sn(s) - 0.136
Sn2+ + 2e- Sn(s) - 0.16 1 mol dm-3 HClO4

SnO32- + 3H+ + 2e- HSnO2- + H2O +0.374
SnO32- + 6H+ + 2e- Sn2+ + 3H2O +0.844
HSnO2- + 3H+ + 2e- Sn(s) + 2H2O +0.333
Sn(s) + 4H+ + 4e- SnH4(g) - 1.074


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Antimony - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Antimony Antimoine Antimon Antimonio Antimon

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NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 15
Period: 5
Sb 32
50
Ge
Sn
33
As
51
Sb
34
52
Se
Te
Awards Stibium 82 83 84
Links Discovery date: ~ 1600 BC Pb Bi Po
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu Antimony has been known since ancient times. The origin of the name comes from the Latin word
stibiummeaning mineral stibnite. It is hard, brittle, silvery-white semimetal. Stable in dry air. Toxic by
ingestion or inhalation.
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NITROGEN GROUP
Eni Generalic
Croatian
Marija Bralic

Italian

0.2 ppm
ISOTOPES
121Sb 120.903818(2) 57.36(8)

123Sb 122.904216(2) 42.64(8)
MINERALS AND USES
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Antimony - Periodic Table of the Elements
Antimony is found in stibnite (Sb2S3) and in valentinite (Sb2O3). It is alloyed with other metals to
increase their hardness. Also in the manufacture of a few special types of semiconductor devices.
Also in plastics and chemicals. A few kinds of over-the-counter cold and flu remedies use antimony
compounds. The price of 99.9 % pure antimony ingot is 153.50 for 450 g.
SbV + 2e- SbIII +0.818 6 mol dm-3 HCl

SbV + 2e- SbIII +0.746 3.5 mol dm-3 HCl
SbO+ + 2H+ + 3e- Sb(s) + H2O +0.212
SbO3- + 2H+ + 2e- SbO2- + H2O +0.353
SbO3- + 3H+ + 2e- HSbO2 + H2O +0.678
SbO3- + 4H+ + 2e- SbO+ + 2H2O +0.704
SbO2- + 2H+ + 2e- SbO- + H2O +0.720
2SbO3- + 6H+ + 4e- Sb2O3(s) + 3H2O +0.772
SbO2- + 4H+ + 3e- Sb(s) + 2H2O +0.446
HSbO2 + 3H+ + 3e- Sb(s) + 2H2O +0.230
Sb2O3(s) + 6H+ + 6e- 2Sb(s) + 3H2O +0.152
Sb2O5(s) + 6H+ + 4e- 2SbO+ + 3 H2O +0.581
Sb2O5(s) + 4H+ + 4e- Sb2O3(s) + 2H2O +0.692
Sb(s) + 3H+ + 3e- SbH3(g) - 0.510


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Tellurium - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Tellurium Tellure Telurij Tellurio Tellur

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NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 16
Period: 5
Te 33
51
As
Sb
34
52
Se
Te
35
53
Br
I
Awards Tellurium 83 84 85
Links Discovery date: 1782 Bi Po At
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu Tellurium was discovered by Franz Joseph Muller von Reichstein (Romania) in 1782. The origin of
the name comes from the Latin word tellusmeaning earth. It is silvery-white, brittle semi-metal.
Unreactive with water or HCl; dissolves in HNO3; burns in air or oxygen.
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CHALCOGENS ELEMENT
Eni Generalic
Croatian
Marija Bralic

Marc Hens Critical temperature: 2056 °C Heat of atomization: - kJ mol-1
Italian

0.01 ppm
ISOTOPES
120Te 119.90402(1) 0.096(2)

122Te 121.903047(2) 2.603(4)
123Te 122.904273(2) 0.908(2)
124Te 123.902819(2) 4.816(6)
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Tellurium - Periodic Table of the Elements
125Te 124.904425(2) 7.139(6)

126Te 125.903306(2) 18.95(1)
128Te 127.904461(2) 31.69(1)
130Te 129.906223(2) 33.80(1)
MINERALS AND USES
Tellurium is obtained as a by-product of copper and lead refining. Used to improve the machining
quality of copper and stainless steel products and to colour glass and ceramics. Also in
thermoelectric devices. Some is used in the rubber industry and it is a basic ingredient in
manufacturing blasting caps. The price of 99.99 % pure tellurium broken ingot is 175.90 for 250 g.
Te4+ + 4e- Te(s) +0.568

Te4+ + 2H+ + 6e- H2Te(g) +0.132
TeO42- + 4H+ + 2e- TeO2(s) + 2H2O +1.509
HTeO4- + 3H+ + 2e- TeO2(s) + 2H2O +1.202
H2TeO4 + 2H+ + 2e- TeO2(s) + 2H2O +1.020
TeO42- + 2H+ + 2e- TeO32- + H2O +0.892
HTeO4 + - H+ + 2e- 2-
TeO3 + H2O +0.584
HTeO4- + 2H+ + 2e- HTeO3- + H2O +0.813
H2TeO4 + H+ + 2e- HTeO3- + H2O +0.631
H2TeO4 + 3H+ + 2e- HTeO2+ + 2H2O +0.953
H2TeO4 + 6H+ + 2e- Te4+ + 4H2O +0.920
Te(OH)6(s) + 2H+ + 2e- TeO2(s) + 4H2O +1.02
TeO32- + 6H+ + 4e- Te(s) + 3H2O +0.827
HTeO3- + 5H+ + 4e- Te(s) + 3H2O +0.713
HTeO2+ + 3H+ + 4e- Te(s) + 2H2O +0.551
TeO2+ + 5H+ + 6e- H2Te(g) + 2H2O +0.121
Te(s) + 2H+ + 2e- H2Te(g) - 0.739
Te(s) + 2e- Te2- - 1.14


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Iodine - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Iodine Iode Jod Iodio Iod

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 17
Period: 5
I 34
52
Se
Te
35
Br
53
I
36
54
Kr
Xe
Awards Iodum 84 85 86
Links Discovery date: 1811 Po At Rn
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu Iodine was discovered by Bernard Courtois (France) in 1811. The origin of the name comes from the
Greek word iodesmeaning violet. It is shiny, black, non-metallic solid with characteristic odour.
Sublimes easily and as a gas it is violet and intensely irritating to the eyes, nose and throat.
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HALOGENS ELEMENT
English Formal oxidation number: -1 +1 +5 +7 Electronegativities: 2.66
Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 0.449 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 1.3E+15 μΩcm
Eni Generalic
Michel Ditria

Eni Generalic
Slobodan Brinic
German
Marc Hens
Italian
editors wanted
0.5 ppm
ISOTOPES
127I 126.904468(4) 100
MINERALS AND USES
Iodine occurs on land and in the sea in sodium and potassium compounds. Required in small
amounts by humans. Once used as an antiseptic, but no longer due to its poisonous nature. The
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price of 99.5 % pure crystalline iodine is 140.50 for 1000 g.
I2(s) + 2e- 2I- +0.535

I2(aq) + 2e- 2I- +0.615
3I2 + 2e- 2I3- +0.789
I3- + 2e- 3I- +0.536
H5IO6 + H+ + 2e- IO3- + 3H2O +1.601
HIO52- + 3H+ + 2e- IO3- + 2H2O +1.898
HIO52- + 8H+ + 6e- HIO + 4H2O +1.389
2HIO52- + 18H+ + 14e- I2(s) + 10H2O +1.384
3HIO52- + 27H+ + 22e- I3- + 15H2O +1.357
HIO52- + 9H+ + 8e- I- + 5H2O +1.288
HIO4 + 2H+ + 2e- HIO3 + H2O +1.626
IO4- + 2H+ + 2e- IO3- + H2O +1.653
HIO4 + 6H+ + 6e- HIO + 3H2O +1.290
IO4- + 7H+ + 6e- HIO + 3H2O +1.235
2HIO4 + 14H+ + 14e- I2(s) + 8H2O +1.300
3HIO4 + 21H+ + 22e- I3- + 12H2O +1.276
HIO4 + 7H+ + 8e- I- + 4H2O +1.215
IO3- + 6H+ + 4e- I+ + 3H2O +1.155
IO3- + 4H+ + 4e- IO- + 2H2O +0.972
2IO3- + 12H+ + 10e- I2(s) + 6H2O +1.196
2IO3- + 12H+ + 10e- I2(aq) + 6H2O +1.178
IO3- + 2Cl- + 6H+ + 4e- ICl2- + 3H2O +1.24
2HIO3 + 10H+ + 10e- I2(s) + 6H2O +1.169
3HIO3 + 15H+ + 16e- I3- + 9H2O +1.145
HIO3 + 5H+ + 6e- I- + 3H2O +1.078
2HIO + 2H+ + 2e- I2(s) + 2H2O +1.354
2IO- + 4H+ + 2e- I2(s) + 2H2O +2.005
3HIO + 3H+ + 4e- I3- + 3H2O +1.213
3IO- + 6H+ + 4e- I3- + 3H2O +1.701
IO- + 2H+ + 2e- I- + H2O +1.313
HIO + H+ + 2e- I- + H2O +0.987
2ICl3(s) + 6e- I2(s) + 6Cl- +1.28
2ICl(s) + 2e- I2(s) + 2Cl- +1.22
2ICl + 2e- I2(s) + 2Cl- +1.19

2ICl2- + 2e- I2(s) + 4Cl- +1.056

2IBr(aq) + 2e- I2(s) + 2Br- +1.02



Xenon - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Xenon Xénon Ksenon Xeno Xenon

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 18
Period: 5
Xe 35
53
Br
I
36
Kr
54
Xe
37
55
Rb
Cs
Awards Xenonum 85 86 87
Links Discovery date: 1898 At Rn Fr
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu Xenon was discovered by Sir William Ramsay, Morris W. Travers (England) in 1898. The origin of
the name comes from the Greek word xenosmeaning stranger. It is heavy, colourless, odourless,
noble gas. Reacts only with fluorine.
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NOBLE GASES
English Formal oxidation number: 0 Electronegativities: 2.6
Eni Generalic
Michel Ditria 2939 (liquid, b.p.) 44.67 (liquid, b.p.)
5.8971 (gas, 273 K) 22263.99 (gas, 273 K)
Croatian
Eni Generalic
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Marija Bralic
Slobodan Brinic
German
Marc Hens
Critical temperature: 16.57 °C Heat of atomization: 0 kJ mol-1
Italian
editors wanted
0.000002 ppm
ISOTOPES
124Xe 123.905896(2) 0.10(1)

126Xe 125.904269(7) 0.09(1)
128Xe 127.903530(2) 1.91(3)
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Xenon - Periodic Table of the Elements
129Xe 128.9047794(9) 26.4(6)

130Xe 129.903508(1) 4.1(1)
131Xe 130.905082(1) 21.2(4)
132Xe 131.904154(1) 26.9(5)
134Xe 133.9053945(9) 10.4(2)
136Xe 135.907220(8) 8.9(1)
MINERALS AND USES
Xenon is obtain from the small quantities in liquid air. Used for filling flash lamps and other powerful
lamps. Electrical excitation of xenon produces a burst of brilliant white light. Also used in bubble
chambers and modern nuclear power reactors. The price of 99.995 % pure xenon gas costs 266.50
/dm3 in small quantities (1 dm3) and about 10.62 /dm3 in large quantities (300 dm3).


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Caesium - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Caesium Césium Cezij Cesio Cäsium

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 1
Period: 6
Cs 36
54
Kr
Xe
37
Rb
55
Cs
38
56
Sr
Ba
Awards Caesium 86 87 88
Links Discovery date: 1860 Rn Fr Ra
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu Caesium was discovered by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff (Germany) in 1860. The origin of
the name comes from the Latin word caesiusmeaning sky blueor heavenly blue. It is very soft, light
grey, ductile metal. Reacts readily with oxygen. Reacts explosively with water.
My Software
ALKALI METAL
EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 132.90545(2) Electronic configuration: [Xe] 6s1
Eni Generalic
Croatian
Marija Bralic

Italian

1 ppm
ISOTOPES
133Cs 132.905447(3) 100
MINERALS AND USES
Caesium is found in pollucite [(Cs4Al4Si9O26).H2O] and as trace in lepidolite. Used as a 'getter' to
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Caesium - Periodic Table of the Elements
remove air traces in vacuum and cathode-ray tubes. Also used in producing photoelectric devices
and atomic clocks. Since it ionises readily, it is used as an ion rocket motor propellant. The price of
99.8 % pure cesium metal is 461.80 for 50 g.
Cs+ + e- Cs(s) - 2.91


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Barium - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Barium Baryum Barij Bario Barium

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Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 2
Period: 6
Ba 37
55
Rb
Cs
38
56
Sr
Ba
39
57
Y
La
Awards Baryum 87 88 89
Links Discovery date: 1808 Fr Ra Ac
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu Barium was discovered by Sir Humphry Davy (England) in 1808. The origin of the name comes from
the Greek word barysmeaning heavy. It is soft, slightly malleable, silvery-white metal. Attacked by air
and water. Soluble compounds toxic by ingestion.
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EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 137.327(7) Electronic configuration: [Xe] 6s2
Eni Generalic
Croatian
Marija Bralic

Italian

250 ppm
ISOTOPES
130Ba 129.906310(7) 0.106(2)

132Ba 131.905056(3) 0.101(2)
134Ba 133.904503(3) 2.417(27)
135Ba 134.905683(3) 6.592(18)
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Barium - Periodic Table of the Elements
136Ba 135.904570(3) 7.854(36)

137Ba 136.905821(3) 11.23(4)
138Ba 137.905241(3) 71.70(7)
MINERALS AND USES
Barium is found in barytine (BaSO4) and witherite (BaCO3), never found in pure form due to its
reactivity. Must be stored under kerosene to remain pure. Barite, or barium sulfate (BaSO4), when
ground is used as a filter for rubber, plastics and resins. It is insoluble in water and so is used in X-
rays of the digestive system. Barium nitrate, Ba(NO3)2, burns brilliant green and is used in fireworks.
The price of 99.2 % pure barium pieces is 1347.20 for 1000 g.
Ba2+ + 2e- Ba(s) - 2.906

BaO + 2H+ + 2e- Ba(s) + H2O - 2.166


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Hafnium - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Hafnium Hafnium Hafnij Afnio Hafnium

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Group numbers: 4
Period: 6
Hf 39
71
Y
Lu
40
72
Zr
Hf
41
73
Nb
Ta
Awards Hafnium 103 104 105
Links Discovery date: 1923 Lr Rf Db
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu Hafnium was discovered by Dirk Coster (Denmark) and Georg Karl von Hevesy (Hungary) in 1923.
The origin of the name comes from the Latin name Hafniameaning Copenhagen. It is silvery, ductile
metal. Exposed surfaces form oxide film. Resists alkalis and acids (except HF). Toxic. Metal ignites
and burns readily.
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EDITORS:
Relative atomic mass: 178.49(2) Electronic configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
English
Aditya Vardhan
French
12000 (m.p.) 14.87 (m.p.)
Croatian
Eni Generalic
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Marija Bralic
Slobodan Brinic
German
Marc Hens
Italian
editors wanted

3 ppm
ISOTOPES
174Hf 173.940040(3) 0.162(3)

176Hf 175.941402(3) 5.206(5)
177Hf 176.943220(3) 18.606(4)
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Hafnium - Periodic Table of the Elements
178Hf 177.943698(3) 27.297(4)

179Hf 178.945815(3) 13.629(6)
180Hf 179.946549(3) 35.100(7)
MINERALS AND USES
Hafnium is obtained from mineral zircon or baddeleyite. Used in reactor control rods because of its
ability to absorb neutrons. The price of 99.9 % pure hafnium pieces is 260.60 for 50 g.
Hf4+ + 4e- Hf(s) - 1.70

HfO2(s) + 4H+ + 4e- Hf(s) + 2H2O - 1.57
HfO2+ + 2H+ + 4e- Hf(s) + H2O - 1.70
HfO(OH)2(s) + H2O + 4e- Hf(s) + 4OH- - 2.50


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Tantalum - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Tantalum Tantale Tantal Tantalio Tantal

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Group numbers: 5
Period: 6
Ta 40
72
Zr
Hf
41
73
Nb
Ta
42
74
Mo
W
Awards Tantal 104 105 106
Links Discovery date: 1802 Rf Db Sg
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu Tantalum was discovered by Anders Ekeberg (Sweden) in 1802. The origin of the name comes from
the Greek word Tantalosmeaning father of Niobein Greek mythology, (tantalum is closely related to
niobium in the periodic table). It is rare, grey, heavy, hard but ductile, metal with a high melting point.
Exposed surfaces form corrosion resistant oxide film. Attacked by HF and fused alkalis. Metal ignites
My Software in air.

EDITORS:
English Relative atomic mass: 180.9479(1) Electronic configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d3 6s2
Eni Generalic
Thermal conductivity: 57.5 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 13.15 μΩcm
French
Michel Ditria
Croatian 15000 (m.p.) 12.06 (m.p.)
Eni Generalic
Marija Bralic
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Slobodan Brinic

editors wanted

1 ppm
ISOTOPES
180Ta 179.947466(3) 0.012(2)

181Ta 180.947996(3) 99.988(2)
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Tantalum - Periodic Table of the Elements
MINERALS AND USES
Tantalum always found with niobium. Chiefly occurs in the mineral tantalite. Often used as an
economical substitute for platinum. Tantalum pentoxide is used in capacitors and in camera lenses
to increase refracting power. It and its alloys are corrosion and wear resistant so it is used to make
surgical and dental tools. The price of 99.95 % pure tantalum slug is 184.20 for 100 g.
Ta2O5 + 10H+ + 10e- 2Ta(s) + 5H2O - 0.81


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Tungsten - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Tungsten Tungstène Volfram Wolframio Wolfram

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Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 6
Period: 6
W 41
73
Nb
Ta
42
74
Mo
W
43
75
Tc
Re
Awards Wolframum 105 106 107
Links Discovery date: 1783 Db Sg Bh
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu Tungsten was discovered by Fausto and Juan Jose de Elhuyar (Spain) in 1783. Named after the
tungsten mineral wolframite. It is hard, steel-grey to white metal. Highest melting point of all metals.
Resists oxygen, acids and alkalis.
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EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 183.84(1) Electronic configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d4 6s2
Eni Generalic
Croatian
Marija Bralic

Italian

1 ppm
ISOTOPES
180W 179.946706(5) 0.13(4)

182W 181.948206(3) 26.3(2)
183W 182.950224(3) 14.3(1)
184W 183.950933(3) 30.67(15)
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Tungsten - Periodic Table of the Elements
186W 185.954362(3) 28.6(2)
MINERALS AND USES
Tungsten occurs in the minerals scheelite (CaWO4) and wolframite [(Fe,Mn)WO4]. Made into
filaments for vacuum tubes and electric lights. Also as contact points in cars. Tungsten carbide is
extremely hard and is used for making cutting tools and abrasives. The price of 99.95 % pure
tungsten powder is 193.60 for 250 g.
2WO3(s) + 2H+ + 2e- W2O5(s) + H2O - 0.029

WO3(s) + 6H+ + 6e- W(s) + 3H2O - 0.09
2WO42- + 6H+ + 2e- W2O5(s) + 3H2O +0.801
WO42- + 4H+ + e- WO2(s) + 2H2O +0.386
WO42- + 8H+ + 6e- W(s) + 4H2O +0.049
W2O5(s) + 2H+ + 2e- 2WO2(s) + H2O - 0.031
WO2(s) + 4H+ + 4e- W(s) + 2H2O - 0.12
W(CN)83- + e- W(CN)84- +0.457


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Rhenium - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Rhenium Rhénium Renij Renio Rhenium

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Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 7
Period: 6
Re 42
74
Mo
W
43
75
Tc
Re
44
76
Ru
Os
Awards Rhenium 106 107 108
Links Discovery date: 1925 Sg Bh Hs
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu Rhenium was discovered by Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke and Otto Berg (Germany) in 1925. The
origin of the name comes from the Latin word Rhenusmeaning river Rhine. It is rare and costly,
dense, silvery-white metal. Tarnishes in moist air. Resists corrosion and oxidation. Dissolves in nitric
and sulfuric acids. Has a very high melting point.
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EDITORS:
English
Aditya Vardhan
French
18900 (m.p.) 9.85 (m.p.)
Croatian
Eni Generalic
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Marija Bralic
Slobodan Brinic
German
Marc Hens
Critical temperature: 20227 °C Heat of atomization: 769 kJ mol-1
Italian
editors wanted

0.0005 ppm
3rd ionization energy: - kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 1E-10 ppm
ISOTOPES
185Re 184.952956(3) 37.40(2)

187Re 186.955751(3) 62.60(2)
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Rhenium - Periodic Table of the Elements
MINERALS AND USES
Rhenium is found in small amounts in gadolinite and molybdenite. Mixed with tungsten or platinum to
make filaments for mass spectrographs. Its main value is as a trace alloying agent for hardening
metal components that are subjected to continuous frictional forces. The price of 99.99 % pure
rhenium slug is 503.00 for 50 g.
Re3+ +3e- Re(s) +0.3

ReO2(s) + 4H+ + 4e- Re(s) + 2H2O +0.26
ReO4- + 8H+ + 7e- Re(s) + 4H2O +0.37
ReO4- + 4H2O + 7e- Re(s) + 8OH- - 0.584
ReO4- + 4H+ + 3e- ReO2(s) + 2H2O +0.51
ReO4- + 2H2O + 3e- ReO2(s) + 4OH- - 0.595
ReO4- + 2H+ + e- ReO3(s) + 2H2O +0.77


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Osmium - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Osmium Osmium Osmij Osmio Osmium

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Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 8
Period: 6
Os 43
75
Tc
Re
44
76
Ru
Os
45
77
Rh
Ir
Awards Osmium 107 108 109
Links Discovery date: 1803 Bh Hs Mt
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu Osmium was discovered by Smithson Tennant (England) in 1803. The origin of the name comes
from the Greek word osmemeaning smell. It is hard fine black powder or hard, lustrous, blue-white
metal. Unaffected by air, water and acids. Characteristic acrid, chlorine like odour due to tetroxide
compound. Osmium tetroxide highly toxic.
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EDITORS:
English
Aditya Vardhan
French
20100 (m.p.) 9.46 (m.p.)
Croatian
Eni Generalic
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Marija Bralic
Slobodan Brinic
German
Marc Hens
Italian
editors wanted

0.005 ppm
3rd ionization energy: - kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): - ppm
ISOTOPES
184Os 183.952491(3) 0.02(1)

186Os 185.953838(3) 1.58(30)
187Os 186.955748(3) 1.6(3)
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Osmium - Periodic Table of the Elements
188Os 187.955836(3) 13.3(7)

189Os 188.958145(3) 16.1(8)
190Os 189.958445(3) 26.4(12)
192Os 191.961479(4) 41.0(8)
MINERALS AND USES
Osmium is obtained from the same ores as platinum. Used to tip gold pen points, instrument pivots,
to make electric light filaments. Used for high temperature alloys and pressure bearings. Very hard
and resists corrosion better than any other. The price of 99.95 % pure osmium powder is 2159.60
for 25 g.
Os2+ + 2e- Os(s) +0.85 1 mol dm-3 HCl

OsO2(s) + 2H2O + 4e- Os(s) + 4OH- - 0.15
OsO4(s) + 8H+ + 8e- Os(s) + 4H2O +0.85
OsO4(s) + 8H+ + 6Cl- + 4e- OsCl62- + 4H2O +1.0
HOsO5- + 2e- OsO42- + OH- +0.3
OsO42- + 2H2O + 2e- OsO2(s) + 4OH- +0.1
OsCl6 + 2- e- OsCl6 3-
+0.85
OsCl63- + e- Os2+ + 6Cl- +0.4
OsCl63- + 3e- Os(s) + 6Cl- +0.71


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Iridium - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Iridium Iridium Iridij Iridio Iridium

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Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 9
Period: 6
Ir 44
76
Ru
Os
45
77
Rh
Ir
46
78
Pd
Pt
Awards Iridium 108 109
Links Discovery date: 1803 Hs Mt
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu Iridium was discovered by Smithson Tennant (England) in 1803. The origin of the name comes from
the Latin word iris, meaning rainbow, because its salts are highly colored. It is heavy, brittle, white
metal. Unreactive in air, water and acids. Attacked by fused NaOH. Metal ignites and burns readily.
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Eni Generalic
Croatian
Marija Bralic

Italian

0.0001 ppm
ISOTOPES
191Ir 190.960591(3) 37.3(5)

193Ir 192.962924(3) 62.7(5)
MINERALS AND USES
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Iridium - Periodic Table of the Elements
Iridium is found in gravel deposits with platinum. Used with osmium to tip gold pen points, to make
crucible and special containers. Also to make alloys used for standard weights and measures and
heat-resistant alloys. Also as hardening agent for platinum. The price of 99.95 % pure iridium
sponge is 829.60 for 10 g.
Ir3+ + 3e- Ir(s) +1.15

IrCl62- + e- IrCl63- +1.026
IrCl62- + 4e- Ir(s) + 6Cl- +0.835
IrCl63- + 3e- Ir(s) + 6Cl- +0.77
IrO2(s) + 4H+ + 4e- Ir(s) + H2O +0.93
IrO2(s) + 2H2O + 4e- Ir(s) + 4OH- +0.1
Ir2O3 + 3H2O + 6e- 2Ir(s) + 6OH- +0.1


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Platinum - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Platinum Platine Platina Platino Platin

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Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 10
Period: 6
Pt 45
77
Rh
Ir
46
78
Pd
Pt
47
79
Ag
Au
Awards Platinum 109
Links Discovery date: 1735 Mt
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu Platinum was discovered by Antonio de Ulloa (South America) in 1735. The origin of the name
comes from the Spanish word platinameaning silver. It is rare, very heavy, soft, silvery-white metal.
Resists oxygen and water.
My Software
EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 195.078(2) Electronic configuration: Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s1
Eni Generalic
Michel Ditria

Eni Generalic
Slobodan Brinic
German
Marc Hens
Italian
editors wanted
0.01 ppm
ISOTOPES
190Pt 189.959930(7) 0.01(1)

192Pt 191.961035(4) 0.79(6)
194Pt 193.962664(3) 32.9(6)
195Pt 194.964774(3) 33.8(6)
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Platinum - Periodic Table of the Elements
196Pt 195.964935(3) 25.3(6)

198Pt 197.967876(5) 7.2(2)
MINERALS AND USES
Platinum is produced from deposits of native, or elemental. Used in jewellery, to make crucible and
special containers and as a catalyst. Used with cobalt to produce very strong magnets. Also to make
standard weights and measures. Resists corrosion and acid attacks except aqua regia. The price of
99.9 % pure platinum shot is 464.80 for 5 g.
Pt2+ + 2e- Pt(s) +1.2

PtO2(s) + 2H+ + 2e- Pt(OH)2(s) +1.1
Pt(OH)2(s) + 2e- Pt(s) + 2OH- +0.15
Pt(OH)2(s) + 2H+ + 2e- Pt(s) + 2H2O +0.98
PtCl62- + 2e- PtCl42- + 2Cl- +0.68
PtCl42- + 2e- Pt(s) + 4Cl- +0.73


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Gold - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Gold Or Zlato Oro Gold

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NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 11
Period: 6
Au 46
78
Pd
Pt
47
79
Ag
Au
48
80
Cd
Hg
Awards Aurum
Links Discovery date: ~ 3000 BC
Chem.Calc
Gold has been known since ancient times. The origin of the name comes from the Latin word
PSE.Menu
aurummeaning gold. It is soft, malleable, bright yellow metal. Unaffected by air, water, alkalis and
most acids.
My Software
English
144.2 pm solid
Croatian
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Eni Generalic
Marija Bralic
Italian

0.003 ppm
ISOTOPES
197Au 196.966552(3) 100
MINERALS AND USES
Gold is found in veins in the crust, with copper ore and native. Used in electronics,jewellery and
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Gold - Periodic Table of the Elements
coins. It is a good reflector of infrared radiation, so a thin film of gold is applied to the glass of
skyscrapers to reduce internal heating from sunlight. The price of 99.99 % pure gold grain is 1652.50
for 25 g.
Au3+ + 2e- Au+ +1.41
Au3+ + 3e- Au(s) +1.50
Au+ + e- Au(s) +1.68

AuCl4- + 2e- AuCl2- + 2Cl- +0.926
AuBr4- + 2e- AuBr2- + 2Br- +0.805
AuCl4- + 3e- Au(s) + 4Cl- +1.002
AuBr4- + 3e- Au(s) + 4Br- +0.858
AuCl2- + e- Au(s) + 2Cl- +1.154
AuBr2- + e- Au(s) + 2Br- +0.963


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Mercury - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Mercury Mercure Živa Mercurio Quecksilber

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NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 12
Period: 6
Hg 47
79
Ag
Au
48
80
Cd
Hg
49
81
In
Tl
Awards Hydrargyrum
Chem.Calc
Mercury has been known since ancient times. The origin of the name comes from the Latin word
PSE.Menu
hydrargyrummeaning liquid silver. It is heavy, silver-white metal, liquid at ordinary temperatures.
Stable in air and water. Unreactive with alkalis and most acids. Gives off poisonous vapour. Chronic
cumulative effects.
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EDITORS:
English
Aditya Vardhan
Atomic radius: 150.3 pm Standard state (20 °C): liquid
French
Croatian
Marija Bralic
Slobodan Brinic Melting point: -38.83 °C Heat of fusion: 2.331 kJ mol-1
German Boiling point: 356.73 °C Heat of vaporization: 59.11 kJ mol-1

Italian

0.08 ppm
ISOTOPES
196Hg 195.965815(4) 0.15(1)

198Hg 197.966752(3) 9.97(8)
199Hg 198.968262(3) 16.87(10)
200Hg 199.968309(3) 23.10(16)
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201Hg 200.970285(3) 13.18(8)

202Hg 201.970626(3) 29.86(20)
204Hg 203.973476(3) 6.87(4)
MINERALS AND USES
Mercury only rarely occurs free in nature. The chief ore is cinnabar or mercury sulfide (HgS). Used in
thermometers, barometers and batteries. Also used in electrical switches and mercury-vapour
lighting products. The price of 99.998 % pure redistilled mercury metal is 54.90 for 450 g.
Hg2+ + 2e- Hg(l) +0.854

2Hg2+ + 2e- Hg22+ +0.920
2Hg2+ + 2e- Hg22+ +0.907 1 mol dm-3 HClO4
Hg22+ + 2e- 2Hg(l) +0.788
Hg22+ + 2e- 2Hg(l) +0.274 1 mol dm-3 HCl
Hg22+ + 2e- 2Hg(l) +0.776 1 mol dm-3 HClO4
Hg22+ + 2e- 2Hg(l) +0.674 1 mol dm-3 H2SO4
HgO(s) + H2O + 2e- Hg(l) + 2OH- +0.10
HgO(s) + 2H+ + 2e- Hg(l) + H2O +0.93
2Hg(OH)2(s) + 4H+ + 2e- Hg22+ + 4H2O +1.28
Hg2Cl2(s) + 2e- 2Hg(l) + 2Cl- +0.268
Hg2Cl2(s) + 2e- 2Hg(l) + 2Cl- +0.244 saturated KCl
Hg2Cl2(s) + 2e- 2Hg(l) + 2Cl- +0.282 1 mol dm-3 KCl
Hg2Cl2(s) + 2e- 2Hg(l) + 2Cl- +0.334 0.1 mol dm-3 KCl
Hg2Br2(s) + 2e- 2Hg(l) + 2Br- +0.14
Hg2I2(s) + 2e- 2Hg(l) + 2I- - 0.04
Hg2C2O4(s) + 2e- 2Hg(l) + C2O42- +0.42
Hg2SO4(s) + 2e- 2Hg(l) + SO42- +0.615
HgS(s) (black) + 2e- Hg(l) + S2- - 0.67
HgS(s) (red) + 2e- Hg + S2- - 0.70

Hg(CN)42- + 2e- Hg(l) + 4CN- - 0.37




Thallium - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Thallium Thallium Talij Tallio Thallium

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NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 13
Period: 6
Tl 48
80
Cd
Hg
49
In
81
Tl
50
82
Sn
Pb
Awards Thallium
Links Discovery date: 1861
Chem.Calc
Thallium was discovered by Sir William Crookes (England) in 1861. The origin of the name comes
PSE.Menu
from the Greek word thallosmeaning green twigor green shoot. It is soft grey metal that looks like
lead. Tarnishes in moist air. Reacts in heated moist air and in acids. Compounds highly toxic by
inhalation or ingestion. Cumulative effects.
My Software
BORON GROUP
EDITORS:
Relative atomic mass: 204.3833(2) Electronic configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1
English
Aditya Vardhan
French
11290 (m.p.) 18.10 (m.p.)
Croatian
Eni Generalic
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Marija Bralic
Slobodan Brinic
German
Marc Hens
Italian
editors wanted

0.36 ppm
ISOTOPES
203Tl 202.972329(3) 29.524(14)

205Tl 204.974412(3) 70.476(14)
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Thallium - Periodic Table of the Elements
MINERALS AND USES
Thallium is found in iron pyrites. Also in crookesite, hutchinsonite and lorandite. Most is recovered
from the by-products of lead and zinc refining. Its compounds are used in rat and ant poisons. Also
for detecting infrared radiation. The price of 99.999 % pure thallium granules is 566.70 for 500 g.
Tl3+ + 2e- Tl+ +1.25
Tl+ + e- Tl(s) - 0.336

Tl2O3 + 3H2O + 4e- 2Tl+ + 6OH- +0.02
TlOH + e- Tl(s) + OH- - 0.344
TlCl(s) + e- Tl(s) + Cl- - 0.557
TlBr(s) + e- Tl(s) + Br- - 0.657
TlI(s) + e- Tl(s) + I- - 0.766


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Lead - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Lead Plomb Olovo Piombo Blei

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 14
Period: 6
Pb 49
81
In
Tl
50
Sn
82
Pb
51
83
Sb
Bi
Awards Plumbum
Chem.Calc
Lead has been known since ancient times. The origin of the name comes from the Latin word
PSE.Menu
plumbummeaning liquid silver. It is very soft, highly malleable and ductile, blue-white shiny metal.
Tarnishes in moist air; stable in oxygen and water. Dissolves in nitric acid. Compounds toxic by
inhalation or ingestion. Danger of cumulative effects.
My Software
CARBON GROUP
EDITORS:
English
Aditya Vardhan
French
10678 (m.p.) 19.40 (m.p.)
Croatian
Eni Generalic
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Marija Bralic
Slobodan Brinic
German
Marc Hens
Italian
editors wanted

8 ppm
ISOTOPES
204Pb 203.973029(3) 1.4(1)

206Pb 205.974449(3) 24.1(1)
207Pb 206.975881(3) 22.1(1)
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Lead - Periodic Table of the Elements
208Pb 207.976636(3) 52.4(1)
MINERALS AND USES
Lead is found most often in ores called galena or lead sulfide (PbS). Used in solder, shielding
against radiation and in batteries. The price of 99.5 % pure lead granules is 28.70 for 500 g.
Pb4+ + 2e- Pb2+ +1.694
Pb2+ + 2e- Pb(s) - 0.126
Pb2+ + 2e- Pb(s) - 0.14 1 mol dm-3 HClO4
Pb2+ + 2e- Pb(s) - 0.29 1 mol dm-3 H2SO4

3PbO2(s) + 2H2O + 4e- Pb3O4(s) + 4OH- +0.295
PbO2(s) + 4H+ + 2e- Pb2+ + 2H2O +1.455
PbO2(s) + 4H+ + SO42- + 2e- PbSO4(s) + 2H2O +1.685
PbO2(s) + H+ + 2e- HPbO2- +0.621
3PbO32- + 10H+ + 4e- Pb3O4(s) + 5H2O +2.515
PbO32- + 4H+ + 2e- PbO(s) + 2H2O +2.001
PbO3 + 2- 3H+ + e- HPbO2 + H2O-
+1.547
PbO32- + 6H+ + 2e- Pb2+ + 3H2O +2.375
Pb3O4(s) + H2O + 2e- 3PbO(s) + 2OH- +0.249
Pb3O4(s) + 8H+ + 2e- 3Pb2+ + 3H2O +2.094
Pb3O4(s) + 2H2O + 2e- 3HPbO2- + H+ - 0.390
PbO(s) + 2H+ + 2e- Pb(s) + H2O +0.249
PbSO4 + 2e- Pb(s) + SO42- - 0.350
HPbO2- + 3H+ + 2e- Pb(s) + 2H2O +0.702
Pb(s) + 2H+ + 2e- PbH2 - 1.507


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Bismuth - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Bismuth Bismuth Bizmut Bismuto Bismut

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 15
Period: 6
Bi 50
82
Sn
Pb
51
Sb
83
Bi
52
84
Te
Po
Awards Bismuthum
Chem.Calc
Bismuth was discovered by Claude Geoffroy (France) in 1753. The origin of the name comes from
PSE.Menu
the German words Weisse Massemeaning white mass; now spelled wismutand bisemutum. It is
hard, brittle, steel-grey metal with a pink tint. Stable in oxygen and water. Dissolves in concentrated
nitric acid.
My Software
NITROGEN GROUP
EDITORS:
English
Aditya Vardhan
French
10050 (m.p.) 20.79 (m.p.)
Croatian
Eni Generalic
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Marija Bralic
Slobodan Brinic
German
Marc Hens
Italian
editors wanted

0.06 ppm
ISOTOPES
209Bi 208.980383(3) 100
MINERALS AND USES
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Bismuth - Periodic Table of the Elements
Bismuth can be found free in nature and in minerals like bismuthine (Bi2S3) and in bismuth ochre
(Bi2O3) Main use is in pharmaceuticals and low melting point alloys used as fuses. The price of
99.99 % pure bismuth pieces is 110.20 for 1000 g.
Bi3+ + 3e- Bi(s) +0.215

BiOH2+ + H+ + 3e- Bi(s) + H2O +0.254
BiO+ + 2H+ + 3e- Bi(s) + H2O +0.320
BiOCl(s) + 2H+ + 3e- Bi(s) + H2O + Cl- +0.160
Bi2O3(s) + 3H2O + 6e- 2Bi(s) + 6OH- - 0.46
Bi2O5(s) + 10H+ + 4e- 2Bi3+ + 5H2O +1.759
Bi2O5(s) + 8H+ + 4e- 2BiOH2+ + 3H2O +1.700
Bi2O5(s) + 6H+ + 4e- 2BiO+ + 3H2O +1.605
NaBiO3(s) + 4H+ + 2e- BiO+ + Na+ + H2O +1.80
BiCl4- + 3e- Bi(s) + 4Cl- +0.16
Bi(s) + 3H+ + 3e- BiH3(g) - 0.800


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Polonium - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Polonium Polonium Polonij Polonio Polonium

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 16
Period: 6
Po 51
83
Sb
Bi
52
Te
84
Po
53
85
I
At
Awards Polonium
Chem.Calc
Polonium was discovered by Marie Curie (Poland) in 1898. Named for Poland, native country of
PSE.Menu
Marie Curie. It is silvery-grey, extremely rare, radioactive metal. Soluble in dilute acids. Highly toxic.
Severe radiotoxicity. Carcinogen.
My Software
CHALCOGENS ELEMENT
EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: [209] Electronic configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4
Formal oxidation number: +2 +4 Electronegativities: 2
English
167.3 pm solid
French Density (g dm-3): 9320 (alpha, 293 K) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 22.42 (alpha, 293 K)
Michel Ditria

Eni Generalic
Marija Bralic Melting point: 254 °C Heat of fusion: 10 kJ mol-1
Slobodan Brinic
German
Marc Hens

editors wanted
- ppm
ISOTOPES
209Po 208.982416(3) *
MINERALS AND USES
Polonium occurs in pitchblende. Produced by bombarding bismuth with neutrons. Used in industrial
equipment that eliminates static electricity caused by such processes as rolling paper, wire and
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Polonium - Periodic Table of the Elements
sheet metal.


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Astatine - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Astatine Astate Astat Astato Astat

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 17
Period: 6
At 52
84
Te
Po
53
85
At
I
54
86
Xe
Rn
Awards Astate
Chem.Calc
Astatine was discovered by Emilio Gino Segrè, Dale R. Corson and K. R. MacKenzie (USA) in 1940.
PSE.Menu
The origin of the name comes from the Greek word astatosmeaning unstable. It is unstable,
radioactive member of the halogen group.
My Software
HALOGENS ELEMENT
EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: [210] Electronic configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p5
Formal oxidation number: Electronegativities: 2.2
English
145 pm solid
French Density (g dm-3): - Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): -
Michel Ditria

Eni Generalic
Slobodan Brinic
Boiling point: 337 °C Heat of vaporization: - kJ mol-1
German
Marc Hens

editors wanted
1st ionization energy: - kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm
- ppm
ISOTOPES
210At 209.987131(9) *
MINERALS AND USES
Astatine does not occur in nature. Similar to iodine. Produced by bombarding bismuth with alpha
particles. Since its isotopes have such short half-lives there are no commercially significant
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Astatine - Periodic Table of the Elements
compounds of astatine.


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Radon - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Radon Radon Radon Radon Radon

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 18
Period: 6
Rn 53
85
I
At
54
Xe
86
Rn
55
87
Cs
Fr
Awards Radon
Chem.Calc
Radon was discovered by Friedrich Ernst Dorn (Germany) in 1900. The origin of the name is
PSE.Menu
variation of the name of element radium; radon was called niton at first, from the Latin word
nitensmeaning shining. It is colourless, odourless radioactive, heavy, noble gas. Chemically inert
and non-flammable. Highly radiotoxic. Carcinogen by inhalation.
My Software
NOBLE GASES
EDITORS:
Relative atomic mass: [222] Electronic configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p6
English
Formal oxidation number: 0 Electronegativities: -
Aditya Vardhan
French
Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): 4400 (liquid, b.p.) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 50.45 (liquid, b.p.)
9.73 (gas, 273 K) 22816.03 (gas, 273 K)
Croatian
Eni Generalic
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Marija Bralic
Slobodan Brinic
Melting point: -71 °C Heat of fusion: 2.7 kJ mol-1
German
Marc Hens
Italian
editors wanted

- ppm
ISOTOPES
211Rn 210.990585(8) *
222Rn 222.017570(3) *
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Radon - Periodic Table of the Elements
MINERALS AND USES
Radon is formed from the decay of radium in the earths crust. Used to treat some forms of cancer.


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Francium - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Francium Francium Francij Francio Francium

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 1
Period: 7
Fr 54
86
Xe
Rn
55
87
Cs
Fr
56
88
Ba
Ra
Awards Francium
Chem.Calc
Francium was discovered by Marguerite Perey (France) in 1939. Named for France, the nation of its
PSE.Menu
discovery. It is highly rare and unstable, radioactive metal. Chemical properties similar to cesium.
ALKALI METAL
My Software
Relative atomic mass: [223] Electronic configuration: [Rn] 7s1

EDITORS: Formal oxidation number: Electronegativities:
+1 0.7
English Thermal conductivity: 15 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): - μΩcm
Aditya Vardhan
Eni Generalic
Density (g dm-3): - Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): -
French
Michel Ditria
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Croatian
Eni Generalic Melting point: 27 °C Heat of fusion: - kJ mol-1
Marija Bralic
Slobodan Brinic Boiling point: 677 °C Heat of vaporization: - kJ mol-1
German
Marc Hens
Italian
editors wanted 1st ionization energy: 392.96 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm
- ppm
ISOTOPES
223Fr 223.019731(3) *
MINERALS AND USES
Francium is formed by decay of actinium. Produced by bombarding radium or astatine with neutrons.
Since its isotopes have such short half-lives there are no commercially significant compounds of
francium.
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Francium - Periodic Table of the Elements


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Radium - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Radium Radium Radij Radio Radium

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 2
Period: 7
Ra 55
87
Cs
Fr
56
88
Ba
Ra
57
89
La
Ac
Awards Radium
Chem.Calc
Radium was discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie (France) in 1898. The origin of the name comes
PSE.Menu
from the Latin word radiusmeaning ray. It is silvery-white radioactive metal. Reacts with oxygen and
water. Highly radiotoxic. Carcinogen by inhalation, ingestion, or exposure.
My Software
EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: [226] Electronic configuration: [Rn] 7s2

English
235 pm solid
French Density (g dm-3): 5000 r. (293 K) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 45.20 (est., 293 K)
Michel Ditria

Eni Generalic
Slobodan Brinic
German
Marc Hens

editors wanted
- ppm
ISOTOPES
223Ra 223.018497(3) *
225Ra 225.023604(3) *
226Ra 226.025403(3) *
MINERALS AND USES
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Radium - Periodic Table of the Elements
Radium is found in uranium ores at 1 part per 3 million parts uranium. Used in treating cancer
because of the gamma rays it gives off.
Ra2+ + 2e- Ra(s) - 2.92


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Rutherfordium - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Rutherfordium Rutherfordium Ruthefordij Rutherfordio Rutherfordium

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 4
Period: 7
Rf 71
103
Lu
Lr
72
Hf
104
Rf
73
105
Ta
Db
Awards Rutherfordium
Chem.Calc
Rutherfordium was discovered by workers at the Nuclear Institute at Dubna (USSR) and by workers
PSE.Menu
at the University of California, Berkeley (USA) in 1964. Name in honour of Lord Rutherford, the
physicist and chemist from New Zealand. It is synthetic radioactive metal.
My Software
EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: [261] Electronic configuration: [Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2
Formal oxidation number: +4 Electronegativities: -
English
Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: - W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): - μΩcm
- pm solid
Michel Ditria

Eni Generalic
Marija Bralic Melting point: - °C Heat of fusion: - kJ mol-1
Slobodan Brinic
Boiling point: - °C Heat of vaporization: - kJ mol-1
German
Critical temperature: - °C Heat of atomization: - kJ mol-1
Marc Hens

editors wanted
- ppm
ISOTOPES
MINERALS AND USES
Rutherfordium was made by bombarding californium-249 with beams of carbon-12 and 13. Six
isotopes of rutherfordium have so far been identified. Rutherfordium-261, the longest-lived, has a
half-life of 62 seconds.
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Rutherfordium - Periodic Table of the Elements


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Dubnium - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Dubnium Dubnium Dubnij Dubnio Dubnium

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 5
Period: 7
Db 72
104
Hf
Rf
73
Ta
105
Db
74
106
W
Sg
Awards Dubnium
Chem.Calc
Dubnium was discovered by workers at the Nuclear Institute at Dubna (USSR) and by workers at the
PSE.Menu
University of California, Berkeley (USA) in 1967. The origin of the name dubnium is the Joint Nuclear
Institute at Dubna, Russia, an institute heavily involved in the search for heavy elements. It is
synthetic radioactive metal.
My Software
EDITORS:
Relative atomic mass: [262] Electronic configuration: [Rn] 5f14 6d3 7s2
English
Formal oxidation number: Electronegativities: -
Aditya Vardhan
Eni Generalic Thermal conductivity: - W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): - μΩcm
Atomic radius: - pm Standard state (20 °C): solid
French
Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): - Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): -
Croatian
Marija Bralic
Slobodan Brinic Melting point: - °C Heat of fusion: - kJ mol-1
German Boiling point: - °C Heat of vaporization: - kJ mol-1

Marc Hens Critical temperature: - °C Heat of atomization: - kJ mol-1
Italian

- ppm
ISOTOPES
MINERALS AND USES
Dubnium was made by bombarding californium-249 with a beam of nitrogen-15 ions. There are now
five known isotopes of dubnium. The longest-lived is dubnium-262, with a half-life of 34 seconds.
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Dubnium - Periodic Table of the Elements


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Seaborgium - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Seaborgium Seaborgium Seaborgij Seaborgio Seaborgium

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 6
Period: 7
Sg 73
105
Ta
Db
74
W
106
Sg
75
107
Re
Bh
Awards Seaborgium
Chem.Calc
Seaborgium was discovered by workers at the Nuclear Institute at Dubna (USSR) and by workers at
PSE.Menu
the University of California, Berkeley (USA) in 1974. Named in honour of Glenn T. Seaborg,
American nuclear chemist and Nobel prize winner. It is synthetic radioactive metal.
My Software
English
- pm solid
Michel Ditria

Eni Generalic
Slobodan Brinic
German
Critical temperature: - °C Heat of atomization: - kJ mol-1
Marc Hens

editors wanted
- ppm
ISOTOPES
MINERALS AND USES
Seaborgium was made by bombarding californium-249 with oxygen-18.
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Seaborgium - Periodic Table of the Elements


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Bohrium - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Bohrium Bohrium Bohrij Bohrio Bohrium

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 7
Period: 7
Bh 74
106
W
Sg
75
Re
107
Bh
76
108
Os
Hs
Awards Bohrium
Chem.Calc
Bohrium was discovered by Peter Armbruster, Gottfried Münzenber and their co-workers at the
PSE.Menu
Heavy Ion Research Laboratory (Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung, GSI) in Darmstadt,
Germany in 1981. Named in honour of Niels Bohr, the Danish physicist. It is synthetic radioactive
metal.
My Software
EDITORS:
English
Aditya Vardhan
French
Croatian
Marija Bralic

Italian

- ppm
ISOTOPES
MINERALS AND USES
Bohrium was produced by bombarding bismuth-204 with chromium-54.
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Bohrium - Periodic Table of the Elements


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Hassium - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Hassium Hassium Hassij Hassio Hassium

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 8
Period: 7
Hs 75
107
Re
Bh
76
Os
108
Hs
77
109
Ir
Mt
Awards Hassium
Chem.Calc
Hassium was discovered by Peter Armbruster, Gottfried Münzenber and their co-workers at the
PSE.Menu
Germany in 1984. The origin of the name is the Latin word Hassiasmeaning Hess, the German
state. It is synthetic radioactive metal.
My Software
EDITORS:
English
Aditya Vardhan
French
Croatian
Marija Bralic

Italian

- ppm
ISOTOPES
MINERALS AND USES
Hassium was produced bythe bombardment of lead-208 with iron-58.
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Hassium - Periodic Table of the Elements


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Meitnerium - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Meitnerium Meitnerium Meitnerij Meitnerio Meitnerium

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 9
Period: 7
Mt 76
108
Os
Hs
77
Ir
109
Mt
78
110
Pt
Ds
Awards Meitnerium
Chem.Calc
Meitnerium was discovered by Peter Armbruster, Gottfried Münzenber and their co-workers at the
PSE.Menu
Germany in 1982. Named in honour of Lise Meitner, the Austrian physicist. It is synthetic radioactive
metal.
My Software
EDITORS:
English
Aditya Vardhan
French
Croatian
Marija Bralic

Italian

- ppm
ISOTOPES
MINERALS AND USES
Meitnerium was produced bybombarding bismuth-209 with iron-58.
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Meitnerium - Periodic Table of the Elements


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Darmstadtium - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Darmstadtium Darmstadtium Darmstadtij Darmstadtio Darmstadtium

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NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 10
Period: 7
Ds 77
109
Ir
Mt
78
Pt
110
Ds
79
111
Uuu
Au
Awards Darmstadtium
Chem.Calc
Darmstadtium was discovered by S. Hofmann et al. collaboration at the Heavy Ion Research
PSE.Menu
Laboratory (Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung, GSI) in Darmstadt, Germany in November
1994. The title honours the Laboratory for Heavy Ion Research (called GSI) in Darmstadt, Germany,
where the substance was first made. It is synthetic radioactive metal.
My Software
EDITORS:
English
Aditya Vardhan
French
Croatian
Marija Bralic

Italian

- ppm
ISOTOPES
MINERALS AND USES
The fusion-evaporation reaction using a 62Ni beam on an isotopically enriched 208Pb target
produced four chains of alpha-emitting nuclides following the presumed formation of 269110 + 1n.
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Darmstadtium - Periodic Table of the Elements


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Unununium - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Unununium Unununium Unununij Unununio Unununium

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Group numbers: 11
Period: 7
Uuu 78
110
Pt
Ds
79
Au
111
80
112
Uuu Uub
Hg
Awards Unununium
Chem.Calc
Unununium was discovered by S. Hofmann et al. collaboration at the Heavy Ion Research
PSE.Menu
Laboratory (Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung, GSI) in Darmstadt, Germany in December
1994. The new element has not yet been officially named, but it is known as unununium, according
to the system designated by the IUPAC for naming new elements. It is synthetic radioactive metal.
My Software
EDITORS:
English
Aditya Vardhan
French
Croatian
Marija Bralic

Italian

- ppm
ISOTOPES
MINERALS AND USES
In bombardments of 209Bi targets with 64Ni using the velocity selector SHIP facility to discriminate
in favor of the fused product, 272111 + 1n, three sets of localized alpha-decay chains were observed
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Unununium - Periodic Table of the Elements
with position-sensitive detectors.


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Lanthanum - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Lanthanum Lanthane Lantan Lantanio Lanthan

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Group numbers: 3
Period: 6
La 38
56
Sr
Ba
39
57
Y
La
58
Ce
Awards Lanthanum 88 89 90
Links Discovery date: 1839 Ra Ac Th
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu Lanthanum was discovered by Carl Gustaf Mosander (Sweden) in 1839. The origin of the name
comes from the Greek word lanthaneinmeaning to lie hidden. It is soft, silvery-white, malleable,
ductile metal. Readily tarnishes in air. Reaction with water releases hydrogen gas. Metal ignites and
burns readily. Reacts with oxidants.
My Software

EDITORS:
Relative atomic mass: 138.9055(2) Electronic configuration: [Xe] 5d1 6s2
English
Aditya Vardhan
French
Croatian
Marija Bralic

Italian

16 ppm
ISOTOPES
138La 137.907107(4) 0.0902(2)

139La 138.906348(3) 99.9098(2)
MINERALS AND USES
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Lanthanum - Periodic Table of the Elements
Lanthanum is found with rare earths in monazite and bastnasite. Monazite sand typical contains
25% lanthanum. It is used in the electrodes of high-intensity, carbon-arc lights. Because it gives
glass refractive properties, it is used in expensive camera lenses. The price of 99.9 % pure
lanthanum pieces is 232.50 for 100 g.
La3+ + 3e- La(s) - 2.52

La(OH)3(s) + 3e- La(s) + 3OH- - 2.90


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Cerium - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Cerium Cérium Cerij Cerio Cer

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Group numbers: 3
Period: 6
Ce 39
57
Y
La
58
Ce
59
Pr
Awards Cerium 89 90 91
Links Discovery date: 1814 Ac Th Pa
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu Cerium was discovered by Martin Heinrich Klaproth (Germany) and by Jöns Jacob Berzelius
(Sweden) in 1803 and Wilhelm von Hisinger (Germany) in 1814. Named after the asteroid
Cereswhich discovered two years before the element. It is malleable, ductile, iron-grey metal.
Tarnishes in air; reacts easily with water. Dissolves in acids; ignites when heated. Metal ignites and
My Software burns readily. Strong reductant.
TRANSITION ELEMENT: LANTHANIDE

EDITORS:
English Relative atomic mass: 140.116(1) Electronic configuration: [Xe] 4f2 6s2
Aditya Vardhan Formal oxidation number: +3 +4 Electronegativities: 1.12
Eni Generalic
Thermal conductivity: 11.4 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 75 μΩcm
French
Michel Ditria
Density (g dm-3): 8240 (alpha, 298 K) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 17.00 (alpha, 298 K)
Croatian 6749 (beta, 298 K) 20.76 (beta, 298 K)
Eni Generalic 6773 (gamma, 298 K) 20.69 (gamma, 298 K)
Marija Bralic
Slobodan Brinic
THERMAL PROPERTIES
German
Marc Hens Melting point: 798 °C Heat of fusion: 8.87 kJ mol-1
Italian
editors wanted Critical temperature: 10127 °C Heat of atomization: 423.4 kJ mol-1

33 ppm
ISOTOPES
136Ce 135.90714(5) 0.19(1)

137Ce 136.90778(5) *
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Cerium - Periodic Table of the Elements
138Ce 137.90599(1) 0.25(1)

139Ce 138.906647(8) *
140Ce 139.905434(3) 88.48(10)
141Ce 140.908271(3) *
142Ce 141.909240(4) 11.08(10)
MINERALS AND USES
Cerium is most abundant rare earth metal. Found in many minerals like monazite sand [Ce(PO4)].
Its oxides are used in the optics and glass-making industries. Its salts are used in the photography
and textile industry. Used in high-intensity carbon lamps and as alloying agents in special metals.
The price of 99.8 % pure cerium ingot is 256.20 for 250 g.
Ce3+ + 3e- Ce(s) - 2.48

Ce(OH)22+ + 2H+ + e- Ce3+ + 2H2O +1.73
Ce(OH)3+ + H+ + e- Ce3+ + H2O +1.71
Ce(ClO4)62- + e- Ce3+ + 6ClO4- +1.70 1 mol dm-3 HClO4
Ce(NO3)62- + e- Ce3+ + 6NO3- +1.61 1 mol dm-3 HNO3
Ce(SO4)32- + e- Ce3+ + 3SO42- +1.44 1 mol dm-3 H2SO4


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Praseodymium - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Praseodymium Praséodyme Praseodimij Praseodimio Praseodym

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Group numbers: 3
Period: 6
Pr 58
Ce
59
Pr
60
Nd
Awards Praseodym 90 91 92
Links Discovery date: 1885 Th Pa U
Chem.Calc
Praseodymium was discovered by Carl F. Auer von Welsbach (Austria) in 1885. The origin of the
PSE.Menu
name comes from the Greek words prasios didymosmeaning green twin. It is silvery white,
moderately soft, malleable, ductile metal. Reacts slowly with oxygen. Reacts rapidly with water.
Metal ignites and burns readily.
My Software
EDITORS:
Relative atomic mass: 140.90765(2) Electronic configuration: [Xe] 4f3 6s2
English
Aditya Vardhan
French
Croatian
Marija Bralic

Italian

3.9 ppm
ISOTOPES
141Pr 140.907648(3) 100
MINERALS AND USES
Praseodymium is obtained from same salts as neodymium. Used with neodymium to make lenses
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Praseodymium - Periodic Table of the Elements
for glass maker's goggles since it filters out the yellow light present in glass blowing. Alloyed with
magnesium creates a high-strength metal used in aircraft engines. Misch metal, used in the
manufacture of pyrophoric alloys for cigarette lighters, contains about 5% praseodymium metal.
(Typically composition of misch metal are Ce:Nd:Pr:La:Other rare earth=50:18:6:22:4). The price of
99.9 % pure praseodymium ingot is 184.50 for 50 g.


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Neodymium - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Neodymium Néodyme Neodimij Neodimio Neodym

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Group numbers: 3
Period: 6
Nd 59
Pr
60
Nd
61
Pm
Awards Neodym 91 92 93
Links Discovery date: 1885 Pa U Np
Chem.Calc
Neodymium was discovered by Carl F. Auer von Welsbach (Austria) in 1885. The origin of the name
PSE.Menu
comes from the Greek words neos didymosmeaning new twin. It is silvery-white, rare-earth metal
that oxidizes easily in air. Reacts slowly in cold water, more rapidly as heated. Metal ignites and
burns readily.
My Software
EDITORS:
English
Aditya Vardhan
French
Croatian
Marija Bralic

Italian

16 ppm
ISOTOPES
142Nd 141.907719(3) 27.13(12)

143Nd 142.909810(3) 12.18(6)
144Nd 143.910083(3) 23.80(12)
145Nd 144.912569(3) 8.30(6)
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Neodymium - Periodic Table of the Elements
146Nd 145.913112(3) 17.19(9)

148Nd 147.916889(3) 5.76(3)
150Nd 149.920887(4) 5.64(3)
MINERALS AND USES
Neodymium is made from electrolysis of its halide salts, which are made from monazite sand. Used
in making artificial ruby for lasers. Also in ceramics and for a special lens with praseodymium. Also
to produce bright purple glass and special glass that filters infrared radiation. Misch metal, used in
the manufacture of pyrophoric alloys for cigarette lighters, contains about 18% neodymium metal.
(Typically composition of misch metal are Ce:Nd:Pr:La:Other rare earth=50:18:6:22:4). Neodymium
is used to create some of the most powerful permanent magnets on Earth, known as NIB magnets
they consist of neodymium, iron, and boron. The price of 99.9 % pure neodymium ingot is 146.70
for 100 g.
Ni2+ + 2e- Ni(s) - 0.250

NiO2(s) + 4H+ + 2e- Ni2+ + 2H2O +1.593
NiO2(s) + 2H2O + 2e- Ni(OH)2(s) + 2OH- +0.49
Ni2O3(s) + 6H+ + 2e- 2Ni2+ + 3H2O +1.753
Ni3O4(s) + 2H2O + 2e- 3HNiO2- + H+ - 0.718
Ni3O4(s) + 8H+ + 2e- 3Ni2+ + 4H2O +1.977
HNiO2- + 3H+ + 2e- Ni(s) + 2H2O +0.648
Ni(CN)42- + e- Ni(CN)3- + CN- - 0.4
NiO42- + 8H+ + 4e- Ni2+ + 4H2O +1.8
Ni(NH3)62+ + 2e- Ni(s) + 6NH3 - 0.49
NiS(s) (alfa) + 2e- Ni(s) + S2- +0.76
NiS(s) (gama) + 2e- Ni(s) + S2- - 0.99


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Promethium - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Promethium Prométhium Prometij Prometio Promethium

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Group numbers: 3
Period: 6
Pm 60
Nd
61
Pm
62
Sm
Awards Promethium 92 93 94
Links Discovery date: 1945 U Np Pu
Chem.Calc
Promethium was discovered by J. A. Marinsky, Lawrence Glendenin and Charles D. Coryell (USA)
PSE.Menu
in 1945. Named after Prometheusin Greek mythology, who stole fire from the gods. It is rare earth
metal of synthetic origin on the earth, naturally made in stars. Poison. Radiotoxic. Radioactive.
My Software
EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: [145] Electronic configuration: [Xe] 4f5 6s2
English
183.4 pm solid
Michel Ditria

Eni Generalic
Slobodan Brinic
German
Marc Hens

editors wanted
- ppm
ISOTOPES
143Pm 142.910928(4) *
145Pm 144.912744(4) *
147Pm 146.915134(3) *
MINERALS AND USES
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Promethium - Periodic Table of the Elements
Promethium does not occur naturally. Found among fission products of uranium, thorium and
plutonium. It has been used as a source of radioactivity for thickness-measuring gages.


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Samarium - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Samarium Samarium Samarij Samario Samarium

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Glossary
Appendix
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Group numbers: 3
Period: 6
Sm 61
Pm
62
Sm
63
Eu
Awards Samarium 93 94 95
Links Discovery date: 1879 Np Pu Am
Chem.Calc
Samarium was discovered by Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran (France) in 1879. Named after the
PSE.Menu
mineral samarskite. It is silvery rare earth metal. Stable in dry air. Oxide coating forms on surfaces
exposed to moist air. Metal ignites and burns readily. Reacts with water.
My Software
EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 150.36(3) Electronic configuration: [Xe] 4f6 6s2
English
180.4 pm solid
Michel Ditria

Eni Generalic
Slobodan Brinic
German
Marc Hens

editors wanted
3.5 ppm
ISOTOPES
144Sm 143.911995(4) 3.1(1)

147Sm 146.914893(3) 15.0(2)
148Sm 147.914818(3) 11.3(1)
149Sm 148.917180(3) 13.8(1)
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Samarium - Periodic Table of the Elements
150Sm 149.917271(3) 7.4(1)

152Sm 151.919728(3) 26.7(2)
154Sm 153.922205(3) 22.7(2)
MINERALS AND USES
Samarium is found with other rare earths in monazite sand. It is used in the electronics and ceramics
industries. It is easily magnetized and very difficult to demagnetise. This suggests important future
applications in solid-state and superconductor technologies. The price of 99.9 % pure samarium
ingot is 191.00 for 100 g.


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Europium - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Europium Europium Europij Europio Europium

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Glossary
Appendix
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Group numbers: 3
Period: 6
Eu 62
Sm
63
Eu
64
Gd
Awards Europium 94 95 96
Links Discovery date: 1896 Pu Am Cm
Chem.Calc
Europium was discovered by Eugene Demarcay (France) in 1896. Named for the continent of
PSE.Menu
Europe. It is soft, silvery-white metal. Extremely reactive with oxygen and water.

My Software

+2 +3 -
English Thermal conductivity: 13.9 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 90 μΩcm
Aditya Vardhan
Eni Generalic
French
Michel Ditria
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Croatian
Eni Generalic Melting point: 822 °C Heat of fusion: 10.5 kJ mol-1
Marija Bralic
Slobodan Brinic Boiling point: 1529 °C Heat of vaporization: 176 kJ mol-1
German
Marc Hens
Italian
1.1 ppm
ISOTOPES
151Eu 150.919846(3) 47.8(15)

153Eu 152.921226(3) 52.2(15)
MINERALS AND USES
Europium is obtained from monazite sand, which is a mixture of phosphates of calcium, thorium,
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Europium - Periodic Table of the Elements
cerium and most other rare earths. Used with yttrium oxide to make red phosphors for colour
televisions. The price of 99.9 % pure europium ingot is 254.30 for 5 g.


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Gadolinium - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Gadolinium Gadolinium Gadolinij Gadolinio Gadolinium

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Glossary
Appendix
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Group numbers: 3
Period: 6
Gd 63
Eu
64
Gd
65
Tb
Awards Gadolinium 95 96 97
Links Discovery date: 1880 Am Cm Bk
Chem.Calc
Gadolinium was discovered by Jean de Marignac (France) in 1880. Named after the mineral
PSE.Menu
gadolinite, named for J. Gadolin, a Finnish chemist and mineralogist. It is soft, ductile, silvery-white
metal. Reacts slowly with water and oxygen. Dissolves in acids. Metal ignites and burns readily.
My Software
English
178.7 pm solid
French Density (g dm-3): 7900.4 (298 K) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 19.90 (298 K)
Michel Ditria

Eni Generalic
Slobodan Brinic
German
Marc Hens

editors wanted
3.3 ppm
ISOTOPES
152Gd 151.919788(3) 0.20(1)

154Gd 153.920862(3) 2.18(3)
155Gd 154.922619(3) 14.80(5)
156Gd 155.922120(3) 20.47(4)
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Gadolinium - Periodic Table of the Elements
157Gd 156.923957(3) 15.65(3)

158Gd 157.924101(3) 24.84(12)
160Gd 159.927051(3) 21.86(4)
MINERALS AND USES
Gadolinium is found with other rare earths in gadolinite and monazite sand. Used in steel alloying
agents and the manufacture of electronic components. The price of 99.9 % pure gadolinium pieces
is 218.80 for 50 g.


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Terbium - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Terbium Terbium Terbij Terbio Terbium

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Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 3
Period: 6
Tb 64
Gd
65
Tb
66
Dy
Awards Terbium 96 97 98
Links Discovery date: 1843 Cm Bk Cf
Chem.Calc
Terbium was discovered by Carl Gustaf Mosander (Sweden) in 1843. Named after Ytterby, a village
PSE.Menu
in Sweden. It is soft, ductile, silvery-grey, rare earth metal. Oxidizes slowly in air. Reacts with cold
water.
My Software
English
176.3 pm solid
Michel Ditria

Eni Generalic
Slobodan Brinic
German
Marc Hens

editors wanted
0.6 ppm
ISOTOPES
159Tb 158.925343(3) 100
MINERALS AND USES
Terbium is found with other rare earths in monazite sand. Other sources are xenotime and euxenite,
both of which are oxide mixtures that can contain up to 1% terbium. It is used in modest amounts in
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Terbium - Periodic Table of the Elements
special lasers and solid-state devices. The price of 99.9 % pure terbium ingot is 266.30 for 10 g.


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Dysprosium - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Dysprosium Dysprosium Disprozij Disprosio Dysprosium

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Glossary
Appendix
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Group numbers: 3
Period: 6
Dy 65
Tb
66
Dy
67
Ho
Awards Dysprosium 97 98 99
Links Discovery date: 1886 Bk Cf Es
Chem.Calc
Dysprosium was discovered by Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran (France) in 1886. The origin of the
PSE.Menu
name comes from the Greek word dysprositosmeaning hard to obtain. It is soft, lustrous, silvery
metal. Reacts with oxygen. Reacts rapidly with water; dissolves in acids. Metal ignites and burns
readily. Reductant.
My Software
EDITORS:
English
Aditya Vardhan
French
Croatian
Marija Bralic

Italian

3.6 ppm
ISOTOPES
156Dy 155.924278(7) 0.06(1)

158Dy 157.924405(4) 0.10(1)
160Dy 159.925194(3) 2.34(6)
161Dy 160.926930(3) 18.9(2)
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Dysprosium - Periodic Table of the Elements
162Dy 161.926795(3) 25.5(2)

163Dy 162.928728(3) 24.9(2)
164Dy 163.929171(3) 28.2(2)
MINERALS AND USES
Dysprosium usually found with erbium, holmium and other rare earths in some minerals such as
monazite sand. Dysprosium uses are limited to the experimental and esoteric. Some isotopes of
dysprosium are effective absorbers of thermal neutrons and are being considered for use in the
control rods in nuclear reactors. The price of 99.9 % pure dysprosium ingot is 201.10 for 100 g.


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Holmium - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Holmium Holmium Holmij Olmio Holmium

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NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 3
Period: 6
Ho 66
Dy
67
Ho
68
Er
Awards Holmium 98 99 100
Links Discovery date: 1879 Cf Es Fm
Chem.Calc
Holmium was discovered by Per Theodore Cleve (Sweden) in 1879. The origin of the name comes
PSE.Menu
from the Greek word Holmiameaning Stockholm. It is fairly soft, malleable, lustrous, silvery metal.
Reacts slowly with oxygen and water. Dissolves in acids. Can react violently with air or halogens.
My Software
English
174.3 pm solid
Michel Ditria

Eni Generalic
Slobodan Brinic
German
Marc Hens

editors wanted
0.78 ppm
ISOTOPES
165Ho 164.930319(3) 100
MINERALS AND USES
Holmium occurs in gadolinite. Most often from monazite sand. It has very few practical applications;
however, it has some unusual magnetic properties that offer some hope for future applications. The
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Holmium - Periodic Table of the Elements
price of 99.9 % pure holmium pieces is 348.50 for 25 g.


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Erbium - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Erbium Erbium Erbij Erbio Erbium

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NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 3
Period: 6
Er 67
Ho
68
Er
69
Tm
Awards Erbium 99 100 101
Links Discovery date: 1843 Es Fm Md
Chem.Calc
Erbium was discovered by Carl Gustaf Mosander (Sweden) in 1843. Named after Ytterby, a village
PSE.Menu
in Sweden. It is soft, malleable, silvery metal. Reacts slowly with water. Dissolves in acids. Metal
ignites and burns readily.
My Software
English
173.4 pm solid
Michel Ditria

Eni Generalic
Slobodan Brinic
German
Marc Hens

editors wanted
2.2 ppm
ISOTOPES
162Er 161.928775(4) 0.14(1)

164Er 163.929197(4) 1.61(2)
166Er 165.930290(3) 33.6(2)
167Er 166.932045(3) 22.95(15)
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Erbium - Periodic Table of the Elements
168Er 167.932368(3) 26.8(2)

170Er 169.935460(3) 14.9(2)
MINERALS AND USES
Erbium is found with other heavier rare earths in xenotime and euxenite. Erbium oxide is used in
ceramics to obtain a pink glaze. Also a few uses in the nuclear industry and as an alloying agent for
other exotic metals. The price of 99.9 % pure erbium pieces is 232.60 for 50 g.


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Thulium - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Thulium Thulium Tulij Tulio Thulium

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Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 3
Period: 6
Tm 68
Er
69
Tm
70
Yb
Awards Thulium 100 101 102
Links Discovery date: 1879 Fm Md No
Chem.Calc
Thulium was discovered by Per Theodore Cleve (Sweden) in 1879. Named after Thule, an ancient
PSE.Menu
name for Scandinavia. It is soft, malleable, ductile, silvery metal. Tarnishes in air. Reacts with water.
Flammable dust.
My Software
English
172.4 pm solid
Michel Ditria

Eni Generalic
Slobodan Brinic
German
Marc Hens

editors wanted
0.32 ppm
ISOTOPES
169Tm 168.934211(3) 100
MINERALS AND USES
Thulium is found with other rare earths in the minerals gadolinite, euxenite, xenotime and monazite.
Radioactive thulium is used to power portable x-ray machines, eliminating the need for electrical
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Thulium - Periodic Table of the Elements
equipment. The price of 99.9 % pure thulium pieces is 291.00 for 5 g.


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Ytterbium - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Ytterbium Ytterbium Iterbij Itterbio Ytterbium

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 3
Period: 6
Yb 69
Tm
70
Yb
39
71
Y
Lu
Awards Ytterbium 101 102 103
Links Discovery date: 1878 Md No Lr
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu Ytterbium was discovered by Jean de Marignac (France) in 1878. Named after Ytterby, a village in
Sweden. It is silvery, lustrous, malleable and ductile metal. Oxidizes slowly in air. Reacts with water.
Flammable dust.
My Software
English Formal oxidation number: +2 +3 Electronegativities: -
Eni Generalic
Michel Ditria

Eni Generalic
Slobodan Brinic
German
Marc Hens
Italian
editors wanted
2.2 ppm
ISOTOPES
168Yb 167.933894(5) 0.13(1)

170Yb 169.934759(3) 3.05(6)
171Yb 170.936322(3) 14.3(2)
172Yb 171.936378(3) 21.9(3)
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Ytterbium - Periodic Table of the Elements
173Yb 172.938207(3) 16.12(21)

174Yb 173.938858(3) 31.8(4)
176Yb 175.942568(3) 12.7(2)
MINERALS AND USES
Ytterbium is found in minerals such as yttria, monazite, gadolinite and xenotime. Used in
metallurgical and chemical experiments. The price of 99.9 % pure ytterbium ingot is 188.50 for 25
g.


http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/yb.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:19

Lutetium - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Lutetium Lutétium Lutecij Lutezio Lutetium

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 3
Period: 6
Lu 70
Yb
39
Y
71
Lu
40
72
Zr
Hf
Awards Lutetium 102 103 104
Links Discovery date: 1907 No Lr Rf
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu Lutetium was discovered by Georges Urbain (France) and independently by Carl Auer von
Welsbach (Austria) in 1907. The origin of the name comes from the Greek word Lutetiameaning
Paris. It is silvery-white and relatively stable in air, rare earth metal.
My Software
English Formal oxidation number: +3 Electronegativities: 1
Eni Generalic
Michel Ditria

Eni Generalic
Slobodan Brinic
German
Marc Hens
Italian
editors wanted
0.3 ppm
ISOTOPES
175Lu 174.940768(3) 97.41(2)

176Lu 175.942682(3) 2.59(2)
MINERALS AND USES
http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/lu.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:24

Lutetium - Periodic Table of the Elements
Lutetium is found with ytterbium in gadolinite and xenotime. Stable lutetium nuclides can be used as
catalysts in cracking, alkylation, hydrogenation, and polymerization. The price of 99.9 % pure
lutetium pieces is 555.30 for 5 g.


http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/lu.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:24

Actinium - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Actinium Actinium Aktinij Attinio Actinium

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 3
Period: 7
Ac 56
88
Ba
Ra
57
89
La
Ac
58
90
Ce
Th
Awards Actinium
Chem.Calc
Actinium was discovered by André Debierne (France) in 1899. The origin of the name comes from
PSE.Menu
the Greek word aktinosmeaning ray. It is heavy, silvery-white, very radioactive metal. Reacts with
water. Glows in the dark.
My Software
EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: [227] Electronic configuration: [Rn] 6d1 7s2
English
Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 12 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): - μΩcm
188 pm solid
Michel Ditria

Eni Generalic
Marija Bralic Melting point: 1051 °C Heat of fusion: - kJ mol-1
Slobodan Brinic
German
Marc Hens

editors wanted
- ppm
ISOTOPES
227Ac 227.027747(3) *
MINERALS AND USES
Actinium is extremely rare, found in all uranium ores. Usually obtained by treating radium with
neutrons in a reactor.
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Actinium - Periodic Table of the Elements


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Thorium - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Thorium Thorium Torij Torio Thorium

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 3
Period: 7
Th 57
89
La
Ac
58
90
Ce
Th
59
91
Pr
Pa
Awards Thorium
Chem.Calc
Thorium was discovered by Jöns Jakob Berzelius (Sweden) in 1828. Named after Thor, the
PSE.Menu
mythological Scandinavian god of war. It is heavy, grey, soft, malleable, ductile, radioactive metal.
Tarnishes in air; reacts with water. Reacts violently with oxidants.
My Software
TRANSITION ELEMENT: ACTINIDE
EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 232.0381(1) Electronic configuration: [Rn] 6d2 7s2
English
179.8 pm solid
Michel Ditria

Eni Generalic
Slobodan Brinic
German
Marc Hens

editors wanted
3.5 ppm
ISOTOPES
229Th 229.031755(3) *
232Th 232.038050(2) 100
MINERALS AND USES
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Thorium - Periodic Table of the Elements
Thorium is found in various minerals like monazite and thorite. Used in making strong alloys. Also in
ultraviolet photoelectric cells. It is a common ingredient in high-quality lenses. Bombarded with
neutrons make uranium-233, a nuclear fuel. The price of 99.8 % pure thorium powder is 464.20
for 10 g.
Th4+ + 4e- Th(s) - 1.90

Th(OH)4(s) + 4e- Th(s) + 4OH- - 2.48


http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/th.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:27

Protactinium - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Protactinium Protactinium Protaktinij Protoattinio Protactinium

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 3
Period: 7
Pa 58
90
Ce
Th
59
91
Pr
Pa
60
92
Nd
U
Awards Protactinium
Chem.Calc
Protactinium was discovered by Otto Hahn (Germany) and Lise Meitner (Austria) in 1917. The origin
PSE.Menu
of the name comes from the Greek word protosmeaning first. It is very rare, silvery-white, extremely
radioactive metal. Resists alkalis; reacts with oxygen and acids. Attacked by steam. Highly
radiotoxic. Protactinium is extremely toxic and must be handled with great care.
My Software
EDITORS:
Relative atomic mass: 231.03588(2) Electronic configuration: [Rn] 5f2 6d1 7s2
English
Aditya Vardhan
French
Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): 15370 (pretp.) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 15.03 (pretp.)
Croatian
Marija Bralic
German Boiling point: - °C Heat of vaporization: 481 kJ mol-1

Italian

2E-12 ppm
ISOTOPES
231Pa 231.035879(3) *
MINERALS AND USES
Protactinium does not occur in nature. Found among fission products of uranium, thorium and
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Protactinium - Periodic Table of the Elements
plutonium.


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Uranium - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Uranium Uranium Uranij Uranio Uran

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 3
Period: 7
U 59
91
Pr
Pa
60
92
Nd
U
61
93
Pm
Np
Awards Uranium
Chem.Calc
Uranium was discovered by Martin Heinrich Klaproth (Germany) in 1789. Named after the planet
PSE.Menu
Uranus. It is silvery-white, dense, ductile, malleable, radioactive metal. Resists alkalis; tarnishes in
air; attacked by steam and acids. Radiotoxic.
My Software
EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 238.02891(3) Electronic configuration: [Rn] 5f3 6d1 7s2
English
138.5 pm solid
Croatian
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Eni Generalic
Marija Bralic
Italian

0.91 ppm
ISOTOPES
234U 234.040946(2) 0.0055(5)

235U 235.043923(2) 0.7200(12)
238U 238.050783(2) 99.2745(60)
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Uranium - Periodic Table of the Elements
MINERALS AND USES
Uranium occurs in many rocks, but in large amounts only in such minerals as pitchblende and
carnotite. For many centuries it was used as a pigment for glass. Now it is used as a fuel in nuclear
reactors and in bombs. The price of 99.7 % pure uranium turnings is 217.60 for 25 g.
U4+ + e- U3+ - 0.607
U3+ + 3e- U(s) - 1.798

UO22+ + e- UO2+ +0.052
UO22+ + 3H+ + 2e- UOH3+ + H2O +0.299
UO22+ + 4H+ + 2e- U4+ + 2H2O +0.334
UO22+ + 2e- UO2(s) +0.45
UO2+ + 3H+ + e- UOH3+ + H2O +0.546
UO2+ + 4H+ + e- U4+ + 2H2O +0.612
UOH3+ + H+ + e- U3+ + H2O - 0.538
UO2(s) + 4H+ + 4e- U(s) + 2H2O - 1.444
UO2(s) + 2H2O + 4e- U(s) + 4OH- - 2.39
U3O8(s) + 4H+ + 4e- 3UO2 + 2H2O +0.260
U(OH)3(s) + 3e- U(s) + 3OH- - 2.17


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Neptunium - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Neptunium Neptunium Neptunij Nettunio Neptunium

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 3
Period: 7
Np 60
92
Nd
U
61
93
Pm
Np
62
94
Sm
Pu
Awards Neptunium
Chem.Calc
Neptunium was discovered by Edwin M. McMillan and P. H. Abelson (USA) in 1940. Named after
PSE.Menu
the planet Neptune. It is rare, silvery radioactive metal. Resists alkalis; reacts with oxygen and acids.
Attacked by steam. Radiotoxic.
My Software
English
130 pm solid
Michel Ditria

Eni Generalic
Slobodan Brinic
German
Marc Hens

editors wanted
- ppm
ISOTOPES
237Np 237.048167(2) *
MINERALS AND USES
Neptunium was produced by bombarding uranium with slow neutrons.
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Neptunium - Periodic Table of the Elements


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Plutonium - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Plutonium Plutonium Plutonij Plutonio Plutonium

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 3
Period: 7
Pu 61
93
Pm
Np
62
94
Sm
Pu
63
95
Eu
Am
Awards Plutonium
Chem.Calc
Plutonium was discovered by Glenn T. Seaborg, Edwin M. McMillan, J. W. Kennedy and A. C. Wahl
PSE.Menu
(USA) in 1940. Named after the planet Pluto. It is silvery-white, extremely radioactive artificially
produced metal. Reacts with oxygen and acids; resists alkalis. Attacked by steam. Highly toxic.
My Software
EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: [244] Electronic configuration: [Rn] 5f6 7s2
English
151.3 pm solid
Croatian
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Eni Generalic
Marija Bralic
Italian

- ppm
ISOTOPES
239Pu 239.052157(2) *
244Pu 244.064198(5) *
MINERALS AND USES
http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/pu.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:33

Plutonium - Periodic Table of the Elements
Plutonium is found rarely in some uranium ores. Made by bombarding uranium with neutrons. Used
in bombs and reactors. Small quantities are used in thermo-electric generators.
Pu4+ + e- Pu3+ +0.970
Pu3+ + 3e- Pu(s) - 2.03

PuO2 2+ + 4H+ + 2e- Pu4+ + 2H2O +1.04
PuO22+ + e- PuO2+ +0.916
Pu(OH)3(s) + 3e- Pu(s) + 3OH- - 2.42
Pu(OH)4(s) + e- Pu(OH)3(s) + OH- - 0.95


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Americium - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Americium Américium Americij Americio Americium

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 3
Period: 7
Am 62
94
Sm
Pu
63
Eu
95
Am
64
96
Gd
Cm
Awards Americium
Chem.Calc
Americium was discovered by Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Stanley G. Thompson and Albert
PSE.Menu
Ghiorso (USA) in 1944. Named for the Americancontinent. It is silvery-white, artificially produced
radioactive metal.
My Software
Formal oxidation number: +3 +4 +5 +6 Electronegativities: -
English
173 pm solid
Michel Ditria

Eni Generalic
Slobodan Brinic
German
Marc Hens

editors wanted
- ppm
ISOTOPES
MINERALS AND USES
Americium was produced by bombarding plutonium with neutrons. Americium-241 is currently used
in smoke detectors.
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Americium - Periodic Table of the Elements


http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/am.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:35

Curium - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Curium Curium Kurij Curio Curium

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 3
Period: 7
Cm 63
95
Eu
Am
64
Gd
96
Cm
65
97
Tb
Bk
Awards Curium
Chem.Calc
Curium was discovered by Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James and Albert Ghiorso (USA) in 1944.
PSE.Menu
Named in honour of Pierre and Marie Curie. It is silvery, malleable, synthetic radioactive metal. So
radioactive it glows in the dark.
My Software
English
174 pm solid
Michel Ditria

Eni Generalic
Slobodan Brinic
German
Critical temperature: - °C Heat of atomization: 382 kJ mol-1
Marc Hens

editors wanted
- ppm
ISOTOPES
MINERALS AND USES
Curium was made by bombarding plutonium with helium ions.
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Curium - Periodic Table of the Elements


http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/cm.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:36

Berkelium - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Berkelium Berkélium Berkelij Berkelio Berkelium

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 3
Period: 7
Bk 64
96
Gd
Cm
65
Tb
97
Bk
66
98
Dy
Cf
Awards Berkelium
Chem.Calc
Berkelium was discovered by Stanley G. Thompson, Albert Ghiorso and Glenn T. Seaborg (USA) in
PSE.Menu
1949. Named after Berkeley, a city in California, home of the University of California, USA. It is
My Software
Formal oxidation number: +3 +4 Electronegativities: -
English
170 pm solid
Michel Ditria

Eni Generalic
Slobodan Brinic
German
Marc Hens

editors wanted
- ppm
ISOTOPES
MINERALS AND USES
Berkelium was made by bombarding americium with alpha particles.
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Berkelium - Periodic Table of the Elements


http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/bk.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:38

Californium - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Californium Californium Kalifornij Californio Californium

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 3
Period: 7
Cf 65
97
Tb
Bk
66
Dy
98
Cf
67
99
Ho
Es
Awards Californium
Chem.Calc
Californium was discovered by Stanley G. Thompson, Kenneth Street Jr. and Albert Ghiorso (USA)
PSE.Menu
in 1950. Named after the State and University of California, USA. It is synthetic radioactive metal.
Powerful neutron emitter.
My Software
English
186 pm solid
Michel Ditria

Eni Generalic
Slobodan Brinic
German
Marc Hens

editors wanted
- ppm
ISOTOPES
MINERALS AND USES
Californium was made by bombarding curium with helium ions.
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Californium - Periodic Table of the Elements


http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/cf.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:39

Einsteinium - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Einsteinium Einsteinium Einsteinij Einsteinio Einsteinium

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 3
Period: 7
Es 66
98
Dy
Cf
67
Ho
99
Es
68
100
Er
Fm
Awards Einsteinium
Chem.Calc
Einsteinium was discovered by Albert Ghiorso (USA) in 1952. Named in honour of Albert Einstein. It
PSE.Menu
is synthetic radioactive metal.

My Software
Relative atomic mass: [252] Electronic configuration: [Rn] 5f11 7s2

+3 -
English Thermal conductivity: - W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): - μΩcm
Aditya Vardhan
Eni Generalic
French
Michel Ditria
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Croatian
Marija Bralic
Slobodan Brinic Boiling point: - °C Heat of vaporization: - kJ mol-1
German
Marc Hens
Italian
- ppm
ISOTOPES
MINERALS AND USES
Einsteinium was made by bombarding uranium with neutrons.
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Einsteinium - Periodic Table of the Elements


http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/es.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:41

Fermium - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Fermium Fermium Fermij Fermio Fermium

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 3
Period: 7
Fm 67
99
Ho
Es
68
Er
100
Fm
69
101
Tm
Md
Awards Fermium
Chem.Calc
Fermium was discovered by Albert Ghiorso (USA) in 1953. Named in honour of Enrico Fermi. It is
PSE.Menu

My Software

+3 -
English Thermal conductivity: - W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): - μΩcm
Aditya Vardhan
Eni Generalic
French
Michel Ditria
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Croatian
Marija Bralic
Slobodan Brinic Boiling point: - °C Heat of vaporization: - kJ mol-1
German
Marc Hens
Italian
- ppm
ISOTOPES
MINERALS AND USES
Fermium was produced by bombarding lighter transuranium elements with still lighter particles or by
neutron capture.
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Fermium - Periodic Table of the Elements


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Mendelevium - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Mendelevium Mendelévium Mendelevij Mendelevio Mendelevium

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 3
Period: 7
Md 68
100
Er
Fm
69
Tm
101
Md
70
102
Yb
No
Awards Mendelevium
Chem.Calc
Mendelevium was discovered by Albert Ghiorso, Bernard G. Harvey, Gregory R. Choppin, Stanley
PSE.Menu
G. Thompson and Glenn T. Seaborg (USA) in 1955. Named in honour of Dimitri Mendeljejev, the
Russian chemist who devised the periodic table. It is synthetic radioactive metal.
My Software
English
- pm solid
Michel Ditria

Eni Generalic
Slobodan Brinic
German
Marc Hens

editors wanted
- ppm
ISOTOPES
MINERALS AND USES
Mendelevium was made by bombarding einsteinium with helium ions.
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Mendelevium - Periodic Table of the Elements


http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/md.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:44

Nobelium - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Nobelium Nobélium Nobelij Nobelio Nobelium

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 3
Period: 7
No 69
101
Tm
Md
70
Yb
102
No
71
103
Lu
Lr
Awards Nobelium
Chem.Calc
Nobelium was discovered by Nobel Institute of Physics in Stockholm and later by Albert Ghiorso,
PSE.Menu
Torbjorn Sikkeland, J. R. Walton and Glenn T. Seaborg (USA) in 1958. Named in honour of Alfred
Nobel, Swedish chemist who discovered dynamite and founder of the Nobel Prizes. It is synthetic
radioactive metal.
My Software
EDITORS:
English
Aditya Vardhan
French
Croatian
Marija Bralic

Marc Hens Critical temperature: - °C Heat of atomization: 108 kJ mol-1
Italian

- ppm
ISOTOPES
MINERALS AND USES
Nobelium was made by bombarding curium with carbon-13
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Nobelium - Periodic Table of the Elements


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Lawrencium - Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Lawrencium Lawrencium Lawrencij Lawrentio Lawrencium

Find element
NEIGHBOURS
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Group numbers: 3
Period: 7
Lr 70
102
Yb
No
71
Lu
103
Lr
72
104
Hf
Rf
Awards Lawrencium
Chem.Calc
Lawrencium was discovered by Albert Ghiorso, Torbjorn Sikkeland, Almon E. Larsh and Robert M.
PSE.Menu
Latimer (USA) in 1961. Named in honour of Ernest O. Lawrence, inventor of the cyclotron. It is
My Software
English
- pm solid
Michel Ditria

Eni Generalic
Slobodan Brinic
German
Marc Hens

editors wanted
- ppm
ISOTOPES
MINERALS AND USES
Lawrencium was produced by bombarding a mixture of three isotopes of californium with boron-10
and boron-11 ions. Eight isotopes of lawrencium have been synthesized to date, with the longest-
lived being lawrencium-256, which has a half-life of about 30 seconds.
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Lawrencium - Periodic Table of the Elements


http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/lr.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:47

R - Glossary of chemical terms

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Glossary of chemical terms

R
● racemate
● Raman effect
● Rankine cycle
● Raoult's law racemate
● rare earth elements Racemate is a mixture of equal quantities of the d- and l-forms of an optically
● Rayleigh scattering active compound. A racemic mixture is not optically active.
● relative atomic mass
Raman effect
● relative density
● relative humidity Raman effect is a type of scattering of electromagnetic radiation in which
light suffers a change in frequency and a change in phase as it passes
● relative molecular
through a material medium. Is named according to the Indian physicist C. V.
mass Raman (1889-1970). The intensity of Raman scattering is about one-
● rem thousandth of that in Rayleigh scattering in liquids.
● resistance
● Reynolds number Rankine cycle
● rheology Rankine cycle is a thermodynamic cycle which can be used to calculate the
ideal performance of a heat engine that uses a condensable vapor as the
● ribonucleic acids
working fluid.
● RNA
Raoult's law
Raoult's law is the expression for the vapor pressure pA of component A in
an ideal solution, viz.,
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu
pA = pAo xA
My Software where xA is the mole fraction of component A and pAo the vapor pressure of
the pure substance A.
rare earth elements

Rare earth elements are the elements Sc, Y, and the lanthanides (La, Ce, Pr,
Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu). These elements got their
name from the fact that chemists first isolated them in their oxide forms.
These oxides somewhat resemble calcium, magnesium and aluminum
oxides, sometimes called common earths.
Rayleigh scattering
Rayleigh scattering is the scattering of light by particles which are much
smaller than the wavelength of the light.
relative atomic mass
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Relative atomic mass (Ar) is the ratio of the average mass per atom of the
naturally occurring form of an element to 1/12 of the mass of nuclide 12C.
The term atomic weight is synonymous with relative atomic mass.
relative density
Relative density is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of
some reference substance. For liquids or solids it is the ratio of the density
(usualy at 20 °C) to the density of water at 4 °C. This quantity was formerly
called specific gravity.
relative humidity
Relative humidity is the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapour in air to
the saturation vapour pressure of water at the same temperature, expressed
as a percentage.
relative molecular mass

Relative molecular mass (Mr) is the ratio of the average mass per molecule
or specified entity of a substance to 1/12 of the mass of nuclide 12C. Also
called molecular weight. It is equal to the sum of the relative atomic masses
of all the atoms that comprise a molecule. For example
Mr(H2SO4) = 2×Ar(H) + Ar(S) + 4×Ar(O)
= 2×1.0079 + 32.066 + 4×15.999
= 2.0158 + 32.066 + 63.996
= 98.078
rem
Rem (rem) (roentgen equivalent man) is a non-SI unit of dose equivalent
employed in radioprotection (rem = 10-2 Sv).
resistance
Resistance (R) is electric potential difference divided by current when there
is no electromotive force in the conductor. This definition applies to direct
current. More generally, resistance is defined as the real part of impedance.
Reynolds number
Reynolds number (Re) is a dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics,
defined by
Re = ρ vl/η
where ρ is density, v is velocity, l is length, and η is viscosity.
rheology
Rheology is the study of the deformation and flow of materials. Has important
bearing on the behavior of viscous liquids in plastic molding.

ribonucleic acids
Ribonucleic acids (RNA) is naturally occurring polyribonucleotides that is
concerned with protein synthesis. Four types are recognized: messenger
RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and viral RNA.
RNA
RNA is abbreviation for ribonucleic acid.



I - Glossary of chemical terms

KTF-SPLIT EniG.

I
● ideal gas
● ideal gas law
● ideal solution
● index of refraction ideal gas
● indicator Ideal gas is a gas in which there is complete absence of cohesive forces
● insulator between the component molecules; the behavior of such a gas can be
predicted accurately by the ideal gas equation through all ranges of
● international system
temperature and pressure. The concept is theoretical, since no actual gas
of units
meets the ideal requirement.
● ion
● ion exchange ideal gas law
● ion exchanger The generalized ideal gas law is derived from a combination of the laws of
● ionic strength Boyle and Charles. Ideal gas law is the equation of state
● ionization energy
● isobar pV = RT
● isobars
which defines an ideal gas, where p is pressure, V molar volume, T
● isochore temperature, and R the molar gas constant (8.314 JK-1mol-1).
● isoelectric point
● isomers
● isomorphism ideal solution
● isotherm Ideal solution is a solution in which solvent-solvent and solvent-solute
● isothermal process interactions are identical, so that properties such as volume and enthalpy are
exactly additive. Ideal solutions follow Raoult's law, which states that the
● isotones
vapor pressure pi of component i is pi = xi pi*, where xi is the mole fraction of
● isotopes
component i and pi* the vapor pressure of the pure substance i.
● isotropy
● IUPAC
index of refraction
For a non-absorbing medium, index of refraction (n) is the ratio of the velocity
of electromagnetic radiation in vacuo to the phase velocity of radiation of a
specified frequency in the medium.
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu indicator
Indicator is a substance used to show the presence of a chemical substance
or ion by its colour. Acid-base indicators are compounds, such as
My Software
phenolphtaleine and methyl orange, that change colour reversibly,
depending on whether the solution is acidic or basic. Oxidation-reduction
indicators are substances that show a reversible colour change between
oxidized and reduced forms.
insulator
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Insulator is a material in which the highest occupied energy band (valence

band) is completely filled with electrons, while the next higher band
(conduction band) is empty. Solids with an energy gap of 5 eV or more are
generally considered as insulators at room temperature. Their conductivity is
less than 10-6 S/m and increases with temperature.
international system of units

International System of Units (SI) is the unit system adopted by the General
Conference on Weights and Measures in 1960 and recommended for use in
all scientific and technical fields. It consists of seven base units (meter,
kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, mole, candela), plus derived units and
prefixes.
ion
Ion is an atomic or molecular particle having a net electric charge.
ion exchange
Ion exchange is a process involving the adsorption of one or several ionic
species accompanied by the simultaneous desorption (displacement) of one
or more other ionic species.
ion exchanger
Ion-exchanger is a solid or liquid material containing ions that are
exchangeable with other ions with a like charge that are present in a solution
in which the material is insoluble. Ion-exchange resins consist of various
copolymers having a cross-linked three-dimensional structure to which ionic
groups have been attached.
ionic strength
Ionic strength (μ or I) is a measure of the total concentration of ions in a
solution, defined by
where zi is the charge of ionic species i and ci is its concentration.
ionization energy
Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to remove an electron from
an isolated atom or molecule (in its vibrational ground state) in the gaseous
phase.
isobar
Isobar is a line connecting points of equal pressure on a graphical
representation of a physical system.
isobars
Isobars are nuclide having the same mass number but different atomic
numbers. 54Cr and 54Fe, 112Cd and 112Sn are isobars.

isochore
Isochore is a line or surface of constant volume on a graphical representation
of a physical system.
isoelectric point
Isoelectric point is the pH of a solution or dispersion at which the net charge
on the macromolecules or colloidal particles is zero. In electrophoresis there
is no motion of the particles in an electric field at the isoelectric point.
isomers
Isomers are compounds that have identical molecular formulae but differ in
the nature or sequence of bonding of their atoms (structural isomerism) or in
the arrangement of their atoms in space (stereoisomerism).
isomorphism
Isomorphism is the existence of two or more substances that have the same
crystal structure, so that they form solid solutions.
isotherm
Isotherm is a line connecting points of equal temperature on a graphical
representation of a physical system.
isothermal process
Isothermal process is a thermodynamic process in which the temperature of
the system does not change.
isotones
Isotones are nuclides having the same neutron number N but different
atomic number Z.
isotopes
Isotopes are two or more nuclides with the same atomic number Z but
different mass number A. The term is sometimes used synonymously with
nuclide, but it is preferable to reserve the word nuclide for a species of
specific Z and A.
isotropy
Isotropy is the property of molecules and materials of having identical
physical properties in all directions.
IUPAC
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) is a voluntary
nonprofit association of national organizations representing chemist in 45
member countries. It was formed in 1919 with the object of facilitating
international agreement and uniform practice in both academic and industrial
aspects of chemistry.





KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Find element
GLOSSARY OF CHEMICAL TERMS
Go.Element
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Awards A B C D E F G H
Links
I J K L M N O
Chem.Calc P R S T U V X Z
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My Software GLOSSARY - APPENDIX
EDITORS:
English ● Alphabetical listing of the names of the elements
Aditya Vardhan ● Alphabetical listing of the symbols of the elements

Eni Generalic ● Electronic configuration of the elements
French ● Fundamental physical constants
Michel Ditria ● Greek alphabet and Roman numbers

● Solubility product constants
Croatian
Eni Generalic
Marija Bralic
Slobodan Brinic
German
Marc Hens
Italian
editors wanted


Copyright © 1998-2003 Eni Generalic
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A - Glossary of chemical terms

KTF-SPLIT EniG.

A
● absorbance
● absorbed dose
● absorptance
● absorption absorbance
coefficient
Absorbance (A) is defined as -log(1-α) = log(1/τ), where α is the absorptance
● absorption and τ the transmittance of a medium through which a light beam passes.
coefficient, molar
● acid absorbed dose
● acid dissociation For any ionising radiation, absorbed dose (D) is the mean energy imparted to
constant an element of irradiated matter divided by the mass of that element.
● actinides
● activation energy absorptance
● activity Absorptance (α) is ratio of the radiant or luminous flux in a given spectral
● activity coefficient interval absorbed in a medium to that of the incident radiation. Also called
absorption factor.
● adiabatic process
● adsorption
absorption coefficient
● aerosol
Absorption coefficient (a) is the relative decrease in the intensity of a
● alcohols collimated beam of electromagnetic radiation, as a result of absorption by a
● aldehydes medium, during traversal of an infinitesimal layer of the medium, divided by
● aliphatic compounds the length traversed.
● alkali metals
absorption coefficient, molar
● alkaline earth metals
● alkaloids Molar absorption coefficient (ε) is absorption coefficient divided by amount-of-
substance concentration of the absorbing material in the sample solution (ε =
● alkanes
a/c). The SI unit is m2mol-1. Also called extinction coefficient, but usually in
● alkenes units of dm3cm-1mol-1.
● alkynes
● allotropy acid
● alpha particle Acid is a type of compound that contains hydrogen and dissociates in water
● amines to produce positive hydrogen ions. The reaction, for an acid HA is commonly
written:
● amino acids
● ampere
HA H+ + A -
● angstrom
● anion In fact, the hydrogen ion (the proton) is solvated, and the complete reaction
● anion exchange is:
● anisotropy
HA + H2O H3O+ + A-
● antiparticle
● ar
This definition of acids comes from the Arrhenius theory. Such acids tend to
● are be corrosive substances with a sharp taste, which turn litmus red and give
colour changes with other indicators. They are referred to as protonic acids
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● arenes and are classified into strong acids, which are almost completely dissociated
● aromatic in water (e.g. sulphuric acid and hydrochloric acid), and weak acids, which
compounds are only partially dissociated (e.g. acetic acid and hydrogen sulphide). The
strength of an acid depends on the extent to to which it dissociates, and is
● astronomical unit measured by its dissociation constant.
● atomic number
● atomic weight In the Lowry-Brønsted theory of acids and bases (1923), the definition was
● autoignition extended to one in which an acid is a proton donor (a Brønsted acid), and a
base is a proton acceptor (a Brønsted base). An important feature of the
temperature
Lowry-Brønsted concept is that when an acid gives up a proton, a conjugate
● Avogadro constant base is formed that is capable of accepting a proton.
● azeotrope
● azo compounds acid base + H+
Similarly, every base produces its conjugate acid as a result of accepting a

proton.
Chem.Calc
base + H+ acid
PSE.Menu
For example, acetate ion is the conjugate base of acetic acid, and
ammonium ion is the conjugate acid of ammonia.
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As the acid of a conjugate acid/base pair becomes weaker, its conjugate
base becomes stronger and vice versa.
A further extension of the idea of acids and bases was made in the Lewis
theory. In this, a G. N. Lewis acid is a compound or atom that can accept a
pair of electrons and a Lewis base is one that can donate an electron pair.
This definition encompasses "traditional" acid-base reactions, but it also
includes reactions that do not involve ions, e.g.
H3N: BCl3 → H3NBCl3
in which NH3 is the base (donor) and BCl3 the acid (acceptor).
acid dissociation constant

Acid dissociation constant (Ka) is the equilibrium constant for the dissociation
of an acid HA through the reaction
HA + H2O A - + H 3 O+
The quantity pKa = -log Ka is often used to express the acid dissociation
constant.
pKa = -log Ka
actinides

The actinides (actinons or actinoids) are the fourteen elements from thorium
to lawrencium inclusive, which follow actinium in the periodic table. The
position of actinium is somewhat equivocal and, although not itself an
actinide, it is often included with them for comparative purpose. The series
includes the following elements: thorium (Th), protactinium (Pa), uranium (U),
neptunium (Np), plutonium (Pu), amercium (Am), curium (Cm), berkelium
(Bk), californium (Cf), einsteinium (Es), fermium (Fm), mendelevium (Md),
nobelium (No) and lawrencium (Lr). Every known isotope of the actinide
elements is radioactive. Traces of Pa, Np and Pu are consequently found,
but only Th and U occur naturally to any useful extent.
activation energy
In general, activation energy is the energy that must be added to a system in
order for a process to occur, even though the process may already be
thermodynamically possible. In chemical kinetics, the activation energy is the
height of the potential barrier separating the products and reactants. It
determines the temperature dependence of the reaction rate.
activity
Activity (a) is a thermodynamic function used in place of concentration in
equilibrium constants for reactions involving nonideal gases and solutions.
For the species i activity is defined as
a=f×c
where ai is the activity of the species i, ci is its molar concentration, and fi is a

dimensionless quantity called the activity coefficient.
activity coefficient
Activity coefficient (γ or f) is a fractional number which when multiplied by the
molar concentration of a substance in solution yields the chemical activity.
This term gives an idea of how much interaction exists between molecules at
higher concentration.
In solutions of very low ionic strength, when m is less than 0.01, the Debye-
Hückel limiting law can be used to calculate approximate activity coefficients
where γi = activity coefficient of the species i, zi = charge on the species i and

μ = ionic strength of the solution.
adiabatic process
Adiabatic process is a thermodynamic process in which no heat enters or
leaves the system. In general, an adiabatic change involves a fall or rise in
temperature of the system.
adsorption
Adsorption is a process in which molecules of gas, of dissolved substances
in liquids, or of liquids adhere in an extremely thin layer to surfaces of solid
bodies with which they are in contact.

aerosol
Aerosols are colloidal dispersions of liquid or solid particles in a gas, as in a
mist or smoke. The commonly used aerosol sprays contain an inert
propellant liquefied under pressure. The pressure of the gas causes the
mixture to be released as a fine spray (aerosol) or foam (aerogel) when a
valve is opened.
alcohols
Alcohols are compounds in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a
saturated carbon atom.
aldehydes
Aldehydes are broad class of organic compounds having the generic formula
RCHO, and characterized by unsaturated carbonyl group (C=O). They are
formed from alcohols by either dehydrogenation or oxidation. Their chemical
derivation is indicated by the name al(cohol) + dehyd(rogenation).
aliphatic compounds
Aliphatic compounds are acyclic or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated carbon
compounds, excluding aromatic compounds.
alkali metals
Alkali metal is a term that refers to six elements: lithium (Li), sodium (Na),
potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), caesium (Cs), and francium (Fr). These
elements make up group 1 of the periodic table of elements. They all form
singly charged positive ions, and are extremely reactive. They react violently
with water, forming hydroxides and releasing hydrogen gas and heat.
Caesium and francium are the most reactive and lithium is the least.
alkaline earth metals

Alkali earth metal is a term that refers to six elements: beryllium (Be),
magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and radium (Ra).
These elements make up group 2 of the periodic table of elements. They all
exhibit a single oxidation state, +2. They are all light and very reactive.
Barium and radium are the most reactive and beryllium is the least.
Chemists to denote slightly soluble metal oxides formerly used the term
"earth". The oxides of barium, strontium, and calcium resemble alumina
(Al2O3), a typical "earth", but form alkaline mixtures with water. For this
reason barium, strontium, and calcium were called alkaline earth metals.
This name has now been extended to include all of the elements of group 2.
alkaloids
Alkaloids are basic nitrogen organic compounds (mostly heterocyclic)
derived from plants and having diverse pharmacological properties. Alkaloids
include morphine, cocaine, atropine, quinine, and caffeine, most of which are
used in medicine as analgesics or anaesthetics. Some alkaloids are
poisonous, e.g. strychnine and coniine, and colchicine inhibit cell division.
alkanes

Alkanes (paraffins) are acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having

the general formula CnH2n+2, and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen
atoms and saturated carbon atoms. In systematic chemical nomenclature
alkane names end in the suffix -ane. They form a homologous series (the
alkane series) methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8), butane
(C4H10), etc. The lower members of the series are gases; the high-molecular
mass alkanes are waxy solid. Generaly the alkanes are fairly unreactive.
They form haloalkanes with halogens when irradiated with ultraviolet
radiation. Alkanes are present in natural gas and petroleum.
alkenes
Alkenes are acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having one or
more double carbon-carbon bonds in their molecules. In systematic chemical
nomenclature, alkene names end in the suffix -ene. The general formula is
CnH(2 +2) 2 were x is the number of double bonds. Alkenes that have only
n - x
one double bond form a homologous series: ethene (ethylene), CH2=CH2,

propene, CH3CH2=CH2, etc. Alkenes typically undergo addition reactions to
the double bond.
alkynes
Alkynes (acetylenes) are acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons
having a one or more triple carbon-carbon bond. In systematic chemical
nomenclature alkine names end in the suffix -yne. The general formula is CnH
(2n+2)-4x were x is the number of triple bonds. Alkynes that have only one
triple bond form a homologous series: ethyne (acetylene), CH≡CH, propyne,

CH3CH≡CH, etc. Like alkenes, alkynes undergo addition reaction.
allotropy
Allotropy is the occurrence of an element in two or more crystalline forms.
alpha particle
Alpha particle is a helium nucleus emitted spontaneously from radioactive
elements both natural and manufactured. Its energy is in range 4-8 MeV and
is dissipated in a very short path, i.e. a few centimetres of air or less than
0.005 mm of aluminium. As a helium nucleus consists of two protons and two
neutrons bound together as a stable entity the loss of an alpha particle
involves a decrease in nucleon number of 4 and decrease of 2 in the atomic
number, e.g.
A stream of alpha particles is known as an alpha ray or alpha-radiation.
amines
Amines are compounds formally derived from ammonia by replacing one,
two, or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups, and having the general
structures RNH2 (primary amines), R2NH (secondary amines), R3N (tertiary
amines).

amino acids
Amino acids are compounds containing both a carboxylic acid group (-
COOH) and an amino group (-NH2 ). The most important are the a-amino
acids, in which the -NH2 group in attached to the C atom adjacent to the -
COOH group. In the β-amino acids, there is an intervening carbon atom.
ampere
Ampere (A) is the SI base unit of electric current.
The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight

parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and
placed 1 metre apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a
force equal to 2×10-7 newton per metre of length.
angstrom
Ångström (Å) is a unit of length equal to 10-10 m. The Ångström is defined in
terms of the wavelength of the emission spectra's red line of an atom of
cadmium (6438.4696 Å).
anion
Anion is a negatively charged atomic or molecular particle.
anion exchange
An anionic resin has negative ions built into its structure and therefore
exchanges positive ions. In anion exchange, the side groups are ionized
basic groups, such as (-NH2, -NRH, -NR2, -NR3+) to which anions OH- are
attached. The exchange reaction is one in which different anions in the
solution displace the OH- from the solid.
anisotropy
Anisotropy is the property of molecules and materials to exhibit variations in
physical properties along different molecular axes of the substance.
antiparticle
Antiparticle is a particle having the same mass as a given elementary particle
and a charge equal in magnitude but opposite in sign.
ar
Ar is symbol for element argon.
are
Are (a) is a unit of area equal to 100 m2. The unit is still used in agriculture.
arenes
Arenes are monocyclic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. See aromatic
compounds.

aromatic compounds
Aromatic compounds are major group of unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons
containing one or more rings, typified by benzene, which has a 6-carbon ring
containing three double bonds. All the bonds in benzene (C6H6) are the
same length intermediate between double and single C-C bonds. The
properties arise because the electrons in the p-orbitals are delocalised over
the ring, giving extra stabilization energy of 150 kJ/mol over the energy of
Kekulé structure. Aromatic compounds are unsaturated compounds, yet they
do not easily partake in addition reactions.
Historical use of the term implies a ring containing only carbon (e.g.,
benzene, naphthalene), but it is often generalized to include heterocyclic
structures such as pyridine and thiophene.
astronomical unit
Astronomical unit (AU) is a unit of length employed in astronomy for
describing planetary distance. It is the mean distance of the earth from the
sun, equal to 1.49597870×1011 m.
atomic number
Atomic number (Z) is a characteristic property of an element, equal to the
number of protons in the nucleus.
atomic weight
See Relative atomic mass
autoignition temperature
Autoignition temperature is the minimum temperature required to initiate or
cause self-sustained combustion in any substance in the absence of a spark
or flame. This varies with the test method.
Avogadro constant
Avogadro constant (NA or L) is the number of elementary entities in one mole
of a substance.
L=N/n
It has the value (6.022 045 ± 0.000 031) × 1023 mol-1.
azeotrope
Azeotrope is a mixture of two liquids that boils at constant composition, i.e.
the composition of the vapour is the same as that of the liquid. Azeotropes
occur because of deviations in Raoult's law leading to a maximum or
minimum in the boiling point - composition diagram. The composition of an
azeotrope depends on the pressure.
azo compounds

Azo compounds are organic compounds containing the group -N=N- linking
two other groups. They can be formed by reaction of a diazonium ion with a
benzene ring.



B - Glossary of chemical terms

KTF-SPLIT EniG.

B
● ball mills
● bar
● barrel
● base ball mills
● becquerel Ball mills, also known as centrifugal or planetary mills, are devices used to
● Beer's law rapidly grind materials to colloidal fineness (approximately 1 micron and
below) by developing high grinding energy via centrifugal and/or planetary
● beta particles
action.
● beta radiation
● biogas bar
● black body radiation
Bar (bar) is a unit of pressure equal to 105 Pa. Its use is temporarily
● blackbody maintained with the SI. The milibar (100 Pa) is commonly used in
● Bohr magneton meteorology.
● boiling point
barrel
● Boltzmann constant
● Born-Haber cycle Barrel (US, petrol) is an American unit of capacity usually employed in the
petroleum industry and trading in fuels (barell = 158.9872949 L).
● Boyle's law
● Bragg angle
base
● Brownian motion
Historically, base is a substance that yields an OH - ion when it dissociates in
● buffer solution, resulting in a pH>7. In the Brønsted definition, a base is a
substance capable of accepting a proton in any type of reaction. The more
general definition, due to G.N. Lewis, classifies any chemical species
capable of donating an electron pair as a base. Typically, bases are metal
oxides, hydroxides, or compounds (such as ammonia) that give hydroxide
Chem.Calc ions in aqueous solution.
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becquerel
Becquerel (Bq) is the SI derived unit, with a special name, for radioactivity,
My Software
equal to s-1. It describes a radioactivity of an amount of radionuclide
decaying at the rate, on average, of one spontaneous nuclear transition per
second. The unit is named after the French scientist A. H. Becquerel (1852-
1908) (disintegrations per unit time), equal to s-1.
Beer's law
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Beer's law is the functional relationship between the quantity measured in an

absorption method (A) and the quantity sought, the analyte concentration (c).
As a consequence of interactions between the photons and absorbing
particles, the power of the beam is attenuated from P0 to P. Beer's law can
be written
A = log (P0/P) = abc
where a is a proportionality constant called the absorptivity and b is the path

length of the radiation through the absorbing medium. Also called the Beer-
Lambert law.
beta particles
Beta particle is a charged particle emitted from a radioactive atomic nucleus
either natural or manufactured. The energies of beta particles range from 0
to 4 MeV. They carry a single charge; if this is negative, the particle is
identical with an electron; if positive, it is a positron.
An unstable atomic nucleus changes into a nucleus of the same mass

number but different proton number with the emission of an electron and an
antineutrino (or a positron and a neutrino)
beta radiation
Streams of beta particles are known as beta ray or beta radiation. Beta rays
may cause skin burns and are harmful within the body. A thin sheet of metal
can afford protection to the skin.
biogas
Biogas is a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide resulting from the
anaerobic decomposition of such waste materials as domestic, industrial,
and agricultural sewage. Methanogenic bacteria carry out the decomposition;
these obligate anaerobes produce methane, the main component of biogas,
which can be collected and used as an energy source for domestic
processes, such as heating, cooking, and lighting.
black body radiation

Black body radiation is the radiation emitted by a perfect black body, i.e., a
body which absorbs all radiation incident on it and reflects none. The
wavelength dependence of the radiated energy density ρ (energy per unit
volume per unit wavelength range) is given by the Planck formula
where λ is the wavelength, h is Planck's constant, c is the speed of light, k is

the Boltzmann constant, and T is the temperature.
blackbody

In radiation physics, an ideal blackbody is a theoretical object that absorbs all

the radiant energy falling upon it and emits it in the form of thermal radiation.
Planck's radiation law gives the power radiated by a unit area of blackbody,
and the Stefan-Boltzman law expresses the total power radiated.
Bohr magneton
Bohr magneton (μB) is the atomic unit of magnetic moment, defined as
μB = eh/4πme = 9.274×10-24 A m2
where h is Planck's constant, me the electron mass, and e the elementary

charge. It is the moment associated with a single electron spin.
boiling point
Boiling point is the temperature at which the liquid and gas phases of a
substance are in equilibrium at a specified pressure. The normal boiling point
is the boiling point at normal atmospheric pressure (101.325 kPa).
Boltzmann constant
Boltzmann constant (k) is the molar gas constant R divided by Avogadro's
constant. It has the value 1.380658×10-23 J/K.
Born-Haber cycle
Born-Haber cycle is a cycle of reactions used for calculating the lattice
energies of ionic crystalline solids. For a compound MX, the lattice energy is
the enthalpy of the reaction
M+(g) + X-(g) → M+X-(s) ∆HL
The standard enthalpy of formation of the ionic solid is the enthalpy of the
reaction
M(s) + 1/2X2(g) → M+X-(s) ∆Hf
The cycle involves equating this enthalpy (which can be measured) to the
sum of the enthalpies of a number of steps proceeding from the elements to
the ionic solid. The steps are:
1) Atomization of the metal
M(s) → M(g) ∆H1
2) Atomization of the nonmetal
1/2X2(g) → X(g) ∆H2
3) Ionization of the metal
M(g) → M+(g) + e- ∆H3

This is obtained from the ionization potential.
4) Ionization of the nonmetal
X(g) + e- → X-(g) ∆H4
This is electron affinity.
5) Formation of the ionic solids
M+(g) + X-(g) → M+X-(s) ∆HL
Equation the enthalpies gives
∆Hf = ∆H1 + ∆H2 + ∆H3 + ∆H4 + ∆HL
from which ∆HL can be found.
Boyle's law
Boyle's law is the empirical law, exact only for an ideal gas, which states that
the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure at constant
temperature.
Bragg angle
Bragg angle (θ) is defined by the equation
nλ = 2dsinθ
which relates the angle θ between a crystal plane and the diffracted x-ray
beam, the wavelength λ of the x-rays, the crystal plane spacing d, and the
diffraction order n (any integer).
Brownian motion
Brownian motion is the continuous random movement of small particles
suspended in a fluid, which arise from collisions with the fluid molecules.
First observed by the British botanist R. Brown (1773-1858) when studying
pollen particles. The effect is also visible in particles of smoke suspended in
a still gas.
buffer
Buffer is a solution designed to maintain a constant pH when small amounts
of a strong acid or base are added. Buffers usually consist of a fairly weak
acid and its salt with a strong base. Suitable concentrations are chosen so
that the pH of the solution remains close to the pKa of the weak acid.




C - Glossary of chemical terms

KTF-SPLIT EniG.

C
● calomel electrode
● candela
● carboxylic acids
● Carnot cycle calomel electrode
● catalyst Calomel electrode (calomel half cell) is a type of half cell in which the
● cathode electrode is mercury coated with calomel (Hg2Cl2) and the electrolyte is a
● cation solution of potassium chloride and saturated calomel. In the calomel half cell
● cation exchange the overall reaction is
● ceramics
Hg2Cl2(s) + 2e- 2Hg(l) + 2Cl-
● cgs system of units
● chalcogens
The standard electrode potential is
● Charles' law
● chelate Electrode potential SHE, V
● chemical equation T, °C 0.1 M KCl 3.5 M KCl sat. KCl
● chemical potential 15 0.3362 0.254 0.2511
● chiral molecule 20 0.3359 0.252 0.2479
25 0.3356 0.250 0.2444
● chromatography
30 0.3351 0.248 0.2411
● Clapeyron equation
35 0.3344 0.246 0.2376
● colloid
● colloid mills
● concentration candela
● copolymer
Candela (cd) is the SI base unit of luminous intensity.
● cosmic rays
● coulomb The candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that
● Coulomb's law emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540×1012 Hz and that has a
radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 watt per steradian.
● covalent bond
● critical mass
carboxylic acids
● critical point
Carboxylic acids are organic compounds characterized by the presence of
● critical pressure one or more RC(=O)OH groups (the carboxyl group). In systematic chemical
● critical temperature nomenclature carboxylic acids names end in the suffix -oic (e.g. ethanoic
● critical volume acids, CH3COOH). The carbon of the terminal group being counted as part
● cross-linking of the chain. They are generally weak acids. Carboxylic acids include the
large and important class of fatty acids and may be either saturated or
● crust
unsaturated. There are also some natural aromatic carboxylic acids (benzoic,
● cryoscopic constant salicylic).
● Curie temperature
● cycloalkanes Carnot cycle
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Carnot cycle is the most efficient cycle of operations for a reversible heat
Chem.Calc engine. Published in 1824 by N. L. S. Carnot (1796-1832), it consists of four
PSE.Menu operations on the working substance in the engine:
a) Isothermal expansion at thermodynamic temperature T1 with heat q1

My Software taken in.
b) Adiabatic expansion with a fall of temperature to T2.
c) Isothermal compression at temperature T2 with heat q2 given out.
d) Adiabatic compression at temperature back to T1.
According to the Carnot principle, the efficiency of any reversible heat engine
depends only on the temperature range through which it works, rather than
the properties of the working substances.
catalyst
Catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without
itself undergoing any permanent chemical change. Catalyst that have the
same phase as the reactants are homogenous catalysts (e.g. enzymes in
biochemical reactions). Those that have a different phase are heterogeneous
catalyst (e.g. metals or oxides used in gas reactions).
The catalyst provides an alternative pathway by which the reaction can

proceed, in which the activation energy is lower. In thus increases the rate at
which the reaction comes to equilibrium, although it does not alter the
position of the equilibrium.
cathode
Cathode is a negative electrode of an electrolytic cell; to which positively
charged ions (cations) migrate when a current is passed as in electroplating
baths.
In a primary or secondary cell (battery or accumulator) the cathode is the

electrode that spontaneously becomes negative during discharge, and form
which therefore electrons emerge.
In vacuum electronic devices, electrons are emitted by the cathode and flow
to the anode.
cation
Cation is a positively charged atomic or molecular particle.
cation exchange
A cationic resin has positive ions built into its structure and therefore
exchanges negative ions. In cation exchange, the side groups are ionized
acidic groups, such as (-SO3H, -COOH, -OH) to which cations H+ are
attached. The exchange reaction is one in which different cations in the
solution displace the H+ from the solid.

ceramics
Ceramics are an inorganic material of very high melting point. Ceramics are
metal silicates, oxides, nitrides, etc.
cgs system of units

Cgs system of units is a system of units based upon the centimetre, gram,
and second. The International System (SI) has supplanted the cgs system.
chalcogens
Chalcogens are the Group 16 elements: oxygen (O), sulphur (S), selenium
Se), tellurium (Te), and polonium (Po). Compounds of these elements are
called chalcogenides.
Charles' law
The volume of a fixed mass of gas at constant pressure expand by constant
fraction of its volume at 0 °C for each Celsius degree or kelvin its
temperature is raised. For any ideal gas fraction is approximately 1/273. This
can expressed by the equation
were V0 is the volume at 0°C and V is its volume at t°C.
This is equivalent to the statement that the volume of a fixed mass of gas at
constant pressure is proportional to its thermodynamic temperature
V = kT
This law also know as Gay-Lussac's law.
An equation similar to that given above applies to pressures for ideal gases:
chelate
Chelate is a compound characterized by the presence of bonds from two or
more bonding sites within the same ligand to a central metal atom.
chemical equation

Chemical equation is a way of denoting a chemical reaction using the symbol

for the participating particles (atoms, molecules, ions, etc.); for example,
aA + bB cC + dD
The single arrow is used for an irreversible reaction; double arrows are used
for reversible reactions. When reactions involve different phases it is usual to
put the phase in brackets after the symbol.
s = solid
l = liquid
g = gas
aq = aqueous
The numbers a, b, c, and d, showing the relative numbers of molecules

reacting, are called the stoichiometric coefficients. The convention is that
stoichiometric coefficients positive for reactants and negative for products. If
the sum of the coefficients is zero the equation is balanced.
chemical potential
For a mixture of substances, the chemical potential of constituent B (μB) is
defined as the partial derivative of the Gibbs energy G with respect to the
amount (number of moles) of B, with temperature, pressure, and amounts of
all other constituents held constant.
Also called partial molar Gibbs energy. Components are in equilibrium if their
chemical potentials are equal.
chiral molecule
Chiral molecule is a molecule which cannot be superimposed on its mirror
image. A common example is an organic molecule containing a carbon atom
to which four different atoms or groups are attached. Such molecules exhibit
optical activity, i.e., they rotate the plane of a polarized light beam.
chromatography
Chromatography is a method for separation of the components of a sample
in which the components are distributed between two phases, one of which
is stationary while the other moves. In gas chromatography, the gas moves
over a liquid or solid stationary phase. In liquid chromatography, the liquid
mixture moves through another liquid, a solid, or a gel. The mechanism of
separation of components may be adsorption, differential solubility, ion-
exchange, permeation, or other mechanisms.
Clapeyron equation

Clapeyron equation is a relation between pressure and temperature of two

phases of a pure substance that are in equilibrium,
where ∆trsS is the difference in entropy between the phases and ∆trsV the
corresponding difference in volume.
colloid
Colloids are systems in which there are two or more phases, with one (the
dispersed phase) distributed in the other (the continuous phase). Moreover,
at least one of the phases has small dimensions, in the range between 1
nanometer and 1 micrometer (10-9 - 10-6 m). Dimension, rather than the
nature of the material, is characteristic. In this size range, the surface area of
the particle is large with respect to its volume so that unusual phenomena
occur, e.g., the particles do not settle out of the suspension by gravity and
are small enough to pass through filter membranes. Macromolecules
(proteins and other high polymers) are at the lower limit of this range; the
upper limit is usually taken to be the point at which the particles can be
resolved in an optical microscope.
Colloidal particles may be gaseous, liquid, or solid, and occur in various

types of suspensions:
Sols - dispersions of small solid particles in a liquid.
Emulsions - colloidal systems in which the dispersed and continuous phases

are both liquids.
Gels - colloids in which both dispersed and continuous phases have a three-
dimensional network throughout the material.
Aerosols - colloidal dispersions of liquid or solid particles in a gas.
Foams - dispersions of gases in liquids or solids.
colloid mills
Colloid mills are machines used to grind aggregates into very fine particles or
to apply very high shearing within a fluid to produce colloid suspensions or
emulsions in which the particle sizes are less than 1 micrometer. One type of
colloid mill is called a disc mill, in which a mixture of a solid and liquid (or two
liquid) is passed between two discs a small distance apart, which rotate very
rapidly relative to each other. Applications of colloid mills occur in food
processing, in paint manufacture, and in the pharmaceutical industry.
concentration

Concentration is the amount of given substance in a stated unit of a mixture,

solution, or ore.
The concentration of an atom, ion, or molecule in a solution may be

symbolized by the use of square brackets, as [Ca2+].
copolymer
Copolymers are also known as heteropolymers. They made from two (or
more) different monomers, which usually undergo a condensation reaction
with the elimination of a simple molecule, such as ammonia or water. A
typical example is the condensation of 1,6-diaminohexane
(hexamethylenediamine) with hexanedioic acid (adipic acid) to form nylon 6,6.
The properties of a polymeric plastic can most easily be modified if it is a

copolymer of two or more different monomers, e.g. acrylonitrile-butadiene-
styrene copolymer (ABS). Varying the proportions of the component
monomers can preselect its properties.
cosmic rays
Cosmic rays are high energy (1015 - 1017 eV) nuclear particles, electrons,
and photons, originating mostly outside the solar system, which continually
bombard the Earth's atmosphere.
coulomb
Coulomb (C) is the SI unit of electric charge. It is equal to the charge
transferred by a current of one ampere in one second (C = A s). The unit is
named after French physicist C. A. Coulomb (1736-1806).
Coulomb's law
Coulomb's law is the statement that the force F between two electrical
charges q1 and q2 separated by a distance r is
where ε0 is the permittivity of a vacuum, equal to
ε0 = 8.8542×10-12 F/m.
covalent bond
Covalent bond is a chemical bond between two atoms whose stability results
from the sharing of two electrons, one from each atom.
critical mass
Critical mass is the minimum mass of a fissionable material (235U or 239Pu)
that will initiate an uncontrolled chain reaction as in an atomic bomb. The
critical mass of pure 239Pu is about 4.5 kg, and of 235U about 15 kg.

critical point
In general, critical point is the point on the phase diagram of a two-phase
system at which the two coexisting phases have identical properties and
therefore represent a single phase. At the liquid-gas critical point of a pure
substance, the distinction between liquid and gas vanishes, and the vapour
pressure curve ends. The coordinates of this point are called the critical
temperature and critical pressure. Above the critical temperature, it is not
possible to liquefy the substance.
critical pressure
Critical pressure is the pressure of a fluid in its critical point; i.e. when it is at
its critical temperature and critical volume.
critical temperature
Critical temperature is the temperature of the liquid-vapour critical point, that
is, the temperature above which a gas cannot be liquefied by an increase of
pressure.
critical volume
Critical volume is the volume of a fixed mass of a fluid at critical temperature
and pressure.
cross-linking
Cross-linking is attachment of two chains of polymer molecules by bridges,
composed of either an element, a group, or a compound, that join certain
carbon atoms of the chains by primary chemical bonds, as indicated in the
schematic diagram
Cross-linking occurs in nature in substances made up of polypeptide chains

that are joined by the disulfide bonds of the cysteine residue, as in keratins
or insulin. Cross-linking can be effected artificially, either adding a chemical
substance (cross-linking agent), or by subjecting the polymer to high-energy
radiation. Examples are: vulcanisation of rubber with sulphur, cross-linking of
polystyrene with divinylbenzene, or cross-linking of polyethylene by means of
high-energy radiation.
Cross-linking has the effect of changing a plastic from thermoplastic to

thermosetting. Thus, it also increases strength, heat and electrical
resistance, and especially resistance to solvents and other chemicals.
crust
Crust is the outer layer of the solid earth, above the Mohorovicic
discontinuity. Its thickness averages about 35 km on the continents and
about 7 km below the ocean floor.
cryoscopic constant

Cryoscopic constant (Ef) is the constant that expresses the amount by which
the freezing point Tf of a solvent is lowered by a non-dissociating solute,
through the relation
∆Tf = Ef m
where m is the molality of the solute.
Curie temperature
For a ferromagnetic material, Curie temperature or Curie point (TC) is the
critical temperature above which the material becomes paramagnetic. For
iron the Curie point is 760 °C and for nickel 356 °C. It is named after French
physicist Pierre Curie (1859-1906).
cycloalkanes
Cycloalkanes are cyclic saturated hydrocarbons containing a ring of carbon
atoms joined by single bonds. They have the general formula CnH2n, for
example cyclohexane, C6H12. In general, they behave like the alkanes but
are rather less reactive.



D - Glossary of chemical terms

KTF-SPLIT EniG.

D
● degree of
polymerisation
● density
● diamagnetism degree of polymerisation
● diazo compounds
Degree of polymerisation is the number of monomeric units in a
● dielectric constant macromolecule or an oligomer molecule.
● dienes
● diffusion density
● dipole In the most common usage, density (ρ) is mass density or mass per unit
● dipole moment volume.
● disaccharides
ρ=m/V
● dissociation
● dissociation More generally, the amount of some quantity (mass, charge, energy, etc.)
constant divided by a length, area, or volume.
● distillation
Relative density is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of
some reference substance. For liquids or solids, it is the ratio of the density
(usually at 20 °C) to the density of water at 4 °C. This quantity was formerly
called specific gravity.
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu diamagnetism
In diamagnetism the magnetization is in the opposite direction to that of
applied field, i.e. susceptibility is negative. It results from changes induced in
My Software the orbits of electrons in the atoms of a substance by the applied field, the
direction of the change opposing the applied flux.
diazo compounds
Diazo compounds are compounds having the divalent diazo group, =N+=N-,
attached to a carbon atom. The term includes azo compounds, diazonium
compounds, and also such compounds as diazomethane, CH2=N2.
dielectric constant
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Dielectric constant or permittivity (ε) is an index of the ability of a substance

to attenuate the transmission of an electrostatic force from one charged body
to another. The lower the value, the greater the attenuation. The standard
measurement apparatus utilizes a vacuum whose dielectric constant is 1. In
reference to this, various materials interposed between the charged terminal
have the following value at 20 °C:
air 1.00058
glass 3
benzene 2.3
acetic acid 6.2
ammonia 15.5
ethanol 25
glycerol 56
water 81
The exceptionally high value for water accounts for its unique behaviour as a
solvent and in electrolytic solutions. Dielectric constant values decrease as
the temperature rises.
dienes
Dienes are unsaturated organic compounds that contain two fixed double
bonds between carbon atoms. Dienes in which the two double-bond units are
linked by one single bond are termed conjugated.
diffusion
Diffusion is the spontaneous mixing of one substance with another when in
contact or separated by a permeable membrane. Diffusion is a result of the
random motions of their component atoms, molecules, ions, or other
particles. Diffusion occurs most readily in gases, less so in liquids, and least
in solids. The rate of diffusion is proportional to the concentration of the
substance and increases with temperature. The theoretical principles are
stated in Fick's laws.
dipole
Dipole is a pair of separated opposite electric charges. Electric dipole is an
assemblage of atoms or subatomic particles having equal electric charges of
opposite sign separated by a finite distance. In the case of HCl, the electrons
are attracted towards the more electronegative chlorine atom.
dipole moment
Electric dipole moment (μ) is the product of the positive charge and the
distance between the charges. Dipole moments are often stated in debyes;
The SI unit is the coulomb metre. In a diatomic molecule, such as HCl, the
dipole moment is a measure of the polar nature of the bond; i.e. the extent to
which the average electron charges is displaced towards one atom (in the
case of HCl, the electrons are attracted towards the more electronegative
chlorine atom). In a polyatomic molecule, the dipole moment is the vector
sum of the dipole moments of the individual bonds. In a symmetrical
molecule, such as tetrafluoromethane (CF4) there is no overall dipole
moment, although the individual C-F bonds are polar.
disaccharides

Disaccharides are compounds in which two monosaccharides are joined by a

glycosidic bond. For example, sucrose comprises one glucose molecule and
one fructose molecule bonded together.
dissociation
Dissociation is the process by which a chemical combination breaks up into
simpler constituents as a result of either added energy (dissociated by heat),
or the effect of a solvent on a dissolved polar compound (electrolytic
dissociation). It may occur in the gaseous, solid, or liquid state, or in solution.
An example of dissociation is the reversible reaction of hydrogen iodide at

high temperatures
2HI(g) H2(g) + I2(g)
The term dissociation is also applied to ionisation reactions of acids and

bases in water. For example
HCN + H2O H2O+ + CN-
which is often regarded as a straightforward dissociation into ions
HCN H+ + CN-
dissociation constant
Dissociation constant is a constant whose numerical value depends on the
equilibrium between the undissociated and dissociated forms of a molecule.
A higher value indicates greater dissociation.
The term dissociation is also applied to ionisation reactions of acids and

bases in water. For example
HCN + H2O H2O+ + CN-
which is often regarded as a straightforward dissociation into ions
HCN H+ + CN-
The equilibrium constant of such a dissociation is called the acid dissociation

constant or acidity constant, given by
The concentration of water [H2O] can be taken as constant.
Similarly, for a base, the equilibrium
NH3 NH4+ + OH-

is also a dissociation; with the base dissociation constant or basicity

constant, given by
Ka (Kb) is a measure of the strength of the acid (base).
distillation
Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing and collecting the
vapour. The liquid collected is the distillate. The usual purpose of distillation
is purification or separation of the components of a mixture. This is possible
because the composition of the vapour is usually different from that of liquid
mixture from which it is obtained. Gasoline, kerosene, fuel oil, and lubricating
oil are produced from petroleum by distillation.



E - Glossary of chemical terms

KTF-SPLIT EniG.

E
● ebullioscopic
constant
● electrical resistivity
● electrochemical ebullioscopic constant
series
Ebullioscopic constant (Eb) is the constant that expresses the amount by
● electrode potential
which the boiling point Tb of a solvent is raised by a nondissociating solute,
● electrolysis
through the relation
● electromotive force
electron
∆Tb = Eb b
●
● electron affinity
● electron spin where b is the molality of the solute.
● electron volt
● electronegativity electrical resistivity
● electrophoresis Electrical resistivity (ρ) is electric field strength divided by current density
● emulsion when there is no electromotive force in the conductor. Resistivity is an
● enantiomers intrinsic property of a material. For a conductor of uniform cross section with
area A and length L, and whose resistance is R, the resistivity is given by
● energy
● enthalpy
● entropy
● enzyme
● epoxy resin The SI unit is Ω m.
● equation of state
● equilibrium constant electrochemical series
● erg Electrochemical series is a series of chemical elements arranged in order of

their standard electrode potentials. The hydrogen electrode
● esters
● ethers
H+(aq) + e- 1/2H2(g)
● Euler number
● eutectic
is taken as having zero electrode potential. An electrode potential is, by
definition, a reduction potential.
Elements that have a greater tendency than hydrogen to lose electrons to

Chem.Calc their solution are taken as electropositive; those that gain electrons from their
solution are below hydrogen in the series and are called electronegative.
PSE.Menu
The series shows the order in which metals replace one another from their
salts; electropositive metals will replace hydrogen from acids.
My Software
electrode potential
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Electrode potential is defined as the potential of a cell consisting of the

electrode in question acting as a cathode and the standard hydrogen
electrode acting as an anode. Reduction always takes place at the cathode,
and oxidation at the anode. According to the IUPAC convention, the term
electrode potential is reserved exclusively to describe half-reactions written
as reductions. The sign of the half-cell in question determines the sign of an
electrode potential when it is coupled to a standard hydrogen electrode.
Electrode potential is defined by measuring the potential relative to a

standard hydrogen half cell
H2(g) 2H+(aq) + 2e-
The convention is to designate the cell so that the oxidized form is written
first. For example
Pt(s)|H2(g)|H+(aq)||Zn2+(aq)|Zn(s)
The e.m.f. of this cell is
e.m.f. = Eright - Eleft
By convention, at p(H2) = 101325 Pa and a(H+) = 1.00, the potential of the

standard hydrogen electrode is 0.000 V at all temperatures. As a
consequence of this definition, any potential developed in a galvanic cell
consisting of a standard hydrogen electrode and some other electrode is
attributed entirely to the other electrode
e.m.f. = E(Zn2+/Zn)
electrolysis
Electrolysis is the decomposition of a substance as a result of passing an
electric current between two electrodes immersed in the sample.
electromotive force
Electromotive force (e.m.f. or EMF) is the difference in electric potential that
exists between two dissimilar electrodes immersed in the same electrolyte or
otherwise connected by ionic conductors.
electron

Electron is discovered by J.J. Thompson (1856-1940) in 1896. The electron

is an elementary particle with a negative electric charge of (1.602 189 2 ±
0.000 004 6) × 10-19 C and a mass of 1/1837 that of a proton, equivalent to
(9.109 534 ± 0.000 047) × 10-31 kg. Electrons are arranged in from one to
seven shells around the nucleus; the maximum number of electrons in each
shell is strictly limited by the laws of physics (2n2). The outer shells are not
always filled: sodium has two electrons in the first shell (2×12 = 2), eight in
the second (2×22 = 8), and only one in the third (2×32 = 18). A single
electron in the outer shell may be attracted into an incomplete shell of
another element, leaving the original atom with a net positive charge.
Valence electrons are those that can be captured by or shared with another
atom.
Electrons can be removed from the atoms by heat, light, electric energy, or
bombardment with high-energy particles. Decaying radioactive nuclei
spontaneously emits free electrons, called β particles.
electron affinity
Electron affinity (EA) is the energy change occurring when an atom or
molecule gains an electron to form a negative ion. For an atom or molecule
X, it is the energy released for the electron-attachment reaction
X(g) + e- X- (g)
Often this is measured in electronvolts. Alternatively, the molar enthalpy

change, ∆H, can be used.
electron spin
Electron spin (s) is the quantum number, equal to 1/2, that specifies the
intrinsic angular momentum of the electron.
electron volt
Electron volt (eV) is a non-SI unit of energy used in atomic and nuclear
physics, equal to approximately 1.602177 × 10-19 J. The electron volt is
defined as the kinetic energy acquired by an electron upon acceleration
through a potential difference of 1 V.
electronegativity
Electronegativity is a parameter originally introduced by L. Pauling which
describes, on a relative basis, the power of an atom to attract electrons. For
example, in hydrogen chloride, the chlorine atom is more electronegative
than the hydrogen and the molecule is polar, with negative charge on the
chlorine atom.
There are various ways of assigning values for the electronegativity of an

element. Pauling electronegativities are based on bond dissociation energies
using a scale in which fluorine, the most electronegative element, has value
4 and francium, the lowest electronegative element, has value 0.7.
electrophoresis

Electrophoresis is a technique for the analysis and separation of colloids,

based on the movement of charged colloidal particles in an electric field. The
migration is toward electrodes of charge opposite to that of the particles. The
rate of migration of the particles depends on the field, the charge on the
particles, and on other factors, such as the size and shape of the particles.
Electrophoresis is important in the study of proteins. The acidity of the

solution can be used to control the direction in which a protein moves upon
electrophoresis.
emulsion
Emulsion is colloidal system in which the dispersed and continuous phases
are both liquids (e.g. oil in water or water in oil). Such systems require an
emulsifying agent to stabilize the dispersed particles.
enantiomers
Enantiomers are a chiral molecule and its non-superposable mirror image.
The two forms rotate the plane of polarized light by equal amounts in
opposite directions. Also called optical isomers.
energy
Energy (E, U) is the characteristic of a system that enables it to do work. Like
work itself, it is measured in joules (J).
The internal energy of a body is the sum of the potential energy and the
kinetic energy of its component atoms and molecules.
Potential energy is the energy stored in a body or system as a consequence

of its position, shape, or state (this includes gravitational energy, electrical
energy, nuclear energy, and chemical energy).
Kinetic energy is energy of motion and is usually defined as the work that will
be done by body possessing the energy when it is brought to rest. For a
body of mass m having a speed v, the kinetic energy is mv2/2. Kinetic energy
is most clearly exhibited in gases, in which molecules have much greater
freedom of motion than in liquids and solids.
enthalpy
Enthalpy (H) is a thermodynamic property of a system defined by
H = U + pV
where U is the internal energy of the system, p its pressure, and V its
volume. J.W. Gibbs put the concept of an ensemble forward in 1902. In a
chemical reaction carried out in the atmosphere the pressure remains
constant and the enthalpy of reaction (∆H), is to equal
∆H = ∆U + p∆V
For an exothermic reaction ∆H is taken to be negative.
entropy

Entropy (S) is a measure of the unavailability of a system's energy to do

work; in a closed system, an increase in entropy is accompanied by a
decrease in energy availability. When a system undergoes a reversible
change the entropy (S) changes by an amount equal to the energy (Q)
transferred to the system by heat divided by the thermodynamic temperature
(T) at which this occurs.
All real processes are to a certain extent irreversible changes and in any
closed system an irreversible change is always accompanied by an increase
in entropy.
enzyme
Enzyme is a protein that acts as a catalyst in biochemical reactions. Each
enzyme is specific to a particular reaction or group of similar reactions. Many
require the association of certain nonprotein cofactors in order to function.
The molecule undergoing reaction (the substrate) binds to a specific active
site on the enzyme molecule to form a short-lived intermediate: this greatly
increases (by a factor of up to 1020) the rate at which the reaction proceeds
to form the product.
epoxy resin
Epoxy resins are thermosetting resins produced by copolymerising epoxide
compounds with phenols (e.g. epichlorohydrin and bisphenol A). They
contain ether linkages (-O-) and form a tight, cross-linked polymer network.
Toughness, good adhesion, corrosive-chemical resistance, and good
dielectric properties characterize epoxy resins. Most epoxy resins are two-
part type which harden when blended.
equation of state
Equation of state is an equation relating the pressure, volume, and
temperature of a substance or system. Equation of state for ideal gas
pV = nRT
where p is pressure, V molar volume, T temperature, and R the molar gas

constant (8.314 JK-1mol-1).
equilibrium constant
The equilibrium constant (K) was originally introduced in 1863 by Norse
chemists C.M. Guldberg and P. Waage using the law of mass action. For a
reversible chemical reaction represented by the equation
aA + bB cC + dD
chemical equilibrium occurs when the rate of the forward reaction equals the
rate of the back reaction, so that the concentrations of products and
reactants reach steady-state values.
The equilibrium constant is the ratio of chemical activities of the species A, B,

C, and D at equilibrium.

To a certain approximation, the activities can be replaced by concentrations.
For gas reactions, partial pressures are used rather than concentrations
The units of Kp and Kc depend on the numbers of molecules appearing in the

stoichiometric equation (a, b, c, and d).
The value equilibrium constant depends on the temperature. If the forward

reaction is exothermic, the equilibrium constant decreases as the
temperature rises. The equilibrium constant shows the position of
equilibrium. A low value of K indicates that [C] and [D] are small compared to
[A] and [B]; i.e. that the back reaction predominates.
The equilibrium constant is related to DrG°, the standard Gibbs free energy
change in the reaction, by
RT lnK = -∆rG°
erg
Erg (erg) is a non-SI (cgs) unit of energy, equal to 10-7 J.
esters
Esters are organic compounds formed by reaction between alcohol and
acids. Esters formed from carboxylic acids have the general formula
RCOOR'. Triesters, molecules containing three ester groups, occur in nature
as oils and fats.
ethers
Ethers are organic compounds with formula R-O-R, where R is not equal to
H. They may be derived from alcohols by elimination of water, but the major
method is catalytic hydration of olefins. They are volatile highly flammable
compounds; when containing peroxides they can detonate on heating. The
term ether is often used synonymously with ethyl ether.
Euler number

Euler number (Eu) is a dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics,

defined by
where p is pressure, ρ is density, and v is velocity.
eutectic
Eutectic is a solid solution consisting of two or more substances and having
the lowest freezing point of any possible mixture of these components.
Eutectic point is the lowest temperature at which the eutectic mixture can
exist in liquid phase. A liquid having the eutectic composition will freeze at a
single temperature without change of composition.



F - Glossary of chemical terms

KTF-SPLIT EniG.

F
● Fahrenheit scale
● farad
● Faraday constant
● fatty acids Fahrenheit scale
● Fermi level Fahrenheit scale is the temperature scale in which 212 degrees is the boiling
● fermion point of water and 32 degrees is the freezing point of water. The scale was
invented in 1714 by a German physicist G.D. Fahrenheit (1686-1736).
● ferrites
● ferromagnetism
32°F = 0°C
● Fick's law 212°F = 100°C
● flash point 1°F =(5/9)°C
T(°C) = (5/9)[T(°F) - 32]
● foam
T(°F) = (9/5)T(°C) + 32
● free radical
● free radical farad
● freezing point Farad (F) is the SI derived unit of electric capacitance. The farad is the
● frequency capacitance of an electric capacitor between the two plates of which there
● Froude number appears a difference of electric potential of one volt when it is charged by a
quantity of electricity equal to one coulomb (F = C/V). The unit is named after
● fugacity the British scientist M. Faraday (1791-1867).
Faraday constant
Faraday constant (F) is the electric charge of 1 mol of singly charged positive
Chem.Calc ions.
PSE.Menu
F = NA × e = 96487 C mol-1
My Software
where NA is Avogadro's constant (6.022 × 1023 mol-1) and e is the
elementary charge (1.602 × 10-19 C).
fatty acids
Fatty acids are aliphatic monocarboxylic acids characterized by a terminal
carboxyl group (R-COOH). Natural fatty acids commonly have a chain of 4 to
28 carbons (usually unbranched and even-numbered), which may be
saturated or unsaturated. The most important of saturated fatty acids are
butyric (C4), lauric (C12), palmitic (C16), and stearic (C18). The most
common unsaturated acids are oleic, linoleic, and linolenic (all C18).
The physical properties of fatty acids are determined by chain length, degree
of unsaturation, and chain branching. Short-chain acids are pungent liquids,
soluble in water. As chain length increases, melting points are raised and
water-solubility decreases. Unsaturation and chain branching tend to lower
melting points.
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Fermi level
Fermi level is the highest energy of occupied states in a solid at zero
temperature. The Fermi level in conductors lies in the conduction band, in
insulators it lies in the valence band, and in semiconductors it falls in the gap
between the conduction band and the valence band. It is named after the
Italian physicst Enrico Fermi (1901 - 1954).
fermion
Fermion is any particle with spin equal to an odd multiple of 1/2. Fermion is a
particle that obeys Fermi-Dirac statistics, e.g. electron, proton, neutron,
muon, etc.
ferrites
Ferrites are ceramic materials of nominal formula MO.Fe2O3, where M is a
divalent metal (Co, Mn, NI, or Zn). The ferrites show either ferrimagnetism or
ferromagnetism, but are not electrical conductors, and they are used in high-
frequency circuits as magnetic cores, in rectifiers on memory and record
tapes, and various related uses in radio, television, radar, computers, and
automatic control systems.
ferromagnetism
Ferromagnetism is a type of magnetism in which the magnetic moments of
atoms in a solid are aligned within domains which can in turn be aligned with
each other by a weak magnetic field. The total magnetic moment of a sample
of the substance is the vector sum of the magnetic moments of the
component domains. In an unmagnetized piece of ferromagnetic material the
magnetic moments of the domains themselves are not aligned; when an
external field is applied those domains that are aligned with the field increase
in size at the expense of the others. Ferromagnetic materials can retain their
magnetization when the external field is removed, as long as the temperature
is below a critical value, the Curie temperature. They are characterized by a
large positive magnetic susceptibility.
Fick's law
Fick's law is the statement that the flux J of a diffusing substance is
proportional to the concentration gradient, i.e.,
J = -D(dc/dx)
where D is called the diffusion coefficient.
flash point
Flash point is the lowest temperature at which a liquid or volatile solid gives
off vapour sufficient to form an ignitable mixture with the air near the surface
of the liquid or within the test vessel (NFPA).
foam

Foams are dispersions of gases in liquids or solids. The gas globule may be
of any size, from colloidal to macroscopic, as in soap bubbles. Bakers' bread
and sponge rubber are examples of solid foams. Typical liquid foams are
those used in fire-fighting, shaving creams, etc. Foams made by mechanical
incorporation of air are widely used in the food industry (e.g. whipped cream,
egg white, ice cream, etc.). Foams can be stabilized by surfactants.
free radical
Free radical is a molecular fragment having one or more unpaired electrons,
usually short-lived and highly reactive. They can be produced by photolysis
or pyrolysis in which a bond is broken without forming ions. In formulas, a
free radical is conventionally indicated by a dot (Cl•). Free radicals are known
to be formed by ionising radiation and thus play a part in deleterious
degradation effects that occur in irradiated tissue. They also act as initiators
or intermediates in oxidation, combustion, photolysis, and polymerisation.
free radical
Free radical is highly reactive molecule or atom with an unpaired electron.
The species is often represented by a formula with a single dot as the
unpaired electron (•CH3, •SnH3, •Cl).
freezing point
See Melting point
frequency
Frequency (ν) is number of cycles of a periodic phenomenon divided by time.
Hertz (Hz) is the SI derived unit, with a special name, for frequency, equal to
s-1. It is named after the German scientist Heinrich Hertza (1857-1894).
Froude number
Froude number (Fr) is a dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics,
defined by
where v is velocity, l is length, and g is acceleration due to gravity.
fugacity
Fugacity (f) is a thermodynamic function used in place of partial pressure in
reactions involving real gases and mixtures. For a component of a mixture, it
is defined by
dμ = RT(lnf)
where μ is the chemical potential.
The fugacity of a gas is equal to the pressure if the gas is ideal. The fugacity
of a liquid or solid is the fugacity of the vapour with which it is in equilibrium.
The ratio of the fugacity to the fugacity in some standard state is the activity.




G - Glossary of chemical terms

KTF-SPLIT EniG.

G
● gal
● gallon
● gamma radiation
● gas gal
● gauss Gal is a non-SI unit of acceleration, equal to 1 cm/s2. Also called galileo.
● Gaussian system of
units gallon
● Gay-Lussac's law
Gallon (US) is a unit of volume equal to 3.785412 L.
● gel
● Gibbs free energy Gallon (UK, Imperial) is a unit of volume equal to 4.546090 L.
● Gibbs phase rule
● glass transition gamma radiation
temperature Gamma radiation is electromagnetic radiation of extremely short wavelength.
● Glauber's salt Gamma radiation ranges in energy from about 10-15 to 10-10 J (10 keV to 10
MeV) (wavelength less than about 1 pm). Gamma rays are emitted by
● glycerides
excited atomic nuclei during the process of passing to a lower excitation
● grain state.
● Grashof number
● gravimetry Gamma rays are extremely penetrating and are absorbed by dense materials
like lead and uranium. Exposure to gamma radiation may be lethal.
● gravitational
constant
gas
● gray
Gas is a state of matter in which the matter concerned occupies the whole of
● Grignard reagents
its container irrespective of its quantity.
gauss
Gauss (G) is a non-SI unit of magnetic flux density (B). 1 G = 10-4 T.
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu
Gaussian system of units
Gaussian system of units is a hybrid system used in electromagnetic theory,
My Software which combines features of both the electrostatic cgs subsystem (esu) and
electromagnetic cgs subsystem (emu). With three base units, it uses em
units in magnetism and es units in electrostatics. This involves using the
constant c (the velocity of light in vacuum) to interrelate these sets of units.
Gay-Lussac's law
See Charles' law
gel
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Gels are colloids in which both dispersed and continuous phases have a
three-dimensional network throughout the material, so that it forms a jelly-like
mass (e.g. gelatine). One component may sometimes be removed to leave a
rigid gel (e.g. heating silica gel).
Gibbs free energy

Gibbs free energy (G) is an important function in chemical thermodynamics,
defined by
G = H-TS
where H is the enthalpy, S the entropy, and T the thermodynamic

temperature. Gibbs free energy is the energy liberated or absorbed in a
reversible process at constant pressure and constant temperature.
Sometimes called Gibbs energy and, in older literature, simply "free energy".
Changes in Gibbs free energy, ∆G, are useful in indicating the conditions
under which a chemical reaction will occur. If ∆G is negative the reaction will
proceed spontaneously to equilibrium. In equilibrium position ∆G = 0.
Gibbs phase rule

Gibbs phase rule is the relationship used to determine the number of state
variables, usually chosen from among temperature, pressure, and species
composition in each phase, which must be specified to fix the
thermodynamic state of a system in equilibrium:
F=C-P+2
where C is the number of components in a mixture, P is the number of

phases, and F is the degrees of freedom, i.e., the number of intensive
variables that can be changed independently without affecting the number of
phases.
glass transition temperature

Glass transition temperature is the temperature at which an amorphous
polymer is transformed, in a reversible way, from a viscous or rubbery
condition to a hard and relatively brittle one.
Glauber's salt
Glauber's salt is sodium sulfate decahydrate (Na2SO4×10H2O). Loses water
of hydration at 100 °C. Energy storage capacity is more than seven times
that of water.
glycerides
Glycerides are esters of glycerol (propane-1,2,3-triol) with fatty acids, widely
distributed in nature. They are by long-established custom subdivided into
triglycerides, 1,2- or 1,3-diglycerides, and 1- or 2- monoglycerides, according
to the number and positions of acyl groups.
grain
Grain (gr) is a non-SI unit of mass, equal to 64.79891 mg.

Grashof number
Grashof number (Gr) is a dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics,
defined by
Gr = l3gα∆Tρ2/η2
where T is temperature, ρ is density, l is length, η is viscosity, α is cubic

expansion coefficient, and g is acceleration of gravity.
gravimetry
Gravimetry is the quantitative measurement of an analyte by weighing a
pure, solid form of the analyte. Since gravimetric analysis is an absolute
measurement, it is the principal method for analyzing and preparing primary
standards.
A typical experimental procedure to determine an unknown concentration of

an analyte in solution is as follows:
- quantitatively precipitate the analyte from solution
- collect the precipitate by filtering and wash it to remove impurities
- dry the solid in an oven to remove solvent
- weigh the solid on an analytical balance
- calculate the analyte concentration in the original solution based on the

weight of the precipitate.
gravitational constant
Gravitational constant (G) is the universal constant in the equation for the
gravitational force between two particles
F = Gm1m2/r2
where r is the distance between the particles and m1 and m2 are their
masses.
gray
Gray (Gy) is the SI derived unit of absorbed dose of radiation. The gray is the
absorbed dose when the energy per unit mass imparted to matter by ionizing
radiation is one joule per kilogram (Gy = J/kg). The unit is named after the
British scientist Louis Harold Gray (1905-1965).
Grignard reagents
Grignard reagents are organomagnesium halides, RMgX, having a carbon-
magnesium bond (or their equilibrium mixtures in solution with R2Mg +
MgX2).




H - Glossary of chemical terms

KTF-SPLIT EniG.

H
● half-life
● halocarbon
● halogens
● hardness half-life
● heat For a given reaction the half life t1/2 of a reactant is the time required for its
● heat capacity concentration to reach a value that is the arithmetic mean of its initial and
● hectare final (equilibrium) value.
● Heisenberg
uncertainty principle In nuclear chemistry, (radioactive) half life is defined, for a simple radioactive
decay process, as the time required for the activity to decrease to half its
● Helmholz free
value by that process.
energy
● henry N = N0/2
● Henry's law
● hertz halocarbon
● heterocyclic
Halocarbon is a compound containing no elements other than carbon, one or
compounds more halogens, and sometimes hydrogen. The simplest are compounds
● Heusler alloys such as tetrachloromethane (CCl4), tetrabromomethane (CBr4), etc. The
● holography lower members of the various homologous series are used as refrigerants,
● Hooke's law propellant gases, fireextinguishing agents, and blowing agents for urethane
foams. When polymerized, they yield plastics characterized by extreme
● horse power
chemical resistance, high electrical resistivity, and good heat resistance.
● HPLC
● hydration halogens
● hydrocarbon The halogens are the elements fluorine (F) chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine
● hydrolysis (I), and astatine (At). They are non-metals, and make up part of the 17 group
● hydrophilic in the periodic table. Compounds of these elements are called halogenides
● hydrophobic or halides.
● hydrophobic
The halogens all have a strong unpleasant odor and will burn flesh. They do
interaction not dissolve well in water. The five elements are strongly electronegative.
They are oxidizing agents, with fluorine being the strongest and astatine
being the weakest. They react with most metals and many non-metals.
Chem.Calc Halogens form molecules which consists of atoms covalently bonded. With
increasing atomic weight there is a gradation in physical properties. For
PSE.Menu example: Fluorine is a pale green gas of low density. Chlorine is a greenish-
yellow gas 1.892 times as dense as fluorine. Bromine is a deep reddish-
brown liquid which is three times as dense as water. Iodine is a grayish-black
My Software crystalline solid with a metallic appearance. And astatine is a solid with
properties which indicate that it is somewhat metallic in character.
hardness
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Hardness is the resistance of a material to deformation of an indenter of

specific size and shape under known load. This definition applies to all types
of hardness scales except Mohs scale, which is a based on the concept of
scratch hardness and is used chiefly for minerals. The most generally used
hardness scales are Brinell (for cast iron), Rockwell (for sheet metal and
heat-treated steel), Knoop (for metals).
heat
Heat is a form of energy associated with and proportional to molecular
motion. It can be transferred from one body to another by radiation,
conduction, or convection.
Heat of atomization is the energy required to dissociate one mole of a given

substance into atoms.
Heat of combustion is the heat evolved when a definite quantity of a

substance is completely oxidized (burned).
Heat of crystallization is the heat evolved or absorbed when one mole of

given substance crystallizes from a saturated solution of the same substance.
Heat of formation is the heat evolved or absorbed when one mole of a

compound is formed in their standard state from its constituent elements.
Heat of fusion is the heat required to convert a substance from the solid to
the liquid state with no temperature change (also called latent heat of fusion
or melting).
Heat of hydration is the heat evolved or absorbed when a hydrate of a

compound is formed.
Heat of reaction is the heat evolved or absorbed as a result of the complete

chemical reaction of molar amounts of the reactants.
Heat of sublimation is the energy required to convert one mole of a

substance from the solid to the gas state (sublimation) without the
appearance of the liquid state.
Heat of vaporization is the heat required to convert a substance from the

liquid to the gaseous state with no temperature change (also called latent
heat of vaporization).
heat capacity
Heat capacity is defined in general as dQ/dT, where dQ is the amount of
heat that must be added to a system to increase its temperature by a small
amount dT. The heat capacity at constant pressure is Cp = (∂H/∂T)p; that at
constant volume is CV = (∂E/∂T)V, where H is enthalpy, E is internal energy,
p is pressure, V is volume, and T is temperature. An upper case C normally
indicates the molar heat capacity, while a lower case c is used for the
specific (per unit mass) heat capacity.
hectare

Hectare (ha) is a unit of area equal to 104 m2. The unit is still used in
agriculture.
Heisenberg uncertainty principle

Heisenberg uncertainty principle is the principle that it is not possible to know
with unlimited accuracy both the position and momentum of a particle.
German physicist Werner Heisenberg (1901-1976) discovers this principle in
1927.
Helmholz free energy

Helmholz free energy (A) is a thermodynamic function defined by A = U - TS,
where U is the internal energy, S the entropy, and T the thermodynamic
temperature. For a reversible isothermal process ∆A represents the useful
work available.
henry
Henry (H) is the SI derived unit of inductance equal to the inductance of a
closed circuit in which an e.m.f. of one volt is produced when the electric
current in the circuit varies uniformly at the rate of one ampere per second (H
= V•s/A). The unit is named after the US physicst Joseph Henry (1797-1878).
Henry's law
Henry's law is discovered in 1801 by the British chemist William Henry (1775-
1836). At a constant temperature the mass of gas dissolved in a liquid at
equilibrium is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas. It applies only to
gases that not react with the solvent.
xi = Kx•pi
where pi is the partial pressure of component i above the solution, xi is its

mole fraction in the solution, and Kx is the Henry's law constant (a
characteristic of the given gas and solvent, as well as the temperature).
hertz
Hertz (Hz) is the SI derived unit, with a special name, for frequency. The
hertz is the frequency of a periodic phenomenon of which the period is one
second (Hz = 1 s-1). It is named after the German scientist Heinrich Hertza
(1857 - 1894).
heterocyclic compounds
Heterocyclic compounds are cyclic compounds having as ring members
atoms of at least two different elements, e.g., quinoline, 1,2-thiazole.
Heusler alloys
Heusler alloys are alloys of manganese, copper, aluminum, nickel, and
sometimes other metals which find important uses as permanent magnets.
holography

Holography is a technique for creating a three-dimensional image of an

object by recording the interference pattern between a light beam diffracted
from the object and a reference beam. The image can be reconstructed from
this pattern by a suitable optical system.
Hooke's law
When a load is applied to any elastic body is deformed or strained, then the
resulting stress (the tendency of the body to resume its normal condition) is
proportional to the strain. Stress is measured in units of force per unit area,
strain is the extent of the deformation.
horse power
Horse power is obsolete non-SI of power introduced by James Watt in 1782
to allow to describe the power of steam machinery. It was equal to the work
effort of a horse needed to raise vertically 528 cubic feet of water to one
metre in one minute (HP = 735.498750 W).
HPLC
HPLC is abbreviation for high-performance liquid chromatography. HPLC is a
variation of liquid chromatography that utilizes high-pressure pumps to
increase the efficiency of the separation.
hydration
Hydration is addition of water or the elements of water (i.e. H and OH) to a
molecular entity. The term is also used in a more restricted sense for the
process:
A+B- A+(aq) + B-(aq)
hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbon is a compound containing only carbon and hydrogen.
hydrolysis
Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction in which water reacts with another
substance to form two or more new substances. This involves ionization of
the water molecule as well as splitting of the compound hydrolyzed, e.g.
CH3COOC2H5 + H2O CH3COOH + C2H5OH
Examples are conversion of starch to glucose by water in presence of

suitable catalysts and reaction of the ions of a dissolved salt to form various
products, such as acids, complex ions, etc.
hydrophilic
Hydrophilic is having a strong tendency to bind or absorb water, which
results in swelling and formation of reversible gels. This property is
characteristic of carbohydrate.
hydrophobic

Hydrophobic is antagonistic to water, incapable of dissolving in vater. This

property is characteristic of oill, fats, waxes, and many resins.
hydrophobic interaction
Hydrophobic interaction is the tendency of hydrocarbons (or of lipophilic
hydrocarbon-like groups in solutes) to form intermolecular aggregates in an
aqueous medium, and analogous intramolecular interactions. The name
arises from the attribution of the phenomenon to the apparent repulsion
between water and hydrocarbons. Use of the misleading alternative term
hydrophobic bond is discouraged.



J - Glossary of chemical terms

KTF-SPLIT EniG.

J
● joule
● Joule-Thomson
coefficient
joule
Joule (J) is the SI derived unit of energy, work, and heat. The joule is the
work done when the point of application of a force of one newton is displaced
Chem.Calc a distance of one metre in the direction of the force (J = N m). The unit is
PSE.Menu named after the British scientist James Prescott Joule (1818-1889).
Joule-Thomson coefficient
My Software Joule-Thomson coefficient (μ) is a parameter which describes the
temperature change when a gas expands adiabatically through a nozzle from
a high pressure to a low pressure region. It is defined by
where H is enthalpy.


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K - Glossary of chemical terms

KTF-SPLIT EniG.

K
● kelvin
● ketones
● kilogram
● Kjeldhal flask kelvin
● Kjeldhal's method Kelvin (K) is the SI base unit of thermodynamic temperature. The kelvin, unit
● Knudsen number of thermodynamic temperature, is the fraction 1/273.16 of the
thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. The unit is named
● Kohlrausch's law
after the British scientist Sir. W. Thompson, Lord Kelvin (1824-1907).
ketones
Ketones are compounds in which a carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon
Chem.Calc
atoms: R1R2C=O (neither R may be H). They are derived by oxidation of
PSE.Menu
secondary alcohols. The simplest member of the series is acetone, (CH3)
2CO.
My Software
kilogram
Kilogram (kg) is the SI base unit of mass; it is equal to the mass of the
international prototype of the kilogram.
The prototype of the standard is a cylinder of platinum-iridium alloy, 39 mm in

diameter and 39 mm high. Prototype of the kilogram kept by the Bureau
International des Poids et Mesures (International Bureau of Weights and
Measures) at S?evres, near Paris.
Kjeldhal flask
Kjeldhal flask is a round bottom flask with a long wide neck that is used in the
determination of nitrogen by Kjeldhal's method.
Kjeldhal's method
Kjeldhal's method is an analytical method for determination of nitrogen in
certain organic compounds. The method was developed by the Danish
chemist Johan Kjeldahl (1849-1900).
It involves addition of a small amount of anhydrous potassium sulfate to the

test compound, followed by heating mixture with concentrated sulfuric acid,
often with a catalyst such as copper sulfate. As a result ammonia is formed.
After alkalyzing the mixture with sodium hydroxyde, the ammonia is
separated by distilation, collected in standard acid, and the nitrogen
determined by back-titration.
Knudsen number
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K - Glossary of chemical terms
Knudsen number (Kn) is a dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics,

defined by
Kn = λ/l
where λ is mean free path and l is length.
Kohlrausch's law
If a salt is dissolved in water, the conductivity of the solution is the sum of the
conductances of the anions and cations. The law, which depends on the
independent migration of ions, was deduced experimentally by German
chemist Friedrich Kohlrausch (1840-1910).


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L - Glossary of chemical terms

KTF-SPLIT EniG.

L
● laminar flow
● lanthanides
● laser
● latent heat laminar flow
● lattice constants Laminar flow is smooth, uniform, non-turbulent flow of a gas or liquid in
● lattice energy parallel layers, with little mixing between layers. It is characterized by small
values of the Reynolds number.
● Le Chatelier's
principle
lanthanides
● Lewis acid
● Lewis base Lanthanides (lanthanons, lanthanoids or rare-earth elements) are a series of
fourteen elements in the periodic table, generally considered to range in
● ligand proton number from cerium to lutetium inclusive. It was convenient to divide
● ligand field theory these elements into the cerium group or light earth: cerium (Ce),
● light year praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm),
● lignins europium (Eu); and the yttrium group or heavy earths: gadolinium (Gd),
terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm),
● lipids
ytterbium (Yb) i lutetium (Lu). The position of lanthanum is somewhat
● liter equivocal and, although not itself a lanthanides, it is often included with them
● lithosphere for comparative purpose. The lanthanides are sometimes simply called the
● LPG rare earths. Apart from unstable Pm the lanthanides are actually not rare.
Cerium is the 26. most abundant of all elements, 5 times as abundant as Pb.
● lumen All are silvery very reactive metals.
● luminous flux
● lux laser
● Lyman series Laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) is a light
amplifier usually used to produce monochromatic coherent radiation in the
infrared, visible, and ultraviolet regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Chem.Calc
latent heat
PSE.Menu Latent Heat (L) is the quantity of heat absorbed or released when a
substance changes its physical phase at constant temperature (e.g. from
solid to liquid at the melting point or from liquid to gas at the boiling point).
My Software
lattice constants
Lattice constants are parameters specifying the dimensions of a unit cell in a
crystal lattice, specifically the lengths of the cell edges and the angles
between them.
lattice energy
Lattice energy is the energy per ion pair required to separate completely the
ions in a crystal lattice at a temperature of absolute zero.
Le Chatelier's principle
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The idea that a system at equilibrium will respond to a stress placed upon it
in such a manner as to partially offset that stress. The principle was first
stated in 1888 by French physical chemist Henri Le Chatelier (1850-1936).
Lewis acid
Lewis acid is an agent capable of accepoting a pair of electrons to form a
coordinate bond.
Lewis base
Lewis base is an agent capable of donating a pair of electrons to form a
coordinate bond.
ligand
Ligand is an ion (F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, S2-, CN-, NCS-, OH-, NH2-) or molecule (NH3,
H2O, NO, CO) that donates a pair of electron to a metal atom or ion in
forming a coordination complex.
ligand field theory

Ligand field theory is a description of the structure of crystals containing a
transition metal ion surrounded by nonmetallic ions (ligands). It is based on
construction of molecular orbitals involving the d-orbitals of the central metal
ion and combinations of atomic orbitals of the ligands.
light year
Light year (ly) is a unit of distance used in astronomy, defined as the
distance light travels in one year in a vacuum (ly = 9.46052973•1015).
lignins
Lignins are macromolecular constituents of wood related to lignans,
composed of phenolic propylbenzene skeletal units, linked at various sites
and apparently randomly.
lipids
Lipids are a loosely defined term for substances of biological origin that are
soluble in nonpolar solvents. They consist of saponifiable lipids, such as
glycerides (fats and oils) and phospholipids, as well as nonsaponifiable
lipids, principally steroids.
liter
Liter (l, L) is a synonym for cubic decimeter (L = dm3).
lithosphere
Lithosphere is the outer layer of the solid earth, extending from the base of
the mantle to the surface of the crust.
LPG
LPG (Liquid Petroleum Gas) is a mixture of short hydrocarbons with most of
the volume being propane and butane. LPG is considered an alternative fuel
that burns cleaner than gasoline.

lumen
Lumen (lm) is the SI derived unit of luminous flux. The lumen is the luminous
flux emitted in a solid angle of one steradian by a point source having a
uniform intensity of one candela (1lm =1 cd•sr).
luminous flux
Luminous flux (Φ) is the intensity of light from a source multiplied by the solid
angle. The SI unit is lumen.
lux
Lux (lx) is the SI derived unit of illuminance. The lux is the illuminance
produced by a luminous flux of one lumen uniformly distributed over a
surface of one square metre (lx = lm·m-2).
Lyman series
Lyman series is the series of lines in the spectrum of the hydrogen atom
which corresponds to transitions between the ground state (principal
quantum number n = 1) and successive excited states.



M - Glossary of chemical terms

KTF-SPLIT EniG.

M
● macromolecule
● mass
● mass fraction
● mass number macromolecule
● mass spectrometry Macromolecule is a molecule of high relative molecular mass (molecular
● mean free path weight), the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of
units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative
● Meissner effect
molecular mass.
● melting point
● meniscus mass
● mercaptans
Mass (m) is the quantity of matter contained in a particle or body regardless
● metalloid of its location in the universe. Mass is constant, whereas weight is affected
● metals by the distance of a body from the center of the Earth (or of other planet).
The SI unit is kilogram.
● metre
● mho According to the Einstein equation
● micelle
● micron E = mc2
● millimeter of
mercury all forms of energy possess a mass equivalent.
● molality
mass fraction
● molar
● molar mass Mass fraction (wA) is the ratio of the mass of substance A to the total mass of
● molar quantity a mixture.
● molar volume
● molarity
● mole
● mole fraction
mass number
● molecular weight
Mass number (A) is a characteristic property of a specific isotope of an
● molecule
element, equal to the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the
● momentum nucleus.
● monomer
● monosaccharides mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique in which ions are separated
according to the mass/charge (m/e) ratio and detected by a suitable detector.
Chem.Calc In a mass spectrometer a sample is ionized and the positive ions produced
are accelerated into a high-vacuum region containing electric and magnetic
PSE.Menu fields. These fields deflect and focus the ions onto a detector. A mass
spectrum is thus obtained consisting of a series of peaks of variable intensity
to which m/e values can be assigned. Different molecules can be identified
My Software by their characteristic pattern of lines.
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mean free path

Mean free path is the average distance a gas molecule travels between
collisions.
Meissner effect
Meissner effect is the complete exclusion of magnetic induction from the
interior of a superconductor.
melting point
Melting point (or freezing point) is the temperature at which the solid and
liquid phases of a substance are in equilibrium at a specified pressure
(normally taken to be atmospheric unless stated otherwise). A pure
substance under standard condition of pressure has a single reproducible
melting point. The terms melting point and freezing point are often used
interchangeably, depending on whether the substance is being heated or
cooled.
meniscus
Meniscus is the concave curve of a liquid surface in a graduate or narrow
tube. Caused by surface tension.
mercaptans
Mercaptans are a traditional term abandoned by IUPAC, synonymous with
thiols. This term is still widely used.
metalloid
Metalloid (semimetal) is any of a class of chemical elements intermediate in
properties between metals and nonmetals. The classification is not clear cut,
but typical metalloids are boron (B), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), arsenic
(As), and tellurium (Te). They are electrical semiconductors and their oxides
are amphoteric.
metals
Metals are a material in which the highest occupied energy band (conduction
band) is only partially filled with electrons.
Their physical properties generally include:
- They are good conductors of heat and electricity. The electrical conductivity
of metals generally decreases with temperature.
- They are malleable and ductile in their solid state.
- They show metallic luster.
- They are opaque.
- They have high density.
- They are solids (except mercury)

- They have crystal structure in which each atom is surrounded by eight to

twelve near neighbors
Their chemical properties generally are:
- They have one to four valence electrons.
- They have low ionization potentials; they readily lose electrons.
- They are good reducing agents.
- They have hydroxides which are bases or amphoteric.
- They are electropositive.
Metallic characteristics of the elements decrease and non-metallic

characteristics increase with the increase of valence electrons. Also metallic
characteristics increase with the number of electron shells. Therefore, there
is no sharp dividing line between the metals and the non-metals.
Of the 113 elements now known, only 17 show primarily non-metallic

characteristics, 7 others are metalloids, and 89 may be classed as metals.
metre
Metre (m) is the SI base unit of length.
The meter is the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time
interval of 1/299 792 458 s.
This definition, adopted by the General Conference on Weights and Measure

in October 1983, replaced the 1967 definition based on the krypton lamp.
mho
Mho is an archaic name for the SI unit siemens (reciprocal ohm).
micelle
Micelle is an electrically charged colloidal particle, usually organic in nature,
composed of aggregates of large molecules, e.g., in soaps and surfactants.
For aqueous solutions, the hydrophilic end of the molecule is on the surface
of the micelle, while the hydrophobic end (often a hydrocarbon chain) points
toward the center.
micron
Micron (μ) is an obsolete name for micrometer (μm).
millimeter of mercury
Millimeter of mercury (mmHg) is a non-SI unit of pressure, equal to 133.322
Pa. The name is generally considered interchangeable with torr.
molality

Molality or molal concentration (b; formerly m) is a concentration in which the

amount of solute is stated in moles and the amount of solvent in kilograms.
The unit of molality is mol kg-1.
molar
Denoting that an extensive physical property is being expressed per amount
of substance, usually per mole.
molar mass
Molar mass is the mass of one mole of a substance.
M = m/n
It is normally expressed in units of g mol-1, in which case its numerical value

is identical with the relative molecular mass.
molar quantity
Molar quantity is often convenient to express an extensive quantity (e.g.,
volume, enthalpy, heat capacity, etc.) as the actual value divided by amount
of substance (number of moles). The resulting quantity is called molar
volume, molar enthalpy, etc.
molar volume
Molar volume is the volume occupied by substance per unit amount of
substance. The volume of the gas at 0 °C and 101 325 Pa is 22.4 dm3mol-1.
molarity
Formerly name for concentration.
mole
Mole (mol) is the SI base unit of amount of substance.
The mole is the amount of substance of a system which contains as many

elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kg of carbon 12.
When the mole is used, the elementary entities must be specified and may
be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particules, or specified groups of
such particles. In this definition, it is understood that the carbon 12 atoms are
unbound, at rest and in their ground state.
mole fraction

Mole fraction (xA) is the ratio of the amount of substance (number of moles)
of substance A to the total amount of substance in a mixture.
molecular weight
See Relative molecular mass
molecule
Molecule is the smallest part of a chemical compound that can take part in a
chemical reaction. The atoms of a molecule are held together by chemical
bonds.
momentum
Momentum (p) is the product of mass and velocity (p = m•v).
monomer
Monomer is a simple molecule which is capable of combining with a number
of like or unlike molecules to form a polymer. Monomer is repeating structure
unit within a polymer.
monosaccharides
Monosaccharide is a charbohydrate that cannot be split into smaller units by
the action of dilute acids.
Monosaccharide is any of several simple sugars having the formula

C6H12O6; the best-known are glucose, fructose, and galactose.
Monosaccharides combine to form more-complex sugars known as oligo-
and polysaccharide.



N - Glossary of chemical terms

KTF-SPLIT EniG.

N
● nautical mile
● Néel temperature
● neoprene
● Nessler's reagent nautical mile
● neutralization Nautical mile is a legal international unit of length temporarily maintained with
● neutrino the SI. It is still used in navigation (mercantile marine, aviation). It is equal to
the length of an arc of one minute measured at a latitude of N45° (mile =
● neutron
1852 m). The international nautical mile has been taken equal to the nautical
● neutron number mile.
● newton
● NMR Néel temperature
● noble gas Néel temperature (TN) is the critical temperature above which an
● non-metals antiferromagnetic substance becomes paramagnetic. The phenomenon was
● nuclear magnetic discovered around 1930 by L.E.F. Néel (1904- ).
resonance
● nuclear reactor neoprene
● nucleic acids Neoprene is a synthetic ruber made by polimerizing the compound 2-
● nucleon chlorobuta-1,2-diene. Neoprene is often used in place of natural rubber in
applications requiring resistance to chemical attack.
● nuclide
Nessler's reagent
Nessler's reagent is a solution of mercury(II) iodide (HgI2) in potassium
iodide and potassium hydroxide named after Julius Nessler (1827-1905). It is
Chem.Calc
used in testing for ammonia, with which it forms a brown coloration or
PSE.Menu precipitate.
neutralization
My Software
Neutralization is the process in which an acid reacts with a base to form a
salt and water.
H+ + OH- H2 O
neutrino
Neutrino is a stable elementary particle in the lepton family. Neutrinos have
zero (or at least near-zero) rest mass and spin 1/2.
neutron
Neutron is an elementary particle on spin 1/2 and zero charge. The free
neutron has a mean lifetime of 887 seconds. Neutrons and protons, which
are collectively called nucleons, are the constituents of the nucleus.
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neutron number
Neutron number (N) is a characteristic property of a specific isotope of an
element, equal to the number of neutrons in the nucleus.
newton
Newton (N) is the SI unit of force, being the force required to give a mass of
one kilogram an acceleration of 1 m s-2 (N = kg m s-2). It is named after
British scientist Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727).
NMR
See Nuclear magnetic resonance
noble gas
Noble gas refers to any element of the group of six elements in group 18 of
the periodic table. They are helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr) ,
xenon (Xe), and radon (Rn). Unlike most elements, the noble gases are
monoatomic. The atoms have stable configurations of electrons. Therefore,
under normal conditions they do not form compounds with other elements.
They were generally called inert gases until about 1962 when xenon
tetrafluoride, XeF4, was produced in the laboratory. This was the first report
of a stable compound of a noble gas with another single element.
non-metals
Non-metals are defined as elements that are not metals.
Their physical properties generally include:
- They are poor conductors.
- They are brittle, not ductile in their solid state.
- They show no metallic luster.
- They may be transparent or translucent.
- They have low density.
- They form molecules which consists of atoms covalently bonded; the noble
gases are monoatomic.
Their chemical properties are generally:
- They usually have four to eight valence electrons.
- They have high electron affinities (except the noble gases)
- They are good oxidizing agents (except the noble gases)
- They have hydroxides which are acidic (except the noble gases)

- They are electronegative.
nuclear magnetic resonance

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a type of radio-frequency
spectroscopy based on the magnetic field generated by the spinning of
electrically charged atomic nuclei. This nuclear magnetic field is caused to
interact with a very large (1 T - 5 T) magnetic field of the instrument magnet.
NMR techniques have been applied to studies of electron densities and
chemical bonding and has become a fundamental research tool for structure
determinations in organic chemistry.
nuclear reactor
Nuclear reactor is an assembly of fissionable material (uranium-235 or
plutonium-239) designed to produce a sustained and controllable chain
reaction for the generation of electric power. The essential components of a
nuclear reactor are:
1. The core, metal rods containing enough fissionable material to maintain a

chain reaction at the necessary power level (as much as 50 t of uranium may
be required).
2. A source of neutrons to initiate the reaction (such as a mixture of polonium

and beryllium)
3. A moderator to reduce the energy of fast neutrons for more efficient fission
(material such as graphite, beryllium, heavy water, and light water are used)
4. A coolant to remove the fission-generated heat (water, sodium, helium,

and nitrogen may be used)
5. A control system such as rods of boron or cadmium that have high capture
cross sections (to absorbs neutrons)
6. Adequate shielding, remote-control equipment, and appropriate

instrumentation are essential for personnel safety and efficient operation.
nucleic acids
Nucleic acids are macromolecules (relative molecular mass over 5 000 000),
the major organic matter of the nuclei of biological cells, made up of
nucleotide units, and hydrolyzable into certain pyrimidine or purine bases
(usually adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, uracil), D-ribose or 2-deoxy-D-
ribose.
nucleon
Nucleon is a collective term for the proton and neutron.
nuclide
Nuclide is a species of atoms in which each atom has identical atomic
number Z and identical mass number A.




O - Glossary of chemical terms

KTF-SPLIT EniG.

O
● oersted
● ohm
● olefins
● oligomer oersted
● Onsager relations Oersted (Oe) is a non-SI unit of magnetic field (H), equal to 79.57747157 A/
● orbital m. The unit is named after the H.C. Oersted (1777-1851).
● osmosis
ohm
● osmotic pressure
● Ostwald's dilution Ohm (W) is the SI derived unit of electric resistance. The ohm is the electric
law resistance between two points of a conductor when a constant difference of
potential of one volt, applied between these two points, produces in this
● overpotential conductor a current of one ampere, this conductor not being the source of
● oxidation electromotive force (W = V/A). The unit is named after the German physicist
● oximes Georg Simon Ohm (1789-1854).
● oxo compounds
olefins
● ozone
Olefins are acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons having one or more carbon-
carbon double bonds, apart from the formal ones in aromatic compounds.
The class olefins subsumes alkenes and cycloalkenes and the
corresponding polyenes.
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu oligomer
Oligomer is a substance consisting of molecules of intermediate relative
molecular mass (molecular weight), the structure of which essentially
My Software comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually,
from molecules of low relative molecular mass. In contrast to a polymer, the
properties of an oligomer can vary significantly with the removal of one or a
few of its units.
Onsager relations
Onsager relations are an important set of equations in the thermodynamics
of irreversible processes. They express the symmetry between the transport
coefficients describing reciprocal processes in systems with a linear
dependence of flux (Ji) on driving forces (Xj).
In Onsager's theory the coupling coefficients are equal, Lij = Lji. This are
known as reciprocal relations. The theory was developed by the Norwegian
chemist Lars Onsager (1903-1976) in 1931.
orbital
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Orbital is the area in space about an atom or molecule in which the

probability of finding an electron is greatest.
The possible atomic orbitals correspond to subshells of the atom. Thus there
is one s-orbital for each shell (orbital quantum number l = 0). There are three
p-orbitals (corresponding to the three values of l) and five d-orbitals. The
shapes of orbitals depend on the value of l.
osmosis
Osmosis is the flow of a solvent in a system in which two solutions of
different concentration are separated by a semipermeable membrane which
cannot pass solute molecules. The solvent will flow from the side of lower
concentration to that of higher concentration, thus tending to equalize the
concentrations. The pressure that must be applied to the more concentrated
side to stop the flow is called the osmotic pressure.
osmotic pressure
Osmotic pressure (Π) is the excess pressure necessary to maintain osmotic
equilibrium between a solution and the pure solvent separated by a
membrane permeable only to the solvent. In an ideal dilute solution
Π = cB RT
where cB is the amount-of-substance concentration of the solute, R is the

molar gas constant, and T the temperature.
Ostwald's dilution law

Ostwald's dilution law is a relation for the concentration dependence of the
molar conductivity Λ of an electrolyte solution, viz.
where c is the solute concentration, Kc is the equilibrium constant for

dissociation of the solute, and L0 is the conductivity at cΛ = 0. The law was
first put forward by the German chemist Wilhelm Ostwald (1853-1932).
overpotential
Overpotential (η) is a potential that must be applied in an electrolytic cell in
addition to the theoretical potential required to liberate a given substance at
an electrode. The value depends on the electrode material and on the
current density.
oxidation
The term oxidation originally meant a reaction in which oxygen combines
chemically with another substance. More generally, oxidation is a part of a
chemical reaction in which a reactant loses electrons (increase oxidation
number). Simultaneous reduction of a different reactant must occur (redox
reaction).

oximes
Oximes are organic compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from
condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from
aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called
ketoximes.
oxo compounds
Oxo compounds are organic compounds that contain the karbonyl group,
C=O. The term thus embraces aldehydes, carboxylic acids, ketones, amides,
and esters.
ozone
Ozone is an alotropic form of oxygen. It is unstable blue gas with pungent
odor. It is a powerful oxidizing agent. The gas is made by passing oxygen
through a silent electric discharge.
3O2(g) 2O3(g)



P - Glossary of chemical terms

KTF-SPLIT EniG.

P
● paraffins
● paramagnetism
● pascal
● Paschen series paraffins
● Pauli exclusion Paraffins are obsolescent term for alkanes. Still widely used in the
principle petrochemical industry.
● Peltier effect
● peptides paramagnetism
● periodic table Paramagnetism is a type of magnetism characterized by a positive magnetic
● periods susceptibility, so that the material becomes weakly magnetized in the
direction of an external field. The magnetization disappears when the field in
● peroxides removed.
● petroleum ether
● pH pascal
● phase Paramagnetism is a type of magnetism characterized by a positive magnetic
● phase diagram susceptibility, so that the material becomes weakly magnetized in the
direction of an external field. The magnetization disappears when the field in
● phenols
removed.
● photoelectric effect
● photon Paschen series
● pK
Paschen series are the series of lines in the spectrum of the hydrogen atom
● Planck constant which corresponds to transitions between the state with principal quantum
● plasma number n = 3 and successive higher states.
● polymer
Pauli exclusion principle
● polypeptides
● polysaccharides Pauli exclusion principle is the statement that two electrons in an atom
cannot have identical all four quantum numbers. It was first formulated in
● positron 1925 by Austrian-born Swiss physicst Wolfgang Ernst Pauli (1900-1958).
● pressure
● proton Peltier effect
● qualitative analysis Peltier effect is the absorption or generation of heat (depending on the
● quantitative analysis current direction) which occurs when an electric current is passed through a
● quantum junction between two materials.
● quasicrystal
peptides
Peptides are amides derived from two or more amino acids (the same or
different) linked by peptide bonds. These bonds are formed by the reaction
between adjancent carboxyl (-COOH) i amino (-NH2) groups with the
Chem.Calc
elimination of water.
PSE.Menu
periodic table
My Software
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Periodic table is a table of the elements, written in sequence in the order of

atomic number or atomic weight and arranged in horizontal rows (periods)
and vertical columns (groups) to illustrate the occurrence of similarities in the
properties of the elements as a periodic function of the sequence. The
original form was proposed by Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907) in 1869 using
relative atomic masses.
periods
Periods are horizontal rows in the periodic table. Each period beginning with
an alkali metal (one electron in the outermost principal quantum level) and
ending with an noble gas (each having eight electrons in the outermost
principal quantum level, except for helium, which is limited to two).
peroxides
Peroxides are compounds of structure ROOR in which R may be any organic
group. In inorganic chemistry, salts of the anion O2-2. They are strong
oxidizing agents.
petroleum ether
Petroleum ether is the petroleum fraction consisting of C5 and C6
hydrocarbons and boiling in the range 35 °C to 60 °C; commonly used as a
laboratory solvent.
pH
pH is a convenient measure of the acid-base character of a solution, usually
defined by
pH = -logc(H+)
where c(H+) is the concentration of hydrogen ions in moles per liter. The
more precise definition is in terms af activity rather than concentration.
A solution of pH 0 to 7 is acid, pH of 7 is neutral, pH over 7 to 14 is alkaline.
phase
Phase is a portion of a physical system (solid, liquid, gas) that is
homogeneous throughout, has definable boundaries, and can be separated
physically from other phases.
phase diagram
Phase diagram is a graphical representation of the equilibrium relationships
between phases (such as vapor-liquid, liquid-solid) of a chemical compound,
mixture of compounds, or solution.
phenols
Phenols are compounds having one or more hydroxy groups attached to
benzene or other arene ring.
photoelectric effect

Photoelectric effect is the complete absorption of a photon by a solid with the

emission of an electron. The energy of a photon (hν) is
photon
Photon is an elementary particle of zero mass and spin 1/2. The photon is
involved in electromagnetic interactions and is the quantum of
electromagnetic radiation. The photon may also be regarded as a unit of
energy equal to
E = h•ν
where h is Planck constant and ν is the frequency of the radiation.
pK
pK is the negative logarithm (base 10) of an equilibrium constant K.
Planck constant
Planck constant (h) is a constant that when multipled by the frequency of
radiation gives the quantity of energy contained in one quantum.
E = hν
Equal to 6.6260755(40)•10-34 J s. It is named after Max Planck (1858-1947).
plasma
Plasma is a highly ionized gas in which the charge of the electrons is
balanced by the charge of the positive ions, so that the system as a whole is
electrically neutral. Temperatures of 10 000 °C to 15 000 °C can be reached.
polymer
Polymer is a substance composed of molecules of high relative molecular
mass (molecular weight), the structure of which essentially comprises the
multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules
of low relative molecular mass (monomers). In most cases the number of
monomers is quite large and often is not precisely known. A single molecule
of a polymer is called a macromolecule.
polypeptides
Polypeptides are peptides containing ten or more amino acid residues. The
properties of a polypeptide are determined by the type and sequence of its
constituent amino acids.
polysaccharides
Polysaccharides are compounds consisting of a large number of
monosaccharides linked together by glycosidic bonds. Some important
examples are starch, glycogen, and cellulose.

positron
Positron is the antiparticle of the electron. It has the same mass and spin as
an electron, and an equal but opposite charge.
pressure
Pressure (p) is the force acting normally on unit area of a surface. It is
measured in pascals in Si units (Pa)
p = F/A
proton
Proton is a stable elementary particle of unit positive charge and spin 1/2.
Protons and neutrons, which are collectively called nucleons, are the
constituents of the nucleus.
qualitative analysis
Qualitative analysis involves determining the nature of a pure unknown
compound or the compounds present in a mixture.
quantitative analysis
Quantitative analysis is the determination of the amount of substances
present in a sample.
quantum
Quantum is the smallest quantity of energy that can be emitted (or absorbed)
in the form of electromagnetic radiation. Energy of a quantum (E) is equal to
E = h•ν
where h is Planck constant and ν is the frequency of the radiation.
quasicrystal
Quasicrystal is a solid having conventional crystalline properties but whose
lattice does not display translational periodicity.



S - Glossary of chemical terms

KTF-SPLIT EniG.

S
● s.t.p.
● salinity
● salt
● salt bridge s.t.p.
● saturated solution Standard temperature (273.15 K) and pressure (101 325 Pa) is the standard
● Schiff base conditions used as a basis for calculations involving quantities that vary with
temperature and pressure. These conditions are used when comparing the
● Schrödinger
properties of gases.
equation
● second
salinity
● selenides
Salinity (S) is a parameter used in oceanography to describe the
● semiconductor concentration of dissolved salts in seawater. The salinity of normal seawater
● semimetal is 35 parts salt per 1000 parts water.
● SI units
● siemens salt
● sievert Salt is an ionic compound formed by the reaction of an acid and a base. The
reaction of sodium hidroxide to hydrochloric acid give sodium chloride
● significant figures
● silanes
NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O
● silicones
● siloxanes
salt bridge
● smog
Salt bridge is a permeable material soaked in a salt solution that allows ions
● sol
to be transferred from one container to another. The salt solution remains
● solubility unchanged during this transfer.
● solubility product
constant saturated solution
● specific gravity Saturated solution is a solution that holds the maximum possible amount of
● specific heat dissolved material. When saturated, the rate of dissolving solid and that of
recrystallisation solid are the same, and a condition of equilibrium is reached.
● specific quantity
The amount of material in solution varies with the temperature; cold solutions
● standard electrode can hold less dissolved solid material than hot solutions. Gases are more
potential soluble in cold liquids than in hot liquids.
● standard hydrogen
electrode Schiff base
● standard mean Schiff base is a class of compounds derived by chemical reaction
ocean water (condesation) of aldehydes or ketones with aromatic amines, for example
● standards
● stoichiometric RNH2 + R'CHO RN:CHR' + H2O
number
● stoichiometry They are named after the German chemist Hugo Schiff (1834-1915).
● stratosphere
Schrödinger equation
● superconductor
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● superfluid Schrödinger equation is the basic equation of wave mechanics which, for
systems not dependent on time, takes the form:
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu
where Ψ is the wavefunction, V is the potential energy expressed as a
function of the spatial coordinates, E its total energy, 2 is the Laplacian
My Software operator, h is Planck's constant, and m is the mass.
second
Second (s) is the SI base unit of time.
The second is the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation
corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels (F = 4, mF =
0 to F = 3, mF = 0) of the ground state of the caesium 133 atom.
selenides
Selenides are compounds having the structure RSeR (R not equal to H).
They are thus selenium analogues of ethers. Also used for metal salts of
H2Se.
semiconductor
Semiconductor is a material in which the highest occupied energy band
(valence band) is completely filled with electrons at T = 0 K, and the energy
gap to the next highest band (conduction band) ranges from 0 to 4 or 5 eV.
With increasing temperature electrons are excited into the conduction band,
leading to an increase in the electrical conductivity.
semimetal
See Metalloid
SI units
See International System of Units
siemens
Siemens (S) is the SI derived unit of of electrical conductance of a conductor
in which a current of one ampere is produced by an electrical potential
difference of one volt (S = A•V-1 = Ω-1). The unit is named after the German
scientist Ernst Werner von Siemens (1816-1892).
sievert
Sievert (Sv) is the SI derived unit of dose equivalent when the absorbed
dose of ionizing radiation multiplied by the stipulated dimensionless factors is
1 J/kg. It is named after the Swedish physicst Rolf Sievert (1896-1966).
significant figures

Measurements are not infinitely accurate: we must estimate measurement

uncertainty. The number of significant figures is all of the certain digits plus
the first uncertain digit.
Rules for significant figures:
1. Disregard all initial zeros.
2. Disregard all final zeros unless they follow a decimal point.
3. All remaining digits including zeros between nonzero digits are significant.
0.0023 have two significant figures

0.109 have three significant figures
2.00 have three significant figures
70 have one significant figure
In adition and subtraction, the number of significant figures in the answer

depends on the original number in the calculation that has the fewest digits
to the right of the decimal point.
In multiplication and division, the number of significant figures in a calculated

result is determined by the original measurement that has the fewest number
of significant digits.
In a logarithm of a number, keep as many digits to the right of the decimal

point as there are significant figures in the original number.
In an antilogarithm of a number, keep as many digits as there are digits to

the right of the decimal point in the original number.
silanes
Silanes are saturated silicon hydrides, analogues of the alkanes (compounds
of the general formula SinH2 +2).
n
silicones
Silicones are polymeric or oligomeric siloxanes, usually considered
unbranched, of general formula [-OSiR2-]n (R not equal to H).
siloxanes
Siloxanes are saturated silicon-oxygen hydrides with unbranched or
branched chains of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms (-Si-O-Si-).
smog
Smog is a mixture of smoke and fog. The term is used to describe city fogs in
which there is a large proportion of particulate matter (tiny pieces of carbon
from exhausts) and also a high concentration of sulphur and nitrogen gases.
sol

Sols are dispersions of small solid particles in a liquid. The particles may be
macromolecules or may be clusters of small molecules. Lyophobic sols are
those in which there is no affinity between the dispersed phase and the liquid
(e.g. silver chloride dispersed in water). Lyophobic sols are inherently
unstable, in time the particles aggregate, and form a precipitate. Lyiophilic
sols, on the other hand, are more like true solutions in which the solute
molecules are large and have an affinity for the solvent (e.g. starch in water).
Association colloids are systems in which the dispersed phase consists of
clusters of molecules that have lyophobic and lyophilic parts (e.g. soap in
water).
solubility
Solubility is the maximum amount of solute that dissolves in a given quantity
of solvent at a specific temperature. Generally, for a solid in a liquid, solubility
increases with temperature; for a gas, solubility decreases. Common
measures of solubility include the mass of solute per unit mass of solution
(mass fraction), mole fraction of solute, molality, molarity, and others.
solubility product constant

Solubility product constant (Ksp) (or the solubility product) is the product of
the molar concentrations of the constituent ions, each raised to the power of
its stoichiometric coefficient in the equilibrium equation. For instance, if a
compound AaBb is in equilibrium with its solution
AaBb(s) aA+ + bB
the solubility product is given by
Ksp(AaBb) = [A+]a•[B-]b
specific gravity
Specific gravity is ratio of the density of a material to that density of a water.
Since one must specify the temperature of both the sample and the water to
have a precisely defined quantity, the use of this term is now discouraged.
specific heat
Specific heat is the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one
gram of a substance by one degree Celsius.
specific quantity
Specific quantity is often convenient to express an extensive quantity (e.g.,
volume, enthalpy, heat capacity, etc.) as the actual value divided by mass.
The resulting quantity is called specific volume, specific enthalpy, etc.
standard electrode potential

Standard electrode potential (E°) (standard reduction potentialis) are defined

by measuring the potential relative to a standard hydrogen electrode using 1
mol solution at 25 °C. The convention is to designate the cell so that the
oxidized form is written first. For example,
Pt(s)|H2(g)H+(aq)|Zn2+(aq)|Zn(s)
The e.m.f. of this cell is -0.76 V and the standard electrode potential of the
Zn2+|Zn half cell is -0.76 V.
standard hydrogen electrode

Standard hydrogen electrode is a system in which hydrogen ion and gaseous
hydrogen are present in their standard states. The convention is to designate
the cell so that the standard hydrogen electrode is written first.
H2(g) 2H+(aq) + 2e-
The electrode is used as a reference (of zero) for the values of other
standard electrode potentials.
standard mean ocean water

Standard mean ocean water (SMOW) is a standard sample of pure water of
accurately known isotopic composition which is maintained by the
International Atomic Energy Agency. It is used for precise calibration of
density and isotopic composition measurements.
standards
Standards are materials containing a known concentration of an analyte.
They provide a reference to determine unknown concentrations or to
calibrate analytical instruments.
The accuracy of an analytical measurement is how close a result comes to

the true value. Determining the accuracy of a measurement usually requires
calibration of the analytical method with a known standard. This is often done
with standards of several concentrations to make a calibration or working
curve.
A primary standard is a reagent that is extremely pure, stable, has no waters

of hydration, and has a high molecular weight.
A secondary standard is a standard that is prepared in the laboratory for a

specific analysis. It is usually standardized against a primary standard.
stoichiometric number
Stoichiometric number (ν) is the number appearing before the symbol for
each compound in the equation for a chemical reaction. By convention, it is
negative for reactants and positive for products.
stoichiometry

Stoichiometry is the relative proportions in which elements from compounds

or in which substances react. Every chemical reaction has its characteristic
proportions. For example, when methane unites with oxygen in complete
combustion, 1 mol of methane requires 2 mol of oxygen.
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
At the same time, 1 mol of carbon dioxide and 2 mol of water are formed as
reaction productions.
Alternatively, 16 g of methane and 64 g of oxygen produce 44 g of carbon

dioxide and 36 g of water.
stratosphere
Stratosphere is the part of the earth's atmosphere extending from the top of
the troposphere (typically 10 km to 15 km above the surface) to about 50 km.
It is characterized by an increase in temperature with increasing altitude.
superconductor
Superconductor is a material that experiences a nearly total loss of electrical
resistivity below a critical temperature Tc.
superfluid
Superfluid is a fluid with near-zero viscosity and extremely high thermal
conductivity. Liquid helium exhibits these properties below 2.186 K (the λ
point).



T - Glossary of chemical terms

KTF-SPLIT EniG.

T
● temperature
● tesla
● theoretical yield
● thermal conductivity temperature
● thermodynamic laws Temperature is measure to the average kinetic energy of its molecules. The
● thermodynamics SI unit in which thermodynamic temperature is expressed is the kelvin (K).
● thermosphere
tesla
● three way safety
bulb Tesla (T) is the SI derived unit of magnetic flux density. The tesla is magnetic
● titration curve flux density of a magnetic flux of one weber per square metre (T = Wb/m2).
The unit is named after the Croatian scientist Nikola Tesla (1857-1943),
● tonne
equal to V s/m2.
● transition metals
● transmittance theoretical yield
● triple point Theoretical yield is the maximum quantity of a product that could be formed
● troposphere in a chemical reaction if all the limiting reactant reacted to form products
(distinguished from actual yield).
thermal conductivity
Chem.Calc Thermal conductivity (Λ) is rate of heat flow divided by area and by
PSE.Menu temperature gradient.
thermodynamic laws
My Software Thermodynamic laws are the foundation of the science of thermodynamics:
First law: The internal energy of an isolated system is constant; if energy is

supplied to the system in the form of heat dq and work dw, then the change
in energy dU = dq + dw.
Second law: No process is possible in which the only result is the transfer of
heat from a reservoir and its complete conversion to work.
Third law: The entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero as the

thermodynamic temperature approaches zero.
thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is the scientific study of the interconversion of heat and
other forms of energy.
thermosphere
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Thermosphere is the layer of the earth's atmosphere extending from the top
of the mesosphere (80 km - 90 km above the surface) to about 500 km. It is
characterized by a rapid increase in temperature with increasing altitude up
to about 200 km, followed by a leveling off in the 300 km - 500 km region.
three way safety bulb

The three way safety bulb is used for pipeting. The attachment is placed over
the mouth of the pipet. The air (A) valve is used to empty the bulb of air. The
suction (S) valve is used to draw liquid into the pipet. The empty (E) valve is
used to drain liquid out of a pipet.
titration curve
Titration curve is a graphical representation of the amount of a species
present (often hydrogen ion) vs. volume of solution added during a titration.
tonne
Tonne (t) is an alternative name for megagram (1000 kg).
transition metals
This group of metals is distinguished from other metals not by their physical
properties, but by their electronic structure. Transition metals are elements
characterized by a partially filled d subshell. The First Transition Series
comprises scandium (Sc), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr),
manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni) and copper (Cu). The
Second and Third Transition Series include the lanthanides and actinides,
respectively.
The transition metals are noted for their variability in oxidation state. Thus,
manganese has two electrons in its outside shell and five electrons in the
next shell down, and exhibits oxidation states of +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, and
+7.
They are also characterized by the fact that well into the series, going from
left to right, the properties of succeeding metals do not differ greatly from
preceding ones.
transmittance
Transmittance (τ) is ratio of the radiant or luminous flux at a given
wavelength that is transmitted to that of the incident radiation. Also called
transmission factor.
triple point
Triple point is the point in p,T space where the solid, liquid, and gas phases
of a substance are in thermodynamic equilibrium.
troposphere
Troposphere is the lowest part of the earth's atmosphere, extending to 110
km to 15 km above the surface. It is characterized by a decrease in
temperature with increasing altitude. The exact height varies with latitude
and season.




U - Glossary of chemical terms

KTF-SPLIT EniG.

U
● unified atomic mass
unit
● unit cell
● unsaturated unified atomic mass unit
hydrocarbons
Unified atomic mass unit (u or mu) is a unit of mass used in atomic,
● unsaturated solution
molecular, and nuclear science, defined as the mass of one atom of 12C
divided by 12. Its approximate value is
u = (1.660 565±0.000 008 6)•10-27 kg.

Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu unit cell
Unit cell is the smallest fragment of the structure of a solid that by repetition
can generate the entire structure.
My Software
unsaturated hydrocarbons
Unsaturated hydrocarbons are organic compounds containing double
(alkenes) or triple (alkynes) bonds in its molecules.
unsaturated solution
Unsaturated solution is a solution that contains less than the maximum
possible equilibrium concentration of a solute.


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V - Glossary of chemical terms

KTF-SPLIT EniG.

V
● vacancy
● van der Waals'
equation
● van der Waals' force vacancy
● van't Hoff equation
Vacancy is a missing atom or ion in a crystal lattice.
● vapor pressure
● volt van der Waals' equation
● volume fraction Van der Waals' equation is an equation of state for fluids which takes the
● watt form:
● weak acid
● weber
● weight
● Wöhler's synthesis
where p is pressure, Vm is molar volume, T is temperature, R is the molar
gas constant, and a and b are characteristic parameters of the substance
which describe the effect of attractive and repulsive intermolecular forces.
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu van der Waals' force
Van derWaals' force is the weak attractive force between two molecules
which arises from electric dipole interactions. It can lead to the formation of
My Software stable but weakly bound dimer molecules or clusters. They are named after
the Dutch physicist Johannes van der Waals (1837-1923).
van't Hoff equation

Van't Hoff equation is the equation expressing the temperature dependence
of the equilibrium constant K of a chemical reaction:
where ∆rH° is the standard enthalpy of reaction, R the molar gas constant,
and T the temperature.
vapor pressure
Vapor pressure is the pressure of a gas in equilibrium with a liquid (or, in
some usage, a solid) at a specified temperature.
volt
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Volt (V) is the SI derived unit of electric potential. One volt is the difference of
potential between two points of an electical conductor when a current of 1
ampere flowing between those points dissipates a power of 1 watt. It is
named after the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta (1745-1827).
volume fraction
Volume fraction (φj) is defined as
where Vj is the volume of the specified component and the Vi are the
volumes of all the components of a mixture prior to mixing.
watt
Watt (W) is the SI derived unit of power. One watt is a power of one joule per
second (W = J/s). It is named after the Scottish engineer James Watt (1736-
1819).
weak acid
Weak acid is an acid that incompletely dissociated in aqueous solution.
weber
Weber (Wb) is the SI derived unit of magnetic flux. The weber is the
magnetic flux which, linking a circuit of one turn, produces in it an
electromotive force of one volt as it is reduced to zero at a uniform rate in
one second (Wb = V•s). The unit is named after the German scientist W.E.
Weber (1804-1891).
weight
Weight is a measure of the pull of gravitational force on an object. It is
directly proportional to mass.
Wöhler's synthesis
Wöhler's synthesis is a synthesis of urea performed by German chemist
Friedrich Wöhler (1800-1882) in 1828. He discovered that urea (CO(NH2)2)
was formed when a solution of ammonium isocyanate (NH4NCO) was
evaporated. At the time it was believed that organic substances such as urea
could be made only by living organisms, and its production form an inorganic
compound was a notable discovery.




X - Glossary of chemical terms

KTF-SPLIT EniG.

X
● X-rays
X-rays
Chem.Calc
X-rays are electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than ultraviolet
PSE.Menu radiation (10-11 m to 10-9 m or 0.01 nm to 1 nm) produced by bombardment
of atoms by high-quantum-energy particles. X-rays can pass through many
forms of matter and they are therefore used medically and industrially to
My Software examine internal structure.


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Z - Glossary of chemical terms

KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Z
● Zeeman effect
● zeolite
● zeotrope
● zero-order reaction Zeeman effect
● zeta potential Zeeman effect is the splitting of the lines in a spectrum when the source of
● Ziegler process the spectrum is exposed to a magnetic field. It was discovered in 1896 by
Pieter Zeeman (1865-1943).
● zwitterion
zeolite
Zeolite is a natural or synthetic hydrated aluminosilicate with an open three-
dimensional crystal structure, in which water molecules are held in cavites in
Chem.Calc
the latice. The water can be driven off by heating and the zeolite can then
PSE.Menu absorb other molecules of suitable size. Zeolites are used for separating
mixtures by selective absorption.
My Software zeotrope
Zeotrope is a liquid mixture that shows no maximum or minimum when vapor
pressure is plotted against composition at constant temperature. See
Azeotrope.
zero-order reaction
Zero-order reaction is a reaction for which the rate of reaction is independent
of the concentration of reactants.
zeta potential
Zeta potential (ζ) is the electric potential at the surface of a colloidal particle
relative to the potential in the bulk medium at a long distance. Also called
electrokinetic potential.
Zeta potential (ζ) is the potential across the interface of all solids and liquids.
Specifically, the potential across the diffuse layer of ions surrounding a
charged colloidal particle, which is largely responsible for colloidal stability.
Also called electrokinetic potential.
Ziegler process
Ziegler process is an industrial process for the manufacture of high-density
polyethene using catalysts of titanium(IV) chloride (TiCl4) and aluminium
alkyls (e.g. triethylaluminium, Al(C2H5)3). The process was introduced in
1953 by the German chemist Karl Ziegler (1898-1973). It allowed the
manufacture of polythene at lower temperatures (about 60 °C) and pressures
(about 1 atm) than used in the original process.
zwitterion
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Z - Glossary of chemical terms
Zwitterion is an ion that has a positive and negative charge on the same
group of atoms. Zwitterions can be formed from compounds that contain both
acid groups and basic groups in their molecules. It is also called ampholyte
ion.


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Alphabetical listing of names of the elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Find element
ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF NAMES
Go.Element
Glossary Alphabetical listing of symbols
Appendix
PDF Table
Awards ● Actinium
Links
● Aluminium
● Americium
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu ● Antimony
● Argon
● Arsenic
My Software
● Astatine
● Barium
EDITORS:
● Berkelium
English
● Beryllium
Aditya Vardhan
Eni Generalic ● Bismuth
● Bohrium
French
● Boron
Michel Ditria
● Bromine
Croatian
● Cadmium
Eni Generalic
Marija Bralic ● Caesium
Slobodan Brinic ● Calcium
German ● Californium
Marc Hens ● Carbon
● Cerium
Italian
editors wanted ● Chlorine
● Chromium
● Cobalt
● Copper
● Curium
● Darmstadtium
● Dubnium
● Dysprosium
● Einsteinium
● Erbium
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● Europium
● Fermium
● Fluorine
● Francium
● Gadolinium
● Gallium
● Germanium
● Gold
● Hafnium
● Hassium
● Helium
● Holmium
● Hydrogen
● Indium
● Iodine
● Iridium
● Iron
● Krypton
● Lanthanum
● Lawrencium
● Lead
● Lithium
● Lutetium
● Magnesium
● Manganese
● Meitnerium
● Mendelevium
● Mercury
● Molybdenum
● Neodymium
● Neon
● Neptunium
● Nickel
● Niobium
● Nitrogen
● Nobelium
● Osmium
● Oxygen

● Palladium
● Phosphorus
● Platinum
● Plutonium
● Polonium
● Potassium
● Praseodymium
● Promethium
● Protactinium
● Radium
● Radon
● Rhenium
● Rhodium
● Rubidium
● Ruthenium
● Rutherfordium
● Samarium
● Scandium
● Seaborgium
● Selenium
● Silicon
● Silver
● Sodium
● Strontium
● Sulfur
● Tantalum
● Technetium
● Tellurium
● Terbium
● Thallium
● Thorium
● Thulium
● Tin
● Titanium
● Tungsten
● Uranium
● Vanadium
● Xenon

● Ytterbium
● Yttrium
● Zinc
● Zirconium



Alphabetical listing of symbols of the elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Find element
ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF SYMBOLS
Go.Element
Glossary Alphabetical listing of names
Appendix
PDF Table A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P R S T U V W X Y Z
Awards
Links A Ac Ag Al Am
Ar As At Au
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu
B B Ba Be Bh
My Software Bi Bk Br
EDITORS:
C C Ca Cd Ce
English
Cf Cl Cm Co
Aditya Vardhan
Cr Cs Cu
Eni Generalic
French
Michel Ditria D Db Ds Dy
Croatian
Eni Generalic
Marija Bralic E Er Es Eu
Slobodan Brinic
German
Marc Hens F F Fe Fm Fr
Italian
editors wanted G Ga Gd Ge
H H He Hf Hg
Ho Hs
I I In Ir
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K K Kr
L La Li Lr Lu
M Md Mg Mn Mo
Mt
N N Na Nb Nd
Ne Ni No Np
O O Os
P P Pa Pb Pd
Pm Po Pr Pt
Pu
R Ra Rb Re Rf
Rh Rn Ru
S S Sb Sc Se
Sg Si Sm Sn
Sr
T Ta Tb Tc Te
Th Ti Tl Tm
U U
V V
W W

X Xe
Y Y Yb
Z Zn Zr



__________________________________________________________________________
| |
|1 H He |
| |
|2 Li Be B C N O F Ne |
| |
|3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar |
| |
|4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr |
| |
|5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe |
| |
|6 Cs Ba * Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn |
| |
|7 Fr Ra ** Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds |
|__________________________________________________________________________|
| |
| |
| Lantanoidi* La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu |
| |
| Aktinoidi** Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr |
|__________________________________________________________________________|
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English - French - Croatian - German - Italian
Periodic table of the elements 1.7 contains general information of chemical

elements and interactive JavaScript calculators that contain of practically
any common and many advanced calculator functions. Glossary of chemical
terms is added in order to help users to find relevant information more
efficiently.
● If you have comments, correction or suggestions about this site, please

send me an e-mail.
Glossary of chemical terms - Periodic Table of the Elements - Scientific

calculator for chemists
____________________________________________
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Printable Periodic Table

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Find element
Go.Element
Glossary
Appendix Black white version
PDF Table Colour version
Awards
Links
Date: March 13, 2003

Chem.Calc
Black white version of the periodic table is
PSE.Menu
prepared for prints in PostScript (PS) and
Portable Document Format (PDF). The
atomic weights of the elements are
My Software rounded to 5 significant figures.
Download PDF: en-black.pdf (67.5 kB)

EDITORS:
English Download PS: en-black.ps (276 kB)

Aditya Vardhan
Eni Generalic
French Date: March 27, 2003
Michel Ditria Colour version of the periodic table is

prepared for prints in PostScript (PS) and
Croatian Portable Document Format (PDF). The
atomic weights of the elements are
Eni Generalic
rounded to 5 significant figures.
Marija Bralic
Slobodan Brinic
Download PDF:
German
Marc Hens ● en-color100.pdf - 100 °C (387 kB)
● en-color25.pdf - 25 °C (387 kB)
Italian
editors wanted Download PS:
● en-color100.ps - 100 °C (302 kB)

● en-color25.ps - 25 °C (302 kB)
Original PostScript (PS) files are converting in Portable Document Format (PDF) with
GhostScript program. For read and print these files you need the GSview (PS and
PDF) or the Adobe Acrobat Reader (PDF).
http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/pse-pdf.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:39:34

Printable Periodic Table

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS _verzija 1.x_

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/pse-pdf.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:39:34

Scientific calculator for chemists with notebook

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Find element
decimal Rad Deg EniG. Cls

Go.Element
Glossary
Appendix
sqrt root ln log tan atan
PDF Table
Awards x^2 x^y e^x 10^x cos acos
Links
+/- 1/x x! % sin asin
Chem.Calc 7 8 9 / MR MS
PSE.Menu
4 5 6 * Constant
My Software 1 2 3 - ( ) Clear Select All Reset
0 . E + =
EDITORS:
English
Aditya Vardhan
Eni Generalic
Scientific calculator for chemists with notebook is a fully functioning JavaScript calculator.
French This calculator can be used as common scientific calculator (sin, cos, log, power, root,
memory), but it also includes a molecular weight calculator and the tables with various
Michel Ditria
physical and chemical constants. The calculator contains a list with task history, storing all
Croatian the recent inputs and results. Scientific calculator displays the numbers rounded to a user-
specified number of decimal places.
Eni Generalic
Marija Bralic
Slobodan Brinic
Entering expression
German Type your expression directly onto the input line or copy and paste an
Marc Hens expression from another programs. When you finish entering your expression,
pres ENTER or click [=] button.
Italian
editors wanted Rules for typing expression
● Spaces are irrelevant, for example 54 + 3*2 is equal 54+3*2

● If you press a function button without argument, the last result becomes a function
argument
● If the first character in the expression is a math operator (+, *, /) then the last result is
put in before the math operator
Angle measure
In trigonometric calculations, angles are interpreted as radians (default) or

degrees, depending on mode setting (Deg or Rad mode).
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Number formats
Results can be rounded to a user-specified number of decimal places (max 15-

digit). This calculator can round mantissa under scientific notation, also. For
example, numbers rounded to a 4 digit like this: decimal number 3.5269,
integer number 35269.0000 and scientific number 3.5269 e-31.
Arithmetic operators
To perform basic mathematical operations use the following arithmetic

operators: addition (+), subtraction / minus sign (-), multiplication (*) and
division (/)
Positive numbers
Enter a positive number by pressing the appropriate digit keys (or buttons)
and, if necessary, the decimal point key [.]. Period and comas are equivalents
as decimal separator in numbers (3,2 + 4.3 = 7.5).
Negative numbers
Negative numbers are obtained by simple putting the minus sign (-) before the
number.
Scientific notation
Use standard calculator notation for scientific notation, for example 1e-5 is
0.00001; 1e+3 or 1e3 is 1000. Enter the mantissa as the positive or negative
number, and then click [E] button or just type lower e and type exponent as
the positive or negative number.
Parentheses
Operations with the same precedence are performed from left to right, with
operations enclosed in parentheses performed first. If parentheses are nested,
the operations enclosed in the innermost set of parentheses are performed
first. All types of parentheses are correct, for example 25.3/(K3[Fe(CN)6]).
Chemical formulae
● The element symbols in chemical formula must be properly capitalized.

● For indicating hydration you must use a + sign (CuSO4+5*H2O).
● It is correct to type the leading number before formula without parentheses: 3*CO2 is
equal 3*(CO2)
Physical constants
Clicking the Constants button expand of Scientific calculator for chemists you
get access physical constants table. Click the button near constant that you

want to insert into expression.
Examples:
2+5-3.25 = 10.25
+5 = 15.25
8+7+(42-16)*3 = 90
8+7+[(42-16)-7]*3 = 72
5*-7 = -35
7e-6/3e-9 = 2333.3333333333
H2SO4 = H*2+S+O*4 = 1.00794*2+32.066+15.9994*4 = 98.079

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS _verzija 1.x_


Sci.Calc - Scientific Calculator
x^2 x^y e^x 10^x cos acos
+/- 1/x x! Pi sin asin
7 8 9 / ppm MS
4 5 6 * % MR
1 2 3 - ( )
0 . E + =
http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/scicalc.html28/02/2006 14:39:37
Molecular weight calculations

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Find element

Go.Element
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table
Awards x^2 x^y e^x 10^x cos acos
Links +/- 1/x x! Pi sin asin
Chem.Calc 7 8 9 / ppm MS
PSE.Menu
4 5 6 * % MR
My Software
1 2 3 - ( )
0 . E + =

EDITORS:
English
Aditya Vardhan Entering expression
Eni Generalic
Type your expression directly onto the input line or copy and paste an expression from
French
another programs. When you finish entering your expression, pres ENTER or click [=]
Michel Ditria button.
Croatian
Rules for typing expression
Eni Generalic
Marija Bralic
● Spaces are irrelevant, for example 54 + 3*2 is equal 54+3*2
Slobodan Brinic
● If you press a function button without argument, the last result becomes a function
German argument
Marc Hens ● If the first character in the expression is a math operator (+, *, /) then the last result
is put in before the math operator
Italian
editors wanted Angle measure
In trigonometric calculations, angles are interpreted as radians (default) or

degrees, depending on mode setting (Deg or Rad mode).
Number formats
Results can be rounded to a user-specified number of decimal places (max

15-digit). This calculator can round mantissa under scientific notation, also.
http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/calculator.html (1 de 4)28/02/2006 14:39:40

For example, numbers rounded to a 4 digit like this: decimal number 3.5269,
integer number 35269.0000 and scientific number 3.5269 e-31.
Arithmetic operators
To perform basic mathematical operations use the following arithmetic

operators: addition (+), subtraction / minus sign (-), multiplication (*) and
division (/)
Positive numbers
Enter a positive number by pressing the appropriate digit keys (or buttons)
and, if necessary, the decimal point key [.]. Period and comas are
equivalents as decimal separator in numbers (3,2 + 4.3 = 7.5).
Negative numbers
Negative numbers are obtained by simple putting the minus sign (-) before
the number.
Scientific notation
Use standard calculator notation for scientific notation, for example 1e-5 is
0.00001; 1e+3 or 1e3 is 1000. Enter the mantissa as the positive or negative
number, and then click [E] button or just type lower e and type exponent as
the positive or negative number.
Parentheses
Operations with the same precedence are performed from left to right, with
operations enclosed in parentheses performed first. If parentheses are
nested, the operations enclosed in the innermost set of parentheses are
performed first. All types of parentheses are correct, for example 25.3/(K3[Fe
(CN)6]).
Chemical formulae
● The element symbols in chemical formula must be properly capitalized.

● For indicating hydration you must use a + sign (CuSO4+5*H2O).
● It is correct to type the leading number before formula without parentheses: 3*CO2
is equal 3*(CO2)
Scientific calculator for chemists translates the chemical formula into

mathematical text, and replaces the element symbols with their atomic
weight.
The relative molecular weight of the substance will be defined as the sum of
relative atomic weights of the elements, multiplied by the number of atoms in

the formula of this substance.
Any atom in periodic system can be used in the chemical formula. The
symbol of the atom is a capital letter if it consists of only one character, such
as S for sulfur or N for nitrogen. If the symbol consists of two characters then
only the first one is a capital letter, such as Si for silicon or Na for sodium.
For example, when manual calculating the relative molecular weight of lead-
nitrate, you must type the correct chemical formula.
Pb(NO3)2
Make a list of each element and the number of atoms of each element
present in the substance:
Pb * 1
N*1*2
O*3*2
Go to periodic table and determine the relative atomic weights of each

element, and multiply by the number of atoms in the formula:
Pb 207.2 * 1 = 207.2
N 14.00674 * 2 = 28.01348
O 15.9994 * 6 = 95.9964
Sum of weights of the each elements give relative molecular weight of the
lead-nitrate.
Pb(NO3)2 = 207.2 + 28.01348 + 95.9964 = 331.2
When program calculating the relative molecular weight of a copper(II)-

sulfate pentahydrate, type
CuSO4+5*H2O
The next step is the convert of chemical formula into the mathematical
expression
Cu+S+O*4+5*(H*2+O)
and the change of chemical symbols with the relative atomic weight for each
element
63.546+32.066+15.9994*4+5*(1.00794*2+15.9994)
The last step is calculate this created mathematical expression and display
the results
CuSO4+5*H2O = 249.686

Examples:
2+5-3.25 = 10.25
8+7+(42-16)*3 = 90
8+7+[(42-16)-7]*3 = 72
5*-7 = -35
7e-6/3e-9 = 2333.3333333333
H2SO4 = H*2+S+O*4 = 1.00794*2+32.066+15.9994*4 = 98,079



Chemistry Links

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Find element
CHEMISTRY LINKS
Go.Element
Glossary Alta Vista -o- CROSS -o- Excite -o- Lycos -o- Infoseek -o- Yahoo!
Appendix
PDF Table CARNet users' homepages -o- CARNet Whois -o- Bigfoot - People Search
Awards
Links
Chem.Calc Republic of Croatia

PSE.Menu Republic of Croatia
Ministry of Science and Technology

My Software
CARNet
University
EDITORS:
English Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek

Aditya Vardhan University of Rijeka
Eni Generalic University of Split
French University of Zagreb
Michel Ditria
List of Chemistry Links
Croatian
Links for Chemists - University of Liverpool
Eni Generalic
Marija Bralic Sheffield ChemDex
Slobodan Brinic
ChemCenter - American Chemical Society
German
The World-Wide Web Virtual Library: Chemistry
Marc Hens
Martindale's: Chemistry
Italian
List of Chemistry Journals
editors wanted
List of University Chemistry Departments
Education resources
Federal Resources for Educational Excellence - Science

30 Federal agencies formed a working group to make hundreds of federally
supported education resources available at this web site.
Science Hypermedia, Inc.
On-line and CD-ROM educational hypermedia for general chemistry, analytical
chemistry, instrumental analysis, optics, and electronics.
Laboratory Encyclopedia
http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/abc/linkovi.html (1 de 3)28/02/2006 14:39:42

Chemistry Links
The Laboratory Resources are a set of web pages that include text, images,
video, and self check questions. The topics included are those that are
commonly encountered in the first-year chemistry laboratory.
ChemEd: Chemistry Education Resources
Courses and Topics, Chemical Images and Databases, Chemical Safety,
Periodicals and Presentations, Software, Educational Organizations, History of
Chemistry, Science Reference Desk, Material Sciences, Other Chemistry Links
Principles of Chemistry
This site presents information and exercises on selected topics in introductory
chemistry to the web-surfing chemistry students of the world.
Periodni sustav elemenata - Croatian language
Periodická tabulka prvku - Czech language
Seilnachts Periodensystem der Elemente - German language
Tableau périodique des éléments - French language
Tavola periodica degli elementi - Italian language
Softciencias Tabela Periódica - Portuguese language
Periodic Table - WebElements - English language
Interesting links
Translation tools from SYSTRAN

Translate website or text via translation software or online translator. Solutions
for corporate, small business and personal. Customized dictionary. Language:
English, Chinese, Spanish, French, German, Japanese, Portuguese.
Amethyst Galleries' Mineral Gallery
The Mineral Gallery is a constantly growing database of mineral descriptions,
images, and specimens, together with several ways of accessing these
descriptions. The descriptions include searchable mineralogical data, plus other
information of interest to students and rock hounds!
Mineral Collectors Page
This is the home-page of the Mineralogy Club of Antwerp, Belgium. We bring
information relevant to mineral collectors, with lots of links to other mineralogy
or earth science related sites.
NIST Chemistry WebBook

NIST site provides chemical and physical property data on over 30,000
compounds.
Winners of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry

A comprehensive list of Nobel Prize Laureates in Chemistry, at the Nobel Prize
Internet Archive.


Chemistry Links


Chemistry journals

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Find element
JOURNALS
Go.Element
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table ● Acta Chimica Slovenica
Awards
Abbreviation: Acta Chim. Slov.
Links ISSN: 1318-0207
Publisher: Slovenian Chemical Society
Chem.Calc ● Acta Polymerica
PSE.Menu Abbreviation: Acta Polym.

ISSN: 0323-7648
Publisher: Wiley - VCH
● Additives for Polymers
My Software
Abbreviation:
ISSN: 0306-3747
EDITORS: Publisher: Elsevier Advanced Technology - Elsevier Science
● Analytical Letters
English
Abbreviation: Anal. Lett.
Aditya Vardhan ISSN: 0003-2719
Eni Generalic Publisher: Marcel Dekker Journals
● Analusis
French
Abbreviation: Analusis
Michel Ditria ISSN: 0365-4877
Publisher: EDP Science and WILEY-VCH
Croatian
● Analyst
Eni Generalic
Abbreviation: Analyst
Marija Bralic
ISSN: 0003-2654
Slobodan Brinic
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry
German ● Analytica Chimica Acta
Marc Hens Abbreviation: Anal. Chim. Acta

ISSN: 0003-2670
Italian Publisher: Elsevier Science
● Analytical Biochemistry
editors wanted
Abbreviation: Anal. Biochem.
ISSN: 0003-2697
Publisher: Academic Press
● Analytical Chemistry
Abbreviation: Anal. Chem.
ISSN: 0003-2700
Publisher: American Chemical Society Publications
● Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education (Former title: Biochemical
Education) a publication of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular
Biology
Abbreviation:
ISSN: 1470-8175
http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/abc/journal.html (1 de 5)28/02/2006 14:39:44

Chemistry journals
Publisher: Elsevier Science

● Biochemistry
Abbreviation: Biochemistry-US
ISSN: 0006-2960
● Cement and Concrete Research
Abbreviation: Cement Concrete Res.
ISSN: 0008-8846
Publisher: Pergamon - Elsevier Science
● Chemical Educator
Abbreviation:
ISSN: 1430-4171
Publisher: Springer
● Chemical Engineering and Processing
Abbreviation: Chem. Eng. Process.
ISSN: 0255-2701
● Chemical Engineering & Technology
Abbreviation: Chem. Eng. Technol.
ISSN: 0930-7516
Publisher: Wiley-VCH
● Chemical Engineering Science
Abbreviation: Chem. Eng. Sci.
ISSN: 0009-2509
● Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems - a journal sponsored by the
Chemometrics Society
Abbreviation: Chemometr. Intell. Lab.
ISSN: 0169-7439
● Chromatographia
Abbreviation: Chromatographia
ISSN: 0009-5893
● Computers & Chemical Engineering
Abbreviation: Comput. Chem. Eng.
ISSN: 0098-1354
● Computers & Chemistry
Abbreviation: Comput. Chem.
ISSN: 0097-8485
● Corrosion Science - an official journal of the Institute of Corrosion
Abbreviation: Corros. Sci.
ISSN: 0010-938X
● Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry
Abbreviation: Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem.
ISSN: 1040-8347
Publisher: CRC Press
● Croatica Chemica Acta
Abbreviation: Croat. Chem. Acta

Chemistry journals
ISSN: 0011-1643
Publisher: Croatian Chemical Society
● Electroanalysis
Abbreviation: Electroanal.
ISSN: 1040-0397
Publisher: Wiley-VCH
● Electrochimica Acta - a journal of the International Society of Electrochemistry
Abbreviation: Electrochim. Acta
ISSN: 0013-4686
● Environmental Science & Technology
Abbreviation: Environ. Sci. Technol.
ISSN: 0013-936X
● Flavour and Fragrance Journal
Abbreviation:
ISSN: 0882-5734
Publisher: Wiley-Interscience Publication
● Food Chemistry
Abbreviation: Food Chem.
ISSN: 0308-8146
● Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry in cooperation with the FECS Division of
Analytical Chemistry
Abbreviation: Fresen. J. Anal. Chem.
ISSN: 0937-0633
Publisher: Springer
● Journal of Applied Electrochemistry
Abbreviation: J. Appl. Electrochem.
ISSN: 0021-891X
Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers
● Journal of Applied Polymer Science
Abbreviation: J. Appl. Polym. Sci.
ISSN: 0021-8995
● Journal of Chemical Education
Abbreviation: J. Chem. Educ.
ISSN: 0021-9584
Publisher: Division of Chemical Education, American Chemical Society
● Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology - a journal of the Society of
Chemical Industry (SCI)
Abbreviation: J. Chem. Technol. Biot.
ISSN: 0268-2575
Publisher: Wiley-Interscience)
● Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics
Abbreviation: J. Chem. Thermodyn.
ISSN: 0021-9614
Publisher: Academic Press
● Journal of Chemometrics
Abbreviation: J. Chemometr.
ISSN: 0886-9383
Publisher: Wiley-Interscience

Chemistry journals
● Journal of Computational Chemistry

Abbreviation: J. Comput. Chem.
ISSN: 0192-8651
● Journal for Corrosion Science and Engineering published in collaboration with the
International Corrosion Council
Abbreviation:
ISSN: 1466-8858
Publisher: Corrosion and Protection Centre
● Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry
Abbreviation: J. Electroanal. Chem.
ISSN: 0022-0728
● Journal of Materials Science
Abbreviation: J. Mater. Sci.
ISSN: 0022-2461
Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers
● Journal of Physical Chemistry A
Abbreviation: J. Phys. Chem. A
ISSN: 1089-5639
● Journal of Physical Chemistry B
Abbreviation: J. Phys. Chem. B
ISSN: 1089-5647
● Journal of Power Sources
Abbreviation: J. Power Sources
ISSN: 0378-7753
● Materials Chemistry & Physics
Abbreviation: Mater. Chem. Phys.
ISSN: 0254-0584
● Microchemical Journal - a journal of the Americal Microchemical Society
Abbreviation: Microchem. J.
ISSN: 0026-265X
● Mikrochimica Acta
Abbreviation: Mikrochim. Acta
ISSN: 0026-3672
Publisher: Springer
● Nature
Abbreviation: Nature
ISSN: 0028-0836
Publisher: Macmillan Publishers
● Polymer Degradation & Stability
Abbreviation: Polym. Degrad. Stabil.
ISSN: 0141-3910
● Sensors & Actuators B: Chemical
Abbreviation: Sensor Actuat. B-Chem.
ISSN: 0925-4005

Chemistry journals

● Surface Science
Abbreviation: Surf. Sci.
ISSN: 0039-6028
Publisher: North-Holland - Elsevier Science
● Talanta
Abbreviation: Talanta
ISSN: 0039-9140
● Thermochimica Acta
Abbreviation: Thermochim. Acta
ISSN: 0040-6031
● Water Research - a journal of the International Water Association (IWA)
Abbreviation: Water Res.
ISSN: 0043-1354



Statistics and Awards

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Find element
Eni Generalic
Go.Element
Glossary Statistics
Appendix Awards
PDF Table
Awards STATISTICS FOR PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
Links
Statistics for Periodic table of the elements
from September 1, 1998 to December 31, 2005
Chem.Calc
PSE.Menu 1998. 988
1999. 10 344
2000. 11 301
My Software
2001. 35 583
2002. 125 617
EDITORS: 2003. 178 242
English 2004. 261 073
Aditya Vardhan 2005.
Eni Generalic 376 852
French
AWARDS
Michel Ditria
Croatian
Eni Generalic From November 25, 2003 Glossary of chemical terms is financed by
Marija Bralic Croatian Ministry for Science and Technology.
Slobodan Brinic
German
Marc Hens
Croatian Journal Kemija u industriji (Vol. 52, No 7-8, July-August 2003)
Italian described Periodic Table of the Elements as an excelent Croatian site.
editors wanted ("Rijec je o stranicama koje na interaktivni nacin prikazuju periodni sustav
elemenata, ali pruzaju i neke druge zanimljive sadrzaje koji su prije svega
edukativni,...")
Croatian magazine Enter (Issue 5, February 2003) was chosen the

Periodic Table of the Elements as the best periodic table on the Croatian
Web. ("Izvrsna stranica na koju cete se, dok ucite kemiju, cesto vracati.")
German magazine c't (Issue 13, June 2002) was chosen in Software
Collection a programs EniG. Chemistry Assistant (Software-Kollektion:
Wissenschaft un Technik) and EniG. Periodic Table of the Elements
(Software-Kollektion für Edutainment und Wisswnsvermittlung).
http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/abc/statistika.html (1 de 4)28/02/2006 14:39:47

Eongenius(tm) Enterprise (April 2002, Delhi, India) has collected the best
java scripts collection (1100 Best Java Scripts) and put EniG. Scientific
Calculator in the Best of the Best category (Top 100).
American journal The Surgical Technologist (Vol. 34, No 4, April 2002.)

was given a center page for the colour version of the Periodic table of the
elements .
From November 5, 2001 to November 5, 2002 Periodic Table of the

Elements is financed by Croatian Ministry for Science and Technology.
Spanish magazine Computer Hoy (Extra Issue, Summer 2001) was given
a full page for the program EniG. Periodic Table of the Elements ("Si eres
estudiante o profesional de cualquier actividad cientifica, seguramente
utilizas a menudo la Tabla Periódica de Elementos. Esta aplicación te
permitrá consultarla en tu ordenador, y realizar cálculos con toda
exactitud y en seis idiomas, includio el espa?ol.")
Softonic was given a marks Excelente! for the program EniG. Periodic
Table of the Elements ("Sabes cuál es el quinto elemento? No! no el de la
película de Bruce Willis (Milla Jovovich), es el Bor. Periodic Table of
Elements presenta los datos básicos acerca de todos los elementos
en ...")
Nonags ("... a large collection of 32-bit Windows software that has no

disabled features, nags, time limits, or any other tricks.") was given a top
marks for the programs EniG. Periodic Table of the Elements and EniG.
Chemistry Assistant.
Lockergnome (October 10, 2000) was chosen the EniG. Periodic Table of
the Elements for the GnomePROGRAM. ("... When I ran this rendition for
the first time, I was pleasantly surprised by its configurability (quickly
change colors, language, etc.). Crank up the temperature to see exactly
when these two-letter characters change from solid to liquid to gas. It
even has a mole calculator (for scientific groundhogs).")
ZDNet was given a five stars for program EniG. Periodic Table of the
Elements. ("... is an exceptionally attractive periodic table with the added
feature of a temperature scale that lets you view the change of state of
the elements as the temperature rises.")

German magazine HomeP@ge (Issue 7, July 2000) was chosen a

Scientific Calculator as an example for programming in JavaScript. ("Fur
kuhle Rechner: Der Scientific Calculator bietet mehr Funktionen als
gewohnliche Taschenrechner.").
ZDNet was given a four stars for program EniG. Chemistry Assistant. ("...
is a handy free calculator for rapid computation of molecular mass of
chemical compounds.")
The III. Gymnasium school paper Trema (Issue 9, May 2000) was chosen
the best Croatian WWW site in some categories, and placed Periodic
Table of the Elements in category Education. ("Ne volite uciti kemiju, a
volite surfati po Internetu? Pokusajte utipkati ovu adresu ...").
PC Chip magazine (Issue 56, January 2000) was ranked of the 100 best
Croatian WWW site in twenty categories. Periodic Table of the Elements
was won the second place in category Education. ("Imate problema sa
kemijom ili vam se zagubio periodni sustav elemenata, ovaj site nudi cijeli
niz materijala zbog kojih ce vam se kemija uciniti jednostavna. Magicna
rijec je interaktivnost!").
BUG magazine (Issue 83, October 1999) was ranked program EniG.
Chemistry Assistant as "absolutely install". ("... onima kojima kemija
spada u opis radnog mjesta ili je jedna od ocjena na fakultetu ili u skoli,
ovaj program dolazi kao spas.")
On the 1st CARNet Users Conference (September 1999) the Jury

officially was given Special Mentions for site Periodic Table of the
Elements ("This web site presents the content on a very high level of
quality with interactive elements. It is applicable for a wide range of
users.")
Apart from the official contest, all visitors of the official Conference
web site had the opportunity to vote for the best web site in the
contest and a special award - "Users' Choice" was given for Periodic
Table of the Elements.
BUG magazine (Issue 78, May 1999) was ranked program EniG. Periodic
Table of the Elements as "absolutely install". ("... naucio sam koliko je ta
Mendeljejeva tablica korisna. Dakako, ova elektronicka verzija jos je
korisnija jer posjeduje neke vrlo zanimljive mogucnosti.")
BUG magazine (Issue 77, April 1999) was ranked program EniG. Change
Code Page as "don't miss it". ("... program svoj posao radi odlicno, i
zahvaljujuci mogucnosti konvertiranja vise datoteka unutar jednog ili vise
direktorija zajedno, vrlo je velike prakticne upotrebe.")

Internet Monitor magazine (December 1, 1998) was chosen the Periodic

Table of the Elements for Croatian link of the week. ("... vrlo korisne
stranice za dake, studente i rjesavatelje krizaljki. Na jednoj stranici nalaze
se uredno poslozeni svi prirodni elementi, a s svakog elementa vodi link
na njegov detaljan opis. Pri ruci vam je i kompletan pojmovnik kemijskih
termina.")
The NeT magazine (November 1998) was put the Periodic Table of the
Elements in TOP 10! of the month.



Project IT: Periodic Table of the Elements

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Project for Information Technologies (IT) Application

Find element
Go.Element
Glossary
Appendix
PDF Table Project Data
Awards
Project Name
Links

Chem.Calc URL: http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/
PSE.Menu
Financing
My Software Ministry of Science and Technology

Strossmayerov trg 4, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
URL: http://www.mzt.hr/
EDITORS:
English Institution
Aditya Vardhan
Faculty of Chemical Technology
Eni Generalic
University of Split
Teslina 10/V, 21000 Split, Croatia
French
URL: http://www.ktf-split.hr/en/
Michel Ditria
Croatian Project Leader
Eni Generalic
Eni Generalic
Marija Bralic
URL: http://www.ktf-split.hr/~eni/
Slobodan Brinic
E-mail: eni@ktf-split.hr
German
Marc Hens Collaborators
Italian Dr. sc. Marija Bralic

editors wanted Drago Radic
Mr. sc. Aditya Vardhan Vutturi
Mr. sc. Michel Ditria
Duration
Start at September 1, 1998

Financed by Croatian Ministry for Science and Technology from November
5, 2001 to November 5, 2002
Project Goals:
One of project goals is to incorporate periodic table of elements as the most

compact survey of information about chemical elements, with web
http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/abc/projekt.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:39:48

Project IT: Periodic Table of the Elements
technology. Adding glossary of chemical terms and interactive educational

materials enables fast and simple gathering of information and knowledge.
This useful database shall be translated on main world languages.
Periodic table of the elements contains a lot of useful chemistry materials

arranged in several sections. The most important are:
● Periodic table,
● Glossary of chemical terms,
● Software for chemist.
Periodic table of elements contains basic facts about elements in five

languages. The periodic table of elements is also available in PostScript
and PDF formats.
Glossary of chemical terms is added in order to help users to find relevant

information more efficiently. It is organized in three parts:
● Dictionary of chemical terms,

● Detailed described articles,
● Tables with data and constants.
Software for chemists contains Visual Basic programs and interactive

JavaScript calculators that contain many advanced calculator functions.
Visual Basic programs were developed independently. The software is
included in the Periodic table set because it proved useful for chemists (and
not just for chemists!).
Despite the fact that a Periodic table contains comprehensive material the
navigation is simple and intuitive thanks to a small JavaScript remote
control.
Guiding idea for creation of Periodic table set is to help students of the
Faculty of Chemical Technology and similar faculties. With its development
and by adding glossary and software programs, the circle of potential users
is widely enlarged. Possible users are pupils, students as well as scientists.
Multi-language support makes this set interesting for translators.


http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/abc/projekt.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:39:48

Bibliography

KTF-SPLIT EniG.
Find element
Bibliography
Go.Element
Glossary
Appendix 1. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Ed. D. R. Lide, The Chemical Rubber
Co., 1999.
PDF Table
2. Alfa Aesar, Research Chemicals, Metals and Materials, A Johnson Matthey
Awards
Company, 1999.-2000.
Links
3. I. Filipovic, S. Lipanovic: Opca i anorganska kemija, Skolska knjiga, Zagreb, 1982.
4. D. A. Skoog, D. M. West, F. J. Holler: Osnove analiticke kemije, Skolska knjiga,
Chem.Calc
Zagreb, 1999.
PSE.Menu
5. A. I. Vogel: A Text-book of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis, Longman, London,
1975.
6. M. Herak, Lj. Kusec, M. Markovic, A. Petreski, K. Skoric, D. Galas: Osnove
My Software
fizikalne kemije, Skolska knjiga, Zagreb, 1979.
7. Hrvatska nomenklatura anorganske kemije, Skolska knjiga, Zagreb, 1996.
EDITORS: 8. Z. Soljic: Racunanje u analitickoj kemiji, Udzbenici Sveucilista u Zagrebu, Zagreb,
1998.
English
9. Lj. Kovacevic, I. Zugaj: Kemijski elementi, Media Sci, Zagreb, 1996.
Aditya Vardhan
Eni Generalic 10. I. P. Alimarin, N. N. Usakova: Spravocioe posobie po analiticeskoi himii,
Izdateljstvo Moskovskogo universiteta, Moskva, 1977.
French 11. Atomic Weights of the Elements 1999, Pure & Appl. Chem., Vol. 73, No. 4, 667-
Michel Ditria 683 (2001)
12. Names and Symbols of Transfermium Elements, Pure & Appl. Chem., Vol. 69, No.
Croatian 12, 2471-2473 (1997)
Eni Generalic 13. Guide for the Use of the International System of Units, National Institute of
Marija Bralic Standards and Technology Special Publication 811, B. N. Taylor, Washington, 1995
Slobodan Brinic
German
Marc Hens
Italian
editors wanted


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Periodic Table of the Elements

PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS

89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

SOLID LIQUID GAS 100 °C 101 kPa SYNTHETIC ELEMENT

Glossary of chemical terms A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L

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● English (Editors: Aditya Vardhan, Eni Generalic)

● black white version for laser printers

● Scientific calculator for chemists

● Molar mass calculator

● EniG. Chemistry Assistant 2.4

Visual Basic programs ● EniG. Periodic Table of the Elements 2.11

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● Links for chemists

● Statistics and awards for Periodic table of the elements

Statistics and awards ● About project

● Recommended resolution is 800x600 High Colour (16 bit).

● The project is financed by Croatian Ministry for Science and Technology.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

Last modified: 30.08.2005 (Eni Generalic)

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FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS

Hydrogen Hydrogène Vodik Idrogeno Wasserstoff

German Melting point: -259.34 °C Heat of fusion: 0.12 kJ mol-1

IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

3rd ionization energy: - kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): (H2O) ppm

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

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MINERALS AND USES

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

2H+ + 2e- H2(g) ±0.000

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page.

Last modified: 09.12.2003

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FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS

Helium Hélium Helij Elio Helium

EDITORS: Relative atomic Electronic

IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

3rd ionization energy: - kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.0000072 ppm

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

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3He 3.016029310(1) 0.000137(3)

MINERALS AND USES

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page.

Last modified: 09.12.2003

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FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS

Lithium Lithium Litij Litio Lithium

English Relative atomic mass: 6.941(2) Electronic configuration: [He] 2s1

German Melting point: 180.5 °C Heat of fusion: 4.6 kJ mol-1

IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 520.23 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

6Li 6.0151223(5) 7.5(2)

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MINERALS AND USES

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Li+ + e- Li(s) - 3.045

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page.

Last modified: 09.12.2003

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FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS

Beryllium Béryllium Berilij Berillio Beryllium