MySQL Administração, Backup, Tuning e Alta Disponibilidade

MySQL
Administração
Backup & Recovery
Tuning
Alta Disponibilidade
Inclui Percona e MariaDB
Ricardo Portilho Proni

ricardo@nervinformatica.com.br
Nerv Informática Ltda.
Esta obra está licenciada sob a licença

Creative Commons Atribuição-SemDerivados 3.0 Brasil.
Para ver uma cópia desta licença, visite http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/br/.
Produtos utilizados no Treinamento
●
Oracle Enterprise Linux 7.9
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MySQL 5.7.32 e 8.0.22
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Percona Server 5.7.31
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MariaDB 10.4.10
●
Oracle VirtualBox 6.1.16
2 2
Comandos no Treinamento
Comando com o usuário root:
# mysql -u root -pNerv2020.
Comando no MySQL:
mysql> SHOW DATABASES;
Adicionar texto a um arquivo:

# vi /etc/my.cnf
...
log-bin=mysql-bin
...
Algo deve ser alterado de acordo com sua máquina:

# scp -Cr /root/ColdBackup/mysql/* root@192.168.0.99:/var/lib/mysql/
Quando algo dá errado propositalmente:

O que aconteceu?
Todas as senhas são Nerv2020. 3 3

Mercado de Trabalho MySQL
4 4
Por que MySQL?
https://db-engines.com/en/ranking
5 5
DBA MySQL
DBA MySQL e ...
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Desenvolvedor
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Administrador de Dados
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Administrador de Sistema Operacional
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DevOPS
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Analista de Sistema
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DBA de outro banco
6 6
Certificações
https://education.oracle.com/database/mysql/pFamily_406 7 7
Livros
●
MySQL 5.0 Certification Study Guide
●
High Performance MySQL
8 8
MySQL Blogs
9 9
MySQL Blogs
10 10
MySQL Blogs
11 11
MySQL Blogs
12 12
Fóruns
13 13
Documentação
https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/index.html
https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/
14 14
MySQL Internals Manual
15 15
Produtos MySQL
16 16
História do MySQL
17
História do MySQL
18
Open Source
19 19
Open Source
20 20
Open Source
21 21
Produtos Community
22 22
Produtos Enterprise
https://www.mysql.com/products/
23 23
Produtos Enterprise
https://www.mysql.com/products/
24 24
mysqlbackup
https://www.mysql.com/products/enterprise/backup.html
25 25
Thread Pool
https://www.mysql.com/products/enterprise/scalability.html 26 26
MySQL Enterprise Monitor
https://www.mysql.com/products/enterprise/monitor.html 27 27
MySQL Enterprise Monitor - MySQL Query Analyzer
MySQL Enterprise Monitor - Database File IO
MySQL Enterprise Monitor - MySQL Replication Topology View
MySQL Enterprise Monitor - MySQL Cluster Topology View
MySQL Enterprise Monitor - MySQL Replication Multi-Source
MySQL Enterprise Monitor - MySQL Replication Status
MySQL Enterprise Monitor - MySQL Enterprise Backup Dashboard
Instalação
35 35
Instalação – Repositório Padrão
[root@CentOS-6 ~]# cat /etc/redhat-release
CentOS release 6.10 (Final)
[root@CentOS-6 ~]# yum -y install mysql-server
...
[root@CentOS-6 ~]# rpm -qa | grep mysql
mysql-libs-5.1.73-8.el6_8.x86_64
mysql-server-5.1.73-8.el6_8.x86_64
mysql-5.1.73-8.el6_8.x86_64
[root@CentOS-6 ~]#
[root@CentOS-7 ~]# cat /etc/redhat-release

CentOS Linux release 7.5.1804 (Core)
[root@CentOS-7 ~]# yum -y install mysql-server
...
No package mysql-server available.
[root@CentOS-7 ~]#
[root@CentOS-7 ~]# yum -y install mariadb-server

[root@CentOS-7 ~]# rpm -qa | grep mariadb
...
mariadb-5.5.60-1.el7_5.x86_64
mariadb-libs-5.5.60-1.el7_5.x86_64
mariadb-server-5.5.60-1.el7_5.x86_64
[root@CentOS-7 ~]#
36 36
Red Hat / CentOS / OEL e MySQL / MariaDB
https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/7/html/
7.0_release_notes/chap-red_hat_enterprise_linux-7.0_release_notes-
web_servers_and_services
37 37
Instalação – Versão Específica
38 38
Instalação – Repositórios MySQL
https://dev.mysql.com/downloads/ 39 39
Lab 1.1: Instalação MySQL
Instale e habilite o reposítório do MySQL 5.7.
# wget https://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql80-community-release-el7-3.noarch.rpm
# yum -y install mysql80-community-release-el7-3.noarch.rpm
# vi /etc/yum.repos.d/mysql-community.repo
...
# Enable to use MySQL 5.7
[mysql57-community]
name=MySQL 5.7 Community Server
baseurl=http://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/$basearch/
enabled=1
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-mysql
...
[mysql80-community]
enabled=0
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-mysql
...
# yum -y install mysql-server

# systemctl enable mysqld
# ls -lh /var/lib/mysql
# systemctl start mysqld
# ls -lh /var/lib/mysql
40 40
Lab 1.2: Instalação MySQL
Verifique o Log do MySQL, e altere a senha do usuário root.
# grep password /var/log/mysqld.log
# /usr/bin/mysqladmin -u root -p password 'Nerv2020.'
Acesse o MySQL, e verifique o acesso.

# mysql -u root -p
mysql> EXIT;
Libere a porta do MySQL no Firewall.

# firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-port=3306/tcp --permanent
# firewall-cmd --reload
# firewall-cmd --zone=public --permanent --list-ports
41 41
Lab 1.3: Status MySQL
Verifique as formas de conexão com o MySQL.
# mysql -u root -p
mysql> STATUS;
mysql> EXIT;
# mysqladmin -u root -pNerv2020. status
# tail /var/log/mysqld.log
# grep -B1 'ready for connections' /var/log/mysqld.log
42 42
Lab 1.4: Client MySQL
Verifique as formas de conexão com o MySQL.
# mysql -u root -p
mysql> EXIT;
# mysql -p
mysql> EXIT;

mysql> EXIT;
# mysql -uroot -pNerv2020.

mysql> EXIT;
mysql> prompt \U-\d-\R:\m:\s>

mysql> USE mysql;
mysql> EXIT;
# vi .my.cnf
[client]
password=Nerv2020.
prompt='\U-\d-\R:\m:\\s>'
# mysql 43 43
Verifique as formas de execução de comandos no MySQL.
# mysql
# mysql -e “SHOW DATABASES”
# mysql -e 'SHOW DATABASES'
# mysql -t -e 'SHOW DATABASES'
# mysql -B -e 'SHOW DATABASES'
# mysql -E -e 'SHOW DATABASES'
# mysql -X -e 'SHOW DATABASES'
# mysql -e 'SHOW DATABASES' > databases.txt

# cat databases.txt
# mysql -t -e 'SHOW DATABASES' > databases.txt

# cat databases.txt
# echo 'SHOW DATABASES' > databases.sql

# mysql -t < databases.sql
# mysql -t < databases.sql > databases.txt
# cat databases.txt
mysql> source databases.sql
Importe os bancos de dados de exemplo.

# mysql < MYA.sql
# mysql -v < MYA.sql
44 44
mysql> SHOW STATUS;
mysql> pager less -n -i -S -F -X
mysql> SHOW STATUS;
mysql> \W
mysql> \w
# export EDITOR=vi
# mysql
mysql> edit
mysql> ;
mysql> tee audit.log

mysql> notee
# cat audit.log
mysql> system ls -lh

mysql> \! ls -lh
mysql> help
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Engines
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_MySQL_database_engines 46 46
Engines
mysql> CREATE DATABASE test;
mysql> USE test;
mysql> CREATE TABLE t1 (c1 INT);

mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE t1;
mysql> CREATE TABLE t2 (c1 INT) Engine=InnoDB;

mysql> CREATE TABLE t3 (c1 INT) Engine=MyISAM;

mysql> CREATE TABLE t4 (c1 INT) Engine=Memory;

mysql> CREATE TABLE t5 (c1 INT) Engine=Archive;

mysql> ALTER TABLE t5 Engine=InnoDB;

mysql> SHOW ENGINES;
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Engines MySQL x Percona x MariaDB
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Releases MySQL x Percona x MariaDB
https://www.percona.com/blog/2017/11/02/mysql-vs-mariadb-reality-check/ 49 49
MySQL x Percona Server
https://db-engines.com/en/ranking
50 50
Percona Server
51 51
Percona Server
52 52
Percona Server
53 53
Percona Server
https://www.percona.com/software/mysql-database/percona-server/benchmarks54 54
Percona Server
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Percona Server
https://www.percona.com/software/mysql-database/percona-server/feature-comparison
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Percona Server
57 57
Percona Server
58 58
Percona Server
59 59
Lab 2.1: Percona Server
Instale o Oracle VM VirtualBox.
# yum -y install SDL kernel-uek-devel
# wget https://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/6.1.14/VirtualBox-6.1-
6.1.14_140239_el7-1.x86_64.rpm
# yum -y install VirtualBox-6.1-6.1.14_140239_el7-1.x86_64.rpm
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No Oracle VM VirtualBox, clique em “File”, e em “Import Appliance”, e importe o arquivo
/root/Linux.ova.
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Verifique o IP da VM, e a acesse via ssh.
# ip addr
Pelo nmtui, altere o hostname da VM para Percona.localdomain.
Instale o Percona Server.

# yum -y install wget
# wget https://repo.percona.com/yum/percona-release-latest.noarch.rpm
# yum -y install percona-release-latest.noarch.rpm
# yum search Percona-Server
# yum -y install Percona-Server-server-57
# mysqladmin -u root -p password 'Nerv2020.'

# mysql -u root -pNerv2020. -e 'SHOW DATABASES'
# mysql -u root -pNerv2020. < MYA.sql
# mysql -u root -pNerv2020. -e 'SHOW DATABASES'
65 65
MariaDB
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MariaDB 66 66
MariaDB
https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/mariadb-vs-mysql-features/ 67 67
MariaDB
MariaDB
MariaDB
https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/optimizer-feature-comparison-matrix/
70 70
MariaDB
https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/optimizer-feature-comparison-matrix/
71 71
MariaDB
https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/mariadb-vs-mysql-compatibility/
72 72
MariaDB
https://mariadb.org/performance-evaluation-of-mariadb-10-1-and-mysql-5-7-4-labs-tplc/
73 73
MariaDB
74 74
MariaDB - Services
https://mariadb.com/services/
75 75
MariaDB - Subscription
https://mariadb.com/pricing/ 76 76
MariaDB - Subscription
https://mariadb.com/pricing/ 77 77
MariaDB x mariadb.org x mariadb.com
https://mariadb.org/about/
https://mariadb.org/about/#sponsors
https://mariadb.org/about/#board 78 78
MariaDB x mariadb.org x mariadb.com
https://mariadb.com/trademarks/ 79 79
Business Source License (BSL)
https://mariadb.com/bsl-faq-mariadb/ 80 80
Business Source License (BSL)
https://mariadb.com/projects-using-bsl-11/ 81 81
MariaDB - Parceiros
https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/sql-diagnostic-manager-sqlyog/ 82 82
Lab 3.1: MariaDB
No Oracle VM VirtualBox, crie uma nova VM, com o nome “MariaDB”, importanto novamente o
arquivo /root/Linux.ova.
83 83
Lab 3.2: MariaDB
https://downloads.mariadb.org/mariadb/repositories 84 84
Lab 3.3: MariaDB
# ip addr
Pelo nmtui, altere o hostname da VM para MariaDB.localdomain.
Instale o MariaDB.
# vi /etc/yum.repos.d/MariaDB.repo
[mariadb]
name = MariaDB
baseurl = http://yum.mariadb.org/10.5/rhel7-amd64
gpgkey=https://yum.mariadb.org/RPM-GPG-KEY-MariaDB
gpgcheck=1
# yum -y install MariaDB-server

# systemctl enable mariadb
# ls -lh /var/lib/mysql/
# systemctl status mariadb
# systemctl start mariadb
# mysql

# mysql < MYA.sql
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Administração
86 86
Lab 4.1: Estruturas Físicas e Lógicas
Crie um novo banco de dados.
# mysql
mysql> SHOW TABLES;
mysql> CREATE DATABASE nerv;

mysql> USE nerv;
mysql> STATUS;
mysql> SHOW TABLES;
mysql> SELECT * FROM employees.titles;

mysql> select * from employees.titles;
mysql> SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEES.titles;

mysql> SELECT * FROM employees.TITLES;
mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE employees.titles;
# mysql employees
mysql> SHOW TABLES;
87 87
Lab 4.2: Estruturas Físicas e Lógicas
Verifique as estruturas físicas dos MySQL.
...
drwxr-x---. 2 mysql mysql 4.0K Nov 30 10:22 employees
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 13K Dec 1 19:21 ib_buffer_pool
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 48M Dec 1 19:21 ib_logfile0
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 48M Dec 1 19:21 ib_logfile1
drwxr-x---. 2 mysql mysql 84 Nov 30 10:22 menagerie
drwxr-x---. 2 mysql mysql 4.0K Nov 30 10:22 mysql
drwxr-x---. 2 mysql mysql 20 Dec 1 18:56 nerv
drwxr-x---. 2 mysql mysql 8.0K Nov 30 08:47 performance_schema
drwxr-x---. 2 mysql mysql 4.0K Nov 30 10:22 sakila
drwxr-x---. 2 mysql mysql 8.0K Nov 30 08:47 sys
drwxr-x---. 2 mysql mysql 4.0K Nov 30 10:37 test
drwxr-x---. 2 mysql mysql 4.0K Nov 30 10:22 world
...
[root@MySQL-01 ~]#
# ls -lh /var/lib/mysql/nerv/
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql 65 Out 26 15:57 db.opt
# cat /var/lib/mysql/nerv/db.opt
default-character-set=latin1
default-collation=latin1_swedish_ci
# ls -lh /var/lib/mysql/menagerie/
# ls -lh /var/lib/mysql/mysql/
88 88
Lab 4.3: Dicionário de Dados
Verifique o conteúdo das tabelas do banco mysql.
# mysql
mysql> USE mysql;
mysql> SHOW TABLES;
mysql> SELECT * FROM db;
mysql> SELECT * FROM user;
89 89
Verifique o conteúdo das tabelas do banco information_schema.
# mysql
mysql> USE information_schema;
mysql> SHOW TABLES;
mysql> SELECT * FROM TABLES;
mysql> SELECT * FROM USER_PRIVILEGES;
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/information-schema.html
90 90
Verifique o conteúdo das tabelas do banco performance_schema.
# mysql
mysql> USE performance_schema;
mysql> SHOW TABLES;
mysql> SELECT * FROM threads;
mysql> SELECT * FROM users;
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/performance-schema.html
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/performance-schema-table-index.html
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/sys-schema.html 91 91
Lab 4.6: Variables, Status, Thread States
Verifique as Variables, Status, e Thread States.
# mysql
mysql> SHOW VARIABLES;
mysql> SHOW VARIABLES LIKE '%wait%';
mysql> SHOW STATUS;

mysql> SHOW STATUS LIKE '%Thread%';
mysql> SHOW PROCESSLIST;

mysql> SHOW FULL PROCESSLIST;
Variables
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/server-system-variables.html
https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/innodb-parameters.html
Status Variables
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/server-status-variables.html
Thread States
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/general-thread-states.html 92 92
Variables
93 93
Variables
94 94
Lab 4.7: Variables
Altere uma Variable, com SET e com SET GLOBAL.
# mysql
mysql> SHOW VARIABLES LIKE '%sort%';
mysql> SET sort_buffer_size=524288; (OU SET @@local.sort_buffer_size=524288;)
mysql> SHOW VARIABLES LIKE '%sort%'; (OU SELECT @@local.sort_buffer_size;)
mysql> SELECT @@global.sort_buffer_size;
mysql> EXIT;
# mysql
mysql> SELECT @@local.sort_buffer_size;
# mysql
mysql> SET GLOBAL sort_buffer_size=524288; (OU SET @@global.sort_buffer_size=524288;)
mysql> SHOW VARIABLES LIKE '%sort%'; (OU SELECT @@local.sort_buffer_size;)
mysql> SELECT @@global.sort_buffer_size;
mysql> EXIT;
# mysql
mysql> SET GLOBAL sort_buffer_size = DEFAULT;

mysql> SET sort_buffer_size = DEFAULT;
mysql> SET global tmpdir='/var/lib/mysql/';
95 95
Lab 4.8: Variables
Altere uma Variable pelo arquivo de parâmetros.
# mysql
mysql> exit;
# vi /etc/my.cnf
...
[mysqld]
sort_buffer_size = 2M
...
# systemctl stop mysqld

# mysql
mysql> SET GLOBAL sort_buffer_size=4M;

O que aconteceu?
96 96
Lab 4.9: Usuários e Permissões
Crie um usuário para conexão remota.
mysql> CREATE USER 'ricardo'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'Nerv2020.';
mysql> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'ricardo'@'localhost';
mysql> REVOKE ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* FROM 'ricardo'@'localhost';
mysql> DROP USER 'ricardo'@'localhost';
mysql> CREATE USER 'ricardo'@'192.168.0.%' IDENTIFIED BY 'Nerv2020.';

mysql> CREATE USER 'ricardo'@'%.localdomain' IDENTIFIED BY 'Nerv2020.';
mysql> CREATE USER 'ricardo'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'Nerv2020.';
mysql> DROP USER 'ricardo'@'192.168.0.%';
mysql> DROP USER 'ricardo'@'%.localdomain';
mysql> DROP USER 'ricardo'@'%';
mysql> CREATE USER 'ricardo'@'192.168.0.102' IDENTIFIED BY 'Nerv2020.';

mysql> GRANT SELECT ON world.city TO 'ricardo'@'192.168.0.102';
mysql> GRANT SELECT ON nerv.* TO 'ricardo'@'192.168.0.102';
mysql> SET PASSWORD FOR 'ricardo'@'192.168.0.102' = 'Nerv2020.';
mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
mysql> SELECT * FROM information_schema.USER_PRIVILEGES;

mysql> SELECT * FROM information_schema.SCHEMA_PRIVILEGES;
mysql> SELECT * FROM information_schema.TABLE_PRIVILEGES;
mysql> SELECT * FROM mysql.user;
Execute uma conexão remota.

# mysql -u ricardo -pNerv2020. -h 192.168.0.103
97 97
Usuários e Permissões
Privilégios
https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/privileges-provided.html
98 98
Lab 4.10: Importação e Exportação
Exporte as tabelas do banco employees para texto.
mysql> USE employees;
mysql> SELECT * FROM departments INTO OUTFILE '/tmp/departments.txt';
O que aconteceu?
mysql> SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'secure_file_priv';

mysql> SELECT * FROM departments INTO OUTFILE '/var/lib/mysql-files/departments.txt';
mysql> SELECT * FROM dept_emp INTO OUTFILE '/var/lib/mysql-files/dept_emp.txt';
mysql> SELECT * FROM dept_manager INTO OUTFILE
'/var/lib/mysql-files/dept_manager.txt';
mysql> SELECT * FROM employees INTO OUTFILE '/var/lib/mysql-files/employees.txt';
mysql> SELECT * FROM salaries INTO OUTFILE '/var/lib/mysql-files/salaries.txt';
mysql> SELECT * FROM titles INTO OUTFILE '/var/lib/mysql-files/titles.txt';
Outras opções:
FIELDS TERMINATED BY ','
ENCLOSED BY '"'
LINES TERMINATED BY '\n'; 99 99
Lab 4.11: Importação e Exportação
Importe os arquivos texto para as tabelas do banco employees.
mysql> CREATE DATABASE employees_dev;
mysql> USE employees_dev;
mysql> CREATE TABLE departments AS SELECT * FROM employees.departments WHERE 1=0;
mysql> CREATE TABLE dept_emp AS SELECT * FROM employees.dept_emp WHERE 1=0;
mysql> CREATE TABLE dept_manager AS SELECT * FROM employees.dept_manager WHERE 1=0;
mysql> CREATE TABLE employees AS SELECT * FROM employees.employees WHERE 1=0;
mysql> CREATE TABLE salaries AS SELECT * FROM employees.salaries WHERE 1=0;
mysql> CREATE TABLE titles AS SELECT * FROM employees.titles WHERE 1=0;
mysql> SET foreign_key_checks = 0;

mysql> LOAD DATA INFILE '/var/lib/mysql-files/departments.txt' INTO TABLE
departments;
mysql> LOAD DATA INFILE '/var/lib/mysql-files/dept_emp.txt' INTO TABLE dept_emp;
mysql> LOAD DATA INFILE '/var/lib/mysql-files/dept_manager.txt' INTO TABLE
dept_manager;
mysql> LOAD DATA INFILE '/var/lib/mysql-files/employees.txt' INTO TABLE employees;
mysql> LOAD DATA INFILE '/var/lib/mysql-files/salaries.txt' INTO TABLE salaries;
mysql> LOAD DATA INFILE '/var/lib/mysql-files/titles.txt' INTO TABLE titles;
mysql> SET foreign_key_checks = 1;
100 100
Lab 4.12: Velocidade de Importação e Exportação
Teste a velocidade de exportação e importação com uma tabela maior.
mysql> USE nerv;
mysql> CREATE TABLE salaries_BIG AS SELECT * FROM employees.salaries;
mysql> INSERT INTO salaries_BIG SELECT * FROM salaries_BIG;
mysql> SELECT COUNT(*) FROM salaries_BIG;
mysql> SELECT * FROM salaries_BIG INTO OUTFILE '/var/lib/mysql-files/BIG.txt';
mysql> TRUNCATE TABLE salaries_BIG;
mysql> LOAD DATA INFILE '/var/lib/mysql-files/BIG.txt' INTO TABLE salaries_BIG;
101 101
Lab 4.13: MySQL Workbench
Instale o MySQL Workbench.
# yum -y install mysql-workbench-community
# mysql-workbench
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Lab 4.37: MySQL Variables: Conexões
Altere estas Variables pelo arquivo de parâmetros, e reinicie o MySQL.
max_connections = 1000 # default = 151
max_user_connections = 0
thread_cache_size = 200 # default = 8 + (max_connections / 100)
back_log = 100 # default = max_connections / 5
slow_launch_time = 2 # Slow_launch_threads
max_connect_errors = 10 # FLUSH HOSTS
host_cache_size = -1 # default = 128 + ((max_connections – 500) / 20)

skip_name_resolve = OFF
connect_timeout = 10
net_read_timeout = 30
net_write_timeout = 60
net_retry_count = 10 # FLUSH HOSTS
net_buffer_length = 16384
max_allowed_packet = 4194304
wait_timeout = 28800 # 28800 segundos = 8 horas.

interactive_timeout = 28800
lock_wait_timeout = 31536000 # 31536000 segundos = 1 ano.
Se o MySQL não iniciar:

# grep ERR /var/log/mysqld.log 126 126
MySQL Logs
127 127
Lab 4.38: MySQL Variables: Logs
Altere estas Variables pelo arquivo de parâmetros, e reinicie o MySQL.
log_output = FILE
log_error_verbosity = 3
log_error = /var/lib/mysql/mysql-error.log
general_log = OFF
general_log_file = /var/lib/mysql/mysql-general.log
slow_query_log = ON
slow_query_log_file = /var/lib/mysql/mysql-slow.log
long_query_time = 10
min_examined_row_limit = 10
log_slow_admin_statements = ON
log_queries_not_using_indexes = ON
log_throttle_queries_not_using_indexes = 1000
128 128
Lab 4.39: Event Scheduler
Habilite o Event Scheduler
mysql> SELECT @@GLOBAL.event_scheduler;
mysql> SET GLOBAL event_scheduler = ON;
mysql> USE nerv;

mysql> SHOW EVENTS;
mysql> CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS messages (

id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
message VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
created_at DATETIME NOT NULL);
129 129
Lab 4.40: Event Scheduler
Habilite o Event Scheduler
mysql> SHOW EVENTS;
mysql> CREATE EVENT IF NOT EXISTS test_event_01

ON SCHEDULE AT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
DO
INSERT INTO messages(message,created_at) VALUES ('Test MySQL Event 1',NOW());
mysql> SELECT * FROM messages;
mysql> CREATE EVENT test_event_02

ON SCHEDULE AT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP + INTERVAL 1 MINUTE
ON COMPLETION PRESERVE
DO
mysql> CREATE EVENT test_event_03

ON SCHEDULE EVERY 1 MINUTE
STARTS CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
ENDS CURRENT_TIMESTAMP + INTERVAL 1 HOUR
DO
mysql> SHOW EVENTS;

mysql> DROP EVENT test_event_02;
mysql> DROP EVENT test_event_03;
mysql> SHOW EVENTS; 130 130
Backup & Recovery
131 131
Engines
●
MyISAM
●
InnoDB
●
Memory (MyISAM-like)
●
Archive (MyISAM-like)
●
CSV
●
Merge (MyISAM-like)
●
Federated
●
NDB (MyISAM-like)
●
Blackhole
●
Example
●
Aria
●
Percona XtraDB (InnoDB-like)
●
Percona XtraDB Cluster (InnoDB-like)
●
Percona TokuDB
132 132
Lab 5.1: Backup & Recovery
No Oracle VM VirtualBox, crie uma nova VM, com o nome “Restore”, importanto novamente o
# ip addr
Pelo nmtui, altere o hostname da VM para Recover.localdomain.
Instale o Repositório do MySQL, edite o arquivo /etc/yum.repos.d/mysql-community.repo,

habilite o reposítório do MySQL 5.7, desabilite do 8.0, e instale o MySQL 5.7.
# yum -y install wget
# yum -y install mysql-server
# /usr/bin/mysqladmin -u root -p password 'Nerv2020.'
# firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-port=3306/tcp --permanent
# firewall-cmd --reload
# firewall-cmd --zone=public --permanent --list-ports
133 133
Lab 5.2: Cold Backup
Execute um Cold Backup.
# mkdir /root/ColdBackup
# cp -rfvp /var/lib/mysql/ /root/ColdBackup/
Na máquina de Restore, pare o MySQL.

# rm -rf /var/lib/mysql/*
Na máquina original, copie o Backup para a VM de Restore.

# scp -Cr /root/ColdBackup/mysql/* root@192.168.0.99:/var/lib/mysql/
Na VM de Restore, inicie o MySQL.

# chown -R mysql:mysql /var/lib/mysql
mysql> SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employees.salaries;
134 134
Lab 5.3: Not-so-cold Backup MyISAM
Duplique as tabelas do banco employees no banco nerv.
mysql> USE nerv;
mysql> CREATE TABLE departments AS SELECT * FROM employees.departments;
mysql> CREATE TABLE dept_emp AS SELECT * FROM employees.dept_emp;
mysql> CREATE TABLE dept_manager AS SELECT * FROM employees.dept_manager;
mysql> CREATE TABLE employees AS SELECT * FROM employees.employees;
mysql> CREATE TABLE salaries AS SELECT * FROM employees.salaries;
mysql> CREATE TABLE titles AS SELECT * FROM employees.titles;
Altere as tabelas para o Engine MyISAM.

mysql> ALTER TABLE departments ENGINE=MyISAM;
mysql> ALTER TABLE dept_emp ENGINE=MyISAM;
mysql> ALTER TABLE dept_manager ENGINE=MyISAM;
mysql> ALTER TABLE employees ENGINE=MyISAM;
mysql> ALTER TABLE salaries ENGINE=MyISAM;
mysql> ALTER TABLE titles ENGINE=MyISAM;
135 135
Lab 5.4: Not-so-cold Backup MyISAM
Coloque as tabelas MyISAM em LOCK.
mysql> SHOW OPEN TABLES FROM nerv;
mysql> FLUSH TABLE departments, dept_emp, dept_manager, employees, salaries,titles
WITH READ LOCK;
Em outra sessão, confira o Lock.

mysql> USE nerv;
mysql> SELECT * FROM departments;
mysql> DELETE FROM departments;
^C
Em outra sessão, execute a cópia pelo sistema operacional.

# mkdir /root/WarmBackup
# cp -rfpv /var/lib/mysql/nerv /root/WarmBackup
Na sessão original, desbloquei as tabelas.

mysql> UNLOCK TABLES;
Na máquina original, copie o Backup para a máquina de Restore.

# scp -Cr /root/WarmBackup/nerv/* root@192.168.0.99:/var/lib/mysql/nerv/
Na máquina de Restore, corrija as permissões e confira o banco restaurado.

# chown -R mysql:mysql /var/lib/mysql/nerv
mysql> SELECT COUNT(*) FROM nerv.salaries; 136 136
Lab 5.5: mysqldump
Execute um backup via mysqldump.
# mkdir /root/Dump
# mysqldump nerv > /root/Dump/nerv.sql
O que aconteceu?
# mysqldump --all_databases > /root/Dump/nerv01.sql
Edite o arquivo gerado.

O que ele contém?
Quais suas desvantagens?
–-single-transaction
--lock-all-tables
--events
--routines
--compress
--quick
--no-autocommit
Execute novamente o Dump.

# mysqldump --single-transaction --events --routines --compress --quick --no-
autocommit nerv > /root/Dump/nerv.sql
autocommit --all-databases > /root/Dump/nerv01.sql
137 137
Lab 5.6: mysqldump
Copie os Dumps para a VM de Restore.
# scp /root/Dump/nerv.sql root@192.168.0.99:/root/
# scp /root/Dump/nerv01.sql root@192.168.0.99:/root/
Na VM de Restore, restaure os Dumps e confira o Restore.

# mysql -u root -pNerv2020. nerv < /root/nerv.sql
mysql> SELECT COUNT(*) FROM nerv.salaries;
# mysql -u root -pNerv2020. < /root/nerv01.sql
O que acontece se o banco de dados não existir na VM de Restore, no 1o Dump? E no 2o?

O que acontece se uma tabela existir na VM de Restore, mas não existir no 1o Dump? E no 2o?
--add-drop-database
138 138
Lab 5.7: mydumper / myloader
# wget https://github.com/maxbube/mydumper/releases/download/v0.9.5/mydumper-0.9.5-
2.el7.x86_64.rpm
# yum -y install mydumper-0.9.5-2.el7.x86_64.rpm
# top -H
# mydumper --trx-consistency-only --routines --triggers --events --compress -–
threads=8 --logfile /root/mydumper-all.out --verbose=3
# mydumper --trx-consistency-only --routines --triggers --events --compress --
threads=8 --logfile /root/mydumper-nerv.out –verbose=3 ––database=nerv
# ls -lh export*

# scp -Cr export-* root@192.168.0.99:/root/
Na VM de Restore, restaure os Dumps (o completo e o de um só banco) e confira o Restore.

# wget https://github.com/maxbube/mydumper/releases/download/v0.9.5/mydumper-0.9.5-
2.el7.x86_64.rpm
# yum -y install mydumper-0.9.5-2.el7.x86_64.rpm
# myloader --user=root -–password=Nerv2020. --directory=/root/export-20201203-
203701/ --overwrite-tables --threads=8
139 139
Lab 5.8: Bin Logs
Adicione no /etc/my.cnf as linhas abaixo, e reinicie 3 vezes o mysql.
server_id = 1
sync_binlog = 1
log-bin = mysql-bin
expire_logs_days = 32
Que novos arquivos passaram a existir no diretório de dados?
Execute um Dump com a opção --master-data.

autocommit –-master-data=2 --all-databases > /root/Dump/nerv01-BinLog.sql
Que nova informação existe no arquivo de Dump?
Execute alterações no banco de dados.

mysql> SHOW BINARY LOGS;
mysql> SHOW MASTER STATUS;
mysql> USE nerv;
mysql> CREATE TABLE salaries_test AS SELECT * FROM salaries;
mysql> TRUNCATE TABLE salaries;
mysql> INSERT INTO salaries_test SELECT * FROM salaries_test;
mysql> FLUSH LOGS;
Copie o Dump e os Bin Logs para a VM de Restore.

# scp /root/Dump/nerv01-BinLog.sql root@192.168.0.99:/root/
# scp /var/lib/mysql/mysql-bin.0* root@192.168.0.99:/root/ 140 140
Lab 5.9: Bin Logs
Na VM de Restore, restaure o Dump, e os Bin Logs.
# mysql -u root -pNerv2020. < /root/nerv01-BinLog.sql
# head -100 /root/nerv01-BinLog.sql | grep MASTER_LOG_POS
# mysqlbinlog --start-position=154 mysql-bin.000003 > Recover.sql
# mysqlbinlog mysql-bin.000004 >> Recover.sql
# mysqlbinlog mysql-bin.000005 >> Recover.sql
# grep salaries Recover.sql
# mysql -u root -pNerv2020. < Recover.sql

mysql> SELECT COUNT(*) FROM nerv.salaries_test;
141 141
XtraBackup
142 142
XtraBackup / MyQL Enterprise Backup / Mariabackup
Percona Percona XtraBackup 1.4
Released on November 22, 2010
https://www.percona.com/doc/percona-xtrabackup/2.4/release-notes/1.4.html
Changes in MySQL Enterprise Backup 3.12.0 (2015-03-16)

https://dev.mysql.com/doc/relnotes/mysql-enterprise-backup/3.12/en/
Mariabackup was first released in MariaDB 10.1.23 and MariaDB 10.2.7.

It was first released as GA in MariaDB 10.1.26 and MariaDB 10.2.10.
https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/mariabackup-overview/
MariaDB 10.1.23 Release Notes

Release date: 3 May 2017
https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/mariadb-10123-release-notes/
143 143
XtraBackup
https://www.percona.com/doc/percona-xtrabackup/8.0/intro.html 144 144

XtraBackup

XtraBackup

Lab 5.10: xtrabackup
Instale o xtrabackup.
# wget https://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/epel-release-latest-7.noarch.rpm
# yum -y install epel-release-latest-7.noarch.rpm
# wget https://repo.percona.com/yum/percona-release-latest.noarch.rpm
# yum -y install percona-release-latest.noarch.rpm
# yum -y install percona-xtrabackup-24.x86_64
Execute um backup.
# mkdir -p /root/XtraBackup/
# export HORADOBACKUP=`date +%Y%m%d-%H%M%S`
# xtrabackup --backup --parallel=4 --target-dir=/root/XtraBackup/XtraBackup-
$HORADOBACKUP/
# xtrabackup --prepare --target-dir=/root/XtraBackup/XtraBackup-$HORADOBACKUP/
# ls -lh /root/XtraBackup/XtraBackup-$HORADOBACKUP/
# cat /root/XtraBackup/XtraBackup-$HORADOBACKUP/xtrabackup_binlog_info
Restaure o backup.
# xtrabackup --copy-back --target-dir=/root/XtraBackup/XtraBackup-$HORADOBACKUP/
147 147
Na VM de Restore, pare o MySQL.
Copie o Backup para a VM de Restore.

# scp -Cr /root/XtraBackup-$HORADOBACKUP/* root@192.168.0.99:/var/lib/mysql/
Na VM de Restore, inicie o MySQL e confira o Restore.

mysql> SELECT COUNT(*) FROM nerv.salaries_test;
148 148
Crie os diretórios para os backups incrementais.
# mkdir /root/XtraBackup/base
# mkdir /root/XtraBackup/incremental1
Execute um backup base, e os incrementais.

# xtrabackup --backup --target-dir=/root/XtraBackup/base/
mysql> CREATE TABLE nerv.AposBackupBase (c1 INT);
# xtrabackup --backup --target-dir=/root/XtraBackup/incremental1/ --incremental-

basedir=/root/XtraBackup/base/
mysql> CREATE TABLE nerv.AposBackupIncremental1 (c1 INT);

basedir=/root/XtraBackup/incremental1/

basedir=/root/XtraBackup/incremental2/
Verifique o tamanho dos backups.

# du -sh /root/XtraBackup/base/
# du -sh /root/XtraBackup/incremental*
# ls -lh /root/XtraBackup/base/nerv/
# ls -lh /root/XtraBackup/incremental1/nerv/
149 149
Atualize o backup base com os backups incrementais.
# xtrabackup --prepare --apply-log-only --target-dir=/root/XtraBackup/base/
# xtrabackup --prepare --apply-log-only --target-dir=/root/XtraBackup/base/ --
incremental-dir=/root/XtraBackup/incremental1/
Restaure e confira o Restore.

# xtrabackup --copy-back --target-dir=/root/XtraBackup/base/
# chown -R mysql:mysql /var/lib/mysql/
mysql> USE nerv;
mysql> SHOW TABLES;
150 150
Lab 5.14: xtrabackup / innobackupex
Crie um diretório e execute um backup comprimido.

# mkdir -p /root/XtraBackup/compress/
# innobackupex --no-timestamp --datadir=/var/lib/mysql/ --user=root --password=Nerv2020.
--parallel=4 --compress --compress-threads=4 /root/XtraBackup/compress/
# ls -lh /root/XtraBackup/compress/nerv/
Prepare o backup para restauração.

# yum -y install qpress
# innobackupex --decompress –-remove-original --parallel=4 /root/XtraBackup/compress/
# ls -lh /root/XtraBackup/compress/nerv/
# innobackupex --apply-log --parallel=4 --use-memory=1G /root/XtraBackup/compress/

# xtrabackup --copy-back --target-dir=/root/XtraBackup/compress/
# chown -R mysql:mysql /var/lib/mysql/
mysql> USE nerv;
mysql> SHOW TABLES;
151 151
Crie os diretórios, e execute backups comprimidos e incrementais.
# mkdir -p /root/XtraBackup/compress/base
# mkdir -p /root/XtraBackup/compress/incremental1
# innobackupex --no-timestamp --datadir=/var/lib/mysql/ --parallel=4 --compress --

compress-threads=4 /root/XtraBackup/compress/base
mysql> CREATE TABLE nerv.AposBackupCompressedBase (c1 INT);
# innobackupex --no-timestamp --parallel=4 --compress --compress-threads=4 --incremental

/root/XtraBackup/compress/incremental1/
--incremental-basedir=/root/XtraBackup/compress/base/
mysql> CREATE TABLE nerv.AposBackupCompressedIncremental1 (c1 INT);

--incremental-basedir=/root/XtraBackup/compress/incremental1/

--incremental-basedir=/root/XtraBackup/compress/incremental2/
152 152
Atualize o backup base com os backups incrementais.
# innobackupex --decompress --parallel=4 /root/XtraBackup/compress/base/
# innobackupex --apply-log --redo-only --use-memory=1G /root/XtraBackup/compress/base/
# innobackupex --decompress --parallel=4 /root/XtraBackup/compress/incremental1/

--incremental-dir=/root/XtraBackup/compress/incremental1/


# rm -rf /root/XtraBackup/compress/base/*.qp

# xtrabackup --copy-back --target-dir=/root/XtraBackup/compress/base/
mysql> USE nerv;
mysql> SHOW TABLES;
153 153
Tuning
154 154
Lab 6.1: datadir
Altere a localização do diretório de dados do MySQL.
# mkdir /mysql
# cp -R -p -v /var/lib/mysql/* /mysql/
# chown -R mysql:mysql /mysql

# yum -y install policycoreutils-python
# semanage fcontext -a -t mysqld_db_t "/mysql(/.*)?"
# restorecon -Rv /mysql
# cat /etc/selinux/targeted/contexts/files/file_contexts.local
# chcon -R -u system_u -r object_r -t mysqld_db_t /mysql
# vi /etc/my.cnf
...
datadir=/mysql
...
155 155
Lab 6.2: InnoDB System Tablespace
Altere a localização da System Tablespace do InnoDB do MySQL.
# mkdir /InnoDB01
# mv /mysql/ibdata1 /InnoDB01/
# chown -R mysql:mysql /InnoDB01

# semanage fcontext -a -t mysqld_db_t "/InnoDB01(/.*)?"
# restorecon -Rv /InnoDB01
# chcon -R -u system_u -r object_r -t mysqld_db_t /InnoDB01
# vi /etc/my.cnf
...
innodb_file_per_table=OFF
innodb_data_home_dir=
innodb_data_file_path=/InnoDB01/ibdata1:10M:autoextend:max:10G
...
156 156
Lab 6.3: Bin Logs
Altere a localização dos Bin Logs do MySQL.
# mkdir /BinLogs
# mv /mysql/mysql-bin* /BinLogs/
# chown -R mysql:mysql /BinLogs

# semanage fcontext -a -t mysqld_db_t "/BinLogs(/.*)?"
# restorecon -Rv /BinLogs
# chcon -R -u system_u -r object_r -t mysqld_db_t /BinLogs
# vi /etc/my.cnf
...
log-bin=/BinLogs/mysql-bin
...

# systemctl restart mysqld
# systemctl restart mysqld
# ls -lh /BinLogs/
157 157
Lab 6.4: InnoDB Logs
Altere a localização dos Logs do InnoDB.
# mkdir /InnoDBLogs
# mv /mysql/ib_logfile* /InnoDBLogs/
# chown -R mysql:mysql /InnoDBLogs

# semanage fcontext -a -t mysqld_db_t "/InnoDBLogs(/.*)?"
# restorecon -Rv /InnoDBLogs
# chcon -R -u system_u -r object_r -t mysqld_db_t /InnoDBLogs
# vi /etc/my.cnf
...
innodb_log_group_home_dir=/InnoDBLogs/
...

# ls -lh /InnoDBLogs/
158 158
Lab 6.5: Tablespaces InnoDB
Crie uma TABLESPACE, e mova tabelas para ela.
# mkdir /BigTablespace
# chown -R mysql:mysql /BigTablespace

# semanage fcontext -a -t mysqld_db_t "/BigTablespace(/.*)?"
# restorecon -Rv /BigTablespace
# chcon -R -u system_u -r object_r -t mysqld_db_t /BigTablespace
mysql> CREATE TABLESPACE BigTS ADD DATAFILE '/BigTablespace/BigTS.ibd' Engine=InnoDB;

# ls -lh /mysql/nerv/salaries*
# ls -lh /BigTablespace/BigTS.ibd
mysql> ALTER TABLE nerv.salaries_BIG TABLESPACE BigTS;

mysql> ALTER TABLE nerv.salaries_test TABLESPACE BigTS;
# ls -lh /mysql/nerv/salaries*
# ls -lh /BigTablespace/BigTS.ibd
159 159
Engines: InnoDB
160 160
Engines: MyISAM
161 161
Engines: Memory
162 162
Engines: Archive
163 163
Lab 6.6: myisampack
Crie uma tabela graande, e teste sua velocidade de leitura antes e depois da compactação.
mysql> CREATE TABLE nerv.salaries_BIG_RO AS SELECT * FROM nerv.salaries_BIG;
mysql> ALTER TABLE nerv.salaries_BIG_RO Engine=MyISAM;
mysql> INSERT INTO nerv.salaries_BIG_RO SELECT * FROM nerv.salaries_BIG_RO;
mysql> CREATE INDEX IX_salaries_BIG_RO_emp_no ON nerv.salaries_BIG_RO(emp_no);
mysql> SELECT COUNT(salary) FROM nerv.salaries_BIG_RO;

mysql> SELECT SUM(salary) FROM nerv.salaries_BIG_RO;
# myisamchk -dvv /mysql/nerv/salaries_BIG_RO

# ls -lh /mysql/nerv/salaries_BIG_RO*
# myisampack -v /mysql/nerv/salaries_BIG_RO
# myisamchk -rq /mysql/nerv/salaries_BIG_RO
# myisamchk -dvv /mysql/nerv/salaries_BIG_RO
mysql> SELECT COUNT(salary) FROM nerv.salaries_BIG_RO;
O que aconteceu?
mysql> FLUSH TABLES;
# myisamchk --unpack /mysql/nerv/salaries_BIG_RO

164 164
Lab 6.7: Benchmark - mysqlslap
Execute um teste de carga no MySQL.
# yum -y install mysql-community-test
# mysqlslap --user=root –-password=Nerv2020. --auto-generate-sql --
concurrency=10 --iterations=10 --number-char-cols=10 --number-int-cols=5 --
engine=innodb
Durante a execução do teste, acompanhe no Linux, via top.

# top -H
Durante a execução do teste, acompanhe no MySQL, via PROCESSLIST.

Execute novamente o teste, mas com os Engines MyISAM e Memory.

Qual o Engine mais rápido?
Qual o Engine mais escalável?
165 165
Lab 6.8: Benchmark - sysbench
Instale o sysbench.
# yum -y install sysbench
Durante a execução do teste, acompanhe no MySQL, via mysqladmin.

mysql> create database sbtest;
mysql> create user 'sbtest'@'localhost' identified by 'Nerv2020.';
mysql> grant all privileges on sbtest.* to 'sbtest'@'localhost';
# sysbench --db-driver=mysql /usr/share/sysbench/oltp_read_only.lua --threads=4 --

mysql-host=localhost --mysql-user=sbtest --mysql-password=Nerv2020. --mysql-
port=3306 --tables=10 --table-size=1000000 prepare
# sysbench --db-driver=mysql /usr/share/sysbench/oltp_read_only.lua --threads=16 --

events=0 --time=300 --mysql-host=localhost --mysql-user=sbtest --mysql-
password=Nerv2020. --mysql-port=3306 --tables=10 --table-size=1000000 --report-
interval=1 run
166 166
Lab 6.9: Benchmark - sysbench
Durante a execução do teste, acompanhe no MySQL, via mysqladmin.
mysql> drop database sbtest;
mysql> create database sbtest;
mysql> grant all privileges on sbtest.* to 'sbtest'@'localhost';
# sysbench --db-driver=mysql /usr/share/sysbench/tpcc.lua --tables=10 --scale=1 --

threads=4 --mysql-host=localhost --mysql-user=sbtest --mysql-password=Nerv2020. --
mysql-port=3306 prepare
# sysbench --db-driver=mysql /usr/share/sysbench/tpcc.lua --tables=10 --scale=1 --

threads=16 --mysql-host=localhost --mysql-user=sbtest --mysql-password=Nerv2020. --
mysql-port=3306 run
167 167
Lab 6.10: mytop
Instale o mytop.
# yum -y install mytop
# mytop -d mysql
Execute novamente os testes de carga, e acompanhe pelo mytop.
168 168
Lab 6.11: innotop
Instale o innotop.
# yum -y install innotop
# innotop
Execute novamente os testes de carga com InnoDB, e acompanhe pelo innotop.
169 169
Lab 6.12: SHOW ENGINE INNODB
Execute novamente os teste de carga com InnoDB, e acompanhe pelo comando abaixo.
# mysql -E -e "SHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS"
170 170
Engines: CSV
171 171
Engines: Merge
172 172
Engines: Federated
173 173
Engines: Federated - Connection
174 174
Engines: Federated - Server
175 175
Engines: Blackhole
176 176
Engines: Example
177 177
Lab 6.13: Parâmetros de Tuning
Altere os parâmetros abaixo de forma a otimizar os Labs 4.12, 5.6, 6.6, 6.7 e 6.9.
### Huge Pages
large_pages = OFF
### Asyncronous Write

flush = OFF
flush_time = 0
### Temporary Tables

max_heap_table_size = 16777216
default_tmp_storage_engine = MyISAM
tmp_table_size = 8M # (Created_tmp_tables – Created_tmp_disk_tables) > 0
tmpdir = /tmp/
### Query Cache

query_cache_type = ON # (BI / OLAP / DSS)
query_cache_size = 16M # (Qcache_hits)
query_cache_limit = 1M # (Qcache_inserts)
query_cache_min_res_unit = 4096 # (Qcache_inserts)
https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/server-system-variables.html
https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/innodb-parameters.html
178 178
### Metadata
open_files_limit = 10000
table_open_cache = 400 # (Opened_tables)
table_open_cache_instances = 1 # Thread State Opening tables
table_definition_cache = 600 # (400 + (table_open_cache / 2))
metadata_locks_cache_size = 1024 # (Waiting for table metadata lock)
metadata_locks_hash_instances = 8 # (Waiting for table metadata lock)
max_prepared_stmt_count = 16382 # (Com_prepare_sql Prepared_stmt_count)
query_prealloc_size = 8192
query_alloc_block_size = 8192
stored_program_cache = 256
transaction_alloc_block_size = 8192
transaction_prealloc_size = 4096
### Individual Buffers

read_buffer_size = 2M # Thread State Sending data
read_rnd_buffer_size = 2M
sort_buffer_size = 2M # (Sort_merge_passes)
max_length_for_sort_data = 8388608
join_buffer_size = 2M # (index scans, range index scans, joins FTS)
max_join_size = 4G
range_alloc_block_size = 4096
179 179
### MyISAM
key_cache_block_size = 4096
key_buffer_size = 128M # 25% RAM
key_cache_age_threshold = 300
key_cache_division_limit = 100 # (Hot)
bulk_insert_buffer_size = 8388608
concurrent_insert = ALWAYS
delay_key_write = ALL
low_priority_updates = OFF # (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, LOCK TABLE WRITE)
myisam_sort_buffer_size = 8388608 # (REPAIR TABLE, CREATE INDEX, ALTER TABLE)
myisam_max_sort_file_size = 2147483648 # (REPAIR TABLE,ALTER TABLE, LOAD DATA INFILE)
Exemplo:
prod.key_buffer_size = 128M
dev.key_buffer_size = 16M
mysql> CACHE INDEX t1, t2, t3 IN prod;
180 180
### InnoDB Files
innodb_checksums = ON # < 5.7
innodb_checksum_algorithm = crc32
innodb_doublewrite = OFF
innodb_autoextend_increment = 64
innodb_file_per_table = 1
innodb_file_format = Barracuda
innodb_compression_level = 6
innodb_compression_failure_threshold_pct = 0
innodb_compression_pad_pct_max = 50
### InnoDB Threads

innodb_numa_interleave = OFF
innodb_read_io_threads = 4 # (Pending reads) show engine innodb status;
innodb_write_io_threads = 4 # (Pending writes)
innodb_thread_concurrency = 0 # (cs)
innodb_concurrency_tickets = 5000
innodb_thread_sleep_delay = 10000
innodb_adaptive_max_sleep_delay = 150000
### Lock
innodb_lock_wait_timeout = 50
innodb_rollback_on_timeout = OFF
181 181
### InnoDB Buffer
innodb_page_size = 16384
innodb_buffer_pool_size = 2G
innodb_buffer_pool_instances = 1 # 1 para cada 10GB de innodb_buffer_pool_size
innodb_change_buffering = ALL
innodb_change_buffer_max_size = 25
innodb_buffer_pool_dump_at_shutdown = ON
innodb_buffer_pool_load_at_startup = ON
innodb_buffer_pool_dump_now = OFF
innodb_buffer_pool_load_now = OFF
innodb_buffer_pool_load_abort = OFF
innodb_buffer_pool_filename = InnoDB.dump
innodb_buffer_pool_dump_pct = 100
innodb_random_read_ahead = ON # (OFF em SSD)

innodb_read_ahead_threshold = 32
### InnoDB Undo

innodb_purge_threads = 1 ### show engine innodb status; (History list length)
innodb_purge_batch_size = 300
innodb_max_purge_lag = 0 # (History list length)
innodb_max_purge_lag_delay = 0 # (History list length)
182 182
### InnoDB Flush
innodb_use_native_aio = ON # Linux
innodb_flush_method = O_DIRECT
innodb_flush_neighbors = 1 # (0 em SSD)
innodb_adaptive_flushing = ON
innodb_flushing_avg_loops = 30
innodb_adaptive_flushing_lwm = 10
innodb_lru_scan_depth = 1024
innodb_max_dirty_pages_pct_lwm = 10
innodb_max_dirty_pages_pct = 75
innodb_old_blocks_pct = 37
innodb_old_blocks_time = 1000
innodb_io_capacity = 200
innodb_io_capacity_max = 2000
### InnoDB Log

innodb_log_file_size = 32M
innodb_log_files_in_group = 7
innodb_log_buffer_size = 64M
innodb_log_compressed_pages = ON
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 1
innodb_flush_log_at_timeout = 1 # (1 a 2700)
innodb_fast_shutdown = 1
183 183
### InnoDB Statistics
innodb_stats_auto_recalc = ON
innodb_stats_transient_sample_pages = 8 # (STATS_SAMPLE_PAGES)
innodb_stats_persistent = ON
innodb_stats_persistent_sample_pages = 20 # (STATS_SAMPLE_PAGES)
### InnoDB Optimizer

innodb_adaptive_hash_index = ON
innodb_sort_buffer_size = 67108864 # (CREATE INDEX)
innodb_disable_sort_file_cache = OFF
184 184
Parâmetros de Tuning - Optimizer
185 185
### Optimizer
optimizer_prune_level = 1
optimizer_search_depth = 62
eq_range_index_dive_limit = 10
max_seeks_for_key = 1000
optimizer_switch=index_merge=on,index_merge_union=on,index_merge_sort_union=o
n,index_merge_intersection=on,engine_condition_pushdown=on,index_condition_pu
shdown=on,mrr=on,mrr_cost_based=on,block_nested_loop=on,batched_key_access=of
f,materialization=on,semijoin=on,loosescan=on,firstmatch=on,subquery_material
ization_cost_based=on,use_index_extensions=on
186 186
Lab 6.21: Transações e Isolamento
Altere todos os parâmetros abaixo no arquivo de parâmetros, e reinicie o MySQL.
mysql> use nerv;
mysql> CREATE TABLE teste1 (c1 int, c2 char(50), c3 varchar(255))
Engine=InnoDB;
mysql> CREATE TABLE teste2 (c1 int, c2 char(50), c3 varchar(255))
Engine=MyISAM;
mysql> insert into teste1 values (1, 'AAA', 'AAAAAAAAAA');

mysql> insert into teste2 select * from teste1;
187 187
1a Sessão: 2a Sessão:
mysql> update teste1 set c2 = 'BBB';
mysql> select * from teste1; mysql> select * from teste1;
mysql> start transaction;

mysql> update teste1 set c2 = 'CCC';
mysql> commit;

mysql> update teste1 set c2 = 'DDD'; mysql> update teste1 set c2 = 'EEE';
mysql> commit;
3a Sessão:
mysql> SELECT waiting_trx_id, waiting_pid, waiting_query, blocking_trx_id,
blocking_pid, blocking_query FROM sys.innodb_lock_waits;
mysql> KILL 22;
188 188
1a Sessão: 2a Sessão:
mysql> update teste2 set c2 = 'BBB';

mysql> update teste2 set c2 = 'CCC';
mysql> commit;

mysql> update teste2 set c2 = 'DDD'; mysql> update teste2 set c2 = 'EEE';
mysql> commit;
189 189
Lab 6.24: Comandos Administrativos
Execute estas operações no banco employees e nerv:
mysql> ANALYZE TABLE employees.salaries;
mysql> INSERT INTO nerv.salaries SELECT * FROM employees.salaries;
mysql> ANALYZE TABLE nerv.salaries;
mysql> OPTIMIZE TABLE employees.salaries;
# ls -lh /mysql/nerv/salaries.*
mysql> OPTIMIZE TABLE nerv.salaries;
mysql> DELETE FROM nerv.salaries;
mysql> REPAIR TABLE employees.salaries;

mysql> REPAIR TABLE nerv.salaries;
# mysqlcheck -u root -pNerv2020. nerv

# mysqlcheck -a -u root -pNerv2020. nerv
# mysqlcheck -o -u root -pNerv2020. nerv
# mysqlcheck -r -u root -pNerv2020. nerv
# mysqlcheck -u root -pNerv2020. employees

# mysqlcheck -a -u root -pNerv2020. employees
# mysqlcheck -o -u root -pNerv2020. employees
# mysqlcheck -r -u root -pNerv2020. employees 190 190
Lab 6.25: mysqldumpslow
Execute o mysqldumpslow.
# mysqldumpslow /var/lib/mysql/mysql-slow.log
# mysqldumpslow /var/lib/mysql/mysql-slow.log > /root/Slow.txt
# mysqldumpslow -s r /var/lib/mysql/mysql-slow.log > /root/Slow.txt
191 191
Lab 6.26: EXPLAIN
mysql> use sakila;
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT actor.first_name, actor.last_name, film.title
FROM actor, film, film_actor
WHERE actor.first_name = 'ADAM' AND
actor.actor_id = film_actor.actor_id AND
film_actor.film_id AND
film.film_id = film_actor.film_id;
192 192
Lab 6.27: SHOW PROFILE
193 193
Partitioning
194 194
Partitioning - RANGE
195 195
Partitioning - RANGE
196 196
Partitioning - LIST
197 197
Partitioning - RANGE COLUMNS
198 198
Partitioning - LIST COLUMNS
199 199
Partitioning - HASH
200 200
Partitioning - KEY
201 201
memcached
https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/innodb-memcached-intro.html 202 202

memcached
203 203
204 204
DRBD / Pacemaker / Corosync
205 205
Windows Server Failover Clustering
206 206
MySQL Replication
207 207
Lab 7.1: MySQL Replication
No Oracle VM VirtualBox, crie uma nova VM, com o nome “Slave 01”, importanto novamente o
Inicie a VM, verifique seu IP, e acesse por ssh.
Pelo nmtui, altere o hostname da VM.
Adicione a linha abaixo no arquivo de configuração, e reinicie o MySQL.

server-id=2
Execute a configuração da Replicação no Master.

mysql> CREATE USER 'rep'@'192.168.0.99' IDENTIFIED BY 'Nerv2020.';
mysql> GRANT REPLICATION SLAVE ON *.* TO 'rep'@'192.168.0.99';
mysql> FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK;
mysql> SHOW MASTER STATUS;
Backup no Master
mysql> UNLOCK TABLES;
Restore no Slave
Execute a configuração da Replicação no Slave.

mysql> CHANGE MASTER TO
MASTER_HOST='192.168.0.101',
MASTER_USER='rep',
MASTER_PASSWORD='Nerv2020.',
MASTER_LOG_FILE='mysql-bin.000002',
MASTER_LOG_POS=435;
mysql> START SLAVE;
mysql> SHOW SLAVE STATUS;
# mysql -E -e "SHOW SLAVE STATUS" | grep -e Running -e Seconds 208 208
GTID
209 209
MySQL Parallel Replication
Altere os parâmetros abaixo:
slave_parallel_type = LOGICAL_CLOCK
slave_parallel_workers = 20
210 210
MySQL Proxy
211 211
ProxySQL
https://www.proxysql.com/compare 212 212

Proxy SQL
# wget http://repo.proxysql.com/ProxySQL/proxysql-2.0.x/centos/7/proxysql-2.0.8-1-
centos7.x86_64.rpm
# yum -y install proxysql-2.0.8-1-centos7.x86_64.rpm
# vi /etc/yum.repos.d/mysql-community.repo
# yum -y install mysql-community-client proxysql
# systemctl enable proxysql

# systemctl start proxysql
# mysql -u admin -padmin -h 127.0.0.1 -P6032 --prompt='Admin> '
Admin> UPDATE global_variables SET variable_value='monitor' WHERE variable_name='mysql-

monitor_username';
Admin> UPDATE global_variables SET variable_value='Nerv2020.' WHERE variable_name='mysql-
monitor_password';
Admin> LOAD MYSQL VARIABLES TO RUNTIME;
Admin> SAVE MYSQL VARIABLES TO DISK;
Admin> INSERT INTO mysql_servers(hostgroup_id, hostname, port) VALUES (1, '192.168.0.97',

3306);
3306);
3306);
Admin> SELECT hostgroup_id, hostname, status FROM mysql_servers ORDER BY hostgroup_id;
Admin> LOAD MYSQL SERVERS TO RUNTIME;
Admin> SAVE MYSQL SERVERS TO DISK; 213 213
Proxy SQL
Admin> INSERT INTO mysql_query_rules
(rule_id,active,match_digest,destination_hostgroup,apply)
VALUES
(1,1,'^SELECT.*FOR UPDATE$',1,1),
(2,1,'^SELECT',2,1);
Admin> LOAD MYSQL QUERY RULES TO RUNTIME;
Admin> SAVE MYSQL QUERY RULES TO DISK;
Admin> INSERT INTO mysql_users (username, password) VALUES ('ricardo','Nerv2020.');

Admin> LOAD MYSQL USERS TO RUNTIME;
Admin> SAVE MYSQL USERS TO DISK;
mysql> CREATE USER 'ricardo'@'192.168.0.19' IDENTIFIED BY 'Nerv2020.';

mysql> GRANT ALL ON *.* TO 'ricardo'@'192.168.0.19';
mysql> CREATE USER 'monitor'@'192.168.0.19' IDENTIFIED BY 'Nerv2020.';
mysql> GRANT ALL ON *.* TO 'monitor'@'192.168.0.19';
mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
# mysql -u ricardo -pNerv2020. -h 127.0.0.1 -P 6033
214 214
MySQL Cluster / NDB Cluster
215 215
InnoDB Cluster / Group Replication / Router / Shell / Fabric
216 216
MySQL Group Replication
217 217
MySQL Labs
218 218
Galera Cluster
219 219
Galera Cluster
220 220
Percona XtraDB Cluster
221 221
Upgrade para 8.0
222 222
Upgrade
Supported Upgrade Methods
In-place Upgrade (mysql_upgrade)
Logical Upgrade (mysqldump)
Supported Upgrade Paths

●
Para Release Series Version superior.
Por exemplo, de 5.6.20 para 5.6.27.
●
Para um (apenas um) Release Series superior.
Por exemplo, de 5.6.27 para 5.7.9 (antes faça upgrade da Release Series Version).
Exemplos:
5.6: Release Series
5.6.20: Release Series Version
223 223
Upgrade
Changes in MySQL 5.7 / Changes in MySQL 8.0
https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/upgrading-from-previous-series.html
https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/upgrading-from-previous-series.html
Server and Status Variables and Options Added, Deprecated, or Removed

https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/added-deprecated-removed.html
https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/added-deprecated-removed.html
Upgrading a Replication Setup

https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/replication-upgrade.html
https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/replication-upgrade.html
Índice de alterações:
https://dev.mysql.com/doc/relnotes/mysql/5.6/en/ix01.html
224 224
Upgrade
225 225
Upgrade
226 226
8.0 New Features
http://mysqlserverteam.com/the-mysql-8-0-0-milestone-release-is-available/
https://dev.mysql.com/doc/relnotes/mysql/8.0/en/ 227 227
Lab 9.1: Upgrade para 8.0
Edite o arquivo /etc/yum.repos.d/mysql-community.repo, e habilite o reposítório do MySQL 8.0.
...
[mysql57-community]
enabled=0
gpgcheck=1
...
[mysql80-community]
enabled=1
gpgcheck=1
...
Execute o Upgrade para MySQL 8.0.

# mysql --version
# mysqldump --all-databases > backup.sql
# ls -lh backup.sql
# yum -y update mysql-community-*
# mysqlcheck --all-databases --check-upgrade
# mysql_upgrade
# grep upgrade /var/lib/mysql/mysql-error.log
# mysql --version
228 228
Perguntas?
http://nervinformatica.com.br/forum/


Creative Commons Atribuição-SemDerivados 3.0 Brasil. 229
Lab Extra 1.1: Banco de Exemplo WORLD
# cd
# wget http://downloads.mysql.com/docs/world.sql.zip
# ls -lh world.sql.zip
# yum -y install unzip
# unzip world.sql.zip
# ls -lh world.sql
# mysql < world.sql

mysql> use world;
mysql> show tables;
mysql> select count(*) from city;
mysql> select count(*) from country;
mysql> select count(*) from countrylanguage;
230 230
Lab Extra 1.2: Banco de Exemplo SAKILA
# cd
# wget http://downloads.mysql.com/docs/sakila-db.zip
# ls -lh sakila-db.zip
# unzip sakila-db.zip
# ls -lh sakila-db/
# cd sakila-db/
# mysql < sakila-schema.sql
# mysql < sakila-data.sql

mysql> use sakila;
mysql> show tables;
mysql> select count(*) from actor;
mysql> select count(*) from film;
mysql> select count(*) from film_actor;
231 231
Lab Extra 1.3: Banco de Exemplo MENAGERIE
# cd
# wget http://downloads.mysql.com/docs/menagerie-db.zip
# ls -lh menagerie-db.zip
# unzip menagerie-db.zip
# ls -lh menagerie-db/
# cd menagerie-db/
# cat pet.txt
# cat event.txt
# mysql -t
mysql> CREATE DATABASE menagerie;
mysql> use menagerie;
mysql> SOURCE cr_pet_tbl.sql
mysql> LOAD DATA LOCAL INFILE 'pet.txt' INTO TABLE pet;
mysql> SOURCE ins_puff_rec.sql
mysql> SOURCE cr_event_tbl.sql
mysql> LOAD DATA LOCAL INFILE 'event.txt' INTO TABLE event;
mysql> show tables;

mysql> select count(*) from pet;
mysql> select count(*) from event;
232 232
Lab Extra 1.4: Banco de Exemplo EMPLOYEES
# cd
# wget https://launchpad.net/test-db/employees-db-1/1.0.6/+download/employees_db-
full-1.0.6.tar.bz2
# ls -lh employees_db-full-1.0.6.tar.bz2
# bunzip2 employees_db-full-1.0.6.tar.bz2
# tar xfv employees_db-full-1.0.6.tar
# ls -lh employees_db/
# cd employees_db/
# vi employees.sql
...
-- set storage_engine = InnoDB;
...
-- select CONCAT('storage engine: ', @@storage_engine) as INFO;
...
# mysql -t < employees.sql

mysql> use employees;
mysql> show tables;
mysql> select count(*) from departments;
mysql> select count(*) from employees;
mysql> select count(*) from salaries;
233 233
Lab Extra 1.5: Banco de Exemplo
# mysql
mysql> use employees;
mysql> show tables;
# mysql employees
mysql> show tables;
# mysql
mysql> select count(*) from employees.salaries;
mysql> select count(*) from menagerie.pet;
mysql> select count(*) from employees.salaries;

mysql> select count(*) from EMPLOYEES.SALARIES;
mysql> select count(*) from EMPLOYEES.salaries;
mysql> select count(*) from employees.SALARIES;
mysql> select count(*) from Employees.salaries;
mysql> select count(*) from employees.Salaries;
234 234
Fim


Creative Commons Atribuição-SemDerivados 3.0 Brasil. 235

MySQL Administração, Backup, Tuning e Alta Disponibilidade

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MySQL Administração, Backup, Tuning e Alta Disponibilidade

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MySQL

Inclui Percona e MariaDB

Ricardo Portilho Proni

Esta obra está licenciada sob a licença

Adicionar texto a um arquivo:

Algo deve ser alterado de acordo com sua máquina:

Quando algo dá errado propositalmente:

Todas as senhas são Nerv2020. 3 3

[root@CentOS-7 ~]# cat /etc/redhat-release

[root@CentOS-7 ~]# yum -y install mariadb-server

# yum -y install mysql-server

Acesse o MySQL, e verifique o acesso.

Libere a porta do MySQL no Firewall.

# mysqladmin -u root -pNerv2020. status

# grep -B1 'ready for connections' /var/log/mysqld.log

# mysql -u root -pNerv2020.

# mysql -uroot -pNerv2020.

mysql> prompt \U-\d-\R:\m:\s>

# mysql -e 'SHOW DATABASES' > databases.txt

# mysql -t -e 'SHOW DATABASES' > databases.txt

# echo 'SHOW DATABASES' > databases.sql

mysql> source databases.sql

Importe os bancos de dados de exemplo.

mysql> tee audit.log

mysql> system ls -lh

mysql> CREATE TABLE t1 (c1 INT);

mysql> CREATE TABLE t2 (c1 INT) Engine=InnoDB;

mysql> CREATE TABLE t3 (c1 INT) Engine=MyISAM;

mysql> CREATE TABLE t4 (c1 INT) Engine=Memory;

mysql> CREATE TABLE t5 (c1 INT) Engine=Archive;

mysql> ALTER TABLE t5 Engine=InnoDB;

mysql> SHOW ENGINES;

Pelo nmtui, altere o hostname da VM para Percona.localdomain.

Instale o Percona Server.

Importe os bancos de dados de exemplo.

Pelo nmtui, altere o hostname da VM para MariaDB.localdomain.

# yum -y install MariaDB-server

Importe os bancos de dados de exemplo.

mysql> CREATE DATABASE nerv;

mysql> SELECT * FROM employees.titles;

mysql> SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEES.titles;

mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE employees.titles;

mysql> SHOW STATUS;

mysql> SHOW PROCESSLIST;

mysql> SET GLOBAL sort_buffer_size = DEFAULT;

mysql> SET global tmpdir='/var/lib/mysql/';

# systemctl stop mysqld

mysql> SET GLOBAL sort_buffer_size=4M;

mysql> CREATE USER 'ricardo'@'192.168.0.%' IDENTIFIED BY 'Nerv2020.';

mysql> CREATE USER 'ricardo'@'192.168.0.102' IDENTIFIED BY 'Nerv2020.';

mysql> SELECT * FROM information_schema.USER_PRIVILEGES;

Execute uma conexão remota.

mysql> SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'secure_file_priv';

mysql> SET foreign_key_checks = 0;

max_connect_errors = 10 # FLUSH HOSTS

host_cache_size = -1 # default = 128 + ((max_connections – 500) / 20)

wait_timeout = 28800 # 28800 segundos = 8 horas.

Se o MySQL não iniciar:

mysql> USE nerv;

mysql> CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS messages (

mysql> CREATE EVENT IF NOT EXISTS test_event_01

mysql> CREATE EVENT test_event_02