% CHAPTER TWO Deliberation against Domination? "Tre oennaion is not th care proponents fn belie bbe does not mean it is worthless in polities. But how should we think about its appropriate role in promoting the common good? Given the difficulties we have confronted with the aggregative and deliberative no- tions of it considered thus far, I propose that we operate with a stripped down conception of it—suggested by Machiavelli rather than Rousseat cs that the common good is that In The Discourses Machiavelli intima which those with an interest in avoiding domination share.! Perhaps a more robust notion of the common good can plausibly be defended, but this is a bedrock commitment that most plausible theories of justice and democracy share (Shapiro 1999a: 1-63). If we embrace it, the question whether deliberation promotes the common good is reframed as the ques: tion whether it diminishes domination. ‘To begin answering it, I turn, in §2.1, to the power literature. Iris mote suggestive than instructive because for the most part its practitioners have ignored institutional arrangements. Either they have seen them as irrele vant to power’s operation, oF the preoccupation with epistemological questions has diverted theorists of power from exploring the institutional implications of their own views. Even theoreticians who agree on a partic: ular theory of power have not been much moved to explore its implications for institutional design or normative theory. Rather, they have been con cerned to defend their theories against crities—for instance, by showing that the so-called second and third faces of power that deal with the shap. ing of agendas and preferences can be studied in empirically rigorous ways, or thar structural theories capture features of power that have been missed in the “faces” debate. Worthwhile as these activities might be, they leave unanswered the question: how should considerations about power feature in theorizing about democracy? I begin addressing itin §2.2 by developing an account of a potential role for deliberative institutions that piggybacks on significant insights gleaned from the power literature. 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