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@professor_auandro
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(19) 992126040
ANEXOS
DICAS E RESUMOS
Diagramas
❑ DIAGRAMAS DE ENERGIA – Equações de estado Equações de transição
• Fusão
H2O (S) → H2O (l) ΔH°f = 6kJ/mol
ENERGIA
KJ/mol
Gasoso • Vaporização
H2O (g) H2O (l) → H2O (g) ΔH°vap = 40,7kJ/mol
LÍQUIDO
→ Pc (Ponto critico)
• Condição limite: a partir deste ponto
o material será sempre GÁS a
menos que se modifique as
condições de temperatura
SÓLIDO GASOSO
→ PT (Ponto Triplo)
• Os três estados físicos coexistem simultaneamente
TPT TC
▪ Interpretando o diagrama de fases
LÍQUIDO
PC
SÓLIDO GASOSO
Vapor ← → Gás
Estado gasoso Estado gasoso
PT acima da acima da
temperatura temperatura
crítica crítica
TPT TC
▪ Interpretando o diagrama de fases
LÍQUIDO
PC
P (EXTERNA)
Equilibrio dinâmico
Quando for
analisar o As transições de estados
diagramas como físicos ( fusão e ebulição )
este , essa pressão é ocorrerão sob essa essa
a informação mais condição de pressão. Ou
importante no SÓLIDO GASOSO seja, á PRESSÃO
exercício. Quando a EXTERNA constante
encontra-la , trace
uma linha reta Vapor Gás
horizontal. PT
Em sistema aberto
sera:
ATMOSFERICA
8 – NADA OCORRE:
O estado gasoso na forma de GÁS não muda por
compressão ou descompressão
▪ Propriedades iônicas das Soluções
Grau de ionização ( α )
- Soluções eletrolíticas ( α = 1 ) : sais da família 1A , ácidos e bases fortes
- Soluções moleculares ( α = 0) : açúcares e álcoois
Fator de Vant´Hoff ( i )
i = 1 + α( q – 1 )
q - quantidade de íons produzidos por molécula do soluto dissolvida
Carga iônica máxima QMáx .
QMáx- Carga máxima ( em módulo ) produzida pela dissociação ou
ionização do soluto em solução
Soluções
m
1 - Densidade → d = -------- ( g / mL )
V
m1
2 - Concentração Comum → C = -------- ( g / L )
V
m1
3 - Concentração Molar → = ------------- ( mol / L )
molaridade M1 . V
m 1 . 1000
4 – Molalidade → W = --------------- ( molal )
M1 . m2
m1
5 - Titulo (m/m) → Ꞇ(m/m) = -------------- ( adimensional )
m1 + m1
V1
6 - Titulo (v/v) → Ꞇ(v/v) = -------------- ( adimensional )
V1 + V2
7 – Partes por milhão/bilhão :
→ ppm = Ꞇ(m/m). 10 6 = 10-3 g/L
→ ° Gl = Ꞇ(V/V) . 100
9 – Osmolaridade → OSM = . q ( osmol / L )
M1
10 – Equivalente-grama → E = ------------- ( g / eq-g )
QMáx Foca aqui !!
DNA
m1 UNITAU
11 – Número de Equivalentes → e = ------------- ( eq-g )
E1
m1
12– Normalidade → N = ------------- ( eq-g / L ) normal N
E1 . V
13 – Relação entre as concentrações 1, 2, 3 e 4 :
→ C = . M1
→ C = Ꞇ(m/m). d .1000
→ C = . M = N . E = Ꞇ(m/m). d .1000
Coligativas
Efeitos Coligativos – Interpretação gráfica
- Efeitos observados em um solvente puro devido a presença de soluto não volátil
SOLVENTE SOLUÇÃO
Mais volátil Menos volátil
P (mmHg) Menor Te Maior Te
Maior Pvapor Menor Pvapor
▪ Efeito ebulioscopico
∆Te = K e . W . i K e = RT² / 1000Lvap ▪ Fator de vant´Hoff (i)
Medida do poder iônico de uma
▪ Efeito Crioscopico solução i = 1 + α( q – 1 )
∆Tc = K c . W . i K c = RT² / 1000Lf
q - quantidade de ions
▪ Efeito Tonoscopico produzidos por molécula
∆P = K . W . i α - grau de ionização:
t K t = M2 / 1000
P° • ( α = 1 )sais da família 1A
m1 . 1000 • ( α = 0) açúcares e álcoois
Molalidade W = -----------------
M 1 . m2
❑ Osmocopia - medida do efeito osmótico
- OSMOSE : Fluxo espontâneo de solvente do meio menos para o mais concentrado.
- Ocorre na presença de membrana semipermeável MSP
-Equilibrio-
Concentrações se igualam
Qde matéria
m
𝑛=
M molar
Qde partículas
N = n . 6,02 .10 23
Volume gasoso
V = n . V molar
Energia liberada
E = n . E molar
❑ Natureza dos problemas estequiométricos
Durante os cálculos estequiométricos , nos deparamos
sempre com esquemas parecidos com o mostrado a seguir :
mol massa volume partículas
1 CH4 + 2 O2 → 1 CO2 + 2 H 2O
1. mol 2 .32g 1 .22,4L 2 . 6.12 23
2mol 128g VCO2 NH2O
Dados : Perguntas :
Valores fornecidos Valores a
pela própria questão determinar(desconhecidos)
❑ ESQUEMÃO PRÁTICO – Estequiometria
REAÇÃO ----- aA + bB → cC
Qde interesse -------- a MA b MB c MC • Pode ser necessário
MOLAR
Problema ------ mA mB xC encontrar uma
REAÇÃO global em
Dados Pergunta um sistema de
equações
Final
Inicio
Energia
mínimo de complexo ativado.
• Colisões geometricamente
favoráveis.
• Forme complexo ativado onde
ligações são rompidas e
formadas
Ea
HR
∆H
HP
Caminho da reação
2.0 Fatores que alteram a velocidade de uma reação
▪ Temperatura
▪ Superfície de contato
▪ Catalisador
▪ Concentração pressão parcial dos reagentes
2.1 Temperatura
- O aumento da temperatura, eleva a energia cinética das moléculas aumentando a
frequência de choques possibilitando uma maior probabilidade de ocorrer uma colisão
com geometria apropriada para reação.
- O aumento da temperatura, eleva a quantidade de moléculas com pelo menos, a energia
mínima para reagir – Ea
- A reação só ocorre quando os reagentes atingem a Ea
V2>V1
Energia
Catalizadores são espécies químicas que atuam no mecanismo energético da reação , acelerando o
processo e facilitando a formação de produtos.
“ Os catalisadores não participam da etapa global da reação, apenas reduzem a energia de ativação ”
Ea Reação não catalisada maior Ea , menor Velocidade
Eac Reação catalisada menor Eac , maior Velocidade
Catalise Homogênea
Quando o catalisador e os reagentes compõem uma única fase química no sistema
Catalisador
consumido intermediário
Catalisador
recuperado
1.1 Monoácidos
HA(aq) → H+ (aq) + A – (aq) Ácidos FRACOS apresentarão
bases conjugadas FORTE e
Acido 1 próton base conjugada portanto sofrerão hidrólise
Outra medida importante para um acido é o valor de seu pKa , calculado por : pKa = - log Ka
Maior valor de Ka
Quanto maior a força do ácido :
Menor valor de pKa
• 1.2 Grau de ionização acida (α ) Quanto maior o valor de α , maior a força do ácido
[ H+ ] equilíbrio • Forte α > 50%
• Moderado 5% ≤ α ≤ 50%
α = -----------
• Fraco α < 5%
[ HA ]o inicio
[ H+ ] Concentração de H+ no equilíbrio
[ H+ ] = α .[ HA ]o
[ HA ]o Concentração inicial do acido
Reagiu X X X
Equilíbrio -X X X X= α .
÷
α² ² α² α²
Substituindo X por α temos que : Ka = --------------------- = -------------- Ka = --------------
- α ÷ 1-α 1-α
α²
Ka = -------------- • Para valores de “ α “menores que ( 10%) : Ka = α² .
1-α
Constante
• 1.5 Primeiras conclusões para equilíbrios iônicos ácidos – monopr0tico
HA(aq) → H+ (aq) + A – (aq)
Ka = α² . Ka = α² .
• 1.6 Equilíbrio iônico da água
Autoionização → H2 O( l ) → H+ (aq) + OH – (aq)
[ H+ ] . [ OH - ]
Expressão de equilíbrio → (*) Real forma aquosa do (H+ ) → (H+3O )
K w = -------------------
[ H2 O ]
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