Grupo C

Debora Possetti
Felipe Santana
Las Federici
Rafael Akisue
Thas Mosso
*
*
Clulas suspensas
+
Meio de cultivo
Clulas Suspensas
Filtrado/Clarificado:
Meio de Cultivo
2
*
Fora da Gravidade
Campo gravitacional centrfugo
3
*
4
Suspenso
mais
concentrada
Torta
relativamente
seca
Facilidade na
separao de
clulas microbianas
do meio lquido
Clulas microbianas
causam
entupimento dos
filtros
Filtrao Centrifugao
Principio de
separao
Emprego

Produto obtido

Custo do
equipamento
Tamanho da
particula
Remocao de
insoluveis que
esto diludos,
largos e rgidos
Torta seca



menor
Densidade

Usado quando a
filtrao
ineficiente
Uma pasta ou uma
soluo mais
concentrada
Maior
*
Ultrafiltration
more
economical
Centrifugation
more
economical
Ultrafiltration
Centrifugation
*
*

=

2
18
(

)
Considera a partcula:

o Esfrica;
o Isolada;
o De dimenses reduzidas.
Partcula com velocidade constante de sedimentao:
Velocidade de sedimentao de clulas
microbianas sob ao da gravidade
Dimetro da partcula
Densidade da clula
Densidade do meio lquido
Viscosidade do meio lquido
Acelerao da gravidade
7

Tempo de residncia da clula
Altura desde a superfcie
da suspenso at o fundo
do tanque
Vazo de clarificado
Volume do sedimentador
*
Centrifugao Sedimentao forada Campo centrfugo

18

Velocidade de sedimentao de clulas
microbianas devido ao campo centfugo
Velocidade angular
Distncia radial do centro da
centrfuga at a clula
8
*
o Fc = 20 a 30 x g Suficiente para aumenta a velocidade de
sedimentao MIL vezes;

o Sedimentao de leveduras:
- Fc= 2 mil x g

o Sedimentao de bactrias:
- Fc= 5 mil x g

=

2

Fonte: www.microbiologyonline.org.uk
9
*
* Centrfugas Tubulares;


* Centrfugas de Discos.
Fonte: http://portuguese.alibaba.com
http://www.ufrnet.br
10
*
o Podem operar sob refrigerao;
o Altos valores de Fc (13 a 17mil x g;
o Capacidade limitada (dezenas de litros);
o Operao descontnua;
o Suspenses mximo de 30g/L de clulas.


Fonte: http://www.ufrnet.br
11
*
=

[
2
2

2
3
]
Vazo de clarificado
Altura da centrfuga Raio da centrfuga
[
2
2

2
3
]
=
Termo
comercial
12
( )
2
1
2
2
2
2 1
2
r r P P =
e
At the liquid-liquid interface,
Pressure exerted by the light
phase of thickness (r
2
r
1
)
= Pressure exerted by the heavy
phase of thickness (r
2
r
4
)
( ) ( )
2
1
2
2
2
2
4
2
2
2
2 2
r r r r
L H
=
e e

L H
L H
r r
r

=
2
1
2
4 2
2

* The interface at r
2
must be located at a radius smaller
than r
3
.
SEPARATI ON OF LI QUI DS BY CENTRI FUGATI ON (3/3)
[Example] A bowl centrifuge is used to concentrate a
suspension of Escherichia coli prior to cell disruption. The
bowl of this unit has an inside radius of 12.7 cm and a
length of 73.0 cm. The speed of the bowl is 16,000 rpm and
the volumetric capacity is 200 L/h. Under these conditions,
this centrifuge works well. (a) Calculate the settling
velocity v
g
for the cells. (b) After disruption, the diameter of
debris is about one-half of that of cell and the viscosity is
increased four times. Estimate the volumetric capacity of
this same centrifuge operating under these new conditions.
Solution:
2 2
2 2
2
or
2
e t
e t
R
Qg
v
g
R
v Q
g g

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
(To be continued)
[Example] Analysis of bowl centrifuge
2 2
2

e t R
Qg
v
g

=
Solution:
Data: R =12.7 cm; = 73 cm; e = 16,000 rpm = 1674.7 rad/s;
Q = 200 L/h = 55.56 cm
3
/s; g = 980 cm/s
2

v
g
= 2.63 10
-7
cm/s
Using the same centrifuge,
1
2
1
2
1
2
g
g
g
g
v
v
v
v
Q
Q
=
E
E
=
g
d
v
s g
) (
18
2

=
16
1
4
) 2 / 1 (
/
/
/
/
2
1 2
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
= = = =

d d
d
d
Q
Q

(a) Calculate the settling velocity v
g
for the cells.
(b) Estimate the volumetric capacity of this same centrifuge for cell
debris.
#
[Example] Beer with a specific gravity of 1.042 and a
viscosity of 1.4 10
-3
N-s/m
2
contains 1.5% solids, which
have a density of 1160 kg/m
3
. It is clarified at a rate of 240
L/h in a bowl centrifuge, which has an operating volume of
0.09 m
3
and a speed of 10,000 rev/min. The bowl has a
radius of 5.5 cm and is fitted with a 4-cm outlet. Calculate
the effect on feed rate of an increase in bowl speed to 15,000
rev/min and the minimum particle size that can be removed
at the higher speed.
Solution:
All conditions except the bowl speed remain the same.
2
1
2
2
1
2
e
e
=
Q
Q
)] ( [
)] / [ln( 18
) (
) / ln(
) (
2
1
2
0
1 0
2 2
1 0
2 2
1
2
0
R R
R R
d
R R g
v R R
Q
s
g

e
e t
(To be continued)
Calculate: when e = 15,000 rev/min, Q = ? d = ?
Solution (contd):
)] ( [
)] / [ln( 18
) (
2
1
2
0
1 0
2 2
R R
R R
d
Q
s

= t

e
2
1
2
2
1
2
e
e
=
Q
Q

2
2
2
) 10000 (
) 15000 (
240
=
Q
/s m 10 5 . 1
s 3600
h

L 1000
m
L/h 540
3 4
3
2

=
(

= Q

[Example] Beer with a specific gravity of 1.042 and a viscosity of 1.4
10
-3
N-s/m
2
contains 1.5% solids, which have a density of 1160 kg/m
3
. It
is clarified at a rate of 240 L/h in a bowl centrifuge, which has an
operating volume of 0.09 m
3
and a speed of 10,000 rev/min. The bowl
has a radius of 5.5 cm and is fitted with a 4-cm outlet.
(To be continued)
)] ( [
)] / [ln( 18
) (
2
1
2
0
1 0
2 2
R R
R R
d
Q
s

= t

e
1
s 1570
60
2 15000
-
=

=
t
e
Operating volume
3 2
1
2
0
m 09 . 0 )] ( [ = = R R t

] 09 . 0 [
) 4 / 5 . 5 ln( ) 10 4 . 1 ( 18
) 1042 1160 ( ) 1570 (
10 5 . 1
3
2 2
4

=
d
d = 2.14 10
7
m
Calculate: when e = 15,000 rev/min, Q = ? d = ?
Solution (contd):
[Example] Beer with a specific gravity of 1.042 and a viscosity of 1.4
10
-3
N-s/m
2
contains 1.5% solids, which have a density of 1160 kg/m
3
. It
is clarified at a rate of 240 L/h in a bowl centrifuge, which has an
operating volume of 0.09 m
3
and a speed of 10,000 rev/min. The bowl
has a radius of 5.5 cm and is fitted with a 4-cm outlet.
#
[Example] In a vegetable-oil-refining process, an aqueous
phase is being separated from the oil phase in a centrifuge.
The density of the oil is 919.5 kg/m
3
and that of the aqueous
phase is 980.3 kg/m
3
. The radius for overflow of the light
liquid has been set at 10.160 mm and the outlet for the
heavy liquid at 10.414 mm. Calculate the location of the
interface in the centrifuge.
Solution:
L H
L H
r r
r

=
2
1
2
4 2
2

5 . 919 3 . 980
) 160 . 10 ( 5 . 919 ) 414 . 10 ( 3 . 980
2 2
2
2

= r
r
2
= 13.75 mm
#
*
o Fc de 5 a 15mil x g;
o Operao contnua de at
200m
3
/h;
o Maior rea de sedimentao
menor tempo;
o Suspenses mximo de 250g/L
de clulas.


20
Fonte: Modificado de www.flottweg.de
Discos
*
21
*
22
=

[
2
2
3

0
3

1
3
]
Vazo de clarificado
Nmero de discos
[
2
2
3

0
3

1
3
]
Raio do eixo axial at a
extremidade interior do disco
Raio do eixo axial at a
extremidade iexterior do disco
ngulo de inclinao do disco
=
Termo
comercial
[Example] Chlorella cells are being cultivated in an open
pond. We plan to harvest this biomass by passing the dilute
stream of cells through an available disc bowl centrifuge.
The settling velocity v
g
for these cells has been measured as
1.07 10
-4
cm/s. The centrifuge has 80 discs with an angle of
40, an outer radius of 15.7 cm, and an inner radius of 6 cm.
We plan to operate the centrifuge at 6000 rpm. Estimate the
volumetric capacity Q for this centrifuge.
Solution:
(

= u
e t
cot ) (
3
2
3
1
3
0
2
R R
g
n
v Q
g
Data: v
g
= 1.07 10
-4
cm/s; n = 80; R
0
= 15.7 cm; R
1
= 6 cm; u = 40; g =
980 cm/s
2
rad/s 628
60
2 6000
=

=
t
e
Q = 3.14 10
4
cm
3
/s = 31.4 L/s
#
24
*
25
*
Centrfuga Decantadora de Vaso Horizontal;
Centrfuga Filtrante de Cesta Horizontal com
Raspador para Descarga;
Centrfuga de Bolsa Invertida;
Centrfuga de Cesta Vertical;
etc
Fonte: http://www.ufrnet.br
27
*
28
Ampliao de
escala da
centrifugao
Critrio
Qualitativo
(Fc e t)
Critrio
Quantitativo
()
*
29
o Escala laboratorial (1):
Fc= 4829 xg
t
1
= 10 min
r= 0,1 m
o Escala industrial (2):
w= 2000 rpm
r= 1,0 m
g= 9,8 m/s
2
t
2
= ?
Suspenso de bactria
Laboratrio:

F
c1
t
1
= (4829 x 10) = 48290 min
Resoluo

=

2

Indstria:

2
= (200
2
60
)
2

1,0
9,8
= 4457
F
c1
t
1
= F
c2
t
2
48290 = 4457t
2
t
2
= 10,8 min
*

2
=

1

2

30

2
=
1

1
=

2
=

2

Fonte: http://www.ufrnet.br
*
Aplicar os dois critrios:

o Critrio Quantitativo:
escolha da centrfuga;

o Critrio Qualitativo:
tempo de centrifugao.
31
Fonte: http://www.ufrnet.br
*
Induzir a coagulao:

o Aumenta a dimenso e densidade dos slidos suspensos
aumenta a velocidade de centrifugao.

Auxiliares:
o Ajuste de pH;
o Sais polivalentes;
o Molculas sintticas.
32
Fonte: http://riogrande-dosul.all.biz
*
Reduzir a repulso eletrosttica entre as clulas
favorecendo a reunio delas.
Sais Polivalentes:
o Sais de Alumnio;
o Sais de Clcio;
o Sais de Ferro.
33
Fonte: www.cntdespoluir.org.br
*
Reduzem a repulso eletrosttica entre as clulas e
formam uma ponte entre elas (ligao a radicais inicos).
Polieletrlitos Sintticos:
o Poliacrilamidas;
o Polietileminas;
o Derivados de Poliaminas.
34
*
35
Centrifugao
Secagem
Extruso
Meio de cultivo
+
levedura
Clarificado
Creme de
levedura
gua
Levedura
concentrada
Levedura extrudida
*
*
*Purificao de produtos biotecnolgicos. Adalberto Pessoa Jr.
(Coord.); Beatriz Vahan Kilikian (Coord.). Barueri: Manole,
2005.
* http://www.ufrnet.br/~lair/Pagina-OPUNIT/equipamento.htm
*http://www.bdtd.ufscar.br/htdocs/tedeSimplificado//tde_busc
a/arquivo.php?codArquivo=2491
*http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrus%C3%A3o
37
*
38