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M 1 c MA

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.ECKH=    4AFHAIA J= AIGKA JE?= @= @AFA @ ?E= ? = JA FAH=JKH= @= =C AJE = M @A K =JAHE= BAHHE =C JE? A @ E LAHI @= IKI?AJE>E E@=@A / J= > HAFHAIA J= AIGKA JE?= @ BAHHE =C AJEI ? ANA F I @A =JAHE=EI BAHHE =C JE? I =@=FJ=@ @A 0KH@ '& ? FAH EII @A 6=O H  .H= ?EI *HEI J 

?D= =@= E JAH= @A JH ?= K @A E JAH? >E LAH ?=F JK ! ) E JAH= HAIF I LA FA = H@A =C JE?= F @A IAH @A ?KHJ = ?= ?A E JAH= @A E JAH? >E @EHAJ= K @A C = ?= ?A K E JAH= E @E HAJ= 7 = = IJH= @A =JAHE= =C JE? CAH= A JA B H =@= @A HACE AI H@A =@=I ?D= =@=I @ E I E JAHE H @=I GK=EI = =C AJE = =F J= = C @ AI IA JE@ GKA L=HE= @A K = @AII=I HACE AI F=H= KJH= LE@A 5A # ! 7 ?= F =C JE? ANJAH = JAH= = AIJHK JKH= @ I @ E I =I @AEN= FH=JE?= A JA E = JAH=@= = =C AJE = E JAHE H @A ?=@= @ E GKA FAH = A?A ECK= =C AJE = @A I=JKH= CH=K @A H@A AIJHKJKH= E F HJ= JA F=H= =C AJEI @= = J HE= I =JAHE=EI F @A IAH  ?HEIJ= E I I GK=EI I I JE I =J E? I J IE AJHE= @A JH= I =   @AI H@A =@ I ? J I GKA ?KF= = A=J HE= A JA I I JE I @A K = HA@A ?HEIJ= E = A ! = HB I @A ANEIJA I JE I =J E? I AGKEL= A JAI ) IACKEH A K AH=HA I KEJ >HALA A JA =I ? =IIAI FHE ?EF=EI @A = JAHE=EI =C JE? I 0KH@ '&  A > H= = CK I ? ?AEJ I KI=@ I AII= ? =IIE ?= =FA =I IAH @A E@ I A =EI @AJ= DAI I ?=F JK I F I JAHE HAI AEJ H F @A IA >A A ?E=H @AIIA AL= J= A J = J =H ? DA ?E A J @= HEGKA = @A FH FHEA@=@AI =C JE?=I @=I IK>IJ ?E=I  ,E= =C AJEI 6EF @A =C AJEI ?=H=?JAHE =@ F H K = IKI ?AJE>E E@=@A FAGKA = A AC=JEL= E @AFA @A JA @= JA FAH=JKH=  CKH=  % ) IKI?AJE>E E@=@A @A J @=I IK>IJ ?E=I =FHAIA J= K = ? F A JA @E= =C JE?= IK= HECA AIJ ABAEJ @A > E @=CA @ALE@ = LE

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(a)

(b)

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A J @ I A JH I =J E? I I =JAHE=EI @E= =C JE? I AII= ? F A JA @ E = JA )I ? HHA JAI @ALE@=I = I A JH I @A ? @K I AJ=EI I HAIF I LAEI FA @E= =C AJEI @A = @=K K ABAEJ @A =E H E JA IE@=@A 5 ANA F I @A IK>IJ ?E=I @E= =C JE?=I ? F IJ =+ ? HAJ @A I @E  A NE@ @A ? >HA +K  2=H= =C AJEI =C AJEI ?=H=?JAHE =@ F H K = IKI?AJE>E E @=@A =C JE?= F IEJEL= ?K E LAHI L=HE= E A=H A JA ? = JA FAH= JKH= .EC  & -IJA JEF @A @AFA @ ?E= ? = JA FAH=JKH= ?D= =@ AE @A +KHEA A ? JH=@= = GK= GKAH JA FAH=JKH= I =JAHE=EI F=H= =C JE? I K =?E = @A K = ?AHJ= JA FAH=JKH= @A H@A =C JE?=

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Magnetizao reduzida

1 T<< Tord

CuMn 0 H

Tord

.ECKH=  "  ,AFA @ ?E= @= IKI?AJE>E E@=@A ? = JA FAH=JKH= @A K IFAH =C AJ ANE>E @ = ? IFE@A ?=H=?JAH IJE?= A @AFA @ ?E= @= =C AJE = HA@K E@= ? ?= F =C JE? H 4AFHAIA J= AIGKA JE?= A ANA F I @A =JAHE=EI GKA =FHAIA J= IFAH =C AJEI KEJ I LE@H I @A IFE IA H@A = @AII= B H = = >=EN=I JA FAH=JKH=I =@=FJ=@ @A 0KH@ '& ? FAH EII @A 6=O H  .H= ?EI *HEIJ 

A =JAHE=EI BAHH =C JE? I A = JEBAHH =C JE? I ?D= =@ AIJAI ?= I I AE @A +KHEA 9AEII ) GKA@= @= IKI?AJE>E E@=@A ? = JA FAH=JKH= @ALE@= = =K A J @= H= A AHCE= J H E?= I >HA A AHCE= @ I A J I =C JE? I =J E? I A FHAIA = @ ?= F =C JE? ANJAH 7 JEF @A F=H= =C AJEI F=H= =C AJEI @A 2=K E IKHCA @ I A J I =C JE? I @ I A JH I @A ? @K A AIJA ?=I = IKI?AJE>E E@=@A FH=JE?= A JA ? IJ= JA ? = JA FAH=JKH= ! .AHH =C AJEI 6EF @A =C AJEI ?=H=?JAHE =@ F H K = E D= A J F=H= A AIF J A @ I A J I =C JE? I =J E? I ? H@A @A C = ?= ?A .EC  ' 5 ANA F I @A BAHH =C AJ I I A A A J I BAHH GKA A C=@ E -II= H@A @AI=F=HA?A =?E = @A K = ?AHJ= JA FAH=JKH= ?D= =@= JA FAH=JKH= @A +KHEA 6C  " ) JEBAHH =C AJEI =C AJEI GK= I A J I =J E? I IA = E D= = JEF=H= A = A JA ? =C AJE = HAIK J= JA AH .EC   )?E = @= JA FAH=JKH= @A H@A = A J = JA FAH=JKH= @A A 6N  E LAHI @= IKI?AJE>E E@=@A IACKA K = @AFA @ ?E= E A=H -NA F I I .A A .A3 K = JEBAHH =C AJ EJE AH= JA A >A@A?A AE @A +KHEA 9AEII # .AHHE =C AJEI H@A =C JE?= = GK= ANEIJA @K=I K =EI AIF ?EAI @EBAHA JAI  J I K I ? A J I =C JE? I ? E A=HAI - CAH= = CK I A J I IA =? F = = JEF=H= A = A JA ) =C AJE = HAIK J= JA K = .EC   -NA F I I = =C AJEJ= .A .A2 3  A /@.A2 $ AJ= =C AJEI -IJ= K = FH FHEA@=@A @A = CK =I IK>IJ ?E=I =I GK=EI = H@A = JEBAHH =C JE?= = JAH=@= FA = =F E?= @A K ?= F ANJAH A LEHJK@A @= IK= HA@K E@= = EI JH FE= .EC   

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ANEIJA K JEF @A AJ= =C AJEI EJE AH= JA GK= ?= F =C JE? GKA FH @K AII= = JAH= ?= F A J H @= E FKHA = =C JE?= % 2=H= =C AJEI @A 2=K E )K A J=@ 6= > ? DA?E@ ? BAHH =C AJEI E ?EFEA JA AIJA JEF @A F=H= =C AJEI EJE AH= JA ?=H=?JAHE =@ F H E JAH= AI B HJAI A JHA I A JH I F H E IK ?EA JAI F=H= FH @K EH H@A =C JE?= AIF J A= F @A IKHCEH = E D= A J @A A J I A HACE AI E EJ=@=I GKA I ?D= =@=I @A KJK= AI @A IFE ?= E =@=I K F=H= C I & 5KFAHF=H= =C AJEI -IJA BA A >IAHL=@ A F=HJ ?K =I @ E AIJA JEF @A =C AJEI I A J I =C JE? I @=I F=HJ ?K =I ? F HJ= IA @A @ = C = K IEIJA = F=H= =C JE? ? K A J J J= L HE=I H@A I @A =C EJK@A =E H @ GKA =GKA AI @ I J I E @ELE@K=EI @= IAK A ? F HJ= A J =C JE? >A @AI?HEJ FA = ANFHAII ? IIE?= @A = CALE LAH ?=F JK  =I ?KHL=I @A =C AJE = LAHIKI B/T I E @AFA @A JA @= JA FAH=JKH= I A J I @A ?=@= K = @AII=I F=HJ ?K =I F @A =F J=H = C @A @EBAHA JAI @EHA AI @A E@=I FA ?= F ?HEIJ= E .EC  ! )>=EN @A K = ?AHJ= JA FAH=JKH= ?D= =@=I JA FAH=JKH= @A > GKA= A J  =I K@= =I @A @EHA @ALE@=I =JEL= J H E?= ? HHA A AI?= =I @A JA F =EI C=I @ GKA JA F @A >IAHL= B= A @ I A J I F=HA?AHA ? CA =@ I ' 5KFAHBAHH =C AJEI 7 IEIJA = @A FAGKA =I F=HJ ?K =I GKA IA H@A = =C AJE?= A JA ANE>A AIIA JEF @A =C AJEI  HKF '&!  =C AJEI E ? E =@ 
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? CA =  =>=EN @A K = ?AHJ= JA FAH= JKH= 6C =F J= @ A @EHA AI = A=J HE=I ? K IFAH =C JE?  I LE@H I @A IFE ANEIJA ? HHA = A JHA A J I =C JE? I LE E D I - IK>IJ ?E=I E?J =C JE?=I  E?J EIJKH=@   K LE@H =CHAC=@  ANEIJA K = ? HHA = @A ?KHJ = ?= ?A A JHA I A J I ? HACE AI @A =C AJE = HAIK J= JA K = 7 ANA F @A LE@H @A IFE @=@ F H K = I K @E K @= @A A K = =JHE @A +K A ? F HJ= A J =C JE? AIGKA JE? @=@ = .EC  " I LE@H I @A IFE I B H =@ I GK= @ ANEIJA K = A=J HEA@=@A AIF=?E= K = A= J HEA@=@A = E JAH= A JHA LE E D I ? >E =@=I ? BHKIJH= GKA

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MATERIAIS MAGNTICOS

MATERIAIS MAGNTICOS MACIOS Aos baixo-carbono Ligas ferro-silcio Ligas ferro-cobalto Ligas nquel-ferro Amorfos Nanocristalinos Ferritas macias

MATERIAIS MAGNTICOS INTERMEDIRIOS g-Fe2O3 CrO2 Co-g-Fe2O3 Ferrita de brio

MATERIAIS MAGNTICOS DUROS Alnico SmCo5 Sm (CoCuFeZr)7 Nd2Fe14B R2Fe17N3 Ferritas duras

Hc < 103 Am-1

Hc > 104 Am-1

CE?=I A = CK I =C JE? I E JAH =C JE?= LAH

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) J ? E?= @= @EBH= @A KJH I FAH EJA AIJK@ @= @EIJHE>KE AIF=?E= @EHA A =C EJK@A @ I A J I =C JE? I = =J HE= ? @A I=@= AIF= D= A J E A IJE? @A KJH I AN?EJ= AI =C JE?=I  C I I ?HE=@ I A = EGKE =@ I A KI= @ AII= J ? E?= AIFA?JH @AII=I AN?EJ= AI F @A IAH >JE@ ) FHAIA = @= H@A =C JE?= =BAJ= @ELAHI=I FH FHEA@=@AI @ I = JAHE=EI EIJ E ? KE FH FHEA@=@AI @A JH= IF HJA A JHE? FH FHEA@=@AI A I JE?=I A FH FHEA@=@AI JE?=I A JHA KJH=I

 " 2H FHEA@=@AI =C JE?=I @A ) CK I =JAHE=EI =C JE? I

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800

700

600 Resfriando 500 400 300 0 Aquecendo

10

20

30 40 p(kbar)

50

60

70

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@= JA FAH=JKH= @A H@A = A J =C JE? JA FAH=JKH= @A BK @= FHAII  = @ J * H IJAE '&$ ? FAH EI

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FeTi

Momento (mB/tomo)

FeCo FeNi(bcc) NiFe(fcc) CoFe(fcc) NiCo CoCr

FeMn

FeV FeCr CoMn(fcc)

NiMn

NiTi NiCr

NiCu

24

25

26 27 Eltrons/tomo

28

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Re(0001)/Ni(111) Cu(111)/NiFe(111)/Cu(111) W(110)/Ni(111) Cu(111)/Ni(111) W(110)/Fe(110)/Ag

10

20

30 D(MC)

40

50

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= M(r)dv.

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(f A) = (f ) A + f A,
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=
V

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400

Produto de energia mximo, (BH)mx(kJm3)

Nd Fe B 300 Sm2 (CO, Fe, Cu)17

200 SmCo5

100

ferritas alnico

0 1900

aos 1920 1940 1960 Ano 1980 2000

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JAH I @A g B=J H g @ A JH K A J = CK =H @A IFE g = 2, 0023 ECK= = 

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 ,E= =C AJEI

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) =F E?= @A K ?= F =C JE? ANJAH = K ?EH?KEJ A JHE? E @K A A K = ? HHA JA GKA IA F A ? HHA JA HECE = K ABAEJ AGKE L= A JA AE @A A K ABAEJ = C >IAHL=@ F=H= K A JH GKA IA LA K = H>EJ= =J E?= 2 @A I @E AH GKA = ? HHA JA E @K E@= @E E KE A J H>EJ= =C JE? + AIIA A J @E E KE ? ?= F ?HAI?A JA = IKI?AJE>E E@=@A @EBAHA ?E= K HAIF IJ= =C JE?= dM/dH  AC=JEL= ABAEJ FAHIEIJA K = LA =F E?=@ ?= F -IIA BA A ?D= =@ @E= =C AJEI 2 @A I @AHEL=H K = ANFHAII =FH NE =@= F=H= = IKI?AJE>E E@=@A @E= =C JE?= F H L K A AI?HALA @ A J =C JE? E @K E@ @A K A JH @= -G  

e2 , 2 A GKA = BHAG ?E= = CK =H @A FHA?AII ANJAH A H=E @E GK=@H JE? @= FH A F = FAHFA @E?K =H = ?= F B k = 2 = x 2 + y 2 .

 % E @K E@= FA ?= F @= H>EJ= @ A JH  &

5KF @ GKA ? ?= F =F E?=@ H=E @= H>EJ= @ A JH FAH = A?A AI = L=HE= = B H = GKA =CA I >HA A JH = B H = @A HA J eB

(me 2 ) = me ( 2 ) = eB.
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M M (n) = 0 = 0 ,   H B B = GK= 0 = FAH A=>E E@=@A =C JE?= @ L ?K A n AH @A J I F H K E@=@A @A L K A + r2 = x2 + y 2 + z 2 A F=H= K = @EIJHE>KE @A ?=HC= AIBAHE?= A JA IE JHE?= x2 = y 2 = z 2 HAIK J= GKA 2 = 2/3 r2 2 HJ= J = IKI?AJE>E E@=@A @E= =C JE?= =J E?= >JE@= I = @ I >HA Z A JH I @A Z AH =J E? =

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H=

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 %

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= R(r)()(),

 &

>JA I JH I AGK= AI @EBAHA ?E=EI E @AFA @A JAI ? I K AI @=I F=H JAI = CK =HAI GKA I IF E E I @A ACA @HA Plm (cos) A = C exp(im) ? l A m E JAEH I )I K @= F=HJA H=@E= B H A?A K @A?=E A J ANF A ?E= @AI?HEJ F H ANFzr/a @K =@ F H K = BK GKA JA AH I F=H= l = 0 ,= HAIK J= = ANFHAII F=H= = A AHCE=

En =

IA @ n K AH E JAEH I? AI n ? IJEJKE K = ?= =@= - ? ? KI =I K A L LA I IACKE JAI AH I  AH 3K JE? 2HE ?EF= n -IIA AH AIIA ?E= A JA @AJAH E = = A AHCE= @= ?= =@= )I ?= =@=I I JH=@E?E = A JA @A J=@=I FA =I AJH=I A =IIE F H @E= JA F=H= n = 1, 2, 3, 4, . . . AH 3K JE? H>EJ= l ,AJAH E = A J = CK =H H>EJ= @ A JH ?K = =C EJK@A @=@= F H

e2 m 4 r 1 2 n2 , 2 h 7 ? K J @A A JH

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l(l + 1) h.



AH l K E JAEH GKA F @A J =H L= HAI 1, 2, . . . , n 1 I A JH I I A J ?D= =@ I s, p, d, f A =IIE F H @E= JA = @AI?HE HA =JEL IJE?= @ J = A AHCE= @ I A JH I J= > @AFA @A @A l ! AH 3K JE? =C JE? ml -IJA B H A?A =I ? F A JAI @ A J H>EJ= = C @A K = @EHA AIFA? ?= AH ml F @A IAH ECK= = l, l 1, l 2, . . . , 0, . . . , (l 1), l EIJ J = 2l + 1 L= HAI = HAFHAIA J= AIF=?E= @=I CH= @A =I =J E?=I ? DA?E@= ? @A LAJ HE= A J H>EJ= F @A =F J=H =FA =I F=H= ?AHJ=I @E HA AI .EC  A IK=I FH A AI I @=@=I FA I ml EIJ ?D= =@ GK= JE = AIF=?E= " AH 3K JE? @A 5FE ms ) JA HE= @A ,EH=? E JH @K KJH AH AH GK JE? @A IFE GKA F @A JAH L= HAI 1/2 A 1/2 2 HJ= J AIJ=@ @ A JH ?=H=?JAHE =@ F H GK=JH AH I GK JE? I n l ml A ms

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bij > aii , aij cij > aii , aij

1II ? @K = =? F = A J @A IFE I A A J I H>EJ=EI @A @EBAHA JAI A JH I B H = @ A J = CK =H J J= @A IFE S  A A J = CK =H J J= H>EJ= L -IJA JEF @A =? F = A J @A A J = CK =H =EI ? K ?D= =@ =? F = A J LS K =? F = A J 4KIIA 5=K @AHI I IFE I IA =? F = F=H= B H =H IFE J J= S A I A J I H>EJ=EI IA =? F = F=H= B H =H L

si S i L
I J I FAI=@ I ANEIJA K B HJA =? F = A J A JHA I A J I li A si @A ?=@= A JH ? @K E @ = A J = CK =H J J= F H A JH ji -IIA JEF @A =? F = A J ?D= =@ =? F = A J jj =? F = A J LS F H KJH =@ K F=H @A L= HAI L S ?=H=?JAHE = K JAH HAFHAIA J=@ F H 2S +1 X @A X = S, P, D, . . . @AFA @A @ @ L= H @A L I A J I J J=EI @A IFE A H>EJ= E JAH=CA =JH=L I @= E JAH= IFE H>EJ= =J E?= A = @AI?HEJ= FA = AGK=

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MJ = J, J 1, , J + 1, J.

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7 AIJ=@ =J E? @A E@ F H K ? K J @A L S J A MJ K F H L S J MS A MJ I L= HAI NE I @A L A S I @=@ I F H i li A i si =I A ?=@= J I L= HAI @A L A S @ AIJ=@ BK @= A J= IACKA HACH=I A F HE?=I ? DA?E@=I ? HACH=I @A 0K @  ) ? >E = @A si GKA HAIK J= = A H A AHCE= A F HJ= J = ? CKH= =EI AIJ LA =GKA = F=H= = GK= = GK= JE@=@A 2S + 1 NE = 3K= @ = FHE AEH= HACH= I=JEIBAEJ= ANEIJA L HE I L= HAI F I I LAEI F=H= L F=H= K AI L= H @A 2S + 1 =EI AIJ LA =GKA A GKA J H = L NE -IIAI L= HAI @A A LA =J E? @ AIJ=@ BK @= A J= -NA F I @A AH I GK JE? I F=H= I A JH I A @ EI I @A JH= IE I @=@ I =>=EN 

Co2+ (3d7 )

n=3 l=2 1/2 2 1/2 1 S = 3/2 L = 3.

ms ml

1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 2 1 0 1 2 Gd3+ (4f 7 )

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ms ml

1/2 3

1/2 2

1/2 1

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 !' JE? I A J  "

EMJ = J B = gB MJ B.

= FHAIA = @A K = E @K =C JE?= @A  JAI = 6   / AII= A AHCE= @= H@A @A 1023 J 104 eV 1 cm1 ) A AHCE= J H E?= kT JA FAH=JKH= = >EA JA @= H@A @A 1/40 = 0, 025 A8 K 200 cm1 . E IJH=@ = .EC ? I J I I IK> LAEI ?=H=?JAHE = @ I F H @EBAHA JAI MJ = JAI @ACA AH=@ I F IIKA @EBAHA JAI A AHCE=I ?= F =C JE? ) FH >=>E E@=@A @A ?KF= @ I IK> LAEI K = FH F H @A J I @A A J MJ @AFA @A @= JA FAH=JKH= A @=@= F H K = @EI JHE>KE @A * J =

P (MJ ) =

exp(EMJ /kT ) . MJ exp(EMJ /kT )

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5 2 1 2 3 2

J= 7 2 L=3; S= 3 2 840 cm-1

5 2 1 2 3 2 7 2

7 2 3 2 1 2 5 2

J=L+S= 9 2 0 cm-1

Acoplamento spin-rbita

7 2 3 2 1 2 5 2 9 2

9 2 5 2 1 2 3 2 7 2

~1cm-1

Interao magntica
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z J = gB MJ ,
A

GKA MJ F @A IAH J, J 1, . . . , (J 1), J A J =C JE? @E F H J IAH = K = JA FAH=JKH= T K = I = I >HA I IK> LAEI MJ

z J
A

= gB
MJ

MJ P (MJ ),

 "!

GKA P (MJ ) = FH >=>E E@=@A @A ?KF= @A K IK> LA ?=H=?JAHE =@ F H MJ @=@= FA = -G  " @EIJHE>KE @A * J =  -IJ= K = @E= J H E?= A KI=HA I = J= ... T ) ANFHAII = JAHE H ECK= =

$&

A J I

=C

JE? I )J

E? I

6=>A =

1  6=>A = FAHE @E?= @ I A A A J I 2=HJA  @A

AOAHI '&%

 ! " # $ % & '    ! " # $ % & '   ! " # $ % & ' ! ! ! !! !" !# !$ !% !& !' " " " "! "" "# "$ "% "& "' # # #

-A A J 0 0A E *A * + . A = C ) 5E 2 5 + )H += 5? 6E 8 +H .A + E +K /= /A )I 5A *H H 4> 5H ; H > 6? 4K 4D 2@ )C +@ 1 5 5> 6A

+ CKH= - AJH E?= I1 I2 0A I1 0A I2 0A I2  F1 0A I2  F2 0A I2  F3 0A I2  F4 0A I2  F5 0A I2  F6  A!I1  A!I2  A!I2 !F1  A!I2 !F2  A!I2 !F3  A!I2 !F4  A!I2 !F5  A!I2 !F6 )H"I1 )H"I2 )H"I2 !@1 )H"I2 !@2 )H"I2 !@3 )H"I1 !@5 )H"I2 !@5 )H"I2 !@6 )H"I2 !@7 )H"I2 !@8 )H"I1 !@10 )H"I2 !@10 )H"I2 !@10 "F1 )H"I2 !@10 "F2 )H"I2 !@10 "F3 )H"I2 !@10 "F4 )H"I2 !@10 "F5 )H"I2 !@10 "F6  H#I1  H#I2  H#I2 "@1  H#I2 "@2  H#I1 "@4  H#I1 "@5  H#I2 "@5  H#I1 "@7  H#I1 "@8  H"@10  H#I1 "@10  H#I2 "@10  H#I2 "@10 #F1  H#I2 "@10 #F2  H#I2 "@10 #F3  H#I2 "@10 #F4

8ioniz A8 ! #'& " #&% # !' '! & '&  $ " #!" ! $& % "  #$" # !' % $"$ # '&$ & #  "&$  !$  '$% # %#' " !" $ ! $ #" $& $ %" $ %$$ % "!# % &% % &$ % $!# %% $ ' !'" # ''' % &'' ' & ' %#  &" ! ''' " %% # $'# $ !& $ &" $ && % '' % & % !% % "$ & !" % #%$ & ''! # %&$ % !"" & $" ' '

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

$'

6=>A = 11  6=>A = FAHE @E?= @ I A A A J I 2=HJA  @A AOAHI '&% )I ? CKH= AI @ * A @ +B B H= HAJEH=@=I @A = @ J * H IJAE '' 

#! #" ## #$ #% #& #' $ $ $ $! $" $# $$ $% $& $' % % % %! %" %# %$ %% %& %' & & & &! &" &# &$ &% && &' ' ' ' '! '" '# '$ '% '& ''    !

-A A J 1 :A +I *= = +A 2H @ 2 5 -K /@ 6> ,O 0 -H 6 ;> K 0B 6= 9 4A I 1H 2J )K 0C 6 2> *E 2 )J 4 .H 4= )? 6D 2= 7 F 2K ) + * +B -I . @ H

+ CKH= - AJH E?=  H#I2 "@10 #F5  H#I2 "@10 #F6 :A$I1 :A$I2 :A$I2 #@1 :A$I2 "B1 #@1 :A$I2 "B3 :A$I2 "B4 :A$I2 "B5 :A$I2 "B6 :A$I2 "B7 :A$I2 "B7 #@1 :A$I2 "B9 :A$I2 "B10 :A$I2 "B11 :A$I2 "B12 :A$I2 "B13 :A$I2 "B14 :A$I2 "B14 #@1 :A$I2 "B14 #@2 :A$I2 "B14 #@3 :A$I2 "B14 #@4 :A$I2 "B14 #@5 :A$I2 "B14 #@6 :A$I2 "B14 #@7 :A$I1 "B14 #@9 :A$I1 "B14 #@10 :A$I2 "B14 #@10 :A$I2 "B14 #@10 $F1 :A$I2 "B14 #@10 $F2 :A$I2 "B14 #@10 $F3 :A$I2 "B14 #@10 $F4 :A$I2 "B14 #@10 $F5 :A$I2 "B14 #@10 $F6 4 %I1 4 %I2 4 %I2 $@1 4 %I2 $@2 4 %I2 #B2 $@1 4 %I2 #B3 $@1 4 %I2 #B4 $@1 4 %I2 #B6 4 %I2 #B7 4 %I2 #B7 $@1 4 %I2 #B8 $@1 4 %I2 #B9 $@1 4 %I2 #B11 4 %I2 #B12 4 %I2 #B13 4 %I2 #B14 4 %I2 #B14 $@1

8ioniz A8  "#  ! ! &'" #  # #%% # "% #" # "' # ## # $! # $% $ " # &# # '! $ $  $ & $ #" #" $ % % &' % '& % && &% ' ' ' #  "!% $ & % "$ % &' &"   %"&  # %' $'     #& $        

%

A J I

=C

JE? I )J

E? I

z J

= gB

MJ

MJ exp(gB BMJ /kT ) . MJ exp(gB BMJ /kT )

=EI ? I GKA F=?J=

 "" .= A @

-IJ= BK F @A IAH F IJ= K = B H = x = gB JB/kT A v = MJ exp(xMj /J ) LA

z J
2 @A FH CHAII

= gB J

MJ (MJ /J )exp(xMJ /J ) MJ

exp(xMJ /J )

= gB J

dv/dx . v

 "# I @A K =

I B=?E A JA ?= ?K =H v F EI v = I = @ I JAH CA JHE?= .= A @ z = exp(x/J ) >JA I

J

v=
MJ =J

z MJ = z J (1 + z + z 2 + + z 2J ).

 "$

F EI MJ = J, J + 1, . . . , +J  A >H= @ GKA

Sn = a0 + a0 x + a0 x2 + + a0 xn1 =
JA I

a0 (xn 1) , x1

 "%

v = z J

z 2J +1 1 z J +1/2 z (J +1/2) = z1 z 1/2 z 1/2

 "&  "'  #

x x ) z J +1/2 = (exp ))J +1/2 = exp(x + J 2J v=

1 exp[(1 + 21 J )x] exp[(1 + 2J )x] exp(x/2J ) exp(x/2J )

=I senh(x) = [exp(x) exp(x)]/2 F HJ= J

v=
+

senh(1 + 1/2J )x . senh(x/2J )

>JA I

 #

FKJ= @ = @AHEL=@= @A v

dv senh(x/2J )(1 + 1/2J )cosh[(1 + 1/2J )x] = dx (senh(x/2J ))2

A @= -G  "#

senh[(1 + 1/2J )x](1/2J )cosh(x/2J ) , (senh(x/2J ))2

 # 

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

%

z J

= gB J

dv/dx (1 + 1/2J )cosh[(1 + 1/2J )x] = gB J v senh[(1 + 1/2J )x] (1/2J )cosh(x/2J ) senh(x/2J )
 #!

z J

= gB J (1 +

1 1 1 x )coth[(1 + )x] coth( ) . 2J 2J 2J 2J

A J =C JE?

 #" @E =

.E = A JA >JA I = FH A @ @EHA z A BK @ F=H AJH x

z J
A GKA

= gB JBJ (x),

 ##

x=
A BJ (x) = BK @A *HE KE

gB JB kT @A E@= F H

 #$

BJ (x) = (1 +

1 1 1 x )coth[(1 + )x] coth( ). 2J 2J 2J 2J

 #%

?=I AIFA?E= J = 1/2

(x) = 2coth(2x) coth(x) = tanh(x). B1 2

 #&

2 @A I LAH = .EC # = @AFA @ ?E= @A BJ (x) A HA = =xA J 4AIK J=@ I ANFAHE A J=EI @= =C AJE = @A I=EI F=H= =C JE? I I =FHAIA J=@ I = .EC $ 0A HO '#  J= I > =? H@ A JHA =I A@E@=I ? I=EI @A /@ +H A .A A = BK @A *HE KE F=H= ? HHAIF @A JA L= H @A J ) CKH= IJH= I A J I =C JE? I @AI?HEJ I F H | z = L= H J T | = gB JBJ A F HJ= J =I ?KHL=I JA @A @A I=JKH= gB J JA J= > GKA I F J I ANFAHE A J=EI ?=A I >HA =I ?KHL=I E @AFA @A JA A JA @=I JA FAH=JKH=I @=I A@E@=I A @AFA @A =FA =I @= H= B/T )I A@E@=I B H= BAEJ=I = T = 1, 3 T = 2, 0 T = 3, 0 A T = 4, 2 I ANFAHE A J I ? = IJH=I F=H= =C JE?=I ? L= HAI @A B A T >JE@ I =I ? @E AI ANFAHE A J=EI =EI ? K I I L= HAI @A x = gB JB/kT I FAGKA I 2=H= FAGKA I =HCK A J I = BK cotgh(x) ECK= =

A J I

=C

JE? I )J

E? I

1,0
J= 1 2 3 2

0,8

5 2

Funo de Brillouin BJ(x)

0,6

0,4

0,2

3
KE BJ (x) A

4
BK

.ECKH= #  /H ? @= BK @A *HE F=H= J = 1/2, 3/2, 5/2 A J =

@A x = gB JB/kT

coth(x) =
5K>IJEJKE @ A

1 x + + x 3

 #'

BJ (x) -G  #% 1 (1 + 1/2J ) + x (1 + 1/2J )x 3 = J +1 x. 3J 1 2J 2J x + x 6J =

BJ (x) (1 +

1 ) 2J

 $

2 HJ= J AIJA E EJA x FAGKA  = =C AJE = FH F H?E = = x EII LEI LA = E A=HE@=@A E E?E= CH ? @A BJ (x) .EC # ) F=HJEH @AIIA HAIK J=@ F @A I @AJAH E =H = IKI?AJE>E E@=@A EIJ = H= @A L=HE= M/H AIJ= HACE x FAGKA  ) IKI?AJE>E E@=@A F HL K A >JE@= I=>A @ IA GKA A K L K A K EJ HE JA I

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

5
7 (Gd3+) 2

E@ I

%!

6
5 (Fe3+) 2

m (Magnetons de Bohr)

3 (Cr 3+) 2

1,30 K 2,00 K

3,00 K 4,21 K

B/T (TK-1)

.ECKH= $  A J =C JE? F H A I=EI ? JA @ I I /@3+ (J = 7/2) .A3+ (J = 5/2) A +H3+ (J = 3/2) A@E@ = @EBAHA JAI JA FAH=JKH=I LAHIKI B/T = kx/gB J )I ?KHL=I I =I BK AI @A *HE KE BJ (x) F=H= I L= HAI ? HHAIF @A JAI @A J S 0A HO '# 

n J I F HJ= J M = n z J

A J

=C

JE? J J= F H L K A K EJ HE  M 

= ngB JBJ (x) ngB J = ng 2 2 B J (J + 1)B . 3kT M M = 0 H B

gB JB (J + 1) = kT 3J
 $

) IKI?AJE>E E@=@A

=
K

 $ 

C 0 ng 2 2 B J (J + 1) = ,  $! 3kT T HA = ? DA?E@= ? AE @A +KHEA >A@A?E@= FA = IKI?AJE>E E@=@A @A KEJ=I IK>IJ ?E=I C = ? IJ= JA @A +KHEA @=@= F H =

%"

A J I

=C

JE? I )J

E? I

0 ng 2 2 B J (J + 1) .  $" 3k 3K= @ = IAF=H= A JHA I K JEF AJ I KEJ =E H GKA kT I >IAHL=@ I @AILE I @= AE @A +KHEA ) ? IJ= JA C ? J g 2 J (J +1) GKA GK=@H=@ @ A J F=H= =C JE? ABAJEL pef C= pef = g J (J + 1).
 $#

12

pef (Magnetons de Bohr)

10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

Nmero de eltrons 4f do on
.ECKH= %  8= HAI ANFAHE A J=EI @ A J F=H= =C JE? ABAJEL pef @=I JAHH=I H=H=I I NE@ I @A B H K = 42 3 ? H?K I =>AHJ I A I AJ=EI ? H?K I ?DAE I A BK @ AH @A A JH I 4f )I ?KHL=I ? HHAIF @A = I L= HAI ?= ?K =@ I ? = -G  $#

I L= HAI @ I A J I pef @=I JAHH=I H=H=I @AJAH E =@ I ANFA HE A J= A JA AIJ @A > =? H@ ? I pef ?= ?K =@ I ? = -G  $# ) .EC % IJH= GKA I A J I @=@ I F H g J (J + 1) ? E ?E@A ? =GKA AI >JE@ I ANFAHE A J= A JA F=H= =I JAHH=I H=H=I AJ E?=I A F=H= I NE@ I 42 3 I @AILE I BH=?E =EI I =E HAI I ?=I I @A -K A 5 = IAF=H= A JHA I AIJ=@ I =EI >=EN I A I AIJ=@ I E A@E=J= A JA =?E = = A H @A JHA J @=I JAHH=I H=H=I I ?=I I @ -K3+ !# ? 1  A 5 3+  ? 1  J=>A = 11 -IJ= = ANF E?= F=H= @AI=? H@ >IAHL=@ 2=H= ?= ?K =H A J =C JE? @ I I GKA J K = IAF=H= A JHA I K JEF AJ I ? F=H LA = kT

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

%#

6=>A = 111  2H FHEA@=@AI @ I I 3+ @=I JAHH=I H=H=I g B=J H @A = @ A 0 @AI@ >H= A J IFE H>EJ= F=H= LA J IACKE JA - E JJ '%  #% #& #' $ $ $ $! $" $# $$ $% $& $' % %
3H 4

"f n  

3+

= +A 2H

+A4+

 ! # $ $ # !

5 
1 2


5 2

C 
6 7 4 5 8 11 3 5 2 7

(g 1)2 J (J + 1)

  &  &  &" !  " "$  # %#

0 (?

1 )

 #  '  $   !#   ! ! #  $ # & !  !


3 2

"
9 2

! " # $ % & '    ! " 2 5

"
5 2 5 2

-K /@ 6> ,O 0 -H 6 ;> K ;>2+ = # ' ? -K2+

!
7 2


7 2

 ! # $ $ # ! 
1

!
5 2

$
15 2

3 2 4 3 5 4 6 5 7 6 8 7

 # % & " # ##  % ! 

&
3 2 15 2


1 2

$
7 2

AIJ =>=EN

JA I GKA J =H A ? J= = ?KF= @ I K JEF AJ I =EI = J I A @A IAKI IK> LAEI =C JE? I 5A ? F=H=H I I A J I F=H= =C JE? I ABAJEL I @ I A A A J I @A JH= IE @= I HEA d L= I A ? JH=H K CH= @A @AI=? H@ A JHA I A J I ABAJEL I ?= ?K =@ I pef A I A J I A@E@ I =? H@ F @A IAH HA?KFAH=@ IA AI?HALAH I S A KC=H @A J = ANFHAII @A pef 1IJ @A IJH= = E F HJ ?E= @= E JAH= @AIIAI I? ?= F A A JH IJ JE? ?HEIJ= E LAH = IA % -II= E JAH= AIIAI I =E H @ GKA = E JAH= S L IFE H>EJ= ?=I @ I A JH I 4f F H ANA F = A H ANJA I @AII= ?= =@= ? @K = K = > E @=CA F=H?E= @ I ABAEJ I @ ?= F ?HEIJ= E J H = @ I A JH I 4f HA =JEL= A JA E IA I LAEI I EC= AI GK E?=I

%$

A J I

=C

JE? I )J

E? I

" 2=H= =C AJEI

@A = CALE
? K J B E AL=@= E EJA =C JE? I @EHA @

= @AHEL= @= ANFHAII @ A J =C JE? @A K @A J I IA ! = GK= JE = @ A J = CK =H A ? J= 5A A J = CK =H B IIA GK= JE =@ ? ? IIE? GK= GKAH L= H @A z IAHE= FAH EJE@ A I A J I F @AHE= =F J=H = C @A GK= GKAH @EHA A HA = ?= F ANJAH * ) FH A @ A J =C JE? = C @= @EHA ? IIE? @=@= F H

?=I  $$

z = k = cos(),
A

GKA F @A J =H GK= GKAH L= H A JHA AH A .= A @ = @E= I >HA >JA I @AF EI @A = CK =I = EFK = AI ANAH? ?E # = ANFHAII F=H= = FH A I >HA z @ A J =C JE?

z
= GK= x = B /kT A L(x)

= L(x),
@A = CALE @=@= F H

 $%

= BK

L(x) = coth (x)

1 . x

 $&

) BK @A = CALE F HJ= J = C ? IIE? @= BK @A *HE KE -II= BK @AI?HALA >A = =C AJE = @A FAGKA =I F=HJ ?K =I B H =@=I F H =CHAC=@ I @A J I A IEIJA =I ? DA?E@ I ? IKFAHF=H= =C JE? I ?=F JK  I IKFAHF=H= =C AJ I I A J I ABAJEL I I KEJ CH= @AI = ?= = @ 5 =C AJ I @A * DH F H ANA F A F H AII= H= IK= =C AJE = >A @AI?HEJ= F H K @A ? IIE? ? @A = CALE .EC &

=C AJEI

K? A=H
A J = CK =H I  = = CE= ? ?=I  $'

I ? A I =J A F HJ= J K A AJH E? F H

E? I F @A J= > JAH K A J =C JE? @=@ A

m = gN I,
A GKA g B=J H g K? A=H A N =C AJ @A * DH =I A L LA @ =

=C AJ K? A=H AGKEL= A JA = =II= @ FH J mp

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

%%

N =

e h . 2mp

 %

+ AII= =II=  &!$ LA AI =E H GKA = =II= @ A JH =C AJ K? A=H A H GKA =C AJ @A * DH = AI = FH F H -IJA B=J ANF E?= F HGKA I ABAEJ I =C JE? I =II ?E=@ I = =C AJEI K? A=H I KEJ =EI BH=? I GKA =GKA AI @ALE@ I = =C AJEI @ I A JH I A J =C JE? K? A=H J= > AI?HEJ A JAH I @= H= CEH =C JE?= = gN / h? m = hI I LAJ HAI 1 A IA ? >E = F=H= B H =H A J = CK =H J J= . A = E JAH= A JHA 1 A = E JAH= DEFAH = LAH ?=F JK $ ) IKI?AJE>E E@=@A =C JE?= K? A=H @=@= FA = AE @A +KHEA

0 ng 2 2 C N I (I + 1) =  % 3kT T @A n AH @A ? A I F H K E@=@A @A L K A + = H= @=I =C EJK@AI @ I A J I A AJH E? I A K? A=HAI J CH= @A AIJ= IKI?AJE>E E@=@A @AIFHA LA A ? F=H= ? = IKI?AJE>E E@=@A A AJH E?= H = A JA =E @= A H GKA = IKI?AJE>E E@=@A @E= =C JE?= A J= J = JA FAH=JKH=I KEJ >=EN=I = IKI?AJE>E E@=@A K? A=H F @A IAH ? F=H LA AIJ= JE = n =
0,8

Magnetizao reduzida

0,6

0,4 108 K 139 K 159 K 192 K 229 K 0,01 B/T (TK )

-1

0,2

0,02

.ECKH= &  8=HE= ANFAHE A J= @= =C AJE = HA@K E@= (MT /M0 ) @A F=HJ ?K =I IKFAHF=H= =C JE?=I @A BAHHEJ= A@E@= = @EBAHA JAI JA FAH=JKH=I LAHIKI B/T = E D= ? J K= = BK @A = CALE +H= C A ''

%&

A J I

=C

JE? I )J

E? I

$ .AHH

=C AJEI

)J =GKE JA I AIJK@=@ K ? K J @A J I ?K I A JH I A F=HA D=@ I I > = = @A K ?= F ANJAH B ?KF= LAEI @A A AHCE= @ACA AH=@ I @= ?KF= @AIECK= @AIIAI AIJ=@ I IA HECE = = ANEIJ ?E= @A A J I =C JE? I J T I =JAHE=EI BAHH =C JE? I ANEIJA K A J K  E JAHE H @A K @ E  AI = =KI ?E= @A K ?= F ANJAH ) FHE AEH= ANF E?= F=H= AIIA B=J FH F IJ= F H 2 9AEII A '% GKA ?=@= A J =J E? E @ELE@K= HEA J=@ I > = E K ?E= @A J @ I I KJH I A J I =C JE? I GKA =CA =JH=L I @A K ?= F =C JE? ABAJEL 2=H= >JAH = =C AJE = KI= @ AIJ= DEF JAIA F @A I IACKEH I AI I F=II I @ H=?E ? E @= IA ! @AIJ= LA IKF @ GKA ?=@= IA JA A KC=H @A * K ?= F B + Bm @A Bm ?= F ABAJEL @ALE@ = I KJH I A J I ) =C AJE = I >== @A K ?= F B JA FAH=JKH= T IK F @ n J I F H K E@=@A @A L K A  AH F H AJH ? >E? 51

MBT = n z J

T.

 % 

?= F =C JE? ABAJEL @ALE@ = I KJH I J I K ?= F @E = DEF JAIA =EI IE F AI @ALE@= = 9AEII ?D= =@ ?= F ?K =H A FH F H?E = =C AJE =

Bm = m MBT = m n z J
@A m = ? IJ= JA @A ?= F A?K =H A?K =H ) =C AJE = F @A IAH ?= ?K =@= ? A J F H J A BK @A T

T k,

 %!

K ? A ?EA JA @A ?= F ?=I FHA?A@A JA  %" JE?

z J

= gB JBJ (x ),

A GKA x AGKEL= A JA = x = gB JB/kT @ ?=I F=H= =C =?HAI?A J= @ IA ?= F A?K =H Bm

x = gB J
2 HJ= J

(B + m n z J kT

T)

 %#

z J

= gB JBJ

gB J

B + m n z J kT

 %$

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

%'

-IJ= ANFHAII GKA B H A?A A J =C JE? F H J A BK @= JA FAH=JKH= =EI ? F AN= @ GKA ?=I FHA?A@A JA ?=I F=H= =C JE?  F EI =C H= z = > I I =@ I @= J T AIJ FHAIA JA A AGK= 5KF @ E E?E= A JA B = 0 JA I

x =
A

gB Jm n z J kT

 %%

z J

= gB JBJ

gB J

m n z J kT
x

 %&

T0

l
M MSATURAO

TC

T1

T2

T3

T4

M(T3 ) M(T2 ) M(T1 )

M(T4 ) M=M0(x)

.ECKH= '  5 K CH ?= @ IEIJA = @A AGK= AI  %' )I E D=I HAJ=I I HAFHAIA J= AI @= AGK=  %'= F=H= =I JA FAH=JKH=I T0 T1 T2 T3 A T4 )I JA FAH=JKH=I T1 T2 T3 A T4 AIJ =>=EN @A TC A AIIAI ?=I I IEIJA = JA @K=I I K AI F=H= JA FAH=JKH=I =?E = @A TC ? T0 ANEIJA =FA =I = I K JHELE=
(x = 0, z J
T

= 0)

,A  %% IACKA IA GKA

z J
A @A  %"

x , gB Jm n/kT

 %'=

z J

= gB JBJ (x ).

 %'>

2 @A I A ? JH=H I L= HAI @A x A z IEIJA = @A J T GKA HAI LA AGK= AI =?E =  %' B= A @ K CH ? @A z KI= @  %'> AA J T ? JH= @ =I E JAHIA? AI ? =I E D=I HAJ=I GKA @AI?HALA  %'= F=H=

&

A J I

=C

JE? I )J

E? I

@EBAHA JAI L= HAI @A T J @ CH ? B E KI=@ F H 9AEII ) JAH =JEL= A JA F @A I ?= ?K =H z IEIJA JA A JA J T HAI LA @ =KJ ? AII=I AGK= AI A FHAC= @ K ? FKJ=@ H CH ? @=I @K=I BK AI .EC ' IJH= @K=I E JAHIA? AI z F = (x , z ) = I K x = 0 = 0 IA FHA ANEIJA =I = J T J T JKH= A JA JA A DK E JAHAIIA 2 @A I J=H J= > GKA JA @A @ = AH A@E@= GKA I =FH NE = I @= I K ? z J T z |d z /dx | =K A J= EIJ ?=E =EI H=FE@= A JA ) =C AJE J T J T = AIF J A= ?= ?K =@= @AII= B H = F @A IAH IJH=@= = .EC  I > = B H = @= =C AJE = HA@K E@= M0T /M00 ? JH= = JA FAH=JKH= HA@K E@= T /TC TC = JA FAH=JKH= @A +KHEA ) =C AJE = HA@K E@=

x kT M 0T z T = BJ (x ) = J = . M00 gB J (gB J )2 nm
1,0
7 2 1 2

 &

0,8

0,6

M0T /M00
0,4

0,2

0,2

0,4

0,6

0.8

1,0

T/TC
.ECKH=   =C AJE = HA@K E@= (M0T /M00 ) LAHIKI JA FAH=JKH= HA@K E@= A J = CK =H J @A @ ?= F

@E @A 9AEII

(T /TC ) F=H= @EBAHA JAI L= HAI @

5A

AH

I B = 0 =I

=C AJE = AI F @A

=E @= IAH ?= ?K =@=I

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

&

=C H= =I ?KHL=I @A =C AJE = K@= K F K? @A B H = ? K = ?=K@= GKA IA AIJA @A F=H= = @= JA FAH=JKH= @A +KHEA BAHH =C JE?= 2 @A I LAH = .EC  GKA ANEIJA K = =C AJE = EJ= =?E = @A TC ? B=0 1 A@E=J= A JA =>=EN @A TC BJ (x ) FAGKA A F @A IAH =FH NE =@ FA = AGK=  $

BJ (x )
7I= @ = -G  & JA I

J +1 x. 3J

 &

x kT J +1 x = 3J (gB J )2 , nm

 & 

GKA L E@ F=H= T JA @A @ = TC EIJ F=H= K = =C AJE = JA @A @ = AH  ) JA FAH=JKH= GKA I=JEIB= AIJ= ? @E GKA = JA FAH=JKH= @A +KHEA @=@= F H

g 2 2 B nm J (J + 1) .  &! 3k ,AIJ= HA = F @A I ?= ?K =H F=H= K L= H @A TC @AJAH E =@ ANFAHE A J= A JA L= H @ F=H AJH @A ?= F A?K =H m 2 H ANA F A C=@ E AJ E? .EC   TC = 293, 4 S = 7/2, L = 0, g = 2 =II= =J E?= M = 157, 3 A @A IE@=@A 7, 9 C ? 3 + N= 1 1 6, 023 1023 B = 9, 27 1024 61 k = 1, 381 1023 4 1 2 3 IACKA IA GKA m = 0, 742 10 6 ?= F A?K =H > JE@ @= =C AJE = @A I=JKH= M00 = 2, 12 106 ) 1 ?= F A?K =H = T = 0 Bm = m M00 = 157 T (= 1, 57 106 / ) J=>A = 111 B H A?A =I JA FAH=JKH=I @A +KHEA A A J I =C JE? I F H J F=H= = CK I A A A J I BAHH =C JE? I 7 BAHH =C AJ =?E = @A TC =FHAIA J= =C AJE = AIF J A= A KJH=I F= =LH=I A A JA =C AJE = K ?= F B = 0 A J= J I > = E K ?E= @A K ?= F ANJAH IKHCA K = =C A JE = K= ? ?=I @A K F=H= =C AJ 2 @A I A@EH AIJ= HAIF IJ= =C JE?= =JH=L I @= IKI?AJE>E E@=@A = M/H AIJ= GK= JE@=@A F @A IAH ?= ?K =@= @A @A 9AEII ) =C AJE = AIJ= HACE @A JA FAH=JKH= FAGKA = A F HJ= J F @A I KI=H = -G  & TC = BJ (x )
A A J =C JE? ?
T

J +1 x, 3J ?= F =F E?=@ 1 gB (J + 1)x . 3

 &"

z J

= gB JBJ (x )

 &#

&

A J I

=C

JE? I )J

E? I

1,0

0,5 0,7

0,9

Magnetizao reduzida

1,1 0,5

T/TC=1,3

Campo aplicado (u.a.)

.ECKH= ?= F   =C AJE = HA@K E@= =C JE? =F E?=@ J = 1/2 @A 9AEII F=H= @EBAHA JAI L= HAI @

5K>IJEJKE @

x = gB J
>JA I

B + m n z J kT

 &$

z J
+

g 2 2 B J (J + 1)

B + m n z J 3kT

 &%

C = 0 g 2 2 B nJ (J + 1)/ -G  $" J H = IA n z J

TT

C (B + m n z J 0

T)

 &&

=C AJEI

A 4AII
Eixo b

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

&!

250

Magnetizao especfica

7.0 mB
7 2

7 6

200

150 4 100 3

qp=317 K
50

Eixo c Eixo a

2 1 700

TC =293 K
0 100 200 300 400 500

600

Temperatura (K)

.ECKH=   8= HAI @ A J =C JE? F H K E@=@A @A =II= @A /@ AJ E? A BK @= JA FAH=JKH= ) ?KHL= ? J K= HAFHAIA J= A J =C JE? @=@ FA @A @A ?= F @E @A 9AEII F=H= J = 7/2 , =@ @EHAEJ @ CH ? A@E@=I @ E LAHI @= IKI?AJE>E E@=@A (1/) 4DO A '% 

A IACKA IA GKA

MBT = n z J
7I= @ H = B/0 >JA = MBT /H

CB/0 . T Cm /0

 &'

I = IKI?AJE>E E@=@A F H K E@=@A @A L K A

=
?

(n z J H

T)

C C = , T Cm /0 T p

 '

p = Cm /0 =

ng 2 2 B m J (J + 1) . 3k

 '

) AGK=  ' ANFHE A = AE @A +KHEA 9AEII A p = JA FAH=JKH= @A +KHEA F=H= =C JE?= ,ALA IA J=H GKA = JA FAH=JKH= @A +KHEA F=H= =C JE?= p  @=@= @A 9AEII FA = AI = ANFHAII GKA @AI?HALA = JA FAH=JKH= @A +KHEA TC  -G  &! A J= J I L= HAI @A p A TC >IAHL=@ I ANFAHE A J= A JA IJH= A CAH= AII= ? E ?E@ ?E= - ? ? KI ? F HJ= A J @= IKI?AJE>E E@=@A @A K BAHH =C AJ =?E = @= JA FAH=JKH= @A H@A =C JE?= TC = C = @A K =JAHE= F=H= =C JE? ? = @EBAHA = @A GKA p AH F=H= K BAHH =C AJ

1/cg(10 )

&"

A J I

=C

JE? I )J

E? I

6=>A = 18  6A FAH=JKH= @A +KHEA TC  A A J I =C JE? I F H J at  @A = CK I A A A J I BAHH =C JE? I F=H= @EBAHA JAI AIJHKJKH=I ?HEIJ= E =I 5M=HJ A @HK>AH '' -A A J 6C   at = 0 B  .A??? "" % + ?B? !&&  %#! + D? !$ %  E?B? $ %"  $#% /@D? '! " % #$

% += F I +HEIJ= E

)I ?= =@=I A AJH E?=I E ? F AJ=I @ I A A A J I @A JH= IE ? A J H>EJ= K L = 0 J IE AJHE= AIB HE?= 3K= @ K J @A K AJ= @A JH= IE AIJ ?= E =@ A K ?HEIJ= =I ?=HC=I @ I A JH I AII=I ?= =@=I E JAH=CA ? =I ?=HC=I @= HA@A ?HEIJ= E =  AIJ= = E JAH= @A ?= F ?HEIJ= E ) E JAH= @A ?= F ?HEIJ= E ++ @AFA @A @= HEA J= @= KLA @A ?=HC= A AJH E?= A HA = = I AEN I @ ?HEIJ= )I ?= =@=I BA?D=@=I FH=JE?= A JA ? JHE>KA F=H= AII= E JAH= ) E JAH= @A ?= F ?HEIJ= E HAFHAIA J= KJH JAH GKA @ALA IAH =@E?E =@ D= E J E= = @ ELHA  K J  GKA ? J = E JAH= ? K >E= = @ A JH ? ? A Hcoul  = E JAH= A JH A JH A = E JAH= IFE  H>EJ= HLS  -NEIJA JH I HACE AI F=H= = E JAH= @A ?= F ?HEIJ= E @A E@ I @A =? H@ ? IK= E JA IE@=@A HA =JEL=  1 JAH= @A ?= F ?HEIJ= E B HJA  >IAHL=@= I A A A J I @=I I HEAI @A JH= IE 4d A 5d AIJA ?=I

Hcc > Hcoul

JA I

HLS .

 ' 

1 JAH=

@A ?= F ?HEIJ= E
Hcc Hcoul

@E=  >IAHL=@= = I HEA 3d )GKE

HLS .
 '!

! 1 JAH= @A ?= F ?HEIJ= E )I E JAH= AI IACKA = HA =

BH=?=  = I HEA 4f JAHH=I H=H=I

Hcc .
 '"

Hcoul

HLS

8= I @EI?KJEH =C H= ? FH > A = @ ?= F ?HEIJ= E B H K =@ F=H= =I JAHH=I H=H=I F HJ= J E EJA @A E JAH= AI @A ?= F ?HEIJ= E BH=?=I

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

&#

) B H = =EI E A@E=J= @A IA >JAH = E JAH= ? ?= F ?HEIJ= E F=HJEH @ ? ?K @= A AHCE= F JA ?E= @=I ?=HC=I A AJH E?=I qi F JA ?E= V @ALE@ I ?=HC=I F JK=EI @= HA@A
N

Wc =
i

qi V (xi , yi , zi ).

 '# = @= E JAH= =C ?= F ?HEIJ= E  '$

) D= E J E= = @ =C JE? A FHAIA JE?= ? ?= F @A JH ?= A @= E JAH= ? @=@= F H

H = Hmag + Hcc .

I A A A J I @A =JHE @A Hcc F @A IAH @AHEL=@ I @= A AHCE= F JA ?E= ? IIE?= @=I ?=HC=I -G  '# =JH=L I @= IK>IJEJKE x xop y yop  I FAH=@ HAI @A F IE  A =IIE F H @E= JA A I = @ I >HA J @ I I N A JH I =C JE? I 7 J @ =EI FH JE? J @ @ I FAH=@ HAI AGKEL= A JAI  K FAH=@ HAI @A 5JALA I 5JALA I '#  ? IEIJA A IK>IJEJKEH x Jx y Jy A =IIE F H @E= JA >IAHL= @ =I HACH=I @A ? KJ= =FH FHE =@=I 2=H= AIIA FH F IEJ I FH @KJ I @A x y A z I IK>IJEJK @ I F H J @=I =I ? >E = AI F II LAEI @A Jx Jy A Jz @ELE@E@=I FA AH J J= @A FAH KJ= AI 2 @A I @=H I ANA F I IACKE JAI @ KI @A FAH=@ HAI
0 2 2 2 J (J + 1)] = J r2 O2 ) J r2 [3Jz ri (3zi i

 '%  '&

xi yi J r2 1/2[Jx Jy + Jy Jx ],
i

A GKA J K = ? IJ= JA K HE?= JAH @A IACK @= H@A GKA @AFA @A @A l F=H= JAH @A GK=HJ= H@A = ? IJ= JA J A F=H= JAH @A IANJ= H@A J -IJ=I ? IJ= JAI I @AJAH E =@=I F H E JACH= @EHAJ= A I J=>K =@=I m ) E JAH= KIK= A JA AI?HEJ= A JAH I @ I FAH=@ HAI On @A m H@A n =I ? F A JAI @A I Bn I ? A ?EA JAI K HE? I

Hcc =
n,m

m m Bn On .

 ''

m I FAH=@ HAI On I F E E I GKA A L LA I FAH=@ HAI @A A J = CK =H Jz J 2 J+ A J L= H NE @A n = D= E J E = = $ F=H= A JH I f A " F=H= A JH I d ) FHAIA = @ I @EBAHA JAI

&$

A J I

=C

JE? I )J

E? I

FAH=@ HAI AII= ANFHAII @AFA @A @= IE AJHE= F JK= @ I I JE I @A AIJ ?= E =@ A @= AI? D= @ I AEN I ?HEIJ= E I - = IJH=I =C JE?=I = E JAH= FHE ?EF= = D= E J E= = = E JAH= =C JE?= ABAEJ @= E JAH= @A ?= F ?HEIJ= E EI JKH=H AIJ=@ I AN?EJ=@ I = AIJ=@ BK @= A J= @A E@ FA = E JAH= =C JE?= |J, M = J GKA ? @K = K = HA@K A Jz -IIA ABAEJ @A =JA K= 
GKA ?DE C A E C I ?=KI= K = HA@K = =C AJE = A ?= F DEFAH GKA =CA I >HA ?A @ HAIFA?JEL 7 = E =CA F=H= IA @AI?HALAH AIIA ABAEJ GKA I > = E K ?E= @ ?= F ?HEIJ= E = HEA J= @=I H>EJ=I A AJH E?=I L=HE= ? JE K= A JA ? JA F GKA B= ? GKA E EJA = FH A @ A J H>EJ= = C @A GK= GKAH @EHA IA = K = = I HEA 3d = =JA K= JA K = B H = @EBAHA JA ? Hcc K = FAHJKH>= B HJA A HA = E JAH= IFE H>EJ= L A S IA @AI=? F = A L= H @E Lz HA@K E@ 1II ANF E?= F H ANA F F HGKA I A J I =C JE? I A ? JH=@ I = I HEA 3d AIJ =EI FH NE I @A KJH=I F= =LH=I I A J I =C JE? I gB S @ GKA @A gB J A A@E@ I IA HA =?E = =FA =I = A J = CK =H @A IFE I L= HAI @=I ? IJ= JA J J A J A =I ANFHAII AI @ I FAH=@ HAI m On F @A IAH A ? JH=@ I A 0KJ?DE CI '$$ 3K= J =E H = IE AJHE= A H AH @A FAH=@ HAI A?AII HE I F=H= AI?HALAH = D= E J E= = @ ?= F ?HEIJ= E 2=H= K ?= F ?HEIJ= E @A IE AJHE= ? >E?= I IK ?EA JAI GK=JH JAH I
0 0 4 0 0 4 Hcc = B4 (O4 + 5O4 ) + B6 (O6 21O6 ).

  E= =

2=H= IE AJHE= DAN=C AI?HEJ=

?=I @= H=

c/a E@A= = D= E J 77 6 O ). 8 6

0 0 0 0 + (O6 O4 + B6 Hcc = B4

 

) B H = @= D= E J E= = A I FAH=@ HAI GKA =F=HA?A = IK= ANFHAI I L=HE= @AFA @A @ @= AI? D= @ I AEN I 2 H ANA F = ANFHAII   B E >JE@= F=H= AEN z ? E ?E@E @ ? = @EHA  2=H= z @EHA  = D= E J E= = ? >E?=

35 2 3 77 6 + O6 + O6 . Hcc 4 8    ) =JA K= @ A J =C JE? @ALE@= = ?= F ?HEIJ= E F @A IAH ?= ?K =@= @= D= E J E= = ? F AJ= @ GKA ? J JAH =C JE? A JAH @A ?= F ?HEIJ= E -G  '$ I =KJ LAJ HAI 3 2 0 0 16 0 (O4 20 2O4 = B4 ) + B6 3 9
0 O6

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

&%

6=>A = 8  2=H AJH I @A ?= F ?HEIJ= E A A8  A IA A =? E J ID ''

F=H= = CK =I JAHH=I H=H=I

0 B6 ' $107 & 107 ' 106 6 B6 ' 106 $ '106 & '105

AJ E?=I

6AHH= H=H= 0 -H 6

0 B2  "  %  '$

0 B4   %105 

I >JE@ I @E=C = E = @ H A @AF EI ? FKJ= @ 2=H= =I JAHH=I H=H=I I A J I = CK =HAI ?= ?K =@ I F=H= T = 0  ?+=KI = @ A =? A EA '& IJH= ABAEJ @ ?= F ?HEIJ= E + ANA F I F @A I ?EJ=H  6> Jz = 0, 9923 J A   ,O Jz = 0, 998 J m I F=H AJH I Bn I A CAH= @AJAH E =@ I ANFAHE A J= A JA LAH J=>A = 18 - AI F @A J= > IAH ?= ?K =@ I =I EII A L LA K CH=K ? IE@AH LA @A E ?AHJA = FHE ?EF= A JA F HGKA I F=H AJH I B? J JAH rn A I B=J HAI @A > E @=CA ? ?K @=I H= AI m A JHA I Bn A J= J =FHAIA J= AII=I @E ?K @=@AI 7 = J= = JAH =JEL= F=H= I ? A ?EA JAI @A ?= F ?HEIJ= E  A= AJ = '$  KI= K F=H AJH I x F=H= A@EH = HA = A JHA I JAH I @A GK=HJ= A IANJ= H@A
0 F (4)B4 x = 0, 1 | x | F (6)B6

 !

A GKA F (4) A F (6) I B=J HAI J=>K =@ I F=H= I @EBAHA JAI I 4f + O4 A O6 =I ANFHAII AI @ I FAH=@ HAI @A GK=HJ= A IANJ= H@A @= D= E J E= = ? >E?= A F=H JAIAI = -G   A E JH @K E @ K F=H AJH @A AI?= = W ? @E A I @A A AHCE= JA I F=H= IE AJHE= ? >E?=

Hcc = W

xO4 (1 | x |)O6 + F (4) F (6)

 "

-NAH? ?E I
 .HAG ?E= @A =H H @A K A JH  + IE@AHA K A JH I > = = @A B H = ? K >E= = LA @ IA A K = H>EJ= ?EH?K =H A J H @A K ?A ? ?=HC= e -I?HAL= = ANFHAII @= B H = J J= =JK= @

&&

A J I

=C

JE? I )J

E? I

I >HA A JH IKF @ GKA K ?= F =C GKA = BHAG ?E= @= H>EJ= A J H @= @EHA

JE? * =F E?=@ IJHA @ ?= F @=@= F H

= (eB/2me )2 + (e2 /me r3 ) + (eB/2me )

-IJE A = =C EJK@A @A ?=@= JAH @AIJ= ANFHAII =@= A JA = BHAG ?E= @A =H H @ A JH A ?= ?K A =FH NE

5KI?AJE>E E@=@A @E= =C JE?= @ J @A DE@H C E  AIJ=@ BK @= A J= @ J @A DE@H C E 1s @AI?HEJ FA = BK @A @= 2 1 /2 2 8 = (a3 ) exp( r/a ) @A a = h /m e = 0 , 529 10 ? += 0 0 e 0 ?K A L= H AIFAH=@ @A r A r2 F=H= AIJA AIJ=@ A ?= ?K A = IKI?AJE>E E@=@A @E= =C JE?= @ DE@H C E
! A J =C JE? @ BAHH  ) =C AJE = @A I=JKH= @ BAHH 1, 7 106 ) 1 6 = @ F=H= = @A IE@=@A @ BAHH L= H % '% C 3 A ? IE@AH= @ = ? IJ= JA @A )L C=@H 6, 025 1026 kg1 ?= ?K A A J =C JE? F H J @A BAHH A K E@=@AI @ =C AJ @A * DH = =II= =J E?= @ BAHH ECK= = 56 " 6A FAH=JKH= @A A  + IE@AHA K = JEBAHH =C AJ B H =@ F H @K=I IK> HA@AI A A B 5A = AB = BA = I ? A ?EA JAI @A ?= F A?K =H E JAH IK> HA@AI A AA = BB = @A JH @A ?=@= IK> HA@A 5A = * K ?= F =C JE? =F E?=@ = -I?HAL= = ANFHAII @ ?= F J J= =JK= @ A ?=@= IK> HA@A BA A BB > 5K>IJEJK= =I ANFHAII AI >JE@=I = BK @A *HE KE B= = K = ANF= I F=H= JA FAH=JKH=I = J=I A IJHA GKA = =C AJE = A ?=@= IK> HA@A @=@= F H

MA =
A

CA (B MB + MA ) T 0 CB (B MA + MB ) T 0

MB =

? .= = CA = CB = C A IJHA GKA = JA FAH=JKH= @A A @=@= F H C TN = ( )  5KCAIJ = JA FAH=JKH= @A A =GKA = F=H= = GK= 0 MA A MB = 0 F=H= B = 0 # =C AJEI @A = CALE  ,AHELA = ANFHAII F=H= = JE = @A K A IA > A @A A J I =C JE? I ? IIE? I BK = CALE  =C A @A

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

&'

$ 1 JAH= IFE H>EJ= HA =JEL IJE?=  7 A JH ? LA ?E@=@A v = p/m LA @ IA A K F JA ?E= ?A JH= V /e IA JA K ?= F =C JE? ECK= = B = (0 /4 )v E @A E = V IJHA GKA = A AHCE= @A E JAH= A JHA IFE @ A JH A ?= F * F @A IAH AI?HEJ= ?

H=

0 h2 1 dV l s = (r)l s 4 m2 e r dr
HA =JEL IJE?= @A

@A l = hr p HAIK J=@ >JE@ = F=HJEH @= AGK= ,EH=? @K=I LA AI A H @ GKA HAIK J=@ =?E = % += F ?HEIJ= E A @EHA D= E J E= = @A ?= F ?HEIJ= E

@A

=C AJE =

 5A = = IACKE JA

q 0 0 0 Hcc = B2 O2 = B2 [3Jc J 2 ]

@A Jc = ? F A JA @A = C @ AEN ? @ ?HEIJ= 5A = z = @EHA @A =C AJE = @ ?HEIJ=  K IA = @EHA @A J  + IE@A H= @ = E JAH= A AJH IJ JE?= ? K = FAHJKH>= I >HA = E JAH= q =C JE?= IJHA GKA L= H AIFAH=@ @A Hcc AIJ=@ |J ; J @A Jz @=@ F H
q q 0 Hcc = J ; J | Hcc | J ; J = B2 J (2J 1)P2 (cos)

@A CK A JHA Jc A J A P2 (cos) F E E @A ACA @HA 0 > 0 = @EHA @A =C AJE = IAH @A H@A IJHA GKA IA B2 0 <0 IAH F=H= A = ? FAHFA @E?K =H = AEN ? A IA B2 & )JA K= @ A J = CK =H @A K A JH p  7 J ? JA @ K E? A JH A K H>EJ= p =BAJ=@ F H K ?= F ?HEIJ= E ? IE AJHE= ?J= @HE?= @ALE@ = IAEI ?=HC=I ECK=EI = Q ?= E =@=I = C @ I AEN I x y A z )I ?=HC=I I >HA x A y AIJ = K = @EIJ ?E= a @ ?A JH @ J  HECA @ IEIJA = @A ? H@A =@=I A =GKA =I I >HA AEN z = K = @EIJ ?E= b = IJHA GKA JAH @ E = JA ?= F ?HEIJ= E @=@ F H

Hcc = A(3z 2 r2 )
A @EI?KJ= IE = @A A > -I?HALA @ =I BK AI @A @= p ? px = xf (r), py = yf (r) A pz = zf (r) A ? JHA =I =KJ A AHCE=I @ I AIJ=@ I A JAH I @A A A r2 L= H @E GK=@H JE? @ H=E @ H>EJ= p ? 5KF D= GKA K ?= F =C JE? IA = =F E?=@ = @EHA z += ?K A = =JHE 3 3 @= D= E J E= = J J= H

'

A J I

=C

JE? I )J

E? I

? ?E= ?= F

@ += ?K A I =KJ AIJ=@ I @A H AL= J=@= 3K= AIJ=@ GKA JA

GK=EI AIJ=@ I = @ACA AHAI IAK A J =F=C=@ FA

AEJKH=I /AH=EI
+H=E , =C AJEI 2HE ?EF AI = @ )FF E?=JE I +DE?DAIJAH D 9E AO  5 I ''# +H= C A 5 E@ 5J=JA =C AJEI @HAI -@M=H@ )H @ '' 0KJ?DE CI 6 '$"
2 E J +D=HCA += ?K =JE I B - AHCO ALA I B =C AJE? 1 I E +HOIJ= E A - A?JHE? .EA @I 5 E@ 5J=JA 2DOI $ % HHEID ) 0 2DOIE?= 2HE ?EF AI B =C AJEI L= ; H D 9E AO  5 I '$# 6=O H 4 A ,=H>O 1 2DOIE?I B 4=HA -=HJD 5 E@I @HAI +D=F = = @ 0= '% 9= =?A 9 - 4=HA -=HJD 1 JAH AJ= E?I L= ; H )?=@A E? 2HAII '%!

4ABAH

?E=I *E> E CH

?=I

 )ID?H BJ 9 A AH E , '%$ 5 E@ 5J=JA 2DOIE?I L= ; H 0 J 4E AD=HJ = @ 9E IJ * K @A 5  =C AJEI E + @A IA@ =JJAH NB H@ NB H@ 7 ELAHIEJO 2HAII ! +H= C A '' 5 E@ 5J=JA =C AJEI @HAI -@M=H@ )H @ " - E JJ 4 '% =C AJE? 2H FAHJEAI B 4=HA -=HJD AJ= I 4 - E JJ A@  @HAI 2 A K F  # 0A HO 9 - '#
5FE 2=H= =C AJEI B +H+++ .A+++ = @ /@+++ =J EGKE@ 0A EK 6A FAH=JKHAI = @ E 5JH C =C AJE? .EA @I 2DOI 4AL && ##' $ 0KJ?DE CI 6 '$"
2 E J +D=HCA += ?K =JE I B - AHCO ALA I B =C AJE? 1 I E +HOIJ= E A - A?JHE? .EA @I 5 E@ 5J=JA 2DOI $ % % A IA A =? E J ID ) 4 '' 4=HA -=HJD =C AJEI 5JHK?JKHAI = @ -N?EJ=JE I NB H@ + =HA @ 2HAII & = @ J * H IJAE '' =C AJE? 2H FAHJEAI B AJ= I L= ; H = @ J * H IJAE 6=> AI AM 5AHEAI 111 'B

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

'

A= 4 4 A=I A 9 B 9 2 '$
4=EIE C B ) CK =H A JK ,ACA AH=?O B B - A?JH 6AH I >O +K>E? +HOIJ= .EA @I 2DOI +DA 5 E@I ! !&  ?+=KI = @ ) 0 A =? A EA 1 5 '%'
K? A=H =C AJE? 4AI = ?A E 4=HA -=HJD AJ= I )@L 2DOI & !#  ?+=KI = @ ) 0 A =? A EA 1 5 '& K? A=H =C AJE? 4AI = ?A E 4=HA -=HJD AJ= I @HAI 6=O H  .H= ?EI  AOAHI 4 ) A@  '&% - ?O? FA@E= B 2DOIE?= 5?EA ?A = @ 6A?D CO H = @ )?=@A E? 2HAII ! 4DO A '% =C AJE? 2H FAHJEAI B 4=HA -=HJD AJ= I 4 - E JJ A@  @HAI 2 A K FC  ' " 5JALA I 9 0 '#
=JHEN - A A JI = @ FAH=J H -GKE L= A JI + A?JA@ MEJD JDA =C AJE? 2H FAHJEAI B 4=HA -=HJD 1 I 2H ? 2DOI 5 ? )$# ' # 5M=HJ A @HK>AH ''
2H FAHJEAI 7 EJI = @ + IJ= JI E =C AJEI  =C =C =J  #%!

'

'

A J I

=C

JE? I )J

E? I

! 1 JAH=
!  1 JAH=

- JHA , EI 5FE I
@A 6H ?=

?=F JK @EI?KJE I BA A @ BAHH =C AJEI A IK= @AI ?HE >EJ @= JA HE= @A 9AEII ? = =FH NE = @ ?= F @E AIJA ?=F JK L= I @EI?KJEH = E JAH= A JHA @ EI IFE I A AJH E? I = GK= B H A?A = >=IA B IE?= F=H= AIJ=>A A?E A J @= H@A BAHH =C JE?= ?= F A?K =H F IJK =@ F H 9AEII F=H= @AI?HALAH BAHH =C AJEI FAH = A?AK IA ANF E?= B IE?= =J =I?E A J @= A? E?= GK JE?= I ?= F I =C JE? I ANECE@ I FA @A 9AEII AH= KEJ =E HAI @ GKA =GKA AI =II ?E=@ I I E JAH= AI @EF =HAI =C JE?=I A F HJ= J AII= E JAH= F @AHE= ANF E?=H = H@A =C JE?= BA A B IE? GKA AIJ = HECA @ H@A = A J @ I I =C JE ? I = E JAH= @A JH ?= K = E JAH= @A HECA A AJH IJ JE?= GKA HAIK J= @= E @EIJE C E>E E@=@A @ I A JH I 8= I @EI?KJEH = B H K = @= E JAH= @A JH ?= ?DAC= @ =J = D= E J E= = @A 0AEIA >AHC A IK= ? AN ? ? ?AEJ @A ?= F A?K =H AN 2=JJAHI '% ) AGK= @A 5?DH @E CAH AI?HEJ=

H = i h
5KF @ GKA = BK @A

!  K = F=HJA

@= F @A IAH IAF=H=@= A

'" AIF=?E= A K = F=HJA JA F H=

1 JAH=

- JHA , EI 5FE I

(r, t) = (r)T (t).

5ACKA IA GKA = F=HJA AIF=?E= >A@A?A =

! 

H(r) = E (r),

! !

@A E = A AHCE= 8= I ? IE@AH=H K IEIJA = B H =@ F H @ EI A JH I @A ? H@A =@=I AIF=?E=EI H1 A H2 ? H@A =@=I @A IFE 1 A 2 A AIJ=@ I @A A AHCE= @ACA AH=@ I + LA ?E = A JA F @A IAH +1 K 1 ? HHAIF 1 @A @ FH A z @ I IFE I ECK= = + 1 2 A 2 HAIFA?JEL= A JA )I BK AI @A @= E @ELE@K=EI I=JEIB= A
1 H0 m (r1 ) = E1 m (r1 )

! "= ! ">

2 H0 n (r2 ) = E2 n (r2 ),

A GKA m A n I AH I GK JE? I GKA H JK = I AIJ=@ I @ I A JH I A E1 A E2 I =I A AHCE=I ? HHAIF @A JAI ) D= E J E= = @ F=H @A A JH I IKF @ F H K A J GKA A AI E JAH=CA = I = @=I D= E J E= =I F=H?E=EI
2 1 . + H0 H0 = H0

! # I B H =H ! $= ! $>

2=H= =I BK

AI @A

@= @A K

A JH

F @A

1 = m (r1 )n (r2 )
A

2 = n (r1 )m (r2 ),

GKA I =KJ BK AI @= D= E J E= = J J= -G ! ! ? =KJ L= HAI E0 = Em + En 8= I IKF H =C H= GKA ANEIJA K = E JAH= A JHA I A JH I 1IJ AL=@ A ? J= E JH @K E @ = D= E J E= = -G ! ! K JAH @A F JA ?E= ? K >E= V12 (r1 , r2 ) = e2 /r12 F=H= @AI?HAL =

H = H0 + V12 (r1 , r2 ).
I AIJ=@ I @A A AHCE= @ IEIJA = = FHAIA = @AIJ= FAHJKH>=

! % I ! &

E = E0 + E12 ,

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

'#

>JE@ I KJE E = @ IA =I BK HAI LA @ IA

AI @A

@=

FAHJKH>=@=I 1 A 2 A ! '

1|H0 + V12 |1 E 2|V12 |1

@A |1 A |2 IA HABAHA

1|V12 |2 2|H0 + V12 |2 E

= 0,

= 1 A 2 HAIFA?JEL= A JA
m (r1 )n (r2 )V12 n (r1 )m (r2 )d m (r2 )n (r1 )V21 n (r2 )m (r1 )d n (r1 )m (r2 )V12 m (r1 )n (r2 )d

1|V12 |2

2|V12 |1

!  I J= >

A d K A A A J @A L K A KI= I V21 = V12 2 @A IJH=H GKA 1|V12 |1 = 2|V12 |2 I =KJ L= HAI >JE@ I @= -G ! ' I

E = E0 + K12 J12 ,
?

!  !  = !  >

K12 1|V12 |1 = 2|V12 |2 J12 1|V12 |2 = 2|V12 |1 ,

A GKA K12 = A AHCE= ? K >E= = AIFA?E ?= A JA = A AHCE= A AJH I J JE?= @ I A JH I AIJ=@ I FAHJKH>=@ I A J ?D= =@= @A E JACH= @A JH ?= J= > A@E@= A K E@=@AI @A A AHCE= I =KJ LAJ HAI I

1 = (1 2 ). 2

! !

-NFAHE A J= A JA >IAHL=@ GKA =I BK AI @A @= J J=EI @ I A JH I A @= J J= E@=@A @=I F=HJ ?K =I ? IFE AE E JAEH ?D= =@=I B H E I F EI IACKA = AIJ=J IJE?= @A .AH E ,EH=? I = JE IE JHE?=I EIJ A =I K@= @A IE = GK= @ =I F=HJ ?K =I I E JAH?= >E=@=I )I F=HJ ?K =I ? IFE E JAEH > I I @A AIJ=J IJE?= @A * IA J BK AI @A @= IE JHE?=I 2 @A I >JAH AII= = JE IE AJHE= ? >E = @ K = BK AIF=?E= ? K = BK @A IFE @A @K=I B H =I @EBAHA JAI KI= @ IK>I?HEJ S A A F=H= =I BK AI IE JHE?= A = JE IE JHE?= HAIFA?JEL= A JA

A (r1 , r2 )S (1 , 2 )

! "=

'$

1 JAH=

- JHA , EI 5FE I

S (r1 , r2 )A (1 , 2 ).

! ">

2 HJ= J K = JE IE JHE? @ALA K JEF E?=H S A K IE JHE? @ALA K JEF E?=H A ,= BK @A @= @A IFE F=H= ?E = @ A JH i (i) A @= BK @A @= @A IFE F=H= >=EN @ A JH j (j ) F @A I ? IJHKEH = A = JE IE JHE?= 1 A = [(1) (2) (2) (1)]. ! # 2 - = IE JHE?= S GKA F @A J =H =I B H =I (1)(2) 1 [(1) (2) + (2) (1)]. S = 2 (1) (2)

! $

2 HJ= J ANEIJA F=H= I @ EI IFE I 1 AI @A IFE IE 2 JH I BK JHE?=I S ? HHAIF @A JAI = K IFE J J= S = 1 

IFE I F=H= A I  A K = E?= BK = JE IE JHE?= A ? HHAIF @A @ = S = 0 
IFE I = JEF=H= A I 6A I F HJ= J @ EI ?=I I

S e A A e S

dando S = 0 (singleto) dando S = 1 (tripleto)

! %

IE = = -G !  AI @= -G ! ! IA A A F IEJEL = F=HJA AIF=?E= @= BK @A @= IE JHE?= @A ! ! A F HJ= J = BK @A IFE = JE IE JHE?=   AIJ=@ @A A AHCE= E = K AIJ=@ BK @= A J= ? HHAIF @AH AIIA ?=I = J12 < 0 !  IE = AC=JEL A !  ? HHAIF @A BK @A IFE IE JHE?=  AIJ=@ BK @= A J= >JE@ AIIA ?=I F=H= J12 > 0 )I @K=I IEJK= AI I A J

J12 < 0 J12 > 0

AIJ=@ BK @= A J= AIJ=@ BK @= A J=

IE C AJ  JHEF AJ 

+ IAG A JA A JA = A AHCE= E AIIAI @ EI ?=I I @AFA @A @= HEA J= HA =JEL= @ I IFE I A AJH E? I C F=H= HAFHAIA J=H = E JAH= A JHA I A JH I IK ?EA JA E JH @K EH K JAH @= D= E J E= = ? JA @ K B=J H s1 s2 . ! &

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

'%

2 HJ= J = ? AN A JHA =I F=HJAI @A IFE A AIF=?E= E @EHAJ= A > H= A?AII HE= E F IJ= FA = = JE IE AJHE= @= BK @A @= J J= ,ALE@ = AII= ? AN ABAEJ @= E JAH= A AJH IJ JE?= A JHA =I ?=HC=I A AJH E?=I F @A IAH @AI?HEJ ? K = E JAH= A JHA IFE I ) @EII I LE A J I @ I A JH ? IFE I F=H= A I K = JEF=H= A I I ? HHA =?E =@ I F H ANA F F @A I B= AH K = E =CA = GK= I A JH I @A IFE I F=H= A I JA @A = ALEJ=HA K I = I KJH I -NF= @E @ FH @KJ @A IFE I >JA I

s1 s2 =
2=H= A JH I s=
1 2

1 2 [(s1 + s2 )2 s2 1 s2 ] . 2

! '

A
2 s2 1 = s2 =

3 , 4

!  L= H AIFAH=@ K @E= FAH=@ H @A IFE J J= = ! 

A K E@=@AI @A h I ? ?DAJAI . . . E @E?= GK JE?= @ FAH=@ H L= H AIFAH=@ @ GK=@H=@ @=@ F H

(s1 + s2 )2 = S (S + 1).

-IIA L= H @E IAH ECK= = 0 F=H= I IFE I = JEF=H= A I S = 0 K ECK= = 2 ?=I F=H= A S = 1 )I A AHCE=I ? HHAIF @A JAI I

E+ = E0 + K12 + J12 E = E0 + K12 J12

para para

s1 s2 = s1 s2 = +

3 4 1 4

(S = 0) (S = 1)

! !

= > A >

)?HAI?A J= @ (2J12 s1 s2 3J12 /2 FHE AEH= AGK= (2J12 s1 s2 + J12 /2 IACK @= AGK=  GKA =I = JAH= JA I = AGK=

1 E = E0 + K12 J12 2J12 s1 s2 . 2

! !

) ? ? KI = @A GKA = E JH @K @ JAH @A E JAH= V12 A JHA I IFE I ? @K = IKHCE A J @A K L JAH @A A AHCE= AIJA HAIK J=@ F @A IAH ? IE@AH=@ E ? KE @ = A AHCE= K JAH @AFA @A JA @= HEA J= HA =JEL= @AIIAI IFE I

2J12 s1 s2

! "

'&

1 JAH=

- JHA , EI 5FE I

3 4

1 4

.ECKH= !   LAEI @A A AHCE= @A K IEIJA = @A @ EI IFE I / F=H= J12 > 0 AIJ=@ @A A AHCE= =EI A AL=@= ? HHAIF @A AIJA ?=I = K = BK @A IFE ? S = 0 AIJ=@ =EI >=EN ? HHAIF @A = JH I BK AI @A IFE ? S = 1 JH I LA AI @ACA AH=@=

GKA F @A IAH KI=@ F=H= ANFHE EH I @ EI AIJ=@ I @A A AHCE= @= -G !  .EC !  - K I E@ = D= E J E= = GKA @AI?HALA = E JAH=

H = 2J
i<j

Si Sj ,

! #

@A =C H= = I = BAEJ= I >HA ?=@= F=H @A J I E  A J K F=H AJH ABAJEL @A JH ?= -IJ= ? DA?E@= ? = D= E J E= = @A 0AEIA >AHC A = F = A JA KI=@= F=H= @AI?HE @A KEJ=I FH FHEA@=@AI =C JE?=I @A =JAHE=EI AIFA?E= A JA I EI = JAI =I B H K =I AIIA ?=F JK S A@E@ A K E@=@AI @A h I KJH I ?=I I AIJ= ANFHAII @ALAHE= =F=HA?AH @ELE@E@= F H h2 AIJK@ @ =C AJEI @=I JAHH=I H=H=I ? J K > AH GK JE? = E JAH= FHA?A@A JA -G ! # AI?HEJ= KI= @ = FH A @A 5 = @EHA @A (g 1)J A GKA g B=J H g @A = @

H = 2J
i<j

i j .

! $ E= = @A 0AEIA >AHC -G ! %

-NF= @E @ ! # AI?HEJ=

FH @KJ AI?= =H = D= E J

H = 2J
i<j

y y x x z z (Si Sj + Si Sj + Si Sj ).

7 IEIJA = @A IFE I ? K = @EHA FHELE ACE=@= @A E@= F H ANA F F H K ?= F =C JE? ANJAH K F H K = = EI JH FE=

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

''

?HEIJ= E = =NE= 5K= ANFHAII

F @A IAH @AI?HEJ F H K = D= E J

E= = IE F E ?=@= ! &

H = 2J
i<j

z z Si Sj ,

? DA?E@= ? D= E J E= = 1IE C -II= D= E J E= = KI=@= F=H= @AI?HALAH =C AJEI @A K CH= @A AH @A IEIJA =I B IE? I

+= F

@E
A JHA A =HA @A K
z

8= I IJH=H =C H= = HA = = D= E J E= = @A 0AEIA >AHC + J E= = @A 0AEIA >AHC = E JAH= LE E D I FH NE I

?= F A?K =H @A 9AEII A I @AI?HALA @ ? = D= E J @A IFE 5i ? IAKI z ! ' @ A J

Hi = 2J
j

Si Sj .
@A 5 = @EHA

-NFHE E @ EII A JAH = CK =H J J= JA I

I @= FH A
z

Hi = 2J
j

i j .

! !

5A ANEIJEH H@A =C JE?= AIF J A= ? =C AJE = F @A I IKF H GKA I >HA I A J I =C JE? I E @ELE@K=EI =JK= K ?= F = =FH NE = @A ?= F A?K =H AIIA ?= F JA E JA IE @=@A m M GKA FH F H?E = = A J =C JE? @E

Bm = m M = m n = m ngB J
@A n
T

T,

! !

AH @A A J I =C JE? I F H K E@=@A @A L K A A = @E= J H E?= @A ? ?AEJ @A ?= F @E  K @A ?= F A?K =H =F E? LA IA = = F EJK@A @=I L=HE= AI @ ?= F =C JE? GKA =CA I >HA I A J I =J E? I B H KEJ CH= @A K @=@ I JE A IA B HA FAGKA =I =I L=HE= AI @A K F J = KJH 2 @A I =FH NE =H = E JAH= @ i IKF @ GKA = I = IA = BAEJ= I >HA I z LE E D I =EI FH NE I

Hi = 2J (g 1)2

z j

Jj Ji 2J (g 1)2 z J
T Ji .

! ! 



1 JAH=

- JHA , EI 5FE I

1CK= = @ = E JAH= @A JH ?= @ IFE i -G ! ' A J GKA I BHA = = @ ?= F A?K =H

E JAH=

@ ! !!

m ngB J
= A JA >JA

= 2J (g 1)2 z J

Ji ,

I KI= @ = gB J

J =

ng 2 2 B 2z (g 1)2

m .
FH F H?E F @A

! !" =

,AIJ= ANFHAII L IA GKA = E JACH= @A JH ?= J IJ= JA @A ?= F A?K =H m + ANA F I @A H@A I @A CH= @A = @A J J (F e) = 0, 015 A8 J (N i) = 0, 020 A8

I ?EJ=H

! ! 1 JAH= AI 1 @EHAJ=I A

AJ=EI

I L= HAI @ I A J I =C JE? I @=I JAHH=I H=H=I FKH=I I =FH NE =@= A JA I AI I GKA I L= HAI ? HHAIF @A JAI = I I ELHAI 1II ? HHA F HGKA I A JH I 4f I ?= E =@ I EIJ A AI J K H=E @E r KEJ A H @ GKA =I @EIJ ?E=I E JAHE E?=I dRR .EC !  A F HJ= J I KEJ =BAJ=@ I FA =I EC= AI GK E?=I 7 = ? IAG ?E= @AII= ?= E = GKA A?= EI GKA HECE = = H@A =C JE?= @=I JAHH=I H=H=I = IKFAHF IE @ I H>EJ=EI 4f @ I J I LE E D I KJH I A JH I GKA I A JH I 4f @ALA IAH HAIF I LAEI F H AII= H@A 4AIK J= GKA I A JH I @A ? @K GKA J K ?=H JAH EJE AH= JA @AIA FA D= K F=FA @A?EIEL A?= EI @A H@A =C JE?= ) FHE AEH= => H@=CA JA HE?= @AIJA =? F = A J A JHA I IFE I =J E? I =JH=L I @ I A JH I @A ? @K @ALE@= = A AH  A AH '# GKA IKF I = ANEIJ ?E= @A JH I ? IJ= JAI @A JH ?= ABAJEL=I K = A JHA ?=@= IFE =J E? A IAKI FHE AEH I LE E D I KJH= A JHA I IFE I =J E ? I A ?=@= A JH @A ? @K K = JAH?AEH= ? A?J= @ ?=@= A JH @A ? @K = J @ I I KJH I =? F = A J F @A IAH JH=J=@ @A B H = IE F E ?=@= =JH=L I @A K = D= E J E= = ABAJEL= ? JA @ E JAH= AI A JHA I IFE I =J E? I S A A JHA I IFE I =J E? I A I IFE I @ I A JH I @A ? @K
N z

H = 2
i j

Jij Si Sj 2
k<l

ef Jkl S k sl ,

! !#

A GKA I I I IFE I @ I A JH I @A ? NE = F=H= = @AI?HE @ =C AJEI

@K AIJ= = FHE AEH= =FH @=I JAHH=I H=H=I

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I



Fe bcc

Gd hcp 10 4f 6p 4p 4s 6s

Densidade radial de carga 4xr2 p(r) (A-2)

10

3d

5 5d

1,0 Raio (A)

1,0 Raio (A)

2,0

.ECKH= ! D? A BK ''

 ,A IE@=@A @A ?=HC=I H = E =@= @ I A JH I A BAHH ??? A C=@ E @ H=E A K E@=@AI =J E?=I+ AD H '' A = @ J * H IJAE

@A A AH ? @K = K = F =HE =  K @A IE@=@A @A IFE  K EB H A @ I A JH I @A ? @K 7 = @AI?HE =EI =@AGK=@= A J= J FAH EJA GKA I A JH I @A ? @K  K EJE AH= JAI JA D= K = @A IE@=@A @A IFE K EB H A EIJ F @A IAH >JE@ ? K = IKI?AJE>E E@=@A (r) GKA ?= 1II AGKEL= A JA = K = IKI?AJE>E E@=@A (q) @AFA @A JA @ LAJ H @A @= G |q| = 2/) ) F =HE = @ I A JH I EJE AH= JAI AIJA ?=I JA = B H = AN =HJE '$%

(r) (r) =
q

[A(q)cos(q r) + B (q)sen(q r)],

I ? A ?EA JAI J=H GKA A > @A ?=HC= = HAIK J=@

! !$

= GK= A(q) A B (q) I HE = @A IFE ,ALA IA AIF=?E= A JA = @A IE@=@A ) E JAH= GKA ? @K E J E= =

@= ANF= I . KHEAH @= F = H= = F =HE = @A IFE L=HEA =BAJ=@= FHA?A@A JA @AI?HEJ= FA = D= ! !% . KHEAH ! !&

H = 2
i<j

Ja (Ri Rj )Si Sj ,
E?= E @EHAJ= J @=@= FA = ANF= I

=?

IJ= JA @A JH ?= =J

Ja (Ri Rj ) =
q

(q)J (q)2 cos[q (Ri Rj )]. 4n2 g 2 2 B



1 JAH=

- JHA , EI 5FE I

-IJ= CH= @A = ANE>A K ? F HJ= A J I?E =J HE ? = IAF=H= A JHA I IFE I A J= > K = =JA K= GKA IKHCA @= @AFA @ ?E= A G @= = F EJK@A (q)J (q)2 .EC ! ! ) IKI?AJE>E E@=@A (q) @=@= ? K = BK @= IKI?AJE>E E@=@A @A 2=K E P LAH IA " 

(q) = P
A GKA kF
Polarizao de spin dos eltrons de conduo

2 q2 2kF + q 1 4kF + ln | | , 2 8kF q 2kF q

! !'

L= H @ LAJ H @A

@= k

LA @A .AH E

F(x)= x cosx - sen x x4

0 x

.ECKH= ! !  ,AFA @ ?E= ? = @EIJ ?E= @= E JACH= @A JH ?= J (Ri Rj ) = E JA H= E @EHAJ= A AJ=EI @A =? H@ ? @A 4 ;

.= A @ = =FH NE = J (q) J (0) F @A HAIK J=@ @A 4K@AH = A EJJA '#"

I >JAH @= -G ! !&

Ja (Ri Rj ) =
? = BK

P J (0)2 12n F (2kF | Ri Rj |), 4n2 g 2 2 B

! "

F @=@= F H F (x) = 1 (x cos x sen x). x4

! "

2 HJ= J Ja (Ri Rj ) I?E = ? = @EIJ ?E= ? FAH @ 1/2kF A IK= = F EJK@A @A?HAI?A ? |Ri Rj |3 + IAG A JA A JA = F =HE = @ I A JH I @A ? @K =FHAIA J= AI ? F HJ= A J I ?E =J HE AIJA HAIK J=@ =EI E F HJ= JA @ ?D= =@ @A 4 ; 4K@AH =  EJJA  =IKO=; IE@=

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

!

6=>A = ! 1  .=J HAI @A =K A J F = 1/[1 v(q)] F=H= = CK I * H IJAE '&$ ? FAH EII  -A A J . "$ 2@ '!

AJ=EI  = @ J I "

I HAIK J=@ I FHA?A@A JAI B H= >JE@ I @A K = IKI?AJE>E E@=@A (q) @ I A JH I GKA E JAH=CA A JHA IE ) ANEIJ ?E= @A E JAH= AI ? K >E= =I A JH A JH =K A J= = IKI?AJE>E E@=@A -IJA B=J F @A IAH J =@ A ? J= @A K = B H = IE F AI ) =C AJE = @ALE@= = ?= F H(q)

M(q) = (q)H(q).
AIJ = 2=H= E ? KEH = E JAH= A JH IK> AJE@ I = K ?= F

! " 

A JH >=IJ= IKF H GKA I A JH I A?K =H @ALE@ = IK= FH FHE= =C AJE ! "!

M(q) = (q)[H(q) + v M(q)],

A GKA v = /0 K ? A ?EA JA @A ?= F A?K =H GKA A@A = E JA IE@=@A @= E JAH= A JH A JH 0 = FAH A=>E E@=@A @ L ?K  4AI LA @ F=H= = =C AJE = >JA I

M(q) =

(q) H(q), 1 v(q)

! ""

@A @A IA F @A @AHEL=H K = L= IKI?AJE>E E@=@A a (q) ?D= =@= IKI ?AJE>E E@=@A =K A J=@= GKA E ? KE ABAEJ @=I E JAH= AI A JH A JH

a (q) =

(q) . 1 v(q)

! "#

- ? JH= IA F HJ= J GKA = HAIF IJ= =C JE?= @ I A JH I ?=I A GKA A AI E JAH=CA ? = IK= FH FHE= =C AJE = = F E ?=@= F H K B=J H @A =K A J F = 1/[1 v(q)] -IJA B=J H =JE CA K L= H @= H@A @A  ?=I @ F= @E = J=>A = ! 1 IJH= = CK I L= HAI @A F -NFAHE A J= A JA I >IAHL=@=I E JACH=EI ABAJEL=I @A JH ?= F IE JEL=I A AC=JEL=I I L= HAI J FE? I @A J F=H= I A A A J I 3d L=HE= @A 1021 = 1020 GKA ? HHAIF @A = J /k L=HE= @ @A 102 = 103 - IEIJA =I AJ E? I ? JA @ JAHH=I H=H=I K A?= EI GKA F @A ? @K EH = L= HAI AC=JEL I @A J ) @AHI A + CIJ '$ @AFA @A @= DE>HE@E = s f KJH=I F= =LH=I @AFA @A @= EIJKH= @ I ?=H=?JAHAI s A f @ I A JH I K @= ?KF= LEHJK= @A AIJ=@ I f

"

1 JAH=

- JHA , EI 5FE I

F H A JH I s 7 A JH ? LAJ H @A @= =>I HLE@ A K AIJ=@ 4f ?KF=@ A HA A EJE@ ? LAJ H @A @= k -IJA FH ?AII >=EN= = A AHCE= @ AIJ=@ 4f ?KF=@ A @ I A JH I @A ? @K ? IFE F=H= A = IFE ?= E =@ =K A J= @ F HJ= J AH @A A JH I @A IFE = JEF=H= A = IFE 4f S4f A EIJ AGKEL= A JA = K F=H AJH ABAJEL @A JH ?= J AC=JEL .EC ! "

!"

2=H @A 5FE I += F J @ @A CK?DE

A?K =H 

@A 9AEII = H@A =C JE?= @A C = ?= ?A @A K = = I JH= =BAJ= ?=@= IFE =JH=L I @ ?= F A?K =H ?=@= IFE E @ELE@K= ? JHE>KE F=H= = @E= C >= JH=J= A J AGKEL= A = ? IE@AH=H =FA =I = @E= JA F H= @= FH A @A ?=@= IFE - I E@ I HA=EI A J= J LE A J @A K @=@ IFE ANE>A K = B HJA ? HHA = ? LE A J @ I IAKI LE E D I =EI FH NE I ,A B=J AI =?E = @= JA FAH=JKH= ?H JE?= TC = JA FAH=JKH= @A +KHEA @A K BAHH =C AJ EIJ = JA FAH=JKH= =?E = @= GK= ANEIJA H@A @A C = ?= ?A = CK CH=K @A H@A ?= >IAHL=@ K = FAGKA = HACE A J H @A ?=@= IFE I A J I FAH = A?A ? HHA =?E =@ I 7 @A IE F AI F=H= AL=H A ? IE@AH= AIIA JEF @A H@A @A ?KHJ = ?= ?A B E FH F IJ F H CK?DE '## AIJA @A K IFE E JAH=CA ? K @A IAKI LE E D I A AIJA F=H IA JA I ABAEJ I @ I KJH I IFE I =JH=L I @A K ?= F @E @A 9AEII ? IE@AH= K E? A J =C JE? GKA =? F =@ = I KJH I A J I =JH=L I @A K ?= F @E  K ?= F A?K =H

Bm = m n z j
@A T -IIA I LE A ? HHA =

T,

! "$

@A J= K = @E= J H E?= @A AL= A ? IE@AH= = ? HHA = AIFAH=@= A JHA J I@ I A J I =C JE? I LE E D I 7 = A@E@= @AII= @=@= FA F=H AJH @A H@A

1 Ji Jj T , J2 GK= i A j H JK = A J I A I JE I LE E D I = =FH NE = @A 9AEII = =C AJE = @A K = = ?= F ANJAH B0 = 0 A JA FAH=JKH= T @=@= F H = M0T = n z J

T

! "% IJH= A K ! "&

= ngB J z

T,

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

#

Energia

k 4f7

4f7

k Spin 0 Spin

.ECKH= ! "  *= @=I @A ? @K =C AJE =@=I A /@ AJ E? IK> >= @=I @A IFE F=H= ?E = A F=H= >=EN HAFHAIA J=@=I F H k = @ k  IJH= @ LA 4f ?DAE =>=EN @A EF  A L= E 4f =?E = @A EF  ) EIJKH= E JH= >= @= HAIF I LA FA = E JAH= ABAJEL= ? J < 0 9=JI '$%

A A

GKA n = 0T

AH @A A J I =C JE? I F H K E@=@A @A L K A =C AJE = AIF J A= JA FAH=JKH= T

Jz
+

M0T . ngB

! "'

T =0 M00 = ngB J.
! #

J= @ GKA @A 9AEII ? LE A J @A ?=@= IFE E @AFA @A JA @ LE A J @ KJH Ji Jj = Ji Jj F @A I A J >JAH I L= HAI @ F=H AJH @A H@A = @EBAHA JAI JA FAH=JKH=I

1
M 0T ngB J 2

para

= 0 < TC TC (pois M0T = 0)

ANEIJA @A ?KHJ ! #

para T para T

)?E = @A TC F=H AJH @A H@A AH AIJ= HACE A H@A @A C = ?= ?A  K =C AJE =  A H@A = ?= ?A  K ? HHA = A JHA I IFE I A I JE I LE E D I

$

1 JAH=

- JHA , EI 5FE I

1IJ AIJ A @AI=? H@ ? ? F HJ= A J KIK= @A 1/ >IAHL=@ ANFAHE A J= A JA F=H= T > TC .EC ! # A @ ?= H AIFA? ? Cp = >=I GK= JE@=@AI HA AJA =I ? IAG ?E=I @= H@A ?= 2=H= @AI?HALAH AIJA JEF @A ? F HJ= A J K @A GKA ? IE@AH= K F=H @A IFE I =? F =@ I A K ?= F A?K =H B E FH F IJ  CK?DE '## F J @A F=HJE@= = D= E J E= = 5 =HJ '$$
z H = 2J Si Sj gB (Jiz + Jj )B,

! # 

@A FHE AEH JAH @AI?HALA = E JAH= A JHA I @ EI IFE I A IA CK @ JAH = E JAH= @ F=H ? ?= F J J= * * 1IJ AGKEL= A JA A JAH I @ FAH=@ H @A A J = CK =H =
z H = 2J (g 1)2 Ji Jj gB (Jiz + Jj )B.

! #!

1/c
1 350

400

450

500

Temperatura (C)

.ECKH= ! #  +KHL= @ E LAHI @= IKI?AJE>E E@=@A @ E A BK =?E = @A TC @AILE @= AE @A +KHEA 9AEII HAIK J= @= FAHIEIJ =?E = @AII= JA FAH=JKH=

@= JA FAH=JKH= ?E= @= H@A ?=

,A

E @

FAH=@ H @A

A J = CK =H J J= @ F=H

J = Ji + Jj ,
A IACKE @ I AI I F=II I @= @AHEL= 1 @AHEL= I F=H= J = 2 L= H @= ? F @ @A 9AEII IA A JA z @A

! #" !

2senh(x) , 1 + exp(2j ) + 2cosh(x)

! ##

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

%

j=
A

J (g 1)2 kT gB B kT  K IA =
! #$ AJ=@A @ A J @ F=H

x=
A J =C JE? F H

gB J 2 =

gB senh(gB B/kT ) 1 + exp(2J (g 1)2 /kT ) + 2cosh(gB B/kT )

F=H=@ = HAIK J=@ @ @A 9AEII GKA

! #% F=H= IFE

GKA F @A IAH ?
1 2

z
=

W T

1 1 gB B1/2 (x) = gB tanh 2 2

gB B kT

! #&

2=H= @AI?HALAH K IEIJA = BAHH =C JE? L= I E E?E= A JA L J=H @A 9AEII @AIJ= LA L= I I @EIJ= ?E=H @= => H@=CA @= IA $ A IKF H GKA ?= F A?K =H IA @ALA = I z FH NE I LE E D I @ IFE ? = IA ! C = ? IJ= JA @A ?= F A?K =H J H = IA FA = -G ! !"

W m =

2J (g 1)2 z. ng 2 2 B
@A F=H ?

! #' CK?DE

) = C= A JA = ? IJ= JA @A ?= F A?K =H @ALE@ = z 1 LE E D I AN? KE @ =GKA A GKA B H = ?A JH= 

O m =
,A H=JKH= @= JA ?= F

2J (g 1)2 (z 1). ng 2 2 B

! $

B H = IA A D= JA @AHEL= @= IA $ >JAHA I = JA FA @A JH= IE TC  @A CK?DE A ? JH= @ = ANFHAII FAH=JKH= = GK= = =C AJE = AIF J A= IA J H = AH ? ANJAH K -IJ= @=@= FA = AGK=

exp(2jc ) + 3 = 2(z 1)jc ,

A GKA z AH @A LE E D I =EI FH NE j @A E@= =?E = -G ! #$ F=H= T = TC

! $

I A jc = GK= JE@=@A L= H @A TC F @A IAH

&

1 JAH=

- JHA , EI 5FE I

>JE@ F=H= @EBAHA JAI L= HAI @A z HAI LA @ IA = -G ! $ 4AIK J= GKA I L= HAI @A TC @=@ I FA @A CK?DE I A HAI GKA =GKA AI @ @A 9AEII F=H= I AI I F=H AJH I J -IJA K HAIK J=@ CAH= = E ? HF H= @A ABAEJ I @A H@A ?= HA@K = JA FAH=JKH= @A JH= IE @ IEIJA = =C JE? 5 =HJ '$$ 2=H= >JAH = IKI?AJE>E E@=@A =C JE?= ? A =HA I F H ?= ?K =H = =C AJE = JA FAH=JKH= T A F=H= K ?= F =F E?=@ B ) BT IKI?AJE>E E@=@A F H @=@= F H

m =
A IACKA IA GKA

Mm Mm = 0 , H B

! $ 

m =

kT (exp[2J (g

0 g 2 2 BN 2 1) /kT ] + 3)

2(z 1)J (g 1)2

! $!

) = J=I JA FAH=JKH=I F @A

I =FH NE =H

exp
A m J H = IA

2J (g 1)2 kT

2J (g 1)2 , =1 kT

! $"

m =

0 g 2 2 B N/4k . T 2J (g 1)2 z/4k

IJ= JA @A +KHEA @ I HAAI?HALAH = -G

! $# @A ! $#

K AH=@ H = ANFHAII @A m = ? 9AEII F=H= J = 1 2  -G  $" A F @A ?

m =

C . T p
JE?= P @A

! $$ CK?DE

) JA FAH=JKH= @A +KHEA F=H= =C @=@= F H

O P =

Jz (g 1)2 , ! $% 2k GKA AI HAIK J=@ @ @A 9AEII @=I AGK= AI  ' A ! $ ) ? ? KI @A GKA = = J=I JA FAH=JKH=I I @ EI @A I IJH= =? H@ GK= JEJ=JEL 2=H= JA FAH=JKH=I E JAH A@E HE=I = =FH NE = @=@= FA = -G ! $" L E@= A A ? JH= I GKA JA @A = E EJ GK= @ T IA =FH NE = @A TC =I AIIA ?=I 1/ FH F H?E = = (T P ) EIJ = @AFA @ ?E= @ E LAHI @= IKI?AJE>E E@=@A E A=H ? T ? IA L = -G ! $!

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

'

.E = = ?= ?A

A JA = BK @A ? HHA = K F=H AJH @A H@A @A ?KHJ @=@= F=H= J1 = J2 = 1 A B = 0 FA = @E= AIJ=J IJE?= 0 2

= 4 Ji Jj =
4 Z M J [J

! $&

? Z ? '$$

= BK

(J + 1) J1 (J1 + 1) J2 (J2 + 1)]T r[exp(Hp /kT )] ! $' @A F=HJE @ F=H HAIK J=@ LAH 5 =HJ (2cosh(x) + 1) 3exp(2j ) (2cosh(x) + 1) + exp(2j )

=
?

! %

x = gB B/kT A j = J (g 1)2 /kT

1,0
0,8 0,6

Weiss Oguchi

t
0,4 0,2
TC(MF)

kT/
.ECKH= ! $  ,AFA @ ?E= @ F=H AJH @A H@A ? = JA FAH=JKH= HA@K E@= kT /J @A 9AEII A @A CK?DE IJH= @ AIJA JE = FAHIEIJ ?E= @= H@A ?= =?E = @A TC z = 6 S = 1/2 =@=FJ=@ @A 5 =HJ '$$

F=H

AJH @A H@A

@=@

J= @ GKA B = 0 F=H= T > TC ! %

=
2 HJ= J ! $ ?

1 para T = 0 (como no modelo Weiss) 3[1 exp(2j )]/[3 + exp(2j )] = 0 para T > TC
@A FHAL GKA = H@A >IAHL=@ ANFAHE A J=

?= ? JE K= =?E = @A TC .EC A JA FA = @AFA @ ?E= @A (T )



1 JAH=

- JHA , EI 5FE I

K FA AIF= D= A J @A KJH I 2 @A I ? ? KEH GKA J @ @A CK?DE IKFAH= = E EJ= @ @A @A 9AEII E ?=F= @A ? JAH I ABAEJ I @A H@A ?= -NEIJA KJH I @A I F=H= @AI?HALAH IEIJA =I =C JE? I A JAH I @A F=HAI @A IFE I I > = = @A K ?= F A?K =H ?=I @= =FH NE = @A =? F = A J ? IJ= JA F H ANA F AIIA ?= F FH F H?E = =C AJE = A >JE@ F H AE @A ? IE@AH= AI AI J=J IJE?=I KC=H @A K F=H @A J I K =CHAC=@ =E H B E J= > ? IE@AH=@ J @ @A *AJDA 2AEAH I 9AEII =CHAC=@ JA z + 1 IFE I A K ?= F A?K =H

!#

@=I @A 5FE

1 JH @K

- K BAHH =C AJ = T = 0 J @ I I IFE I J = FH A NE = S = @EHA z AIJ= = ? CKH= @ AIJ=@ BK @= A J= A@E@= GKA = JA FAH=JKH= =K A J=@= =I FH A AI I HA@K E@=I 7 = E =CA ? IIE?= @AIIA ABAEJ IJH=@= = .EC ! % 7 = FAHJKH >= A B H = @A @= FAH? HHA IEIJA = @A IFE I = @= @A IFE ) JA HE= @A @=I @A IFE ? @K @AI?HE @ =C AJEI @ I BAHH =C AJ I = >=EN=I JA FAH=JKH=I HACE A GK= J z = J 1 JH @K EHA I =I @=I @A IFE E E?E= A JA =JH=L I @A K = @AI?HE =?H I? FE?= A @AF EI IJH=HA I = HA = ? K @A E?H I? FE? IE F AI
A
a

.ECKH= ! %  4AFHAIA J= AIGKA JE?= @A = K = @= @A IFE GKA IA FH F=C= = C @A K = ?=@AE= E A=H @A IFE I = @EHA x > AI LEIJ = C @= @EHA z =@=FJ=@ @A EJJA ''# ? FAH EII @A D 9E AO  5 I 

8= I ? IE@AH=H = FH A @= =C AJE = M z (x) GKA L=HE= ? JE K= A JA @A F J = F J IA = =C AJE = @AILE= @ IAK L= H @A I=JKH= A K F J @=@ K J HGKA (x) A2 M(x) =JK= I >HA = =C AJE = A = AGK= @A LE A J

1 M(x) = M(x) A2 M(x),

?

! % 

@A A = D/( hM0 ) ? M0 ? = =C AJE = @A I=JKH= AD K F=H AJH ?D= =@ ? IJ= JA @A HECE@A GKA A@A = E JA IE

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I



@=@A @= JA @ ?E= @A = E D=H = =C AJE = L= H @A I=JKH= LAH =HJE '$% A J =J E?

?= F=H= HA?KFAH=H IAK = H= CEH =C JE?= @ ! %!

= hS = v M .

AIJ= ANFHAII = =C AJE = A v L K A ?KF=@ F H K J @ELE@E @ F H v >JA I = ANFHAII F=H= = @A IE@=@A @A IFE S (x) A JAH I @= =C AJE = ?= (x)

S (x) =
2H ?KH= I @AILE I @=

M(x) . h
K EB H A
0

! %"

=C AJE =

m = M M0 .
)I K @= -G ! %  B H A?A

! %#

m = m0 (sen(t) i + cos(t) j)sen(k r),

?

! %$

D 2 k , ! %% h A GKA k @K @ LAJ H @A @= 8= I @EI?KJEH =C H= =I @=I @A IFE GK=@H @A K @A E ?H I? FE? ) D= E J E= = @A 0AEIA >AHC FHAL GKA AIJ=@ @A A H A AHCE=  AIJ=@ BK @= A J=  @ IEIJA = @A IFE I ? HHAIF @A ? CKH= ? J @ I I IFE I = E D=@ I A F=H= A =EI B ?E IJH=H AIIA B=J IA AI?HALAH I = D= E J E= = KI= @ I FAH=@ HAI = S + = S x + iS y
A GKA i = ! %&= ! %&>

S 1 ) D= E J
Nz

= S iS ,

E= = IA J H = ! %'

H = 2J
7I= @ = B H = @A S z 

1 + 1 + z z ( Si Sj + Si Sj + Si Sj ) . 2 2 i<j
AI @A

=JHE?E= @=I BK

@= @A IFE  I =KJ LAJ HAI

=


1 0
K

=
LAJ H @A ? F

0 1

! &

=F =?E=

@A K

LAJ H

A JAI 2 Mx 2 My A 2 Mz

 A @ I FAH=@ HAI @A IFE =I

1 JAH=

- JHA , EI 5FE I

=JHE AI @A 2=K E

Sx =

h 2

0 1 1 0

Sy =

h 2

0 i

i 0
@A

Sz =
=JHE AI

h 2

1 0

0 1

,
! &

A A >H= @ = HACH= @A

K JEF E?=

a b c d
>JA I

e f

ae + bf ce + df S = 0,

! & 

S + = 0,
J=

! &! ? ! &"

A = FH FHEA@=@A GKA KIJE ?= = I >HAI?HEJ I + A

@ I FAH=@ HAI @A IFE

S + = h ,

S = h .

1IJ IEC E ?= GKA FAH=@ H S + =F E?=@ BK ? HHAIF @A JA = IFE 1/2 JH= IB H = AII= BK = BK @A IFE +1/2 E LAHI= A JA S F=II= IFE @A +1/2 F=H= 1/2 ) BK @A @= J J= F=H= K IEIJA = @A N IFE I =J E? I = E D= @ I FH @KJ @=I BK AI E @ELE@K=EI

= (1) (2) (3)... (N ).

! &#

7I= @ =I FH FHEA@=@AI @ I FAH=@ HAI @A IFE A =I BK AI @AI ?HEJ=I =?E = B ?E @A IJH=H GKA = =KJ BK = JAHE H -G ! &# I=JEIB= = AGK= @A 5?DH @E CAH

J N z . 4 2 @A IAH @A IJH=@ GKA AIJ= BK ? HHAIF @A A AHCE= EIJ = AIJ=@ BK @= A J= 1II BAEJ J= @ GKA L= H @A Si Sj h2 /4 A F HJ= J E @= A AHCE= H = h2
N z

! &$ E = NE

E = 2J
i j

Si Sj

! &%

h2 (J /4)Nz @A =? H@ ? HAIK J=@ = JAHE H -G ! &$ + ?K I GKA = ? CKH= @A IFE I FAHBAEJ= A JA = E D=@ I AIJ=@ BK @= A J= F=H= J > 0 7 ? K J @A IFE I =? F =@ I BAHH =C A JE?= A JA AIJ = E D=@ A F=H= A = 0 8= I =C H= @EI?KJEH I AIJ=@ I AN?EJ=@ I @ IEIJA = @A IFE I 7 IEIJA = @A IFE I A ? J=J J H E? ? K HAIAHL=J HE J H E? F H

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

!

ANA F = HA@A A K I E@  AIJ=H = IK= ? CKH= @ AI J=@ BK @= A J= IA T = 0 5KF @ GKA I AIJ=@ I AN?EJ=@ I IA = ?=H=?JAHE =@ I =FA =I F H K@= =I AIJ=@ @A HEA J= @ I IFE I = AN?EJ= E F E?=H HA@K = FH A @ IFE = C @= @EHA @A GK= JE = A@E@= GKA = JA FAH=JKH= =K A J= = ? F A JA z @= =C AJE = IA HA@K 2 @A I @AI?HALAH AIIA FH ?AII ? K = E =CA ? IIE?= @A IFE I GKA FHA?AIIE = A J H @= @EHA z ? K CK GKA L=HE= = C @= @EHA x - JAH I @A A AHCE= AII= B H = @A AN?EJ= A I ?KIJ I= @ GKA = HA@K @= =C AJE = =JH=L I @= E LAHI @A IFE I .EC ! % 8= I ? IE@AH=H K IEIJA = @A N IFE I ?=@= K E JAH=CE @ ? z LE E D I A I > = = @A K ?= F =C JE? B ) D= E J E= = IKF @ =FA =I A J = CK =H @A IFE EIJ 5
N z N

H = 2J
i j

Si Sj gB
i

z Si B

! &&

8= I J =H FA = IE F E?E@=@A K IEIJA = @A IFE I K E@E A IE = AIIA ?=I z = 2 ,AIFHA = @ IACK @ JAH GKA @AI?HALA = E JAH= @ I IFE I ? ?= F * JAH AA =  >JA I F=H= = A AHCE= @ I IFE I E EJA ? IIE? = T = 0 

E1 = 2(N 1)J S 2 .
5A JEL IIA

! &'

KC=H @A K IEIJA = @A IFE I ? J @ I I IFE I = E D=@ I I N 1 IFE I = E D=@ I A K IFE = JEF=H= A = A AHCE= IAHE=

E2 = 2(N 3)J S 2 + 2 2J S 2 .
-II= A AHCE= = @EBAHA = =E H GKA = @ ?=I BAHH =C

! '

JE? ?=I FHA?A@A JA ! '

E = E2 E1 = 8J S 2 .
8= I A AHCE= @=I @A IFE ?=@AE= E A=H (p + 1) ?

IJH=H GKA I IFE I F @A =IIK EH ? CKH= AI AN?EJ=@=I KEJ A H @ GKA = A AHCE= FHA?A@A JA IA B HA ?HE=@=I ) ANFHAII ? IIE?= @= A AHCE= @ IFE @A AH p K = E JAH=CE @ ? I @ EI LE E D I =EI FH NE I (p 1) A

Ep = 2J Sp1 Sp 2J Sp Sp+1 = 2J (Sp1 + Sp+1 ) Sp , ! ' 

GKA AGKEL= A JA =

"

1 JAH=

- JHA , EI 5FE I

Ep =
A GKA *p

2J (Sp1 + Sp+1 ) gB Sp = Bp p , gB ?= F @ALE@ = I LE E D I GKA =JK= I >HA

[111]

! '! A J p

Energia do mgnon (K)

100 80 60 40 20 0 0,2 0,4 0,6

-1

[110] [001]

0,8

Vetor de onda k (A )

.ECKH= ! &  4A = @A @EIFAHI @A C I >JE@= F H AIF= D= A J E A IJE? @A KJH I A RbMnFe3 = 4, 2 =I ?KHL=I I ?= ?K =@=I F=H= @EBAHA JAI @EHA AI =@=FJ=@ @A EJJA ''# ? FAH EII @A D 9E AO  5 I 

1CK= = @ = H= p Bp >JA I

@A L=HE=

A J = CK =H hSp = J HGKA
z

p = 2J Sp (Sp1 + Sp+1 ) = 2J Sp hS
i

Si

! '"

@A = I = BAEJ= I >HA I z IFE I LE E D I = ?=@AE= E A=H *KI?= @ I K AI @ JEF

x Sp = U exp[i(pka t)] y Sp

! '#= ! '#> ? IJ= JAI A p K ! '$

= V exp[i(pka t)],

=I GK=EI a AH E JAEH

F=H AJH @= HA@A U A V I >JA I = ? @E

h (k ) = 4J S [1 cos(ka)].

) BK (k ) ?D= =@= HA = @A @EIFAHI AIJ= IK= ANFHAII x y F=H= @=I @A IFE .EC ! & .E A I = =FH NE = Sp , Sp S A z Sp S L E@= F=H= FAGKA I @AILE I @ I IFE I @= F IE @A AGKE >HE = I J= > >JA I V = iU GKA IJH= GKA LE A J @ I IFE I K = FHA?AII A J H @ AEN I A J I = CK =HAI FHA?AIIE = A J H @= @EHA z A AIJ= AN?EJ= IA FH F=C= = C @= ?=@AE= F = (x, y )

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

#

E EJA @A ? FHE A J I @A @= C I? k = 2/ ka 1 1 (1 cos ka) = 2sen2 (ka/2) 2 (ka)2 A = HA = @A @EIFAHI J H = IA

h = 2J Sa2 k 2 .
1IJ AI = IAH IJH=@ =>=EN  GKA

! '%

h = Dk 2 ,
A

! '&

GKA D = ? IJ= JA @A HECE@A @= @= @A IFE = @AI?HE GK JE?= AH GK JE? @ IFE J J= @ ? K J @A N IFE I F @A JAH L= HAI N S N S 1 N S 2 A =IIE F H @E= JA x 2 HJ= J = ? F A JA z @A K IFE S z @=@= F H KI= @ Sp A y Sp @=I -GI ! '#

Sz =

S 2 S x2 S y 2 =

(S 2 U 2 ) =S

U2 , 2S

! ''

F=H= L= HAI FAGKA I @A U/S AH N (S S z ) GKA = A@E@= @= HA@K = FH A @ IFE J J= = @EHA z F @A =IIK EH =FA =I L= HAI E JAEH I 5A AII= HA@K =II ?E=@= = =F=HA?E A J @A nk @=I @A IFE @A LAJ H @A @= k A ?=@= @= HA@K IFE A K = K E@=@A JA I

U N (S S z ) = N k = nk , 2S
K ) A AHCE= @A E JAH=

!  ! 

2Snk . N @A N F=HAI @A IFE I

2 Uk = N

E = 2J
i

Sp Si = 2J N S 2 cos.

!  

CK

@=@ .EC ! ' F H

sen
2=H= U/S

U sen(ka/2) U ka = = sen . 2 S S 2
>JA I

! !

1 KI= @ cos x = 1 2sen2 (x/2) cos = 1 2 U S

2

sen2

ka , 2

! "

A = A AHCE=

$

1 JAH=

- JHA , EI 5FE I

E = 2J N S 2 + 4J N U 2 sen2
2 HJ= J = A AHCE= @A AN?EJ=
k

ka = 2J N S 2 + 2J N U 2 (1 coska). 2 ! # @A K = @= @A IFE

! $

2 = 2J N U k (1 coska).

u ka

2u sen 1 ka 2

Sp

Sp+1

.ECKH= ! '  5FE I LE E D I = C @= @EHA @A FH F=C= @A K = @= @A IFE A K BAHH =C AJ )I FH A AI @ I IFE I B H = K CK @A ka H=@E= I

=I F H

AE @A ! 
k

= 4J Snk (1 coska).
@=I

! % @=I @A ! &

IFE

)JH=L I @A ! '$ IACKA IA GKA = A AHCE= @A AN?EJ=

k = nk hk .

)I @=I @A IFE I F HJ= J GK= JE =@=I A I GK= J= I ?D= =@ I C I nk AH @A C I? LAJ H @A @= k AH @A C I nk A AGKE >HE JA FAH=JKH= T IACKA K = @EIJHE>KE @A 2 = ?

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

%

nk =
5 = @ = HA@K A @ELE@E @ FA L= H NE = HA =JEL= ANAH? ?E ! !

1 . ! ' exp( hk /kT ) 1 =C AJE = @ALE@= = J @ I I C IA @= =C AJE = F @A I >JAH IK= L=HE kT 2J S

3 /2

M nk = M0 NS

! 

) @AFA @ ?E= ?=H=?JAH IJE?= @= =C AJE = FH F H?E = = T 3/2 K HAIK J=@ ? H =@ ANFAHE A J= A JA A KEJ I IEIJA =I = >=E N=I JA FAH=JKH=I ? DA?E@ ? AE T 3/2 @A * ?D .EC !  2 @A I AIJ=>A A?AH K L ?K A JHA = @AI?HE E?H I? FE?= FHA ?A@A JA @ I BA A I @A @= @A IFE KI= @ = D= E J E= = @A 0AE IA >AHC A = @EI?KII BA A CE?= A JAH I @= =C AJE = ?= E JH @K E@= E ?E @AIJ= IA 2=H= EIJ L= I ANF= @EH = BK @A IE@=@A @A IFE A K = I HEA @A 6=O H A J H @ J @A H@A p

1 (Sp1 + Sp+1 ) = S (x a) + S (x + a) 2S (x)p + a2 v

K

2 S (x) x2

+ ...
! 
p

1 v
J

Si 2S (x)p + a2 2 p S (x),
i

!  

@A S (x)p = @A IE@=@A @A IFE IFE p v L K A GKA ? J ? AIIA IFE A a F=H AJH @A HA@A @= ?=@AE= E A=H 5K>IJEJKE @ = ANF= I = ANFHAII @ J HGKA GKA =CA I >HA IFE p -G ! '" >JA I

p = 2J Sp v [2S (x)p + a2 2 S (x)]. S h p

! ! F=H= A =

5p JA
K

FHE AEH JAH IA J

@ FH @KJ LAJ HE=

AH

F EI S (x)p

p = 2J Sp [a2 v 2 S (x)] S h p (x) = 2J S (x) [a2 v 2 S (x)]. hS S (x) = M(x) , h

! " ! # ! $

7I= @ ! %"

&

1 JAH=

- JHA , EI 5FE I

1,0

0,9

M(T)/M(0)

0,8

0,7

0,6 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7

(T/TC )3/2

.ECKH= !   8=HE= @= =C AJE = AIF J A= @A /@ A BK @= JA FAH=JKH= ANE>E @ = @AFA @ ?E= @= B H = T 3/2 ?=H=?JAH IJE?= @= ? JHE>KE @=I @=I @A IFE =@=FJ=@ @A )ID?H BJ A , AH E '%$ ? FAH EII @= A@EJ H= 

F @A AGK=

I ANFHE EH = -G ! # A JAH I @A ? F=H= @ ? @A LE A J @A -G ! %  HAIK J= = IACKE JA HA =

D = 2J a2 S,
A GKA S IFE

! %

6=>A = ! 11  + IJ= JAI @A HECE@A @A @= @A IFE D F=H= AJ=EI 3d JA FAH=JKH= 2 = >EA JA A A8 2  F=H= ? LAHJAH F=H=  K JEF EGKA F H  $ ' 1042 4AFH @K E@ @A 9 D B=HJD '& ? FAH EII @A - IALEAH HJD 0 = @  -A A J , .A & + # E "##

-IJ= AGK= E ? HF H= = ? AN A JHA =I @K=I => H@=CA I = FH > A = @=I @=I @A IFE = @AI?HE E?H I? FE?= KI= @ = D= E J E = = @A 0AEIA >AHC A = @EI?KII BA A CE?= =JH=L I @= =C AJE = ?= (x) A = IJH= GKA = ? IJ= JA @A HECE@A D LE@A J=>A = ! 11 FH F H?E = ? IJ= JA @A JH ?= J

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

'

-NAH? ?E I
!  4A = IE F AI ? IA

@A @EIFAHI @A C I z 6 = HA = @A @EIFAHI

IJHA GKA F=H= K = HA@A ? >E?= @A C I -G ! '$ J H =

h = 2J S z

cos(k ) ,
?A JH= = ?=@= K 1 @ I IAKI

A GKA LAJ H GKA ? A?J= J LE E D I FH NE I IJHA GKA F=H= ka

h (2J Sa2 )k 2 ,
@A a F=H AJH @A HA@A I @=@= AH @A

! += H AIFA? ? @A C I  ) A AHCE= J J= @A C FA = I = @=I A AHCE=I @A ?=@= C K JEF E?=@= FA C I AIJ=@ k

U=
k

nk h =

V (2 )3

d3 k

h . /kT 1 eh

7I= @ = HA = =FH NE =@= = Ak 2 ?= ?K A U F=H= >=EN=I JA FAH= JKH=I A IJHA GKA U Cv = T 3 /2 . T

! ! AE T 3/2 @A * ?D  ) AN?EJ= L= H @= =C AJE = @A =? H@ ?

J H E?= @A

@=I @A IFE HA@K

M (T ) = M (0) 1
IJHA GKA A

1 NS

nk
k

>=EN=I JA FAH=JKH=I GK= @ (k ) Ak 2

M (T ) M (0) T 3 /2 . M (0)

 

1 JAH=

- JHA , EI 5FE I

AEJKH=I /AH=EI
+H=E , =C AJEI 2HE ?EF AI = @ )FF E?=JE I +DE?DAIJAH D 9E AO  5 I ''# 0AHHE C + =C AJEI 18 / 6 4=@ A 0 5KD A@I  L= ; H )?=@A E? 2HAII '$" =HJE , 0 =C AJEI E 5 E@I @HAI 1 E A '$% 2=JJAHI , 1 JH @K?JE J JDA 6DA HO B 5 E@ 5J=JA 2DOIE?I 4A=@E C )@@EI 9AI AO '% 5 =HJ 5 - A?JELA .EA @ 6DA HEAI B =C AJEI .E =@ = 5=K @AHI '$$ 9E E= I , - / 6DA =C AJE? 2H FAHJEAI B =JJAH @HAI C = I '$$

4ABAH

?E=I *E> E CH

?=I

 ) @AHI 2 9 A + CIJ ) '$ *K ) 2DOI 5 ? $  " )ID?H BJ 9 A AH E , '%$ 5 E@ 5J=JA 2DOIE?I L= ; H 0 J 4E AD=HJ = @ 9E IJ ! + AD H 4 '' 5KFAH =C AJI 0=H@ =C AJE? =JAHE= I ) IJAH@ KMAH )?=@A E? F " " EJJA + '&$ 1 JH @K?JE J 5 E@ 5J=JA 2DOIE?I $ A@ L= ; H D 9E AO  5 I # = @ J * H IJAE '&$ =C AJE? 2H FAHJEAI B AJ= I L= ; H = @ J * H IJAE 6=> AI AM 5AHEAI 111 '= $ =HJE , 0 '$% =C AJEI E 5 E@I @HAI 1 E A % CK?DE 6 '##
) 6DA HO B ) JEBAHH =C AJEI  2H CH 6DA H 2DOI  O J  ! "& & 2=JJAHI , '% 1 JH @K?JE J JDA 6DA HO B 5 E@ 5J=JA 2DOIE?I 4A=@E C )@@EI 9AI AO ' 4K@AH = ) A EJJA + '#"
1 @EHA?J -N?D= CA + KF E C B K? A=H =C AJE? A JI >O + @K?JE - A?JH I 2DOI 4AL '' "'  5 =HJ 5 '$$ - A?JELA .EA @ 6DA HEAI B =C AJEI .E = @ = 5=K @AHI

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

 

 9=JI 4 - '$%
+ @K?JE - A?JH +D=HCA = @ 5FE ,A IEJO - A?JI @KA J 1 FKHEJEAI = @ ?= A JI E AJ= I 0OFAH A 1 JAH=?JE I ) .HAA = A 4 * .H= A A@I  L= ; H )?=@A E? 2HAII F "!  9 D B=HJD - 2 '& .AHH =C AJE? =JAHE= I - 2 9 D B=HJD A@  ) IJAH@ HJD 0 = @ L  F  ! A AH + '#
1 JAH=?JE *AJMAA JDA @ 5DA I E JDA 6H= IE JE AJ= I 2DOI 4AL & ""

1 JAH=

- JHA , EI 5FE I

" =C AJEI )II ?E=@ = I - JH I 1JE AH= JAI

"  1 JH @K
) DEF JAIA @A GKA I A JH I I EJE AH= JAI F @A IAH KI=@= = @AI ?HE @=I FH FHEA@=@AI =C JE?=I @ I AJ=EI - JH I EJE AH= JAI I A JH I GKA FAH = A?A ? =@ I A K @=@ J A= E L I @EII LA IA =JH=L I @A J @= = =JHE -IJ= @AI?HE IA =F E?= = ? F HJ= A J @ I A JH I I AJ=EI + AIJ= DEF JAIA F @A I ANF E?=H F H ANA F F=H= =C AJEI E @AFA @A JA @= JA FAH=JKH= F=H= =C AJEI @A 2=K E @ I AJ=EI = ?= E I  E = 4> A +I A BAHH =C AJEI @ I AJ=EI @= I HEA 3d .A E A +  A IK=I EC=I I A JH I EJE AH= JAI ?KF= AIJ=@ I ? K = @EIJHE>KE @A A AH CE= GK=IA ? J K= AIIAI AIJ=@ I IKHCA A@E@= GKA AJ= IA B H = FA = K @A J I EI =@ I ? E KIJH=@ = .EC "  1 E?E= A JA r =  ANEIJA =FA =I AIJ=@ I =J E? I A@E@= GKA I J I IA =FH NE = K I @ I KJH I I AIJ=@ I =J E? I HECE = A JA AIJHAEJ I IA = =HC= 2=H= = IAF=H= =J E?= @A AGKE >HE r = r0  F=II= = D=LAH K = IKFAHF IE @=I B=EN=I @A A AHCE= @ I A JH I 4s A 3d  ANA F @= .EC "  GKA IJH= AIGKA =JE?= A JA = IEJK= @ .A AJ E?  B H = @ >= @=I K B=EN=I I A JH I @=I

 "

=C AJEI

1JE AH= JA

>= @=I I ?= E =@ I IA @ ? F=HJE D=@ I F H J @ I I J I @ ?HEIJ= I A A A J I @ CHKF @ BAHH I A JH I 3d I HAIF I LAEI FA =C AJEI A I A JH I 4s @ K = ? JHE>KE A H I FH FHEA@=@AI =C JE?=I EIJ ALE@A JA F H ANA F I L= HAI @ I ? HHAIF @A JAI A J I =C JE? I F H J J=>A = " 1 ?=H JAH EJE AH= JA @ I A JH I 3d HAIF I LAEI FA =C AJEI @ I A A A J I @ CHKF @ BAHH ? JH=IJ= ? ? F HJ= A J ?= E =@ @ I A JH I 4f GKA @AIA FA D= AI F=FA =I JAHH=I H=H=I I =?JE @A I ?K =C AJEI IA HECE = @= ?= =@= 5f E ? F AJ= = IEJK= =EI ? F AN= CH=K @A ?= E = L=HE= = C @= I HEA 2=H= K = ? F=H= A JHA I ? F HJ= A J I AIF=?E=EI @=I ?= =@=I 3d 4f A 5f LAH = .EC "
3d
0.0

Energia (Rydberg)

0.2

4p
0.4

4s
0.6

3d

0.8 0 1

r0 3 6 2 4 5 7 Separao internuclear (unidades atmicas)

.ECKH= "   4AFHAIA J= AIGKA JE?= @ = =HC= A J @ I AIJ=@ I @A A AHCE= @ I A JH I 4s A 3d A .A AJ E? A BK @= IAF=H= r A JHA I J I A@E@= GKA I J I IA =FH NE = K I @ I KJH I F=H= B H =H K ?HEIJ= ? = @EIJ ?E= @A AGKE >HE r = r0  I AIJ=@ I =J E? I @ KC=H = AIJ=@ I GKA IA I >HAF A A A AHCE= B H = @ >= @=I K B=EN=I

) AIJHKJKH= @A >= @=I @EBAHA JA A JHA AJ=EI H =EI AJ=EI >HAI A AJ=EI @A JH= IE LAH IA  1IJ F @A IAH LEIJ = HAFHAIA J= AIGKA JE?= @= ?KHL= @A A AHCE= LAJ H @A @= k = ?KHL= @A @EIFAHI  A = ?KHL= @A IE@=@A @A AIJ=@ I A AHCE= 1IJ IJH=@ = .EC " ! =I ?= =@=I BA?D=@=I I AIJ=@ I @A JEF =J E? GKA =F=HA?A = F=HJA E BAHE H @ I CH ? I =I E D=I HAJ=I I CH ? I I A JH I @A ? @K =F=HA?A = F=HJA IKFAHE H B H = @ >= @=I F=H=> E?=I I CH ? I @A @A IE@=@A @A AIJ=@ I I A JH I d HAFHAIA J=@ I F H K FE? =EI AIJHAEJ =I ?KHL=I n(E ) I ?= E =@ I A >=EN=I A AHCE=I I AJ=EI H =EI A A AHCE=I E JAH A@E HE=I I AJ=EI >HAI A A

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

 #

6=>A = " 1  A J I =C JE? I @ BAHH ? >= J A GKA A ? JHE>KE AI d A s A@E@=I =JH=L I @= @EBH= @A KJH I F =HE =@ I 9 D B=HJD '& ? FAH EII @A - IALEAH HJD 0 = @ A J =C JE? J J= B  A J @ I A JH I !@ B  A J @ I A JH I "I B  .A $ !'   +  %#  ''  & E  $$ $   #

A AHCE=I AJ=EI ? IA AIJ

=EI = J=I I AJ=EI @A JH= IE ) >= @= d @AI@ >H=@= I >HAI A @A JH= IE A =I IK> >= @=I IKFAHE HAI IA IKFAHF A JH I @A ? @K A = > I I ?=I I ) IK> >= @= IKFAHE H LA @A .AH E ?=I @ I AJ=EI @A JH= IE

1,0

0,9

An (5f)
0,8

Fe (3d)
[<r4>nf]1/4/dAn-An
0,7

0,6

0,5

Pr
0,4

Nd

Ln (4f) Sm Eu
Am

Gd

0,3

Th

Pa

Np

Pu

Cm

Bk

.ECKH= "  4= A JHA I H=E I @E I @=I ?= =@=I E ? F AJ=I A = IAF=H= E JAH=J E?= F=H= A JH I 3d @ .A 4f @ I = J= @A I   A 5f @ I =?JE @A I )  LAHIKI Z JA = CH= @A @EBAHA = A JHA = H= F=H= .A A F=H= =I JAHH=I H=H=I A = B HJA @AFA @ ?E= @= H= ? Z F=H= I =?JE @A I =@=FJ=@ @A = @ J * H IJAE '' ? FAH EII 

) HA = @A @EIFAHI F=H= I AJ=EI >HAI IJH= @AILE I A HA = B H = FAHJKH>=@= I F J I @A =I @K=I >= @=I IA ?HK = K BA A ? DA?E@ ? DE>HE@E =

 $
E E

=C AJEI

1JE AH= JA

(A)

Caroo

Conduo

n(E)

n(E)

n(E)

E EF

E EF

E EF

(B)

Caroo

Conduo

Normal

Nobre

Transio

.ECKH= " !  4AFHAIA J= AIGKA JE?= @A a @A IE@=@A @A AIJ=@ I A AJH n(E ) b ?KHL= @A E (k) ?KHL= @A @EIFAHI  @A K AJ= H = K AJ= AK AJ= @A JH= IE =@=FJ=@ @A /AH '%!

E? I >HA

"

) 5KI?AJE>E E@=@A 2=H= =C JH I ELHAI

JE?= @ I -

@A =EI IE F AI @A A JH I EJE AH= JAI @A K C I @A A JH I ELHAI EIJ K C I @A A JH I GKA E JAH=CA A ? I ?=H I =J E? I A A JHA IE ) ANFHAII F=H= = @A IE@=@A J J= @A AIJ=@ I @A A AHCE= @AIIA C I .EC " " IK> AJE@= =FA =I = L ?K @A AIJ=HA ? JE@ I L K AV >JE@= @= AGK= @A 5?DH @E CAH A @=@= F H

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

 %

N (E ) = 4V

2me h2

3 /2

E 1 /2 ,

" 

A GKA me = =II= @ A JH A E = A AHCE= LAH ANAH? ?E " # +=@= AIJ=@ F @A IAH ?KF=@ F H NE @ EI A JH I K ? IFE F=H= ?E = ms = + 1  A KJH ? IFE F=H= >=EN ms = 1 2 2 ) T = 0 J @ I I AIJ=@ I =J EF = A AHCE= NE = ?D= =@= @A A AHCE= @A .AH E I ?KF=@ I F H @ EI A JH I ?=@= A AH J J= @A A JH I L K A V C I @A A JH I ELHAI
EF

N=
0

N (E )dE = 4V = 8V 3 2me h2

2me h2
3 /2

3 /2 0

EF

E 1/2 dE =
" 

EF .

3 /2

N(E)

kT

EF

Energia

.ECKH= " "  ,A IE@=@A @A AIJ=@ I N (E ) A BK A JH I ELHAI = 0 -G "  A JA FAH=JKH= T LA @A .AH E EF

@= A AHCE= F=H= K C I @A I AIJ=@ I I ?KF=@ I =J

5K>IJEJKE @ = ANFHAII = @A IE@=@A @A AIJ=@ I ?

@A N -G "  A K = BK @

"  F @A I AI?HALAH AH J J= @A A JH I N

N (E ) = 4V

2me h2

3 /2

E 1 /2 =

3 2

N
3 /2 EF

E 1 /2 .

" !

-IJ= ANFHAII @AI?HALA = @A IE@=@A @A AIJ=@ I A AJH E? I F=H= K IEIJA = JHE@E A IE = ) @A IE@=@A @A AIJ=@ I @ C I @A A JH I ELHAI

 &

=C AJEI

1JE AH= JA

@AFA @A @= @E A IE = E@=@A @ AIF= GK= AI AIJ ? =@ 5A I A JH I AIJ ? =@ I F H ANA F = K = HACE >E@E A IE = K A K JH=  K = K K JH= =I @A IE@=@AI HAIK J= JAI =FHAIA J= B H = @EBAHA JA @= AGK= =?E = AN 2 A A MA ! )I ?KHL=I @A @A IE@=@A @A AIJ=@ I F=H= AJ=EI HA=EI F @A IAH KEJ =EI ? F E?=@=I @ GKA E @E?=@ = -G " ! K = ?KHL= ?= ?K =@= F=H= BAHH ??? @=@= ? ANA F = .EC " # ) FH >=>E E@=@A @A GKA K AIJ=@ @A A AHCE= E IA = ?KF=@ F H K A JH JA FAH=JKH= T f (E ) = BK @A .AH E ,EH=?

1 , " " exp[(E )/kT ] + 1 IA @ = (T ) F JA ?E= GK E? GK= = T = 0 E@ JE? A AHCE= NE = EF A AHCE= @A .AH E .EC " " .EC " $ EF @= H@A @A = CK I A JH L JI A kT A JA FAH=JKH=I KIK=EI @= H@A 1 @A 2 A8 JA FAH=JKH= = >EA JA T = 300  JA I kT = 40 A8 f (E ) =
N (E)
45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0,7

0,6

0,5

0,4

0,3

0,2

0,1

0,0

0,1

E (Ryd)

.ECKH= " #  ,A IE@=@A @A AIJ=@ I ?= ?K =@= F H J N (E ) F=H= BAHH ??? A BK @= A AHCE= A K E@=@AI @A 4O@>AHC  4O@ & 18  ) HECA @=I A AHCE=I AIJ LA @A .AH E =@=FJ=@ @A 9 D B=HJD '& ? FAH EII @A - IALEAH HJD 0 = @ 

= ANFHAII

@= @A IE@=@A J J= @A AIJ=@ I N (E )

I A JH

I J

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

 '

=FA =I A AHCE= ?E JE?= F EI AIJ= I E@= @ ? K C I @A A JH I ELHAI = A AHCE= F JA ?E= AH 5A =F E?=H I K ?= F =C JE? ANJAH @A E @K B0 IKHCA K JAH @A A AHCE= =C JE?= ? HHAI F @A JA = B B0 F=H= I A JH I ? A J =C JE? F=H= ?E = A +B B0 F=H= I @A A J =C JE? F=H= >=EN  I A JH I EC=@ I J =FA =I A J I @A IFE  AH J J= @A A JH I F H K E@=@A @A L K A n = n + n =JKH= A JA L=HE= D=LA @ =C H= =FA =I K = @EBAHA ?E= A JHA n A n J= @ = @A E @A EF @= CKH= .EC " % F @A I >IAHL=H KI= @ n(E ) = N (E )/V GKA

n =
A

1 2 1 2

EF

n(E + B B0 )dE =
B B0

1 2

EF +B B0

n(E )dE
0

" #=

EF

n =

n(E B B0 )dE =
B B0

1 2

EF B B0

n(E )dE.
0

" #>

f (E)
1,0

kT=0 kT= 1 m 5

0,8

0,6

0,4

0,2

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

1,2

1,4

Energia, em unidades de m

.ECKH= " $  ,EIJHE>KE @A .AH E ,EH=? -G " " GKA @ = ?KF= A AJH E? I JA FAH=JKH= T = 0 A T = 0

@ I AIJ=@ I

=C AJE =

HAIK J= JA

@=@= F H " $

M = B (n n ),
GKA ECK= =
EF +B B0 0

1 B 2

n(E )dE +
0 EF B B0

n(E )dE

!

=C AJEI

1JE AH= JA

1 B 2

EF +B B0

n(E )dE.
EF B B0

" %

7I= @ JA HA = BK @= A J= @ + ?K 1 JACH= = E JACH= = JA HE H A JHA EF A EF + A GKA = B B0  E EJA 0 ECK= = E JACH= @  F J E = EF  LA AI 2 = 2B B0 ,= @A? HHA

M = 2 B B0 n(EF ),
A = IKI?AJE>E E@=@A =  @=@= F H M/H = 0 M/B0 A J

" & " '

0 = 0 2 B n(EF ).
Energia total (cintica + magntica)

Nvel de Fermi Paralelo ao campo Oposto ao campo

2mBB0 N(E)

.ECKH= " %  ,A IE@=@A @A AIJ=@ I @A K C I @A A JH I ELHAI ? JE? I F=H= A I  A A J I =C JE? I = JEF=H= A I  A K B0 JA GKA n = n @ GKA IA IACKA GKA IEIJA = JA K =
M = B (n n )

A J I =C ?= F =C JE? =C AJE = J J=

-IJ= = IKI?AJE>E E@=@A @A 2=K E @ C I @A A JH I AH =>I KJ -II= IKI?AJE>E E@=@A FH F H?E = @A IE@=@A @A AIJ=@ I A AJH E? I LA @A .AH E - JA FAH=JKH=I =?E = @A  = FH F H @A AIJ=@ I A AJH E? I ?KF=@ I A BK @= JA FAH=JKH= A KJH=I F= =LH=I = AIJ=J IJE?=

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

!

JA GKA IAH AL=@= A ? IE@AH= 6A I A J GKA B= AH K = ? L K @= BK @A IE@=@A @A AIJ=@ I ? = @EIJHE>KE @A .AH E ,EH=? f (E ) HAIK J= @ = FH >=>E E@=@A @A ?KF= @ I AIJ=@ I JA FAH= JKH= T AH @A A JH I ? A J I =C JE? I F=H= A I = ?= F =C JE? F=H= ?E = A = JEF=H= A I F=H= >=EN  F H K E@=@A @A L K A =C H= B= A @ = K@= = @A L=HE LAEI ? =I -GI " #

n = n =

1 2 1 2

n(E )f (E B B0 )dE
0

" = " >

n(E )f (E + B B0 )dE.
0

?=I F=HJE?K =H @A K C I @A A JH I ELHAI = @A IE@=@A @A AIJ= @ I @=@= FA = ANFHAII "  5K>IJEJKE @ n(E ) = N (E )/V = -G "  A KI= @ =I -GI " ! A " "

n =
K

3 4

n
3 /2 EF 0

E 1/2 dE exp[(E B B0 )/kT ] + 1

0

" =

n =
?

3 4

n EF
3 /2

(kT )3/2

x1/2 dx , exp(x ) + 1

" >

x = E/kT A = (B B0 + )/kT -I?HALA @

F1/2 () =
AH J J= @A A JH

x1/2 dx exp(x ) + 1

"  

I F H K E@=@A @A L K A J H = IA
3 /2

n = n + n =
A= =C AJE =

3n 4

kT EF

B B0 + kT

+F

J H = IA

B B0 + kT " !

M = B (n n ) =

3nB 4

kT EF

3 /2

F .

B B0 + kT

" "

B B0 + kT

)I E JACH=EI F () F @A IAH ?= ?K =@=I K AHE?= A JA A B H= J= >K =@=I F H ?, KC= A 5J AH '!& ,= ANFHAII @A M F @A IAH IJH=@ ANF= @E @ A I HEA = BK F GKA = IKI?AJE>E E@=@A IA J H =

!

=C AJEI

1JE AH= JA

= 0 2 B n(EF ) 1
A

2 12

kT EF

" #

GKA 0 2 B n(EF ) = 0 -G " ' LAH ANAH? ?E "  + kT EF F @A I LAH F H AE @= -G " # GKA = IKI?A JE>E E@=@A F=H= K C I @A A JH I ELHAI ?D= =@= IKI?AJE>E E@=@A @A 2=K E FH=JE?= A JA E @AFA @A JA @= JA FAH=JKH= A @=@= F H

= 0 2 B n(EF ).

" $

) IKI?AJE>E E@=@A @A 2=K E FAGKA = @= H@A @= IKI?AJE>E E@=@A @E= =C JE?= 1IJ IEC E ?= GKA =K A J @= JA FAH=JKH= AN?EJ= I A JH I @=I @K=I IK> >= @=I =FH NE =@= A JA @= AI = = AEH= = JA @ >= = A JHA I IFE I

"!

.AHH H= JAI

=C AJEI

@ I - JH

I 1JE A

7 @A IE F AI F=H= = @AI?HE @ BAHH =C AJEI @ I AJ=EI @A JH= IE @A @A 5J AH '!& GKA JH=J= =I E JAH= AI A JH A JH = =FH NE = @ ?= F @E ,A B H = = C= = JH=J= A J @ =C AJEI @ I A JH I ?= E =@ I F @A IA >JAH = =C AJE = @ I A JH I EJE AH= JAI ? = IA = JAHE H A A J =?HAI?A J=H KJH ?= F =C JE?  ?= F A?K =H = B0 ) JAI @A B= AH EII A J= J L= I @EI?KJEH = ? @E GKA I F=H AJH I @= >= @= @A ? @K FHA?EI= I=JEIB= AH F=H= GKA AIJ= IA H@A A =C AJE?= A JA AII= ? @E ?HEJ HE @A 5J AH

"!

=C AJE =

= T =0

+HEJ HE @A 5J

AH

7 = >= @= @AI@ >H=@= ? n A JH I F=H= ?E = A n A JH I F=H= >=EN JA K = =C AJE = @=@= FA = -G " $ 5K= E JAH= ? K ?= F A?K =H *m @AI?HEJ= F H

Hm =
K

1 2

1 Bm = B (n n )m B (n n ) 2

" %

1 1 Hm = m B 2 (n n )2 = m B 2 (n2 4n n ), 2 2

" &

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

!!

A GKA KI= I n = n + n B=J H 1 " % IKHCA @ B=J @A 2 A GKA Hm @AI?HALA = E JAH= @= =C AJE = ? K ?= F A?K =H FH @K E@ FA = AI = =C AJE = 2 @A I LAH GKA Hm JA @ EI JAH I K ? IJ= JA n2  A KJH A n n 4AJAHA I =FA =I JE JAH @ @A

Hm = 2U n n ,
A

" ' =

F=H AJH @A 5J AH K @A 5J AH 0K>>=H@ GKA U = + n = n = n/2 F=H= = >= @= @AI =C AJE =@= = L=HE= =C AJE = Em A@E@= GKA = >= @= =C AJE =@= IAH

m 2 B

Em = 2U n n 2U

n2 1 = U n2 4 2

n n n

" 

dE

Nvel de Fermi

N(E)

.ECKH= " &  ,A IE@=@A @A AIJ=@ I @A K C I @A A JH I ELHAI ? JE? I F=H= ?E =  A A J I =C JE? I F=H= >=EN  5 > K = HA= @= HACE I >HA=@= = IK> >= @= HEA J=@= F=H= >=EN J F @= IK> >= @= HEA J=@= F=H= ?E = IK= F IE = AIJ= IJH=@= J= >

A J I =C ?= F =C JE? JH= IBAHE@= F=H= JE = IK> >= @=

3K= @ C I @A A JH I =C AJE =@ =I >= @=I @AI@ >H=@=I A I @AI ?=@=I 2E K = A HA = KJH= ) K@= = A A AHCE= ?E JE?= ? HHAIF @A ? IJH=@ = .EC " & A AL= @= HACE I >HA=@= @= IK> >= @= @A A J =C JE? F=H= >=EN F=H= ?KF=H = F IE @= HACE I >HA=@= = IK> >= @= @A A J =C JE? F=H= 1 ( n n ) A @AI ?= A J LAHJE?= ?E = ) HA= @A ?=@= HACE 2 E

!" ) L=HE= J J= @A A AHCE= ?E JE?= Ek

=C AJEI

1JE AH= JA

A J

Ek =
2 HJ= J = L=HE= =C AJE =@= IAH

1 (n n )E. "  2 J J= @A A AHCE= A@E@= GKA = IK> >= @=

1 ET = Em + Ek = U n2 2
+

n n n

1 + (n n )E. " 2

n(EF )E = (n n ),
IK>IJEJK I E = -G "  A >JA I

" !

1 1 ET = (n n )2 U [1 ] 2 U n(EF )
K

ET =

(n n )2 [1 U n(EF )]. 2U n(EF )

I @AHEL=H @AIJ= AGK=

" " =I

+ = BH= IA FHA F IEJEL= F @A IACKE JAI ? @E AI M = =C AJE = 

Se [1 U n(EF )] > 0, ET Se [1 U n(EF )] < 0, ET

1IJ IEC E ?= GKA = ? F=H= (n n ) = 0 @E

F=H= M = 0 (n n = 0) F=H= M = 0 (n n = 0) " # F=H= H@A =C JE?= AIF J A= EIJ " $

E E

[1 U n(EF )] < 0.

-IJ= ? @E ? DA?E@= ? ?HEJ HE @A 5J AH F=H= BAHH =C AJEI ,= L IA GKA BAHH =C AJEI B=L HA?E@ F=H= E JAH= AI A JH A JH B HJAI EIJ ? U CH= @A A = J= @A IE@=@A @A AIJ=@ I n(EF ) LA @A .AH E 8= HAI ?= ?K =@ I @A [1 U n(EF )] HAIK J= @A 0, 5 = 0, 7 F=H= .A 1, 1 F=H= E A +0, 2 F=H= 2@ 9 D B=HJD '& I AJ=EI @A JH= IE BAHH =C JE? I F @A JAH @EBAHA JAI CH=KI @A ?KF= @=I IK> >= @=I @A IFE F=H= ?E = A F=H= >=EN I BAHH =C AJ I EJE AH= JAI B HJAI J =FA =I K = IK> >= @= E ? F AJ= A = KJH= J J= A JA FHAA ?DE@= AN GKA  I BAHH =C AJ I BH=? I AN BAHH  J = >=I IK> >= @=I E ? F AJ=I .EC " '

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

!#

E EF

E EF

E EF

a N(E) 0 N(E) N(E) 0

b N(E) N(E) 0

c N(E)

.ECKH= " '  +KHL=I @A @A IE@=@A @A AIJ=@ I @A A JH I 3d ? IFE F=H= ?E =  A IFE F=H= >=EN  =I IACKE JAI IEJK= AI a F=H= =C AJ b BAHH =C AJ BH=? A c BAHH =C AJ B HJA

"!

=C AJE =

= T =0

@A 5J AH I A JH I ? A J I F=H= ?E = A F=H= >=EN AIJ I > = = @A ?= F I =C JE? I B A B GKA E ? KA ?= F ANJAH B0 A K ?= F A?K =H m M

B = B = B0 + m M.
JE = = =KI ?E= @A K ?= F ANJAH M = B (n n ) B0 = 0 E JH @K E @ =

" % =C A " & = = m 

B = B = m M = m B (n n ).
? 7I= @ ? F=H AJH @A ?= F @E A I @A JA FAH=JKH= A?K =H FH F H?E

=
IA @ k = ? IJ= JA @A * J

m n2 B , k = ?= F

" ' =C JE? " ! ?= F A?K =H " != " !>

B = B =
) A AHCE= @A K A JH A

k (n n ) nB

?=@= IK> >= @=

E = Ek k E = Ek + k
A GKA Ek = A AHCE= ?E JE?=

( n n ) n (n n ) , n

!$ 1 JH @K E @ HA =JEL= A B  A J =C

=C AJEI

1JE AH= JA

JE? F H A JH

=C AJE = " ! 

IA

)I AGK= AI " 

n n . n @A 5J AH F=H= BAHH =

=C AJEI

J H =

n = n =

1 2 1 2

n(E )f (E B B0 k )dE
0

" !!= " !!>

n(E )f (E + B B0 + k )dE.
0

?=I A GKA B = 0 A F=H= A JH I ELHAI JA I A FHAC= @ =I AGK= AI = JAHE HAI F=H= n A M -GI " ! A " " ? = (k + )/kT

n=

3 n 4

kT EF kT EF

3 /2

F
3 /2

k + kT F k + kT

+F

k + kT k + kT .

" !" " !#

M=

3 nB 4

4AI LA @ K AHE?= A JA =I E JACH=EI F=H= B = 0 >JA I = =C AJE = M K = =C AJE = F H K E@=@A @A =II= (B0 , T ) = M/ A GKA = @A IE@=@A K =E @= = =C AJE = HA@K E@= = (B0 , T )/ (0, 0) A =I IKI?AJE>E E@=@AI I HAIK J=@ I >JE@ I I IJH=@ I =I .ECI "  A "  )I ?KHL=I @A =C AJE = HAIK J= JAI HAFH @K A H= =LA A JA >A =I A@E@=I ANFAHE A J=EI AN @=I EC=I +K E .EC "  =I GK=EI AII=I ?KHL=I F=H= @ELAHI=I ? ?A JH= AI F @A IAH = KIJ=@=I ? ? FKJ=@ F=H= @EBAHA JAI L= HAI @A k + JH=HE= A JA = GKA A ? JH= I ?=I @ =C AJEI ?= E =@  @A 9AEII @A 5J AH ANEIJA K L= H ?H JE? @ F= H AJH EIJ ANEIJA K L= H @A k /EF =>=EN @ GK= ANEIJA H@A =C JE?= .EC "   ?=I ?= E =@ TC FH F H?E = = m K J -G  &! @A @ GKA F=H= GK= GKAH L= H @A J = H@A BAHH =C JE?= IA AIJ=>A A?A KJH= @EBAHA = ?=I EJE AH= JA GKA AI GK= @ = H@A =C JE?= ANEIJA 0 EIJ =   F @A K =JE CEH IAK L= H NE = 1 I L= HAI ?H JE? I @A k /EF F @A IAH >JE@ I @=I AGK= AI E JA CH=EI GKA @A A n A M -GI " ! A " " 3K= @ T 0 = BK @A .AH E,EH=? f (E ) -G " " = -G " = JA @A =  F=H=

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

!%

1,0

1,2 1,0 0,794 0,680

1,2 1,0 0,794

z z0

0,5

z0 . B0 z kTC
0,680

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

T/TC
.ECKH= "   =C AJE = AIF J A= HA@K E@= /0  A E LAHI @= IKI?AJE>E E@=@A HA@K E@= LAHIKI JA FAH=JKH= T /TC F=H= @EBAHA JAI L= HAI @A k /EF @A 5J AH

E < EF A =I BK AI F [(k + )/kT ] A F [(k + )/kT ] J H = IA 2/3[(k + )/kT ]3/2 A 2/3[(k + )/kT ]3/2 HAIFA?JEL= A JA )I ANFHAII AI F=H= n A M I >JE@=I @=I -GI " !" A " !# A IA AI?HALA 1 n 2 kT EF kT EF
3 /2

n=

k + ) kT k + kT

3 /2

+
3/ 2

k + kT k + kT

3 /2

" !$
3 /2

M=

1 nB 2

3 /2

" !%

JA

,ELE@E @ = FHE AEH= AGK= I I = @ A IK>JH=E @

F H n A = IACK @= AGK=

F H nB

(1 + ) = (1 ) =
- AL= @ >JA I F J ?E=
3 3

1
3/ 2 EF

(EF + k )3/2 (EF k )3/2 .

" !&= " !&> @= FHE AEH= " !'

1
3 /2 EF

A IK>JH=E @ = IACK @= AGK=

(1 + )2/3 (1 )2/3 =

2k . EF

!&

=C AJEI

1JE AH= JA

1,0

0 (Ni) 8,6% Cu 18,9 37,4 42,3 44,9

0,8

Magnetizao reduzida

0,6

0,4

0,2

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

Temperatura reduzida T/TC

.ECKH= "   =C AJE = HA@K E@= /0  @A 5J AH LAHIKI JA FAH=JKH= HA@K E@= T /TC F=H= @EBAHA JAI L= HAI @ F=H AJH k /EF A L= HAI ANFAHE A J=EI @= =C AJE = AIF J A= A EC=I +Kx E1x

L= H @A k /EF =>=EN @ GK= F @A ? HHAH H@A =C JE?= >JE@ HAAI?HALA @ IA = -G " !' F=H= FAGKA I L= HAI @A AIJA ?=I

2 (1 + )2/3 =1+ 3
A = -G " !' ?=

" "

2 k . = 3 EF
+ IAG A JA A JA =C JE?= AIJ= ? @E " $ LAH ANAH? ?E L= H @A k /EF F @A IAH ?= ?K =@ J

" "

=>=EN @A k /EF = 2/3 ANEIJA H@A BAHH AGKEL= A JA = ?HEJ HE @A 5J AH KIK= -G " ! F=H= GK= 0 = ?= = IAK L= H NE = 1  = @ IA @= H@A @A  AIIA ?=I

(1 + )2/3 = 22/3

" " 

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

!'

1,0

0,5

0 0,65

0,70

0,75

0,80

k '/EF

.ECKH= "   =C AJE = @A 5J AH

AIF

A= 0  = T = 0

LAHIKI F=H

AJH k /EF

(1 )2/3 = 0.
JH= I GKA =>=EN @A K

" "! L= H @A

5K>IJEJKE @ = -G " !' A ? k /EF @=@ F H

k = 21/3 , EF

" ""

ANEIJA I=JKH= A KJH=I F= =LH=I JA =  K L= H 0 < 1 ) CKH= "  IJH= = L=HE= @A 0 A BK @A k /EF F @A I LAH L= H @ E E=H @A k /EF F=H= H@A =C JE?=  $$% A L= H 1 =>=EN @ GK= = =C AJE = =0 I=JKH=@= k /EF = 2 3 = 0, 794

" " 5EIJA =I )? F =@ I JAI

?= E =@ 1JE AH=

@A ? AJEL @A 5J AH FH F H?E = K = @AI?HE IE F AI A HAFH @K L HE I =IFA?J I @ ? F HJ= A J @ I AJ=EI ? F H ANA F = L=HE= @= =C AJE = A BK @= JA FAH=JKH= I AJ=EI @ CHKF d J= ? GKA 7 @A ? JA @ J= J A J I ?= E =@ I GK= J A J I EJE AH= JAI JA IE@ KJE E =@ = CK =I LA AI F=H= @AI?HALAH = CK I AJ=EI BAHH =C JE? I ) GKAIJ @= ? A NEIJ ?E= @A A J I ?= E =@ I A EJE AH= JAI AIJAI AJ=EI K F J ? JH LAHJE@

"

=C AJEI

1JE AH= JA

2 H KJH =@ J= @A EIJ F=HA?A F=HJE?K =H A JA =FH FHE=@ F=H= ?AHJ I IEIJA =I AJ E? I I HABAHE I = I ? F IJ I E JAH AJ E? I ? JA @ JAHH=I H=H=I A AJ=EI @A JH= IE d -IIAI ? F IJ I =FHAIA J= FH FHEA@=@AI GKA I ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I @A IEIJA =I ?= E =@ I AN @AFA @ ?E= JEF +KHEA 9AEII F=H= = IKI?AJE>E E@=@A =@ = =@ ? KJH=I =II ?E=@=I = =C AJEI EJE AH= JA AN @AFA @ ?E= JEF 5 =JAH 2=K E C F=H= I A J I d ) CK I @AIIAI ? F IJ I IA H@A = =C AJE?= A JA AI I ?=I I A GKA = JAHH= H=H= FHAIA JA =C JE?= AN 4.A2 42 .A17  =C AJEI =GKE HAIK J= @= E JA H= d d A K BA A @A >= @= KJH I ? F IJ I IA H@A = =FA =I IA AJ= @A JH= IE AIJ ? >E =@ ? K = JAHH= H=H= =C JE?= AN 4 E2  AIJAI = H@A IKHCA @= E JAH= A JHA I A J I ?= E =@ I =JH=L I @ I A JH I @A ? @K 7 JAH?AEH CHKF ANE>A ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I EIJ=I ? J= J =I JAHH=I H=H=I ? I A JH I d ? JHE>KE @ F=H= TC +=H=?JAHE = @ =I E JAH= AI d d ? F=H AJH k A = E JAH= A JHA I A JH I @A ? @K A A J I ?=EI  A J = CK =H J  ? F=H AJH J F @A I =CHKF=H AIJAI IEIJA =I A GK=JH ? =IIAI ANA F E ?=@=I FA I ? F IJ I E JAH AJ E? I @A JAHH= H=H= ? AJ= @A JH= IE @= I HEA )*2  k FAGKA J J = 0 AN K E2 TC 0 k CH= @A J J = 0 AN K.A2 TC 600 ! k FAGKA J J = 0 AN /@ E2 TC 80 " k CH= @A J J = 0 AN /@.A2 TC 800 AIJK@ @ I ? F IJ I @A JAHH=I H=H=I A AJ=EI 3d =JH=EK KEJ E JAHAIIA @ALE@ A H A E F HJ ?E= @AIIAI =JAHE=EI F=H= = B=>HE?= @A I FAH = A JAI AIJ= =F E?= =I A AL=@=I JA FAH=JKH=I @A H@A = A J =C JE? =II ?E=@=I = I A A A J I 3d I ? >E =@=I ? =I B HJAI = EI JH FE=I ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I @=I JAHH=I H=H=I LAH +=F JK I  A # 2=H= AIJK@=H AIIAI IEIJA =I L= I ? IE@AH=H K @A GK= AIJ FHAIA JAI @K=I IK> HA@AI =? F =@=I = IK> HA@A i   A = IK> HA@A e A JH  ,=@ GKA = IKFAHF IE @ I H>EJ=EI 4f @ I @EBAHA JAI J I @AIFHA LA AIIAI H>EJ=EI E JAH=CA =FA =I =JH=L I @ I A JH I @A ? @K I A JH I @A ? @K A J= J E JAH=CA ? I I A A JHA IE I ?= F I A?K =HAI GKA =JK= I >HA I I A I >HA I A JH I I

Bi = B0 + Be = B0 +
?

1 J (g 1)J e B

" "#= " "#> '& 

1 [J (g 1)J i + k e ], B
=HA = AJ =

= Me /(ne B ) A i = Mi /(ni gB J AN 1=

=C AJEI

A 4AII

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=C

JE?= A

E@ I

"

)I AGK= AI @A 5J KC=H @A B0

AH -GI " ! A " " I

HAAI?HEJ=I ?

Be

n = n + n =

3n 4

kT EF

3 /2

F 3n B 4

+ B Be kT kT EF
3/ 2

+F

B Be kT

" "$

M = B (n n ) =

F .

+ B Be kT

B Be kT

" "% I " "&

E EJA T 0 = = C= A JA

-G " !' JA

(1 + e )2/3 (1 e )2/3 = 2

J k e + 2J (g 1) i . EF EF

2=H= >JAH =I =C AJE = AI e (T ) A i (T ) HAI LA I =I -GI " "$ A " "% K AHE?= A JA )I ?KHL=I HAIK J= JAI @A =C AJE = A F=H= E LAHI @= IKI?AJE>E E@=@A I IJH=@=I = .EC " !  E EJA @A >= @= AIJHAEJ= )I ?KHL=I @A =C AJE = A AJH E?= A IKI?AJE>E E@=@A I IA A D= JAI GKA =I >JE@=I ? @A 5J AH IE F AI 2 @A IAH LEIJ .EC " ! GKA e (T ) AH AI ?=I A GKA k /EF = 0 ) =C AJE = E E?= i (T ) IA FHA =JE CA IAK L= H NE = 1  = T = 0 2=H= T TC E LAHI @= IKI?AJE>E E@=@A F=H= I A A JH I IACKA K = @AFA @ ?E= E A=H ? = JA FAH=JKH= ,EBAHA JA A JA @ GKA =? JA?A ? ? F HJ= A J IACK @ @A 5J AH ANEIJA H@A =C JE?= AIF J A= F=H= GK= GKAH L= H @A k @AI@A GKA J IA = K ) =C AJE = A AJH E?= = T = 0 @AFA @A @ L= H @A k /EF F=H= @EBAHA JAI L= HAI @A J ? F HJ= A J =C JE? A BK @ I F=H AJH I k /EF A J F @A IAH >A E KIJH=@ FA =I ?KHL=I @A AGKE TC A AGKE e LAH 1= =HA = AJ = '&  5A @A 5J AH AH I = =HCKH= @= >= @= EF  JA @AH = AH A ? JH=HA I K = AGKEL= ?E= GK=IA FAHBAEJ= ? ? F HJ= A J @ IEIJA = ?= E =@ @A @A @ EI IEIJA =I =? F =@ I J H = IA AIJA ?=I FH=JE?= A JA AGKEL= A JA = @ EI IEIJA =I ?= E =@ I A E JAH=

" # 6H= IE AI @A .=IA A /H

? I @A )HH JJ

"

=C AJEI

1JE AH= JA

) A AHCE= ELHA @A K = = IJH= =C JE?= @AI?HEJ= = =FH NE = @A ?= F A?K =H F @A IAH AI?HEJ= ? K = ANF= I @A = @=K A F J ?E=I @= =C AJE = M (H, T )  = @=K A EBIDEJ '$& -II= ANF= I H= LA F=H= JA FAH=JKH=I FH NE =I = TC IEJK= = GK= = =C AJE = M (H, T ) FAGKA = K F=H= IEIJA =I BH=?= A JA =C JE? I ) ? JHE>KE =C JE?= A AHCE= ELHA F H K E@=@A @A L K A fm A K ?= F H IA AI?HALA

fm =
A

B A 2 M (H, T ) + M 4 (H, T ) + ... 0 M (H, T )H, 2 4

" "'

GKA A A B I ? A ?EA JAI = @AJAH E =H 2=H= >JAH = =C AJE = @A AGKE >HE = FHAIA = @A H @ALA I A ? JH=H E @= A AHCE= ELHA fm A BK @A M 1IJ HAIK J= EC H= @ JAH I @A H@A =EI = J=

M 2 (H, T ) =

A H + (0 /B ) . B M (H, T )

" #

-IJA HAIK J=@ IJH= GKA I > AII=I ? @E AI GK=@H=@ @= =C AJE = JA K = @AFA @ ?E= E A=H ? = L=HE LA H/M 7 CH ? @A L= HAI EI J H E? I @A M 2 LAHIKI H/M ? DA?E@ ? CH ? @A )HH JJ .EC " " ,AIFHA = @ JAH @A H@A =EI = J= GKA L E@ F=H= M (H, T ) FAGKA A IK>IJEJKE @ = AE @A +KHEA 9AEII M/H = C/(T TC ) > JA I F=H= IEIJA =I =C JE? I ?= E =@ I

0 (T TC ), " # C @= GK= HAIK J= GKA ? AIJ= =FH NE = F=H= T = TC CH ? @A M 2 LAHIKI H/M F=II= FA = HECA F EI A = 0 ?=I @A BAHH =C AJ I EJE AH= JAI KEJ BH=? I @A 5J AH @=I -GI " !  A " !% ? @K = A= M 2 (H, T ) = M 2 (0, 0)
2 T 2 TC 2 TC

+ 2n0 M 2 (0, 0)

H , " #  M (H, T )
I

GKA JA = AI = B H = @= -G " # AN 9 D B=HJD '%$ 2 @A A J E@A JE ?=H I JAH I A A B GKA =F=HA?A A " "'

A=

0 2n0

2 T 2 TC 2 TC

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B=

0 . 2n0 M 2 (0, 0)

=C AJEI

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2A = -G " #! F @A I LAH GKA = E D= CH ? @A )HH JJ GKA HAFHAIA J= =I A@E@=I BAEJ=I = T = TC F=II= =JH=L I @= HECA -IJA B=J KI=@ F=H= @AJAH E =H TC ANFAHE A J= A JA = F=HJEH @AIIAI CH ? I - IEIJA =I GKA F @A IAH @AI?HEJ I = =FH NE = @A ?= F A?K =H =I JH= IE AI @A B=IA F @A IAH AIJK@=@=I CH= ?= A JA KJE E = @ IA K = LAHI @E ?=@= @ I CH ? I @A )HH JJ 5AACAH A H AH '&' AIJA ?=I CH ? ? IJHK @ HAFHAIA J= @ M 1/ LAHIKI (H/M )1/ IA @ A ANF A JAI ?H JE? I LAH )F @E?A *

-NAH? ?E I
"  5KI?AJE>E E@=@A @A 2=K E   IJHA GKA IA T B H FAGKA A HA = JA FAH=JKH= @A .AH E = IKI?AJE>E E@=@A @A 2=K E IAH @=@= F H

(T ) 0
@A n n A n I LA @A .AH E HA@K =

2 (kT )2 6

n (EF ) n(EF )

n (EF ) n(EF )

= @A IE@=@A @A AIJ=@ I A IK=I @AHEL=@=I ?= ?K =@=I IJHA GKA F=H= A JH I ELHAI AIJ= ANFHAII IA

(T ) 0 1

2 12

kT EF

" 5KI?AJE>E E@=@A @A 2=K E    ) IKI?AJE>E E@=@A @A IFE I @A K C I @A A JH I ? T = 0 F @A IAH @EI?KJE@= @= IACKE JA B H = IA =

N =

1 N (1 + ); 2

N =

1 N (1 ), 2

=I ? ?A JH= AI @A A JH I ? IFE F=H= ?E = A F=H= >=EN HAIFA?JE L= A JA ? = (N N )/N = IJHA GKA A K ?= F =C JE? B = A AHCE= J J= @ I A JH I ? IFE F=H= ?E = @A @ C I @A A JH I ELHAI

1 E = E0 (1 + )5/3 nB B (1 + ), 2
3 @A E0 = ( 10 )N EF - ? JHA K = ANFHAII = C= F=H= E > E E E A Etotal = E + E A HA = = A A ? JHA E EJA 1 IJHA GKA = =C AJE = @=@= F H M = 3N 2 B/ 2 E F B

""

=C AJEI

1JE AH= JA

" ! +HEJ HE @A 5J AH F=H= BAHH =C AJEI  IJHA GKA ?HEJ HE @A 5J AH @=@ = AGK= " $ AGKEL= A JA = @= AGK= " " " " .AHH =C AJEI @A A JH I @A ? @K  ABAEJ @= E JAH= @A JH ?= A JHA A JH I @A ? @K F @A IAH =FH NE =@ IKF @ IA GKA A JH I ? IFE I F=H= A I E JAH=CA ? A AHCE= V ? V >0 A A JH I ? IFE I = JEF=H= A I E JAH=CA 7IA I HAIK J=@ I @ ANAH? ?E " A IJHA GKA = A AHCE= @= IK> >= @= ? IFE I F=H= ?E = @=@= F H

1 1 E = E0 (1 + )5/3 V n2 (1 + )2 nB B (1 + ). 8 2
= - ? JHA = ANFHAII AGKEL= A JA F=H= E > E E E A = A AHCE= J J= A IJHA GKA = =C AJE = @=@= F H

M=

3n2 B B, 3 Vn 2EF 2

K IA = = E JAH= =K A J= = IKI?AJE>E E@=@A ? IJHA GKA ? B = 0 = A AHCE= J J= IAH E IJ LA F=H= = 0 A F=H= V > 4EF /3n 5A AIJ= ? @E B H I=JEIBAEJ= AIJ=@ BAHH =C JE?  = 0 JAH A AHCE= A H @ GKA AIJ=@ F=H= =C JE? + 1 AIJ= K = ? @E IK ?EA JA F=H= BAHH =C AJEI =I F @A IAH A?AII HE= " # ,A IE@=@A @A AIJ=@ I @A K C I @A A JH I ELHAI  IJHA GKA K C I @A A JH I ELHAI ? =@ I A K L K A V JA @A IE@=@A @A AIJ=@ I @=@= FA = -G " 

AEJKH=I /AH=EI
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4ABAH

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?=I

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6DA =C AJE? 2D=IA 6H= IE JE E H@AHA@ = @ ,EI H@AHA@ .AHH =C AJI =C =C =J %& !'! & 5J AH - + '!& 2H ? 4 O 5 ? )$# !% ' 9 D B=HJD - 2 '%$
*= @ =C AJEI = @ )FF E?=JE I =C AJEI  5A A?JA@ 6 FE?I 5 . AH A@  L= ; H / H@ = @ *HA=?D F #'  9 D B=HJD - 2 '&
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"$

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1JE AH= JA

z(T)
1,0

1/c

(a)
0,5

Eletrnica Inica

0,02

0,04

0,06

0,08

0,10

0,12

z(T)
1,0

1/c

(b)
0,5

Eletrnica Inica

0,02

0,04

0,06

0,08

0,10

0,12

z(T)
1,0

1/c

Eletrnica Inica

(c)
0,5

0,02

0,04

0,06

0.,08

0,10

0,12

z(T)
1,0

1/c

Eletrnica

(d)
0,5

Inica

0,02

0,04

0,06

0,08

0,10

0,12

k BT (eV)

.ECKH= " !  =C AJE = E E?= i (T ) =C AJE = A AJH E?= e (T ) A E LAHI @=I IKI?AJE>E E@=@AI IEIJA = =? F =@ A JH  E EJA @A >= @= AIJHAEJ= F=H= @EBAHA JAI L= HAI @ F=H k , J (g 1)J a F=H= k = 0 A J (g 1)J = 0, 134 A8 b k = 0, 08 A8 A J (g 1)J = 0, 08 A8 c k = 0, 123 A8 A J (g 1)J = 0, 0125 A8 d =@=FJ=@ k = 0, 124 A8 A J (g 1)J = 0, 001614 A8 F=H= kTC = 0, 062 A8 A J = 7 2 @A 1= =HA = AJ = '& ? FAH EII @A 9E AO 8+0 8AH =C 9AE DAE 

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

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E@ I

"%

10,0 K 15,0 K 17,4 K

5

M (emu/mol) x10

20,0 K

25,0 K
2

30,0 K

10

20

30

40

H/M (Oe/emu/mol)

.ECKH= " "  /H ? @A M 2 LAHIKI H/M CH ? @A )HH JJ F=H= BAHH =C AJ EJE AH= JA H 2 H ?= F =C AJE = JA E JAH =@=FJ=@ @A 9 D B=HJD '%$

"&

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# ) +KHL= @A =C AJE =

) ?=H=?JAHE = =C JE?= @ I =JAHE=EI BAEJ= FHE ?EF= A JA = F=HJEH @ CH ? @A IK= =C AJE = A BK @= E JA IE@=@A @ ?= F =C JE? =F E?=@ 0 -IJ= = IK= ?KHL= @A =C AJE = K ?KHL= M H 2 H AE @ CH ? M H  K B H KEJ I F=H AJH I E F HJ= JAI @ =JAHE= =C JE? F @A IAH A@E@ I = CK I @A AI I @A E@ I = IA # # A E ? KA = =C AJE = @A I=JKH= = ? AH?ELE@=@A A = HAJA JELE@=@A I =JAHE=EI =C JE? I =FHAIA J= K = A H A @ELAHIE@=@A @A B H =I @A ?KHL=I @A =C AJE = AII=I B H =I HA AJA BA A I? F AN I GKA IA F=II= I =JAHE=EI J=EI ? LE A J @=I F=HA@AI @A @ E I = H J= @A @ E I A K@= =I = @EHA @A =C A JE = ) JAI @A @EI?KJEH = CK I @AIIAI FH ?AII I L= I AN= E =H = B H = @=I ?KHL=I @A =C AJE = @A = CK I =JAHE=EI E@A= E =@ I

#  6EF I 1@A=EI @A

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JE? I

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#

) +KHL= @A

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2 @A I @AI?HALAH J @ I I =JAHE=EI ? DA?E@ I @A K = B H = =FH NE =@= = F=HJEH @A GK=JH ? =IIAI @A =JAHE=EI E@A=EI 0AH = '' 5E L= AJ =   I =JAHE=EI =C JE? I E@A=EI   I =JAHE=EI =C AJE?= A JA @KH I E@A=EI ! I =JAHE=EI =C AJE?= A JA =?E I E@A=EI " I @E= =C AJ I E@A=EI
M

.ECKH= #   +KHL= @A =C AJE = @A K = = IJH= =C JE? @KH E@A= =@=FJ=@ @A 0AH = ''

=C AJE =@= @A K

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?=I @ I =JAHE=EI =C JE? I E@A=EI = =F E?= @A K ?= F ANJAH HAIK J= A A DK = =C AJE = ) =C AJE = K = F=H= GK= GKAH L= H @A 0 A F HJ= J = ?KHL= @A =C AJE = LAHIKI ?= F ? E ?E@A ? AEN @A 0 I =JAHE=EI F=H= =C JE? I A @E= =C JE? I F @A IAH E@A JE ?=@ I A = CK =I IEJK= AI ? AIIAI =JAHE=EI =C JE? I E@A=EI 2 H ANA F GK= @ ? IE@AH= I = =C AJE = @A K =JAHE= GKA ? J K = EIJKH= @A B=IAI F @A I IKF H GKA = =C AJE = @A E FKHA =I F=H= =C JE?=I K @E= =C JE ?=I I K =I I =JAHE=EI =C AJE?= A JA @KH I E@A=EI = =C AJE = =BAJ=@= FA ?= F ANJAH 0 A = FAH = A?A ? IJ= JA F=H= GK= GKAH L= H @A 0 -IJ= = FH FHEA@=@A GKA J H = I =JAHE=EI =C AJE?= A JA @KH I JAEI F=H= = B=>HE?= @A I FAH = A JAI ) ?KHL= @A =C AJE = @A K = = IJH= =C AJE =@= @A J= =JAHE= K = E D= D HE J= F=H= A = = AEN H .EC #  ? F HJ= A J E@A= E I FEH=@ =I ?KHL=I @A =C AJE = HA =JEL= A JA F = =I @ I =JAHE=EI =C JE? I @KH I LAH J= > = IA # # I =JAHE=EI =C JE? I @KH I E@A=EI = ? JH HE @ GKA ? HHA ? I =JAHE=EI =C JE? I =?E I ?= F ANJAH FA AJH= ? F AJ= A JA = = IJH= Hint = H LAH ?=F JK  I =JAHE=EI =C JE? I =?E I = =C AJE = =K A J= H=FE@=

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A JA A@E@= GKA ?= F =C JE? ANJAH =K A J= E EJA @ =JAHE= =C JE? =?E E@A= = ?KHL= @A =C AJE = K = HAJ= LAHJE?= GKA ? E ?E@A ? AEN @A .EC #  =JAHE= =C JE? =?E E@A= K AE GKA F @A IAH =C AJE =@ ? K ?= F =C JE? @A E JA IE@=@A =H>EJH=HE= A JA FAGKA = 5A = CA AJHE= B H J= GKA B=J H @A @AI =C AJE = IA = Nd = 0 ?= F =C JE? ANJAH IAH ? F AJ= A JA > E @=@ @A @ GKA ?= F E JAH 0 FAH = A?AH K 2 HJ= J I =JAHE=EI =?E I E@A=EI ?= F =C JE? FA AJH= =I = IJH=I AIJA ABAEJ HAIK J=@ @ =HH= @A
F I =C JE? I = IKFAHB ?EA @= = IJH= @A J= @ GKA IAK E JAHE H IA = ? F AJ= A JA > E @=@ @= E K ?E= @ I ?= F I ANJAH I 2 H IK= ?=F=?E@=@A @A E FA@EH = FA AJH= @A ?= F I =C JE? I ANJAH I I =JAHE=EI =C AJE?= A JA =?E I I JAEI A JHA KJH=I ? EI=I A > E @=CA I =C JE?=I -IIAI =JAHE=EI E@A=EI I = C =C JE? @ I ? @KJ HAI A JHE? I FAHBAEJ I I GK=EI FAH EJA = FA AJH= @A E D=I @A B H = A JHE?=I IAK E JAHE H .EC # ! )I E D=I @A ?= F B H= @ =JAHE= =?E E@A= I AGKEL= A JAI GKA =I GKA IAHE= >IAHL=@=I = FHAIA = @A K F =C JE? F IJ ?= E =@ E JAHE H @ =JAHE= I =JAHE=EI @E= =C JE? I E@A=EI J E @K * AH F=H= GK= GKAH L= H @ ?= F =C JE? =F E?=@ 0 + * FAH = A?A K A@E@= GKA 0 =K A J= |M| @ALA =K A J=H = AI = FH F H F=H= ? FA I=H -G  # A = IKI?AJE>E E@=@A = M/H ECK= = 1 + * = 0 =JAHE= E@A= = FAH A=>E E@=@A =C JE?= JA L= H K ) ?KHL= @A =C AJE = F=H= K @E= =C AJ E@A= I JH=@= = .EC # " I IKFAH? @KJ HAI IA ? F HJ= ? @E= =C AJ I E@A=EI F=H= ?= F I =F E?=@ I @A =C EJK@A E BAHE H = ?= F ?H JE? Hc

#
(a)

) +KHL= @A
(b)

=C AJE =

.ECKH= # !  a 2 HJA =C JE? FH NE IKFAHB ?EA @A K =JAHE= =C =?E E@A= b ?=HC= F IEJEL= FH NE = IKFAHB ?EA @A K ? @KJ H A JHE?

JE?

.ECKH= # "  +KHL= M H @A K @E= =C AJ E@A= = ? H ? HHAIF @A @ = K = IKI?AJE>E E@=@A = 1

=C AJE =

?=E E A=H A JA

 K E BAHE H = Hc1 ?=I @A IKFAH? @KJ HAI @ JEF 11 )I E D=I @A B H = @ ?= F 0  K * F @A FA AJH=H =JAHE= A J= J @EBAHA JA A JA @ GKA ? HHA ? =JAHE= =C AJE?= A JA =?E A?= EI @A > E @=CA A L LA = FHAIA = @A ? HHA JAI A JHE?=I = IKFAHB ?EA A LA @A F I =C JE? I )I E D=I @A B H = @A 0 I F=H= A =I IKFAHB ?EA .EC # # ABAEJ @ =JAHE= @E= =C JE? E@A= I >HA =I E D=I @A B H = AGKEL= A JA = @ F =C JE? @A AI = F =HE@=@A ?= E =@ E JAHE H @ =JAHE=

JHE>KE AI =C JE? I

- AHCE=

=JAHE=EI

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

#!

(a)

(b)

Supercondutor N

.ECKH= # #  a 2 HJA =C JE? FH NE = K = IKFAHB ?EA IKFAH? @KJ H=  =JAHE= @E= =C JE? E@A=  b AI IJH= @ F =C JE? AGKEL= A JA E JAHE H @ =JAHE= =@=FJ=@ @A 0AH = ''

,A JH @A K =JAHE= =C JE? I A J I =C JE? I I IK AEJ I = L HE=I E JAH= AI  EJJA '"' J=EI ?  = A AHCE= =C AJ IJ JE?= EIJ = A AHCE= =C JE?= ?= F @A @AI =C AJE =   = = EI JH FE= =C JE?= ! = E JAH= @A JH ?= HAIF I LA FA = H@A =C JE?= " = A AHCE= =C AJ A IJE?= HA AL= JA BA A @= =C AJ IJHE 8= I =C H= B ?= E =H AIIAI @EBAHA JAI JAH I @A A AHCE= @A JH @ I @ E I =C JE? I

 - AHCE=

=C AJ IJ JE?=

2 @A I ? IE@AH=H K @EF =C JE? B H =@ F H @K=I A JE@= @AI ?J ?E=I ?D= =@=I F I =C JE? I @A E JA IE@=@A =C JE?= +p A p IAF=H=@ I F H K = @EIJ ?E= d = E JA IE@=@A @ F A@E@= A = F HAI AJH 51 , EI @AIIAI F I +p(r1 ) A p(r2 ) IAF=H=@ I F H K = @EIJ ?E= r = |r1 r2 | =F E?= K I >HA KJH K = B H = @=@= FA = AE @A + K >

F =
A =

0 p2 , 4 r2

# 

GKA 0 = FAH A=>E E@=@A @ L ?K ?K L= H ) B H = A ?=@= F dU/dr A GKA U KJH F

0 = 4 107 0 F JA ?E= @ALE@

U =

0 p2 . 4 r

# 

#"

) +KHL= @A

=C AJE =

) B H = GKA =CA I >HA K F K ?= F =F E?=@ H F = 0 pH A J @A @EF =C JE? @ F=H @A F I p IAF=H=@ I F H K = @EIJ ?E= r m = pr 2 @A I ?= ?K =H JH=>= D A?AII HE F=H= B H =H K @EF =C JE? FA = IAF=H= @A @ EI F I F H K = @EIJ ?E= d AIIA JH=>= D E@ JE? A AHCE= A?AII HE= F=H= =C AJE =H K = >=HH= @A IA K EJ HE=
d d M

dW =
0

F (r)dr = 0
0

pHdr = 0
0

HdM.

# !

2 @A AJE =H K HA= A JHA ? LAHJE@

I ?= ?K =H ? AII= E JACH= JH=>= D A?AII HE F=H= =C = = IJH= HECE = A JA =C AJE =@= GKA A@E@ FA = = ?KHL= M (H ) H A AEN M = .EC # $ AIJA JH=>= D A A AHCE= F JA ?E= A ?= H
M

MS

.ECKH= # $ 

HA= GKA

A@A

JH=>= D

A?AII HE F=H=

=C AJE =H K = =

IJH=

5A L=HE=H I ?= F @A @ = >JAH K = ?KHL= @A =C AJE = BA?D=@= K = @A =C AJE = LAH IA # # HAJ H = I = AI F J @E=CH= = M H A = L=HE= A A AHCE= F JA ?E= AH ) ?KHL= J= > ?D= =@= ?KHL= @A DEIJAHAIA @A
?=H F=H= JH I @ALE@ = B=J @A GKA = ?KHL= JH= =@= F=H= ?= F =C JE? ?HAI?A JA @EBAHA @= ?KHL= @A ?= F @A?HAI?A JA ) HA= @= ?KHL= HAFHAIA J= A J = A AHCE= @EIIEF=@= I > = B H = @A ?= H ? DA?E@= ? FAH@= F H DEIJAHAIA ) A AHCE= =C AJ IJ JE?= = A AHCE= @ =JAHE= =C AJE =@ = =KI ?E= @A K ?= F =C JE? =F E?=@ AIJA ?=I E? ?= F =C JE? GKA =JK= ?= F @A @AI =C AJE = ) A AHCE= @ = JAHE= =C JE? AIIA ?= F J= > ?D= =@= @A =KJ A AHCE= 7 =

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

##

M=-

1 H Nd

Ms

Me

Hd

.ECKH= # %  =C AJE = @A K =JAHE= =C AJE =@ LAHIKI ?= F E JAH H AIJ= = ?KHL= @A @AI =C AJE = F J C ? HHAIF @A =C AJE = @A AGKE >HE @= = IJH= I > = = @ ?= F @A @AI =C AJE = Hd ) HA= =H?=@= A@A = A AHCE= =C AJ IJ JE?= @ELE@E@= F H 0 

= IJH= @A =JAHE= =C JE? GKA AL=@= I=JKH= FA = =F E?= @A K ?= F 0ext @A = F EJK@A ?HAI?A JA FAH = A?AH A CAH= ? K = ?AHJ= =C AJE = = IAH HA LE@ AIIA ?= F CH ? @= =C AJE = LAHIKI ?= F E JAH 0 = Hext + Hd  IAH ? ANE>E@ = .EC # % L= H NE @ ?= F = ?KHL= =JE CEH F J A A = =C AJE = =JE CEH L= H @A I=JKH= Ms A@E@= GKA ?= F HA@K E@ =J AH = =C AJE = AL KEH F=H= K L= H @A AGKE >HE Me F J C  AIJA F J E? ?= F =C JE? =JK= @ = = IJH= IAH ?= F @A @AI =C AJE = Hd K ?= F E JAH @EHECE@ = C @ AEN AC=JEL @A H -IJ= ?KHL= ?D= =@= ?KHL= @A @AI =C AJE = A F J C = E JAHIA? @= E D= HAJ= M = H/Nd ? = ?KHL= @A M 2=H= ?=@= L= H @A M L= H ? HHAIF @A JA @A H @=@ F H AII= E D= ?= F @A @AI =C A JE = IA =?HAI?A J=H I L= H @A |Hd | = ?=@= =>I?EII= H @= ?KHL= HA?KFAH=HA I = ?KHL= @A M Hext ) A AHCE= =C AJ IJ JE?= Ems F H K E@=@A @A L K A F J C F @A IAH ?= ?K =@= @= -G # ! ? JH=>= D BAEJ ? JH= ?= F @A @AI =C AJE = + AIJA ?=I = A AHCE= = =KJ A AHCE= B=J H 1 =F=HA?A 2

Ems = 1 2 0

Ms 0

Hd dM 1 2 0

Me

Hd dM =
Ms

#$

) +KHL= @A
Me

=C AJE =

= 1 2 0

Hd dM =
0

0 2 Nd Me , 2

# "

A GKA Ms = =C AJE = @A I=JKH= A Me = A AHCE= @A AGKE >HE EIJ = =C AJE = F=H= ?= F ANJAH K Ems @=@= FA = HA= AI?KH= = .EC # % 2=H= K = @=@= CA AJHE= A F HJ= J F=H= K @=@ Nd K FAH = A JA IA FHA FAH=H = AI = E D= OC ?D= =@= E D= @A ?=HC= 5A F H ANA F = ?KHL= @A @AI =C AJE = B H >JE@= ? = IJH= = JA FAH=JKH= =EI A AL=@= = =C AJE = IAH A H =I F J @A JH=>= D C  =E @= ?=EH = AI = E D= OC @K @= J= CA JA @= E ?E = @= E D= @A ?=HC= = ?KHL= B H  Bm /Hm  ?D= =@ @A ? A ?EA JA @A FAH A ?E=

) EI JH FE=

=C

JE?=

) B H = @= ?KHL= @A =C AJE = LAHIKI K ?= F =F E?=@ 0 A ?HEIJ=EI BAHH =C JE? I @AFA @A @= @EHA @A =F E?= @A 0 1IJ F @A IAH LEIJ = .EC # & F=H= ?HEIJ=EI @A BAHH A GKA ) HECA @AIIA ABAEJ AIJ B=J @A GKA I A J I =C JE? I E JAHE H @ =JAHE= =C JE? =F J= E @EBAHA JA A JA F=H= @EHA AI GK=EI GKAH A HA = = I AEN I ?HEIJ= E I -NEIJA F=H= ?=@= ?HEIJ= K = @EHA FHABAHE@= ? DA?E@= ? @EHA @A B ?E =C AJE = K @E HA B ?E  2 H ANA F A BAHH AJ E? = @EHA B ?E  A =I @EHA AI AGKEL= A JAI  A   )F E?= @ K ?= F =C JE? = C @AII=I @EHA AI =JE CA IA = =C AJE = NE =  K =C A JE = @A I=JKH=  ? L= HAI =EI >=EN I @A 0 ) @EHA = C @= GK= =EI B ?E =C AJE =H K = = IJH= K JE @ E I = AI = @EHA @A =C AJE = @ I@ E I E @ELE@K=EI FAHJKH>=@ I -NEIJA L HE=I ? JHE>KE AI F=H= = = EI JH FE= =C JE?= F H ANA F = = EI JH FE= =C AJ ?HEIJ= E =  K = EI JH FE= ?HEIJ= E = = B JA FHE ?EF= @A = EI JH FE= E JH IA?= )I ? JHE>KE AI ANJH IA?=I AIJ HA =?E =@=I ? = B H = @=I = IJH=I IAK AIJ=@ @A JA I A? E?= A =IIE F H @E= JA LAH = J=>A = # 111 ) A AHCE= @A = EI JH FE= =C AJ ?HEIJ= E =  K A AHCE= @A = EI JH FE= ?HEIJ= E = IKHCA FHE ?EF= A JA @= E JAH= @ A J = CK =H H>EJ= A AJH E? ? ?= F ?HEIJ= E EIJ ? ?= F A JHE? I JE @ I I =C JE? I ) A AHCE= @A JH ?= EI JH FE?= A F HJ= J F @A IAH HAIF I LA F H AIIA ABAEJ = HECA E?H I? FE?= @= = EI JH FE= ?HEIJ= E = HAIE@A
 -

KEJ I ?=I I ? IAH ANA F E ?=@ =EI =@E= JA =I @EHA AI AGKEL= A JAI A A KC=H @A K = @EHA B ?E JAHA I K F = B ?E

F=

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

#%

1800 1600 1400

<100>
10 <1 >

M (emu/cm3 )

1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0

> 11 <1

Mdia <110>

Dura <111>

Fcil <100>

200

400

600

800

1000

H(Oe)
<111>
500

10 <1
400

>

<1

00

>
Mdia <110>

Fcil <111>

M (emu/cm3)

300

200

Dura <100>

100

100

200

300

400

500

600

H(Oe)

.ECKH= # &  ,AFA @ ?E= @= =C AJE = ? C @A @EBAHA JAI @EHA AI ?HEIJ= E =I @ .A A I  F=H= .A A  F=H= E

?= F =C JE? 0 =F E?=@ = E )I @EHA AI B ?AEI @A =C AJE =

= E JAH= @ A J =J E? H>EJ= ? =I ?=HC=I @= HA@A A J @A IFE @ I J I F H KJH =@ AIJ A L LE@ AII= E JAH= =JH=L I @ =? F = A J IFE H>EJ= ) A AHCE= @A = EI JH FE= =C JE?= Ek F H K E@=@A @A L K A F @A IAH @AHEL=@= ?=I @A K ?HEIJ= FAHBAEJ @ E -II= A AHCE= AI?HEJ= ? K = BK @ I ? IA I @EHAJ HAI 1 2 A 3 @A E@ I A HA = = I AEN I @ ?HEIJ= + = A AHCE= K = BK =FA =I @ CK ? AEN B ?E A E @EBAHA JA = IA JE@ = C @AII= @EHA  A = @ALA FAH = A?AH ? IJ= JA GK= @ JH ?= I IE = @ I ? IA I A F HJ= J F @A =F=HA?AH F J ?E=I F=HAI @ I ? IA I = IK= ANFHAII ) @EII =I FAH KJ= AI A JHA I ? IA I @ALA @AEN=H =

#&

) +KHL= @A

=C AJE =

A AHCE= Ek E L=HE= JA ) B H = =EI CAH= GKA = A AHCE= F @A JAH A @ I ? IA I @EHAJ HAI i F=H= K ?HEIJ= ? >E?

JAH

I @=I F J

?E=I

2 2 2 2 2 2 EK = K0 + K1 (1 2 + 2 3 + 3 1 ) + K2 (1 2 3 )2 +

# #

5K>IJEJKE @ A Ek I ? IA I @EHAJ HAI @=I @EHA AI   A  =I @EHA AI @A IE AJHE= IEIJA = ? >E?  >JA I =I ANFHAII AI @= A AHCE= F=H= AII=I JH I @EHA AI

E100 = K0 E110 = K0 + K1 /4 E111 = K0 + K1 /3 + K2 /27

# $= # $> # $?

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c A = @EHA @A =C AJE = ?

EK = K0 + K1 sen2 + K2 sen4 +
-

# %

KEJ I ?=I I K1 > 0 A K2 > K1 A = A AHCE= @A = EI JH FE= E = F=H= = 0 = =C AJE = =F J= = C @ AEN c @ ?HEIJ= 1IJ ? HHA F H ANA F A ? >= J AJ E? A = BAHHEJ= @A AIJAI ?=I I = = EI JH FE= K E=NE= F EI Ek > HE *=.A12 19  @AFA @A @ CK ? =I @EHA AI @ F = >=I= ?HEIJ= DAN=C = = IEJK= =EI IE F AI |K1 | |K2 | = A AHCE= @A = EI JH FE= F @A IAH AI?HEJ= ? EC H= @ JAH ? IJ= JA K0 

EK = K1 sen2 .

# &

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

#'

6=>A = # 1  + IJ= JAI @A = EI JH FE= E JAH AJ E? I JA FAH=JKH= = >EA JA

@A = CK I

AJ=EI ? >E? I A ?

F IJ I

+HEIJ= 3 1 

.A "#

E #

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,O.A2 

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0 .A2 #&

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IJ= JA @A = EI JH FE= K1 I

@=@ I = J=>A =

2 @A I F=H= @AJAH E =@ I I IKF H GKA = = EI JH FE= K E=NE= =C JE?= @ALE@= = @A K ?= F AGKEL= A JA Ha ?= F @A = EI JH FE= ? @EHA ECK= = @ AEN @A B ?E =C AJE = 5K= ANFHAII F @A IAH >JE@= ?= ?K = @ IA L= H @ ?= F =C JE? GKA FH @K AI J HGKA @ALE@ E JAH= @A = EI JH FE= F=H= FAGKA I CK I IA  J HGKA @=@ F H * A = A AHCE= M B F HJ= J F=H= FAGKA I CK I dE = d 2=H= = = EI JH FE= K E=NE= F H ANA F = ? @E @A J HGKA ECK= AI?HEJ= @= -G # & A BK @= =C AJE = @A I=JKH= Ms

0 Ha Ms = 2K1 ,
@= GK= HAIK J= F=H= = ANFHAII @ ?= F @A = EI JH FE=

# '

Ha =

1 2K1 . 0 Ms

# 

2 @A IA IJH=H GKA EIJ B H A?A J= > = E JA IE@=@A @ ?= F =C JE? ANJAH GKA FH @K I=JKH= GK= @ =F E?=@ = @EHA FAHFA @E?K =H = AEN @A B ?E =C AJE = ) B H = @A K = = IJH= =BAJ= IK= A AHCE= @A = EI JH FE= =C JE?= + LE I = IA  ?= F @A @AI =C AJE = @AFA @A @= B H = @= = IJH= A @= @EHA @ ?= F =F E?=@ ?= F @A @AI =C AJE = A H= C @= @E A I =E H @= = IJH= A =E H ?=I F IJ 2 H AIJ= H= IA GKEIAH I E @K EH IKHCE A J @A K ?= F =C JE? E JAH A K = @=@= = IJH= A?AIIEJ= IA @A K ?= F A I E JA I IA ?= F B H =F E?=@ = C @A K = @E A I =E H KJH=I F= =LH=I = @EHA @A =E H @E A I K AEN @A B ?E =C AJE = I ?=I I A GKA AIIA AEN B ?E @A E@ FA = = EI JH FE= @A B H = 2=H= >JAH K = ANFHAII F=H= = A AHCE= @A = EI JH FE= @A B H = KI= I = A AHCE= =C AJ IJ JE?= (0 /2)M Hd @= -G # " ) A AHCE= @A = EI JH FE= @A B H = F=H= K A EFI E@A @A AEN =E H c A AEN I A HAI a = b F @A IAH ?= ?K =@= FH AJ= @ IA =I ? F A JAI

$ @= =C AJE = =

) +KHL= @A

=C AJE =

C @ I JH I AEN I ) I

= @AIJ=I ?

JHE>KE AI

0 0 Nc M 2 + (Na Nc )M 2 sen2 , #  2 2 A GKA CK A JHA AEN c A = @EHA @A =C AJE = A I JAH I N I I B=J HAI @A @AI =C AJE = ? HHAIF @A JAI .EC # ' ?=I @A K = = IJH= AIB HE?= a = b = c Na = Nc A = A AHCE= @A = EI JH FE= @A B H = EK = 0 0 2 NM2 = M , #   2 6 = GK= KI= I N = 1 ?=I @= AIBAH= = A AHCE= 3 F=H= = AIBAH= )IIE @A = EI JH FE= @A B H = AH =I EI JH FE?= EIJ @AFA @A @A EK =
M a

q
b

.ECKH= # '  ) GKA B H = K

IJH= @A B H = A EFI E@= ? CK ? AEN =E H

=C AJE =

C @A K = @EHA

) ANFHAII F=H= K = = IJH= >E@E A IE = GKA =F E? LA = K A =C JE? F @A IAH >JE@= @= -G #  E EJA @A K A EFI E@A > =J =?D=J=@ 5A ? FHE A J @ AEN c JA @A = AH HAIK J= Nc 1 Na 0 A >JA I EC H= @ K JAH GKA ? J 

EK =

IA @ AIJA ?=I CK H = = F = @= = IJH= .EC #  ) AGK= # ! IJH= GKA A JAH I @= = EI JH FE= @A B H = GK= GKAH @EHA F= K = @EHA B ?E  F @A I B= =H @A K F = B ?E -II= AGK= F @A IAH LEIJ= ? @AI?HALA @ K = B H = @A = EI JH FE= K E=NE= -G # & ? ? IJ= JA @A = EI JH FE= K E=NE= 2 0 Ku = ( 2 )M AI I = GKA>H= @A IE AJHE= ?= =II ?E=@= FHAIA = @= E JAHB=?A @ KC=H = KJH= ? JHE>KE = = EI JH FE= =C JE?= @A IK FAHB ?EA  A '#" GKA HAFHAIA J=@= F H K JAH = Ks cos2

0 2 2 M sen , 2 B H =@ A JHA A=

# !

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

$

=@E?E =@ A AHCE= @= IKFAHB ?EA 1II ? HHAIF = EI JH FE= F H L K A

@A = K = A AHCE= @A

Es =
A GKA Ks ?D= =@= @A ? F= A d = AIFAIIKH= @ 2 0, 1  1, 0 103

1 Ks cos2 , # " d IJ= JA @A = EI JH FE= IKFAH ?E= B H= @ A /H=@ = ''! Ks AIJ = B=EN= @A

c
M

.ECKH= #   ) CK ? =

IJH= F = =H ? H =

=C AJE =

C @= @EHA

GKA B H = K

! 1 JAH=

@A 6H ?=
A J @= JAH= F=H @A 5i A 5j # #

) E JAH= A JHA IFE I =J E? I HAIF I LA FA AIJ=>A A?E H@A =C JE?= = E JAH= @A JH ?=  K E JAH? >E  K = E @A HECA A JHE?= LAH ?=F JK ! - = F @A IAH AI?HEJ= F=H= K J I LE E D I ? K = BK @ I IAKI FAH=@ HAI @A IFE -G ! #

Htr = 2J Si Sj ,

A GKA J F=H AJH @A JH ?= 2 @A I F HJ= J AI?HALAH @A B H = =FH NE =@= = A AHCE= @A JH ?= @A K F=H @A J I @A IFE S A K =JAHE= BAHH =C JE? A BK @ CK A JHA I IFE I
par Etr = 2J S 2 cos.

# $

-NF= @E @

cos

$

) +KHL= @A

=C AJE =

AL= @ A ? par ANFHAII @A Etr @A

2 4 + ... # % 2 24 J= I JAH I @A =J IACK @= H@A A IK>IJEJKE @ = >JA I @AIFHA = @ I JAH I GKA @AFA @A cos = 1
par Etr = J S 2 2 .

# & I LE E D I = A AHCE=

2=H= K = ?=@AE= K E@E A IE @A JH ?=

= @A N + 1 J
N

Etr = J S 2
i

2 i,
=EI FH NE I

# '

IA @ = I

= BAEJ= I >HA I N F=HAI @A LE E D I

" - AHCE=

=C AJ A IJE?= A

=C AJ IJHE

7 I E@ I > JA I JA K = A AHCE= A IJE?= GKA F @A ANFHE EH IA A BK @= @AB H = J= HAFHAIA J= K = @AB H = ij AIJ= GKA IA HECE = @A K = B H = =F E?=@= = @EHA = C @ AEN i = K = IKFAHB ?EA ?K = H = JA = @EHA F=H= A = = AEN j ?=I @A K =JAHE= =C JE? = A AHCE= A IJE?= JA K JAH =@E?E = GKA HAIK J= @= E JAH= A JHA = =C AJE = A =I @AB H = AI AIJ= = A AHCE= =C AJ A IJE?= 5K= ANFHAII F @A IAH @AHEL=@= =JH=L I @ ? ?K @= A AHCE= @A = EI JH FE= = FHAIA = @A JA I AI  EJJA '"' ) A AHCE= =C AJ A IJE?= = ? JHE>KE = EI JH FE= GKA IKHCA A K I E@ I > JA I ) JA I A K F J P @A E@= ? = B H = @ELE@E@= FA = HA= F/A E EJA A GKA A 0 7 ? HF I E@ I > ABAEJ @A K = JA I I BHA K = @AB H = ) @AB H = =@E A IE = A @=@= FA = K@= = HA =JEL= ? FHE A J l/l ,A JH @A ?AHJ I E EJAI AII= @AB H = E A=H FH F H?E = JA I K HAIK J=@ A F HE? ? DA?E@ ? AE @A 0 A

=
A

, E

# 

GKA E @K @A ; K C 7 = = IJH= I E@= I > JA I = C @A K = @=@= @EHA J= > JA HA@K E@= IK= @E A I JH= ILAHI= K =HCKH= w0 ) H= @A 2 EII =@E A IE =  @A E@= = F=HJEH @= L=HE= HA =JEL= @= @E A I w

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

$!

w l = . w0 l

# 

2=H= = =E HE= @ I =JAHE=EI = H= @A 2 EII JA K L= H A JHA 0, 1 A 0, 3 ) AE @A 0 A F @A IAH HAAI?HEJ= A JAH I @=I ? F A JAI ij @= @AB H = A ij @= JA I  = @=K A EBIDEJ '#'
xx

[xx (yy + zz )] E

#

F H

(1 + )ij ; (i, j ) = x, y, z (i = j ). # ! E ) A AHCE= A IJE?= F H K E@=@A @A L K A @=@= IEIJA = ? >E?

ij

Eel =

1 c11 ( 2

2 xx

2 yy

2 zz )

1 + c44 ( 2 +

2 xy

2 yz

2 zx )+

+c12 (
A

yy zz

xx zz

xx yy )

# "

GKA I cij I I @K I A IJE? I  = @=K A EBIDEJ '#' ) A AHCE= =C AJ A IJE?= F @A IAH >JE@= ANF= @E @ A I HEA @A 6=O H = ANFHAII @= A AHCE= @A = EI JH FE= -G # # A BK @=I @AB H = AI ij

EK = EK (0) +
i,j

EK ij

ij 0

+ ...

# #

) A AHCE= @A = EI JH FE= F HJ= J K F=H= @AB H = AH = A AHCE= @A = EI JAH I =@E?E =EI GKA A L LA =I @AB H ANF= I ? IJEJKA = A AHCE= =C AJ A

= I = GKA ? J K JAH JH FE= FH FHE= A JA @EJ= A = AI ij -IIAI JAH I @= IJE?= EM E # $ ?HEIJ= F=H= =

EK = EK (0) + EM E .
-NF= @E @ = I HEA A KI= @ = ANFHAII @A EK F=H= K ? >E? JA IE =@ -G # # >JA I = IACKE JA AGK= A AHCE= =C AJ A IJE?= A K ?HEIJ= ? >E?  EJJA '"'
2 EM E = B1 (1 2 + 2 2 + 3 zz )

xx

I B=J HAI B I AJ A IJE? I JAH

+ 3 1 zx ) # % ? DA?E@ I ? ? IJ= JAI @A =? F = A J =C II I ? IA I @EHAJ HAI

yy xy yz

+ B2 (1 2

+ 2 3

$"

) +KHL= @A

=C AJE =

)I ? CKH= AI @A AGKE >HE @A K I E@ ? >E? =C AJE =@ I @=@=I FA JA I H @A @AB H = AI ij GKA E E E = = A AHCE= J J= GKA IA ANFHE A F H KI= @ IACK @ JAH @= -G # # A =I AGK= AI # " A # %

E = EK + Eel + EM E = 2 2 2 2 2 2 = K (1 2 + 2 3 + 3 1 ) + 1 1 2 2 2 + c11 ( 2 xx + yy + zz ) + c44 ( xy + 2 2 +c12 ( yy zz + xx zz + xx yy ) + 2 2 2 +B1 (1 xx + 2 yy + 3 zz ) + +B2 (1 2 xy + 2 3 yz + 3 1 zx ).

2 yz

2 zx )

# &

)I I K AI I @= B H = ij = ij (K, B1 , B2 , cmn ) 7 = = IJH= @A =JAHE= =C JE? K@= IK= @E A I A@E@= GKA =C AJE =@= AIJA BA A ?D= =@ =C AJ IJHE - JAH I =EI CAH=EI = =C AJ IJHE = ? HH ?E= @A L=HE= AI = @A B H = A? E?= @A K = = IJH= =C JE?= @ALE@ = K@= =I CH=K @A =C AJE = K = @EHA @A =C AJE = I =JAHE=EI J =C AJ IJHE F IEJEL= GK= @ ANE>A K = ANF= I E A=H A@E@= GKA I =C AJE =@ I F H ANA F = EC= 2AH = O A =C AJ IJHE AC=JEL= = IEJK= F IJ= ANA F GKA AJ E?  5K= HECA E ?H I? FE?= A L LA = E JAH= @ I A J I =J E? I H>EJ=EI ? =I ?=HC=I A JHE?=I = HA@A ?HEIJ= E =  ?= F ?HEIJ= E  ) =C AJ IJHE @A E@= GK= JEJ=JEL= A JA ? = @AB H = E A=H HA =JEL=

l , l0

# '

@A l = l l0 = L=HE= = @E A I E A=H l @= = IJH= -IJA ABAEJ KEJ FAGKA H = A JA @= H@A @A 106 = 105 ) =C AJ IJHE JA = AI = @E A I GKA =I @AB H = AI ?=KI=@=I F H K = JA I A? E?= C K ?HEIJ= @A K =JAHE= BAHH =C JE? GKA IA = FAHBAEJ= A JA ? >E? =?E = @= JA FAH=JKH= @A H@A TC =FHAIA J=H K = FAGKA = @EIJ H GK= @ HAIBHE=@ =>=EN @AII= JA FAH=JKH= -NEIJA =E @= ABAEJ =C AJ IJHEJEL E LAHI EIJ ABAEJ @= K @= = = =C AJE = =JH=L I @= = @A K = JA I =F E?=@= ) =C AJ IJHE J= > >IAHL=@= GK= @ K ?= F =C JE? =F E ?=@ = K = = IJH= =C AJE =@= ?D= =@= AIIA ?=I =C AJE = B H =@=

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

$#

6=>A = # 11  =C AJ IJHE FAH=JKH= = >EA JA =JAHE= E

@A I=JKH=

@A = CK I

=JAHE=EI F E?HEIJ= E

JA

s 106 

+ .A E$.A" 2AH = .A3 4 6>.A2

O

!! $ ' # "  %#!

)I ? IJ= JAI @A =C AJ IJHE KIK= A JA ?EJ=@=I I =I ? IJ= JAI @A =C AJ IJHE @A I=JKH= s AIFA?E ?= A JA I L= HAI @A l/l0 F=H= = IJH=I AL=@=I @ AIJ=@ =C AJE =@ =J = I=JKH= =C JE?= ) CK I L= HAI @A s F=H= =JAHE=EI F E?HEIJ= E I JA FAH=JKH= = >EA JA I IJH=@ I = J=>A = # 11 )I ? IJ= JAI @A =C AJ IJHE ?=A ? =K A J @= JA FAH=JKH= JA @A @ = AH = JA FAH=JKH= @A +KHEA 8= I IKF H GKA K = = IJH= @A AIJHKJKH= ? >E?= ?HEIJ= E = K@A @A K AIJ=@ @AI =C AJE =@ F=H= K AIJ=@ @A I=JKH= =C JE?= 5K= =C AJ IJHE @A I=JKH= s = C @A K = @EHA @A E@= FA I ? IA I @EHAJ HAI 1 2 A 3 HA =JEL= A JA = I AEN I ?HEIJ= E I AN EJJA '"'
2 2 2 2 2 2 1 s (, ) = 3 2 100 (1 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 3 +)

+ 3111 (1 2 1 2 + 2 3 2 3 + 3 1 3 1 ),

# !

A GKA 1 2 A 3 I I ? IA I @EHAJ HAI @= =C AJE = 100 A 111 I =I =C AJ IJHE AI @A I=JKH= = C @=I @EHA AI  A  A AIJ HA =?E =@=I I ? IJ= JAI @A =? F = A J =C AJ A IJE? B1 A B2  GK= JE@=@AI =EI BK @= A J=EI GKA =F=HA?A = -G # % A= I @K I A IJE? I cij +D= = @ @A CK A JHA = @EHA 1 2 3 = C @= GK= = =C AJ IJHE AIJ IA @ A@E@= A ?= F =C JE? F=H= A = 1 2 3  JA I

cos = 1 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 .

# !

5A AH I = =FH NE = @A ? IE@AH=H = =C AJ IJHE EI JH FE?= JAHA I A J 100 = 111 = s 5K>IJEJKE @ = -G # ! = =C A J IJHE ?=
2 1 () = 3 2 s (cos 3 , )

# ! 

$$

) +KHL= @A

=C AJE =

GKA F @A IAH AI?HEJ= IK>IJEJKE @ cos2 = 1 sen2 A @AIFHA = @ JAH ? IJ= JA 2 () = 3 # !! 2 s sen . -IJ= ANFHAII F=H= = =C AJ IJHE @AFA @A @=I @EHA AI ?HEI J= E =I =I =FA =I @ CK A JHA = =C AJE = A = @EHA = C @= GK= = =C AJ IJHE A@E@= ) HA = A JHA = =C AJ IJHE A = A AHCE= =C AJ A IJE?= F @A IAH LEIJ= F=H= K I E@ @A ? FHE A J l0 IK> AJE@ = K = JA I @A JH= A K = @EHA GKA B H = K CK ? = =C AJE = IK= @E A I = JAH=@= @A dl() =?H I?E A A AHCE= F H L K A JH=>= D dl()/l0 HA= E =@ FA = JA I  J= @ GKA AGKEL= A JA = K = FHAII AC=JEL=

dE =

dl() = d(). l0

# !"

2=H= K I E@ =C AJE =@ =J = I=JKH= = A AHCE= J J= JH= >= D HA= E =@ A@E@= GKA I E@ @AB H =@ FA = =C AJ IJHE AIJ= = A AHCE= =C AJ A IJE?= 2 HJ= J ?=I @A K = =C AJ I JHE EI JH FE?= A K ?HEIJ= ? >E? IK AEJ = K = JA I = A AHCE= =C AJ A IJE?= AI?HEJ= ? KI= @ =I AGK= AI # !! A # !"
2 EM E = 3 2 s sen .

# !#

+ F=H= @ ? = -G # & LA I GKA AIJ= ANFHAII JA = B H = @A K = A AHCE= @A = EI JH FE= 2 @A I ? ? KEH GKA = =C AJ IJHE =JH=L I @= A AHCE= =C AJ A IJE?= AGKEL= A JA = K = = EI JH FE= K E =NE= ? ? IJ= JA @A = EI JH FE=

Ku = 3 2 s .

# !$

I @EBAHA JAI JEF I @A ? JHE>KE AI = EI JH FE= =C JE?= I I JH=@ I = J=>A = # 111 2=H= = =C AJ IJHE A@E@= = AI = @EHA GKA ?= F =F E ?=@ i = i A IK>IJEJKE @ = -G # ! >JA I
4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 s () = 2 100 (1 + 2 + 3 1 3 ) + 3111 (1 2 + 2 3 + 3 1 ), # !%

IA @ I i I ? IA I @EHAJ HAI @ ?= F =F E?=@ 7I= @ = ANF= I

2 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 (1 + 2 + 3 ) = (1 + 2 + 3 ) + 2(1 2 + 2 3 + 3 1 ) 1, # !&

= IE F E ?=

I A >JA

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

$%

6=>A = # 111  + IJ= JAI @A = EI JH FE= =NE= A A +K EJO '%  ) EI JH FE= +HEIJ= E = . H = 6A I A A?= EI += F ?HEIJ= E =C AJ IJ JE?= =C AJ A IJE?= 5KFAHB ?EA

A?= EI

I @A = EI JH FE= >=IA=@

IJ= JA 7 E=NE=
0 /2(Na Nc )M 2 3 = 2 s
u s u 1

s u

2 2 2 2 2 2 s () = 100 + 3(111 100 )(1 2 + 2 3 + 3 1 )

# !'

GKA B H A?A = =C AJ IJHE @A I=JKH= @A K ?HEIJ= ? >E? A@E@= = C @= AI = @EHA @ ?= F =C JE? =F E?=@ @A ? IA I @EHAJ HAI i - IEIJA =I ? BH=?= = EI JH FE= ?HEIJ= E = JAH @A = EI JH FE= @AHEL=@ @= A AHCE= =C AJ A IJE?= F @A IAH @ E = JA ) @A E @= @EHA @A B ?E =C AJE = IAH A J @AJAH E =@= FA = JA I ABAEJ ?= @= =F E?= @A K = JA I = K = = IJH= @AI =C AJE =@= IAH ?HAI?E A J @A @ E I =I @EHA AI FHABAHE@=I J= J F=H= A =I GK= J = JEF=H= A =I F=H= s > 0 ) =C AJE = FAH = A?AH K = =I D=LAH LE A J @A F=HA@AI @A @ E I 5A = = EI JH FE= ?HEIJ= E = B H KEJ >=EN= =I F=HA@AI GKA FAH = A?AHA =F I = =F E?= @= JH= F @AH IAH HA LE@=I ? = =F E?= @A K ?= F =C JE? KEJ BH=? ,AFA @A @ @= B H = K = = IJH= =C AJE =@= F @A I BHAH K = @AB H = @ALE@ JA @ ?E= @A E E E =H = A AHCE= =C AJ A IJE?= ABAEJ @A B H = AIIA ABAEJ @EBAHA JA @= = @= =C AJ IJHE LAH +K EJO '%  )I A@E@=I @A A AHCE= @A = EI JH FE= K =C AJ IJHE A = IJH=I F E?HEIJ= E =I B H A?A L= HAI @E I @AII=I GK= JE@=@AI 2 H ANA F = =C AJ IJHE @A I=JKH= @A K F E?HEIJ= ? >E? = A=J HE F @A IAH >JE@= B= A @ IA K = @E= @= -G # ! A @=@= F H
2 s = 5 100 + 3 5 111 .

# "

,E IA @ I F E?HEIJ=EI I GK=EI I ?HEIJ= EJ I E @ELE@K=EI ANE>A HE A J= FHABAHA ?E= GKA AIJAI J JANJKH= A IK=I FH FHEA@=@AI =C JE?=I F @A IAH @AI?HEJ=I F H ANFHAII AI IE F AI ? = -G # "

$&

) +KHL= @A

=C AJE =

#! ,

E I

=C

JE? I

)I = IJH=I @A =JAHE=EI =C JE? I H=H= A JA J K A J =C JE? J J= K EIJ A =I IA ? F HJ= ? > AJ I =C AJE =@ I -IIA ?=I F H ANA F @A K > AJ ? K @A BAHH JA FAH=JKH= = >EA JA 2 H GKA =I = IJH=I @A =JAHE=EI BAHH =C JE? I I J @=I I ) ANF E?= = @A GKA =I = IJH=I BAHH =C JE?=I I @ELE@E@=I A FAGKA =I HACE AI ?D= =@=I @ E I ?=@= K = ? IK= =C AJE = =F J= @ F=H= K = @EHA @EBAHA JA @A J= @ GKA A J =C JE? HAIK J= JA A = =C AJE = @E= FAH = A?A FH=JE?= A JA K ,A JH @A ?=@= @ E = =C AJE = JA IAK L= H @A I=JKH=

N N N N

N N S S

S N S N

S S S S

S S N N

N S N S

.ECKH= #   ,ELEI AJ IJ JE?=

@A K

E? @

=C

JE?

E E E = @ = A AHCE=

=C

I@ E I I ?HE=@ I F HGKA IK= ANEIJ ?E= HA@K = A AHCE= =C AJ IJ JE?= 1IJ F @A IAH E KIJH=@ ?=I @A K = = IJH= @A IA HAJ= CK =H .EC #  A@E@= GKA @ E HECE = IA @ELE@A = A AHCE= =C JE?= @ IEIJA = IA HA@K ) A AHCE= HA@K E@= =E @= =EI ? =B H = @A @ E I @A BA?D= A J  IJH=@ I ? =C AJE = FAHFA @E?K =H = @ I KJH I @ E I - JHA @ EI @ E I =@ =?A JAI ? @EHA AI @A =C AJE = GKA @EBAHA @A K CK ANEIJA K = HACE E JAH A@E HE= @A =HCKH= EJ= ? DA?E@= ? F=HA@A @A @ E 5A K = F=HA@A @A @ E @A 180o JA K = =HCKH= @A N J I ?=@= K ? K IFE S CK @E par A JHA I IFE I LE E D I /N A = A AHCE= F H F=H @A IFE I Etr = J S 2 (/N )2 @= -G # & 7 = E D= @A J I? N + 1 LE E D I FAHFA @E?K =H F=HA@A @A @ E I JA K = A AHCE=

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

$'

J S 2 2 . # " N ) ? @E F=H= = A AHCE= Etr IAH E = = @A GKA N ?HAI = E @A E@= A JA A J= J IA N ?HAI?A = A AHCE= @A = EI JH FE= =K A J= F EI AH @A IFE I = E D=@ I ? = @EHA @A =C AJE = B ?E J= > =K A J= 5A = IAF=H= A JHA I J I a K ? FHE A J K EJ HE @A F=HA@A @A @ E =JH=LAII= 1/a E D=I @A J I K = HA= K EJ HE= @A F=HA@A =JH=LAII=@= F H 1/a2 E D=I ) A AHCE= @A JH ?= F H K E@=@A @A HA= A J
par = Etr = N Etr

J S2 . # "  N a2 ) A AHCE= @A = EI JH FE= F H K E@=@A @A L K A @A K ?HEIJ= K E=NE= EK = K sen2 -G # & + K = F=HA@A @A HA= K EJ HE= JA L K A N a = A AHCE= @A = EI JH FE= F H K E@=@A @A HA= etr = 2 eK = K sen2 N a KN a.
# "!

) ? @E GKA E E E = = A AHCE= J J= F H K E@=@A @A HA= e = etr + eK JH ?= =EI = EI JH FE= @=@= F H

2 J S 2 de = 2 2 + Ka = 0, dN N a A = F=HA@A GKA I=JEIB= AII= ? @E JA K AH @A J F H S J N = 3 /2 . K a 2 HJ= J = =HCKH= @AII= F=HA@A = Na =

# "" I @=@ # "#

S J . # "$ 1 / 2 K a ) AIFAIIKH= @= F=HA@A @A @ E I F HJ= J @EHAJ= A JA FH F H ?E = = J A E LAHI= A JA FH F H?E = = K ) IK>@ELEI A @ E I FH IIACKA E @A E@= A JA =EI K = LA F H ? IE@AH= AI A AHC JE?=I ) B H = @A E JAHB=?AI F=HA@AI A JHA I @ E I ? @K = K =K A J @A A AHCE= @ALE@ = EI JH FE= =C JE?= A E JAH= @A JH ?= 1IJ ? HHA F HGKA = A AHCE= @A = EI JH FE= E = F=H= K = @EHA F=H= A = @EHA HECE = @A =C AJE = @ I@ E I A GK= J = A AHCE= @A JH ?= E = F=H= K = E D= A J F=H= A @ I A J I ) =HCKH= @= F=HA@A @A @ E I @A E@= FA = ? FAJE A JHA = A AHCE= @A = EI JH FE= A = A AHCE= @A JH ?= = FHE AEH= HA@K E@= F=H= F=HA@AI AIJHAEJ=I A = IACK @= F=H=

%
N

) +KHL= @A

=C AJE =

.ECKH= #   A J I F=HA@A @A * ?D

=C

JE? I

E JAHE H @A K = F=HA@A @A @

E @A &o

F=HA@AI =HC=I + ANA F @A =HCKH=I @A F=HA@AI JA I # F=H= F=HA@AI @A @ E I @A 'o A BAHH A # F=H= F=HA@AI @A &o A ? >= J )I F=HA@AI @A @ E I I J= > ?D= =@=I F=HA@AI @A * ?D A > H= AII= @A E = IA = KI=@= =EI AIFA?E ?= A JA F=H= K JEF @A F=HA@A = GK= = =C AJE = CEH= B H= @ F = @=I =C AJE = AI @ I@ E I LE E D I .EC #   ) F=HA@A = GK= I A J I CEH= AI F= ?D= =@= F=HA@A @A A II= @EI?KII I >HA = B H = @A @ E I =C JE? I =F E? LA = = IJH=I =C JE?=I ?HEIJ= E =I 2=H= F E?HEIJ=EI I ?HEIJ=EI E @ELE@K=EI  K CH I H = A JA =FHAIA J= K = AIJHKJKH= K JE @ E I ?=I @A IAKI J= = D I IAHA =E HAI @ GKA K = @E A I ?H JE?= @=@= CH IIAEH= A JA FA = -G # "$ LAH + AO ''$

# " -BAEJ I 4ALAHI LAEI A 1HHALAHI LAEI = =C AJE =

FAGKA ?= F C @A K = @EHA I A J I =C JE? I =C AJE = -IJA ABAEJ @= =C AJE = = @EHA ? IAG A JA A JA =K = 7 =C JE? ANJAH =F E?=@ = K @ E =H>EJH HE= FH @K K J HGKA GKA JA @A = CEH=H B= A @ ? GKA IA @AILEA @= @EHA @A B ?E FH @K K =K A J HALAHI LA @= ? F A JA @ ?= F =F E?=@ CK @A H J= A A J = =C AJE =  K = IKI?AJE>E E@=@A

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

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E = Ku cos2 ( 0 ) 0 Ms H cos ,
A

# "%

GKA Ku F=H AJH @A = EI JH FE= K E=NE= 2=H= ?= F I =C JE? I =EI E JA I I =F E?=@ I = F=HJ ?K =I @ E ? HHA FH ?AII I EHHALAHI LAEI GKA IKHCA @= H J= EHHALAH I LA @= =C AJE = 2 H ANA F = =C AJE = @ @ E @= .EC # ! CEH= @= IK= @EHA HECE = I > = = @ ?= F H A@E@= GKA = E JA IE@=@A @A H =K A J= CEH= F=H= K = @EHA GKA B H = K CK =E H @ GKA 'o ? = @EHA HECE = 5A =F I EII H B H HA@K E@ = =C AJE = HAJ H = IK= @EHA HECE = =I A LA @EII IA = E D= ? c AIJ= K@= = = =C AJE = F HJ= J EHHALAHI LA
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E

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@= JE?= # "&

E = 20 Ms H s cos ,

A = B H = F H K E@=@A @A HA= K FHAII @=@= E EJA A GKA s 0 F H E = 20 Ms H cos . # "' s A?= EI @A =C AJE = EHHALAHI LA =EI E F HJ= JA A I E@ I H@A =@ I =C AJE?= A JA AIJ HA =?E =@ = @AI ?= A J EHHA LAHI LA @A F=HA@AI @A @ E I 1IJ F @A IAH E KIJH=@ FA = .EC # " GKA IJH= = = @A K ?= F =C JE? A FKHH= @ = F=HA@A F H ANA F @= F IE s0 F=H= s1 5A A s1 = @AHEL=@= @= A AHCE= =JE CEH K NE ?= K =K A J ?= F 0 AL=H = F=HA@A = I= J=H F=H= s2 ) F=HA@A F H= A s2 F HGKA AIIA F J = B H = AGKEL= A JA  K FHAI I  ANAH?E@= F H 0 L= A JA AGKE E>H=@= FA = B H = @A HAIJ=KH= GKA FH F H?E = @AHEL=@= @= A AHCE= F J s2 -G # "' 5A = F=HJEH @AIJA A J ?= F 0 IA ?= ?A =H = F=HA@A EH LAH IA F=H= E =EI FH NE A ? IAG A JA A JA = =C AJE = HAJ H =H = L= H HECE = ? HHAIF @A JA = F J s0 I I= J I @=I F=HA@AI @A @ E I F H ANA F @A s1 F=H= s2 = .EC # " F @A IAH @AJA?J=@ I F H AE @A K@= =I @EI?HAJ=I KN =C JE? =JH=L I @A K = > >E = A H =@= A J H @= = IJH= ) K@= = @AI? J K= = =C AJE = ? =K A J ? IJ= JA @A

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) ?=H=?JAHE = =C JE?= @A K = = IJH= F @A IAH BAEJ= F H AE @A K CH ? @= IK= =C AJE = A BK @ ?= F =F E?=@ 0 CAH= A JA I > = B H = @A  ?KHL= LEHCA   ?KHL= @A =C AJE = K ?E? @A DEIJAHAIA ) ?KHL= LEHCA = ?KHL= @A =C AJE = LAHIKI H F=H= K = = IJH= HECE = A JA =C AJE =@= ?E? @A DEIJAHAIA K = @A DEIJAHAIA = ?KHL= @A =C AJE = ? F AJ= JH= =@= @AI@A H = Hmax =J H = Hmax A @A L J= .EC # # ) L=HE= @= =C AJE = @A K =JAHE= A BK @= E JA IE@=@A @ ?= F =F E?=@ H K BA A ? F AN GKA HA AJA = =JK= @A @ELAHI I A?= EI I E?H I? FE? I 7 = = IJH= @A =JAHE= =C JE? B H =@= A CAH= F H K ? K J @A @ E I =C JE? I GKA F @A I > = E K ?E= @ ?= F =F E?=@ K@=H @A L K A K CEH=H IK= =C AJE = =B=IJ= @ IA @=I @EHA AI B ?AEI ) B H = @= ?KHL= @A =C AJE = =BAJ=@= FA = FHAIA = @A E FKHA =I ?=EI @ABAEJ I A BH JAEH=I @A CH I AIJ=I I HA AL= JAI F=H= IKHCE A J @A @ E I ? =C AJE = F IJ=  K? A=  F=H= =FHEIE = A J @=I F=HA@AI @A @ E I AJ? 2=HJE @ @A K = = IJH= =C AJE =@= = ?KHL= @A =C AJE = K = M H JA = B H = CAH= IJH=@= = .EC # # @A F @A I @EIJE CKEH JH I HACE AI @EBAHA JAI = HACE AO = =C AJE = ?HAI?A A J= A JA ? = =F E?= @ ?= F =C JE? ANJAH = HACE AB EII IA @ @A B H = =EI H FE@= A = HACE BC = =C AJE = JA @A F=H= K L= H @A I=JKH= 5A ?= F =F E?=@ ?HAI?AH = F J @A = =C AJE = =JE CEH IAK L= H NE =I A LA @EII ? A =H = @A?HAI?AH =F I = ?= =H K L= H E JAH A@E HE = =C AJE = JH= = K = ?KHL= GKA A CAH= @EBAHA JA @= ?KHL= OC )FA =I F=H= ?= F I >=EN I A ? IAG A JA A JA FAGKA =I =C AJE = AI AIIA ABAEJ >IAHL=@ F H ANA F = ?KHL= AO F @A IAH JH= =@= A @ EI IA JE@ I ? ?= F ?HAI?A JA K @A?HAI?A JA 5A ?= F =C JE? =K A J= =J = =C AJE = =JE CEH F J B .EC # $ A @AF EI HA@K E@ = =C AJE = ?=E F H ANA F =J B IA H ? A = = =K A J=H L= A JA = F=HJEH @AIJA F J = =C AJE = FAH? HHA = ?KHL= BA?D=@= E EJ=@= F H B A B +KHL=I @AIJA JEF I ?D= =@=I @A = I A HAI .EC # $ ,= ?KHL= LEHCA B H .EC # % F @A I =L= E=H = FAH A=>E E@=@A E E?E= i = @AHEL=@= @= ?KHL= = HECA  A = FAH A=>E E@=@A NE =

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m = J= CA JA @ =E H CK B H =@ FA = HAJ= GKA J= CA JA ?KHL= A F=II= FA = HECA  ) ?KHL= ? F AJ= @A =C AJE = JH= =@= GK= @ ?= F H =K A J= =J Hmax @A?HAI?A =J Hmax A HAJ H = = IAK L= H NE ) CKH= # # IJH= K = ?KHL= @A =C AJE = J FE?= ? K L= H @A Hmax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BAM I

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B = H = 0 (H + M) = Bext + 0 M

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M2

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Intermetlicos de terras raras e metais de transio Ferritas duras Meios de gravao Metais Ligas de metais de transio

10

10

10

10

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Ferritas macias Permalloy Ligas amorfas Ligas nanocristalinas

10
1

10

10

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a ) ?KHL= M H IAH K = HAJ= E ? E =@= GKA =JE CA = I=JKH= F=H= ?= F 0 0a .ECI # = A # > E IJHKJEL =? F= D=H ? L=HE= = @EHA @A =C AJE = @ I @ E I E JAHE H @ =JAHE= A @EBAHA JAI F J I @= ?KHL= @A DEI JAHAIA - FHE AEH KC=H @ALA IA J=H GKA @EBAHA JAI ? CKH= AI @A @ E I F @A ? HHAIF @AH = L= HAI ECK=EI @= =C AJE = )I ? CKH= AI I IJH=@=I AIGKA =JE?= A JA = .EC # - F=HJE?K =H F=H= K = =C AJE = ECK= = AH ANEIJA =EI @A K = ? CKH= F II LA @ I @ E I AIJ=@ @AI =C AJE =@ E@A= KIK= A JA J =@ ? =GKA A GK= L K A @= = IJH= ECK= A JA @ELE@E@ A JHA I F II LAEI JEF I @A @ E I

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AIJA ?=I FH F H?E = = H 3 + ANF E?=@ = IA = JAHE H I =JAHE=EI F=H= I FAH = A JAI I =JAHE=EI =C JE? I @KH I ? = J= HAJA JELE@=@A Mr  K = J= HA = ?E= A = J= ? AH?ELE@=@A Hc ) ?=H=?JAH IJE?= E @ELE@K= GKA A D H @AI?HALA CH=K @A =@AGK= @A K @=@ =JAHE= = KI = B= >HE?= @A I FAH = A JAI FH @KJ @A A AHCE= NE (BH )max 7 =JAHE= JE F=H= I FAH = A JAI JA K = ?KHL= M H FAHBAEJ= A JA GK=@H=@= GKA IEC E ?= GKA IK= =C AJE = FAH = A?A LA @A I=JKH= F=H= GK= GKAH L= H @A H @AI@A NE ?= F =C JE? =F E?=@ =J ?= F ECK= = ?= F ? AH?EL (Hc ) .EC # "= 2 HJ= J = =C AJE = F J @A HA = ?E= (Mr ) JA AI L= H @= =C AJE = @A I=JKH= Ms ,AIA D= @ = @A DEIJAHAIA I > = B H = @A K = ?KHL= @A B LAHIKI 0 H .EC # "> F @A I KI=H =I AI =I K E@=@AI F=H= = > I I AEN I JAI = 2=H= AIIA =JAHE= =C JE? E@A= CH ? IACK @ GK=@H= JA K = E D= HAJ= GKA ? A?J= F J (0, Br ) = F J 0 B Hc  F EI = E?=

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yy zz

xx zz

xx yy ),

E = JA @= A AHCE= @A = EI JH FE=

2 2 2 2 2 2 UK = K1 (1 2 + 2 3 + 3 1 ).

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A JA AL=@ A

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yz

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zx ),

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xx

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xy

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k

2 (3xik xjk rk ij )|II ).

6 = @ I AEN I x y A z ? E ?E@A JAI ? I AEN I FHE ?EF=EI @ JA I H CH=@EA JA @A ?= F A JHE? /+- Vij =I ? F A JAI @A Vij ? i=j I K =I A $ & IA J H =

HQ =

e2 qQ 2 2 2 3Iz I 2 + (Ix Iy ) , 4I (2I 1)

$ 

1 JAH=

AI 0EFAHBE =I

@A KI= I = AGK= @A =F =?A (2 V = 0) 1 JH @K E I eq Vzz A F=H AJH @A =IIE AJHE= @ CH=@EA JA @A ?= F A JHE? = (Vxx Vyy )/Vzz ) CH= @A = eq A@E@= A L JI F H AJH GK=@H=@ 51 I AEN I I AI? DE@ I @A J= B H = GKA =I ? F A JAI @ JA I H /+>A@A?A =

|Vzz | |Vyy | |Vxx |.

$ 

) CH= @A = L=HE= A JHA  A  A@E @ @A GK= J /+- IA =B=IJ= @= IE AJHE= =NE= - I E@ I ANEIJA ? JHE>KE AI = /+- @ J GK= ?A AIJ ?= E =@ A @A J I @EIJ= JAI LAH IA $ $ /+- IA = K = I ? A I @ I AIJ=@ I S FKH I A IE AJHE= ? >E?= A J= J AI F=H= J I ELHAI ANEIJA K = ?AHJ= FH F H @A =? F = A J E JAH A@E HE GKA ? @K = K AIJ=@ BK @= A J= EIJ - /@3+ AIJ=@ 8 6 BK @= A J= J H = IA K = EIJKH= @A S7/2 A P7/2 )>H=C= A * A= AO '% 2=H= I = 3 I =KJ L= HAI @A HQ I @=@ I F H 2

EQ =

e2 qQ 1 3m2 I (I + 1) (1 + 2 )1/2 . 4I (2I 1) 3

IE AJHE= =NE= = 0 A = D= E J

$

?=I @A K CH=@EA JA ? $ & J = = B H =

E= =

HQ =

e2 qQ 2 3Iz I2 . 4I (2I 1)

$ !

) JAH?AEH= E JACH= = ANFHAII ? IIE?= @A W -G $ ' A L LA @A 2 EII =F = =F =?E= @A V 2 V i 2 V /x2 i  ,= AGK= ?E= AIJ HA =?E =@ ?=HC= FHAIA JA F J H = ?=HC= A AJH E?= AIJA ?=I 

2 V =

e
0

$ "

A GKA e = @A IE@=@A @A ?=HC= A AJH E?= A 0 = FAH EJELE@=@A @ L ?K 0 = 1/(0 c2 ) = JAH?AEH= E JACH= L K A K? A=H AH F=H= = =E HE= @ I A JH I ?=I @A A JH I s A A JH I p1/2  GKA J @A IE@=@A K = = HACE @ ?A JAH?AEH JAH @= ANF= I @= A AHCE= -G $ ' AH -IJA IA J H = KI= @ = -G $ " A B=J @A GKA = E JACH= @A r2 (r) ECK= = Ze r2

W =

1 1 e Ze r2 = Ze2 |(0)|2 r2 , 6 0 6 0

$ #

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

! ? J= GKA @A IE@=@A $ $

A GKA r2 H=E @E GK=@H JE? K? A=H A J = I A = ?=HC= K? A=H Ze + IE@AH= I = @A IE@=@A e ECK= A AJH E?= = HECA

e = e|(0)|2

-IJA JAH = ANF= I @= A AHCE= @ KC=H = @AI ?= A J EI HE? = AIFA?JH I? FE= II>=KAH ABAEJ II>=KAH K H=E C= = A EJE@ IA HA?K F H K ?A AIJ=@ AN?EJ=@  = B JA A => I HLE@ @A B H = HAII = JA F H KJH ?A =>I HLA@ H + A FHE ? FE I H=E I GK=@H JE? I @E I @ ?A AIJ=@ BK @= A J= A AIJ=@ AN?EJ=@ I @EBAHA JAI A =E @= I L= HAI @A | (0)|2 I A CAH= @EBAHA JAI = =JHE @= B JA A =>I HLA@ H = K@= = A W F @A IAH A@E@= @AI ?= A J @A A AHCE= @AI ?= A J EI HE?  FH F H?E = @EBAHA = A H=E @E GK=@H JE? AIJ=@ BK @= A J= IK>I?HEJ  A AIJ=@ AN?EJ=@ IK>I?HEJ  A @EBAHA = A @A IE@=@A A AJH E?= ? A A JHA B JA IK>I?HEJ f  A =>I HLA@ H IK>I?HEJ a

E =

1 2 Ze2 |(0)|2 a |(0)|f 6 0

r2

r2

$ %

KC=H @A ANFHE EH @AI ?= A J EI HE? A JAH I @ H=E @E GK=@H JE? KEJ=I LA AI IA KI= H=E K? A=H R GKA IA HA =?E = 2 ? AIJA =JH=L I @= AGK= R2 = 5 3 r CH=@EA JA @A ?= F A JHE? GKA =JK= I >HA I ? A I I I E@ I IKHCA @=I ?=HC=I E E?=I @ I A JH I @ J F=E A J= > @ I A JH I @A ? @K A AJ=EI A IA E? @KJ HAI 2=H= K ELHA @A A J = CK =H J J= F @A IA IJH=H GKA = E JAH= A JHA A J GK=@HKF =H A JHE? @ ? A A CH=@EA JA @A ?= F A JHE? @ALE@ = I A JH I LAH * A= AO '$%

H=B
= GK=

3(J I)2 + 3/2(J I) J (J + 1)I (I + 1) , 2J (2J 1)I (2I 1) B = e2 qQ r3 J J J (2J 1),

$ &

$ '

IA @ eq CH=@EA JA @A ?= F A JHE? ( 2 V /z 2 ) A Q A J @A GK=@HKF @ ?A J ||||J K AH J=>K =@ F=H= ?=@= F=H= =I JAHH=I H=H=I LAH - E JJ A 5JALA I '#! ) E JAH= DEFAH = GK=@HKF =H A JHE?= A =JAHE=EI =C JE? I JA JEFE?= A JA K L= H K = H@A @A CH= @A = A H @ GKA = E JA H= DEFAH = @EF =H =C JE?=

"

1 JAH=

AI 0EFAHBE =I

$ ! 1 JAH= AI ,EF =HAI

JH

=C

JE?=I

JAH @ E = JA = ANF= I @=I E JAH= AI =C JE?=I @A A I A I @=@ FA = ANFHAII CAH= $  = E JAH= ? A J @A @EF =C JE? K? A=H -IIA JAH IKHCA @ ABAEJ @ I A J I =C JE? I @A IFE A H>EJ= @ I A JH I =JK= @ I >HA I A J I @EF =HAI =C JE? I @ I ? A I ) E JAH= DEFAH = @E F =H =C JE?= F @A IAH AI?HEJ= ? = E JAH= @ A J @EF =H =C JE? @ ?A ? K ?= F =C JE? @ALE@ = I A JH I  ?= F DEFAH

Hhf = I Bhf .

$ !

1IJ F @A IAH IJH=@ = F=HJEH @= ANFHAII CAH= @= E JAH= A JHA K = @A IE@=@A @A ? HHA JA A AJH E?= A =C AJEI K? A=H 2 @A I J= > IJH=H =I @EBAHA JAI ? JHE>KE AI = ?= F DEFAH AII=I ? JHE>KE AI I @ALE@=I = A J H>EJ= @ I A JH I @EIJHE>KE @ I IFE I @ I A JH I B H= @ I ? A I A @A IE@=@A @A IFE @ I A JH I s = HACE @ ?A
J(r') P r r' 0

.ECKH= $   ) @A IE@=@A @A ? HHA JA r  AIF= FH @K E @ K F JA ?E= LAJ H F

F J r A K = HACE J P @A ? H@A =@= H

E EJ=@= @

8= I AIJK@=H E E?E= A JA F JA ?E= LAJ H A H =II ?E=@ = K = @EIJHE>KE =H>EJH HE= @A ? HHA JAI @A @A IE@=@A F J H .EC $  L= H @A * A ?=@= F J @ AIF= P F @A IAH >JE@ @ F JA ?E= LAJ H )H

B(r) = A(r),
A GKA F JA ?E= )H @A ? HHA JA F J H F J P @A F IE @=@ FA = ANFHAII

$ !

H @ALE@ CAH=

@A IE@=@A

A(r) =

0 4

J(r ) dv , |r r |

$ ! 

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

#

= GK= 0 = FAH A=>E E@=@A @ L ?K ) E JACH= HA= E =@= A L K A ? JE@ K = HACE @A H=E EJ R ) = EI=HA I = B H = @A )H F=H= K = @EIJHE>KE =H>EJH HE= @A ? HHA JAI 2=H= AIJA FH F IEJ L= I ANF= @EH @A E =@ H @A )H A F J ?E=I @A H 1IJ JE ?=I @A K = @EIJHE>KE @A ? HHA JAI @A FAGKA =I @E A I AI A ? F=H= = |r| ) ANF= I HAIK J= A

1 1 rr = + + |r r | |r| |r|3
) i IE = ? F A JA @A )H J H = IA

$ !!

Ai (r) =

0 4 |r|

Ji (r )dv +
V

r |r|2

r Ji (r )dv + .
V

$ !"

+ H  AIF=?E= A JA E EJ=@ A JA @ELAHC ?E= AH IACKA IA GKA F=H= = FHE AEH= E JACH= @= AGK= LAH =? I '%# IA 8 $

Ji (r )dv = 0.
V

$ !#

2 HJ= J JAH ? HHAIF @A JA = F A JHE? = ANF= I @= E JAH= A AJH IJ JE?=  JAH @A + K > ?= ?A =@ ?=I =C JE? ) E JACH= @ IACK @ JAH J H = IA

r
V

r Ji (r )dv xj Ji (r )dv

= = 1 2 xj
j V

xj
V

(xi Jj xj Ji )dv = , $ !$

i

1 2

ijk xj
j,k V

(r J)k dv

1 r 2

(r J)dv
V

@A ijk I > @A ALE +ELEJ= ECK= = AH F=H= @E?AI HAFAJE@ I +1 F=H= FAH KJ= AI ?EH?K =HAI @A i j A k A 1 ?=I E LAHI )GKE KJE E = I LAH =? I '%#

(xi Jj + xj Ji )dv = 0.

$ !% @A

E@ @A K

A J

=C JE? =II ?E=@ @ CAH= ?

@A IE@=@A @A ? HHA JA H 

m=

1 2

(r J(r ))dv ,
V

$ !&

$

1 JAH=

AI 0EFAHBE =I

E JACH=@ I >HA K = HACE @ AIF= L K A = GK= =I ? HHA JAI AIJ ?EH?K I?HEJ=I IACK @ JAH = ANF= I @A )H F @A IAH ANFHAII A JAH I @ A J =C JE? A FHAC= @ = -G $ !&

A(r) =
GKA =C

0 m r 4 |r|3

$ !' @EF

= ANFHAII @ F JA ?E= LAJ H F J H @ALE@ = K JE? = HECA ?= F =C JE? * =II ?E=@ = F JA ?E= LAJ H )H

B(r) =

0 1 3(r m)r r2 m , 4 |r|5

$ "

GKA ?= F =C JE? @A K @EF + ? KI JAH K = ANF= I =J FHE AEH= H@A A H @ ?= F FH @K E@ F H K = @A IE@=@A =H>EJH HE= @A ? HHA JA H  ?= F *H @ALE@ = K @EF =C JE? ?= F =C JE? CA @A K = @EIJHE>KE =H>EJH HE= @A ? HHA JAI E@ JE? = ?= F @A K @EF  2 @A I ? FKJ=H =I ? JHE>KE AI = ?= F DEFAH GKA IA HE CE = @ I A J I @EF =HAI =C JE? I @ I A JH I A J @A @EF =C JE? @ A JH J JA K = ? JHE>KE @ A J = CK =H @A IFE A KJH= @ A J H>EJ= 8= I E E?E= A JA AIJK@=H JAH @A IFE

$! +

JHE>KE @ 5FE - AJH JE? 0EFAH

@K A K

E? = += F
?HEIJ= F @A

=C

I AIJ=@ I @ I A JH I @A ? ?HEJ I FA =I BK AI @A * ?D

IAH @AI $ "

k (r) = uk (r)eikr ,

=I GK=EI LAJ H @A @= A uk (r) K = BK GKA JA = FAHE @E?E @=@A @= HA@A ?HEIJ= E = k (r) K = @= F = = exp(ik r) @K =@= F H uk (r) ) @A IE@=@A A AJH E?= @A IFE F=H= ?E = @ALE@= = K A JH i F J H i H A = @=@= FA = @A IE@=@A @A FH >=>E E@=@A @A A ? JH=H i IE A JH @A IFE F=H= ?E = F J H EIJ |u(r, )|2 2 |(r, )| K
2 i (r) = |u(r, )| .

$ "  A JH AIJ HA =?E = ANFHAII =@=

) =C AJE = @A IE@=@A A AJH

F J H @ALE@= = i IE E?= i (r) = i i A JA

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

%

M(r) = gB
i

s i i (r) i (r) = gB i

si i (r),

$ "!

= GK= Ii A J = CK =H @A IFE @ i IE A JH ) A AHCE= @A E JAH= @= =C AJE = H F J H? A J @A @EF =C JE? @A K ? A IEJK=@ = HECA F H K E@=@A @A L K A F @A A FHE ? FE IAH AI?HEJ= I > = B H = @A K = E JAH= ? K ?= F @A K @EF =C JE?

ws =
GKA

0 1 3(r M)r r2 M , 4 |r|5 I

? =H A F @A IAH AI?HEJ ?

$ ""

L E@ =FA =I F=H= r = 0

Bs , $ "# V @A *s ?= F @ @EF =C JE? @ IFE A V L K A 1 JACH= @ I >HA L K A @ J IACKA IA GKA F=H= ?= F @EF =H *s @ALE@ = A J @A IFE @ I A JH I ws = I Bs =
IA @ Ar

0 gB 4

3 [3(si er )er si ] rs i, i

$ "$

LAJ H K EJ HE @= @EHA
3 rs i

HA
=

i (r) dv $ "% r3 H=E @E ? >E? @ I A JH I ? IFE I 3K= @ = @A IE@=@A @A IFE JA IE AJHE= AIB HE?= L= H @A $ "$ AH EIJ IA @ALA = B=J @A ?= F @EF =H E JAHE H @A K = ?= =@= AIB HE?= IAH AH F EI A L LA = E JACH=
0

(1 3 cos2 ) sen d = 0,

$ "&

= GK= CK A JHA I A Ar = -G $ "$ 2=H= I A JH I GKA J K = @A IE@=@A K= A r = 0 ? I A JH I s A A JH I p1/2 I J I FAI=@ I ANEIJA =E @= K K JH JAH ?= F DEFAH JAH @A ? J=J @A .AH E GKA IAH @AHEL=@ =>=EN ) ? JHE>KE @= =C AJE = E @K =C JE?= E JAHE H @A K = AIBAH= ? =C AJE = K EB H A  LAH =? I '%# IA 8 

B=

0 8 M(0). 4 3

$ "'

& ) =C AJE = @ALE@= = K

1 JAH=

AI 0EFAHBE =I

E? A JH

s
$ # I F=H= ?A 

M(0) = gB s(0) = gB s|(0)|2 ,

@A (0) = @A IE@=@A A AJH E?= = HECA 5K>IJEJKE @ = ANFHAII @A  A * -G $ "' >JA = ? JHE>KE = * @= @A IE@=@A @A IFE @ A JH I(0) JAH @A ? J=J @A .AH E

= ? HHAIF

0 8 gB (0)s, 4 3 @A JA A AHCE= @A E JAH= Bc = Wc =

$ #

0 8 I gB (0)I s. $ #  4 3 I 7I= @ B=J @A GKA (0) JA @E A I @A r3 F @A I E JH @K EH 3 = ANFHAII @ L= H @E @A r3  rc I GKA ? JHE>KA i  F=H= A JH F=H= = E JAH= @A ? J=J FHE ?EF= A JA A JH I s =>I HLA @ A rc B=J H 8/3 A = H= g/2 AN * A= AO '$% 0 I 3 2B s rc $ #! i. 4 I ) =C AJE = HAIK J= JA FH F H?E = @EBAHA = A JHA =I @A IE @=@AI @A A JH I F=H= ?E = A F=H= >=EN ) @A IE@=@A @A IFE @ALE@= IKFAHF IE @=I ? JHE>KE AI @A J @ I I H>EJ=EI A r = 0 ?=@= K ? AH GK JE? n Bc = (0)tot =
n

{|ns (0, )|2 |ns (0, )|2 .}

$ #"

+ I A JH I s J l = 0 A IK= @EIJHE>KE AIF=?E= AIBAHE?= A JA IE JHE?= *c = IK= E?= ? JHE>KE = ?= F DEFAH )I ?= =@=I E ? F AJ=I A J= > I A JH I @A ? @K LAH IA $ #  F @A J= > @=H KC=H = KJH= ? JHE>KE = ?= F DEFAH =JH=L I @= @E ?= @= @EIJHE>KE H=@E= @=I ?= =@=I BA ?D=@=I FH @K E @ @AIJ= B H = K = @A IE@=@A @A IFE ? FA I=@= = HECA ) ANFHAII = AI = @= -G $ "' ? (0) = (0)tot A ? = I = HA= E =@= I >HA J @=I =I ?= =@=I J= J ? F AJ=I GK= J E ? F AJ=I 1IJ ? @K = K = =C AJE = s ECK= = s (0) ?A A AIJA JAH @ ?= F DEFAH ?D= =@ @A ?= F @A F =HE = @ ?=H =CA =JH=L I @ JAH @A ? J=J A F @A IAH AI?HEJ ?

Bpc =
-IJA JAH AIJ=@ S ? @ E = JA /@3+ A I

0 8 Ms (0). 4 3 ?= F DEFAH @ I I @ I AJ=EI @A JH= IE

$ ## I JAHH=I H=H=I d J=EI ?

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

'

.A /@3+ ELHA ?= F @A F L= H @A Bpc = 21 6 A .A AJ E? @A I JAHH=I H=H=I JHEF IEJEL I ?= F FH F H?E = ? F A JA @A IFE @ A JAI =I =FH NE =@= A JA F H LAH AJ

=HE = @A ?=H JA K A A L= A 27, 5 6 = I HEA @A F =HE = @A ?=H A J = CK =H J J= J @=@ '&$ $ #$

Bpc = 6(g 1)J.

=?JE @A I ?= F @A F =HE = @A ?=H F @A IAH KEJ =E H @ GKA I A A A J I JAHH=I H=H=I ) 2+ AIJ=@ S  F H ANA F ?= F @A F =HE = @A ?=H L= A 220 6

$!

+ JHE>KE FAH

H>EJ= = += F

=C

JE? 0E

JH

8= I =C H= ?= ?K =H ?= F @ALE@ = A J H>EJ= @ I A I ,AIJ= LA F=HJEHA I @ F J @A LEIJ= E LAHI L= I >JAH F JA ?E= LAJ H F J H @ALE@ = A J @A @EF =C JE? K? A=H I ?= E =@ = HECA .EC $  F JA ?E= LAJ H @=@ F H

A(r) =

0 I r 4 |r|3 .

$ #%

J(r)

mI
.ECKH= $  F J P @A ? A J =C JE? K? A=H I CAH= @ K F JA ?E= LAJ H )H H@A =@= H @A ANEIJA K = ? HHA JA H>EJ= @A @A IE@=@A H



1 JAH=

AI 0EFAHBE =I

) A AHCE= @A E JAH= @ F JA ?E= LAJ H K? A=H )H ? @=@A @A ? HHA JA A AJH E?= c H = E JACH= @A L K A

= @A IE

W =

A Je (r)dv = = 0 4

0 4

(I r) Je (r) dv = |r|3
$ #&

(r Je (r)) I dv, |r|3

@ FH @KJ EIJ

GKA KI=

I = FAH KJ=

a(b c) = c(a b) = b(c a).

$ #'

2 @A I JEH=H A J K? A=H @= E JACH= KI= @ (r)dv = vdq @A L = LA ?E@=@A dv K A A A J @A L K A A dq K A A A J @A ?=HC= = ANFHAII ?=

W =

0 4 I

rv dq. |r|3

$ $

A J = CK =H H>EJ= @A ?=@= A JH

(r me v) = l h 7I= @
$ $ ? A J

3 |r|3 dq = e rl ,

3 GKA rl = @E= I >HA =I ? H@A =@=I @ A JH H>EJ= IACKA IA I = @ I >HA N A JH I

WL =

0 4

I l
i

e h 3 r m l

0 2B 4

N 3 I li rl i, i

$ $ 

IK>IJEJKE @ =C AJ @A * DH B = e h/2me .E = A JA ?= F DEFAH J J= @ALE@ = I L HE I A JH I E ? KE @ I JAH I @EF =HAI @A IFE JAH @A ? J=J A JAH H>EJ= F @A IAH AI?HEJ KI= @ =I -GI $ "$ $ # A $ $  A = =FH NE = g=2

B=

0 gB 4

N 3 3 3 [si 3(si er )er ] rs i + si rc i li rl i i

,AIFHA = @ =I @EBAHA =I I H=E I ABAJEL I GKA =F=HA?A F I @A IFE ? J=J A H>EJ= EIJ B= A @ = =FH NE =
 -IJ= ANFHAII

$ $! I ?=

FHA?EI= IAH @ELE@E@= F H JHE>KE AI @= @A IE@=@A @A ? HHA JA

?=I A GKA F JA ?E= )H E ? KE ?=I =JK= 

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I



3 rs

3 = rc

3 = rl i,

$ $" I

>JA

I F=H= = ANFHAII

@ ?= F DEFAH

J J= @ALE@ = I N A JH

B=

0 2B 4

{[si 3(si er )er ] + si li } r3 i .

i

$ $#

2=H= K J ? L HE I A JH I A =? F = A J LS = B H = =EI KIK= @A =? F = A J @ I A J I = CK =HAI @A IFE A H>EJ= 5 A  = E JAH= H>EJ= J = = IACKE JA B H = IKF @ GKA J @ I I A JH I 3 = H>EJ= J AI L= H @A rl

WL =

0 0 I 3 3 2B (I L) rl 2B (I L) rl = . $ $$ 4 4 I
I $ $%

) F=HJEH @ GKA IA AI?HALAH

WL = I BL ,
HAIK J=

0 3 2B rl L $ $& 4 F=H= = ANFHAII @ ?= F DEFAH H>EJ= J J= 2=H= K J ELHA  K ?K = ? L HE I A JH I ?= F DE FAH @=@ A JAH I @ I A J I @A IFE A H>EJ= @ I A JH I E @ELE@K=EI -G $ $# =I A JAH I @A 5 A K@ A J = CK =H J J= J = S + L ) D= E J E= = @= E JAH= DEFAH = =C JE?= J J= F @A IAH AI?HEJ= ? BL = Hhf = AJ I,
$ $'

@A 1 A I I FAH=@ HAI @A A J = CK =H @ ?A A @ ?=I =EI CAH= A JA I H DEFAH GK= @ A K AH ?D= =@ @A ? IJ= JA @A E JAH= DEFAH = ) @AI?HE @= E JAH= A JAH I @ ?= F DEFAH *hf @A B=J IA =F E?= GK= @ A JA IE AJHE= K E=NE= A = Az Ay , Ax 

Hhf = AJ I = I Bhf ;
A F @A I ANFHE EH FAH=@ H ?= F DEFAH @= ? IJ= JA DEFAH = A

$ %

*hf ?

K = BK

Bhf =

A gI N

J.

$ %

1 JAH=

AI 0EFAHBE =I

2=H= T > 0 @ALA IAH IK>IJEJK @ F H IK= @E= J H E?= J T ,AIJ= @A E ?= ? =H GKA ?= F DEFAH HAFHAIA J= K ?= F ABAJEL GKA =CE @ I >HA A J K? A=H ? @K = K = E JAH= ECK= E JAH= DEFAH = J J= 5A * @ALE@ = I A JH I L=HE= @A F J = F J *hf K L= H @E I >HA L K A @ ?A 2 H ANA F = @AHEL= @ ?= F DEFAH @A ? J=J KI= I L= H @= @A IE@=@A @A IFE = HECA (0)s @A B=J ?= F @A ? J=J AIJ HA =?E =@ ? = @E= @= @A IE@=@A = HACE ?KF=@= FA ?A + ? A I @A @EBAHA JAI EI J F I @A K @=@ A A A J J @EBAHA JAI B H =I A @EBAHA JAI H=E I @E I A AI A CAH= IA JEH @EBAHA JAI @A IE@=@AI @E=I @A IFE 2 HJ= J ?= F DEFAH  K =I ? IJ= JAI DEFAH =I IAH J= > @EBAHA JA -IJA ABAEJ ?D= =@ = = E= DEFAH = HAFHAIA J=@ F H @A E@ GK= JEJ=JEL= A JA FA = HA =

A1 g1 = (1 + ), A2 g2

$ % 

= GK= A1 A2 g1 A g2 I =I ? IJ= JAI DEFAH =I A B=J HAI g K? A=HAI @A @ EI EI J F I I L= HAI @A I H = A JA KEJ FAGKA I K L= H AN?AF?E = A JA A AL=@ @A 0, 5  B E >IAHL=@ F=H= = = = E= DEFAH = ? I EI J F I # A #! @ -K A I=EI @A -K2+ LAH *= AH A 9E E= I '$  8E I = -G $ $' GKA = E JAH= DEFAH = =? F = A J = CK =H @ ? A 1 ? A J = CK =H J J= @ J   A J = CK =H J J= =J E? =EI K? A=H

F = I + J,

$ %!

? ? HHAIF @A JA AH GK JE? F ?D= =@ @A AH GK JE? DEFAH -NEIJA @ELAHI=I J ? E?=I ANFAHE A J=EI GKA FAH EJA = @AJAH E = @A *hf HAII ?E= =C JE?= K? A=H 4  ? HHA = = CK =H FAHJKH>=@= +)2 AIFA?JH I? FE= II>=KAH -  A JHA KJH=I 1IJ BAEJ ANFAHE A J= A JA = F=HJEH @= @AJAH E = @ I =KJ AIJ=@ I @A Hhf I =KJ AIJ=@ I I

EM,I = gI N MI Bhf ,

com MI = I, I + 1, + I.

$ %"

2 HJ= J F @A I @AJAH E =H Bhf @= A@E@= ANFAHE A J= @= IA F=H= A JHA =I A AHCE=I @ I IK> AIJ=@ I DEFAH I

E = gI N Bhf .

$ %#

) A@E@= @A Bhf =JH=L I @= 4 LAH ?=F JK % ? IEIJA = @A JAH E = @= BHAG ?E= @= @= A AJH =C JE?=  = HACE @A H=@E


BHAG FAH

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

!

?E= K E?H @= GKA E @K JH= IE AI A JHA I IK> AIJ=@ I DE I K? A=HAI ) BHAG ?E= 0 F=H= = GK= EIJ ? HHA I=JEIB=

h0 = E.

$ %$

+ DA?A @ gI F @A I @AJAH E =H L= H @ ?= F Bhf @= -G $ %# F EI N =C AJ K? A=H K = ? IJ= JA I @AI@ >H= A J I DEFAH I >IAHL=@ I E I KEJ FAGKA I = B=EN= @A 1027 1024 109 106 A8 EIJ ? HHAIF @A = BHAG ?E=I @A 4 = B=EN= @A = CK I AC=DAHJ =J = CK I CEC=DAHJ

$" +

JHE>KE AI = Bhf

ELHA

+ LE I = JAHE H A JA K ELHA ? K = ?= =@= A AJH E?= E ? F AJ= =FHAIA J= JH I ? JHE>KE AI = ?= F =C JE? DEFAH K JAH H>EJ= K JAH @EF =H A K JAH @ALE@ F =HE = @=I ?= =@=I BA?D=@=I  ?+=KI = @ A =? A EA '& ? HH M AJ = '&'

Bhf = Borb + Bdip + Bpc .

E ?

$ %%

?= F *orb JA IK= HECA A J = CK =H @= ?= =@= F AJ= AIJA JAH =EI E F HJ= JA F=H= I I JAHH=I H=H=I 5 ?= F @EF =H *dip HAIK J= @= E JAH= A JHA IFE @ A A J =C JE? K? A=H 1 ? K I AIJA JAH = >=I =I ? JHE >KE AI @ I @EF I A AJH E? I JAH @EF =H IA JE@ AIJHEJ =IIE ? JAH @A ? J=J @ALE@ = I A JH I s ?= F @A F =HE = @A ?=H *pc IKHCA @=I @AB H = AI @=I ?= =@=I BA?D=@=I E JAH =I @ALE@ = K = ?= =@= E ? F AJ= AN = ?= =@= "f  ) ?= =@= E ? F AJ= =BAJ= = @EIJHE>KE H=@E= @A A JH I @A IFE F=H= ?E = F=H= A = IFE @= ?= =@= E ? F AJ= @A B H = @EBAHA JA @ GKA =BAJ= I A JH I @A IFE F=H= >=EN + HAIK J=@ @= E JAH= @A JH ?= A JH I @=I ?= =@=I BA?D=@=I ? IFE F=H= ?E = I ABAJEL= A JA =JH= @ I FA = ?= =@= E ? F AJ= 1IJ ? @K = @EBA HA JAI @A IE@=@AI @A A JH I @A IFE F=H= ?E = A F=H= >=EN L K A ?KF=@ FA ? A ) F =HE = HAIK J= JA K A J =C JE? E JAH=CA ? A J =C JE? K? A=H =JH=L I @= E JAH= @A ? J=J @A .AH E ,A K @ CAH= *orb > Bdip A J= > *orb > Bpc IA L = 0 *orb = 0 *dip = 0 FA = IE AJHE= AIB HE?= A *pc @ E = JA -IJA ?=I F H ANA F @ I ?= F I DEFAH I A@E@ I A ?A I @ I I -K2+ A /@3+  I GK=EI L = 0
5ACKE I JH=J= A J @AII=I HABAH ?E=I =I @EI?KII AI @=I IA AI IACKE JAI

"

1 JAH=

AI 0EFAHBE =I

$ # += F I 0EFAH

IA

AJ=EI

)I E JAH= AI DEFAH =I @A K JAHH= H=H= ?= E =@ A K = = JHE AJ E?= IAH @E ?=@=I F H AIJ= 2 H K =@ =I E JAH= AI @A JH ?= A =I E JAH= AI ? ?= F ?HEIJ= E @E ?=H =I E JAH= AI E JH= E E?=I = JAI @AI?HEJ=I F H Hhf F H KJH =@ IKHCEH E JAH= AI ? I A JH I @A ? @K A? I ?= F I =C JE? I A A AJH IJ JE ? I @ALE@ I = I J I LE E D I ) D= E J E= = J J= @ALA E ? KEH AIJA ?=I E JAH= AI E JH= E E?=I H  A ANJH= E E?=I H 

Hhf = H + H .

$ %&

H = A JA F=H= I? L=0 H H =I F=H= I? L = 0 A S = 0 A F=H= I =C JE? I L = S = 0 F @A I JAH H H 8= I AIJK@=H IAF=H=@= A JA =I E JAH= AI E JH= E E?=I A ANJH= E E?=I @A K IEJK=@ A K AE AJ E?

$ #  1 JAH= AI 1 JH= E

E?=I

AJ=EI

8E I = JAHE H A JA GKA ANEIJA K = DEAH=HGKE= =I E JAH= AI @ ELHA @=I JAHH=I H=H=I

HLS (L, S)

Hel (J)

Hhf (J, I),

$ %'

? Hel (J) = H(troca) + H(campo cristalino) 2 HJ= J = E JAH= DEFAH = Hhf K = FAHJKH>= = D= E J E= = @ A =BAJ= KEJ I LAEI MJ @A E@ I FA = E JAH= @A JH ?= EIJ FA ?= F =C JE? GKA =JK= I >HA K ?= F A?K =H LAH +=F JK ! 2=H= @EI?KJEH I A?= EI I GKA =BAJ= ?= F DEFAH ?A @A K J A K = =JHE AJ E?= F @A I IAF=H=H ?= F A @K=I F=HJAI K = F=HJA @ A FHAIA = @A KJH I I A KJH= F=HJA ANJH= E E?= GKA E ? KE ?= F I ANJAH I ABAEJ I @ I A JH I @A ? @K A ABAEJ I @ I J I =C JE? I LE E D I

Bt = B + B .
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$ & JE?= $ & ?= F ?HEI L= H AIFAH=@

H =a I = A I J = I B .
J= E I ?=I I KEJ I GK=EI = A AHCE= @A E JAH= =EI BH=?= @ GKA = E JAH= @ ? AA =

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

# ECK= = $ & 

J ECK= ?= F @

GKA A >JE@ @ ELHA

ELHA A

JAH

E JH= E

E?

B = Bhf .

$#

1 JAH= AI
=C

=C

JE?=I -NJH= E
E? GKA =JK=

E?=I
?A A K AJ= $ &!

?= F ECK= =

JE? ANJH= E

B = Bext + Bdip + Bec + Borb ,

A GKA

Bext Bdip Bec Borb

?= F ?= F == ?= F ?= F H>EJ=

=C JE? =F E?=@ @EF =H @ALE@ = I A J I @EF =HAI IJH= @ALE@ = I A JH I @A ? @K JH= IBAHE@ E @K E@ FA A J

?= F @EF =H

@=@ F H

Bdip =
j

0 5 4rj

2 (3 j rj )rj rj j

$ &"

IA @ = I = BAEJ= I >HA J @ I I @EF I =C JE? I @= = IJH= AN? KE @ =GKA A @ J A ?K ?A ?= F AIJ IA @ A@E@  J F=E ?= F @EF =H H = A JA @ELE@E@ A JH I JAH I 2=H= ? FKJ I FA I= I A K = AIBAH= ? H=E KEJ A H@ GKA =I @E A I AI @= = IJH= F H =E H @ GKA =I @EIJ ?E=I =J E?=I = AIBAH= @A HA J FHE AEH JAH @ALE@ = I @EF I E JAHE H @AII= AIBAH= A AH F=H= HA@AI ?HEIJ= E =I ? >E?=I IACK @ JAH @ALE@ = I F I =C JE? I ELHAI = IKFAHB ?EA E JAH = @= ?=LE@=@A AIB HE?= A A ECK= = 1 ?D= =@ ?= F @A HA J  l = 3 0 Ml A =C AJE = ?= = AIBAH= @A HA J  JE JAH ?= F @A @AI =C AJE = GKA HAIK J= @ I F I = IKFAHB ?EA @= = IJH= -IJA JAH @ ? J= @= ? JHE>KE @ I @EF I B H= @= AIBAH= @A HA J ?= F @A @AI =C AJE = IA   @=@ F H

Bd = 0 Nd M,
1 3

$ &#

@A Nd B=J H @A @AI =C AJE = GKA L= A F=H= = IJH=I AIB HE?=I 51 4/3 +/5 A = =C AJE = @= = IJH= JA GKA F=H=

$

1 JAH=

AI 0EFAHBE =I

= IJH=I AIB HE?=I ?= F @A HA J A ?= F @A @AI =C AJE = IA ?= ?A = KJK= A JA F=H= l = M ?= F ? A @ALE@ = I A JH I @A ? @K JA JH I ? JHE>KE AI K = @ALE@= F =HE = @ I A JH I FA J F=E Bp  KJH= =II ?E=@= F =HE = @ALE@= = I J I LE E D I Bv  A K JAH?AEH JAH K0 Bext GKA JA HECA = F =HE = E @K E@= FA ?= F =C JE? ANJAH AIJA JE HAIF I LA FA @AI ?= A J @A ECDJ >IAHL=@ A A@E@=I ? 4 A AJ=EI =C JE? I IA $ # " 2 HJ= J

Bec = Bp + Bn + K0 Bext .

$ &$

Bv KIK= A JA ?D= =@ @A ?= F JH= IBAHE@ = CK =I LA AI I > AII= @A E = IA E ? KE J= > ?= F @EF =H E JAHE H @= AIBAH= @A HA J ?= F DEFAH ANJH= E E? @ALE@ = I A JH I @A ? @K K = I = @A ? JHE>KE AI @ J F=E A @ I LE E D I Bec = Kp p
? p T HAFHAIA J= @ FAH=JKH= T A = T J I @= =JHE 5A = @=I ? IJ= JAI AIIA ?=I I ? F IJ I E JAH AJ A Kn 0, 8 6 LAH ? ) ? JHE>KE @ ANJH= E E? @=@= F H
T

+ Kn ,

$ &%

= @E= J H E?= @ IFE @ J F=E JA = (g 1) J T = FH A @ IFE @E @ I =JHE K = EC= @A JAHH=I H=H=I L= HAI J FE? I IAH K0 = 0, 005 Kp 5 6 A Kn 5 6 E? I 4) 2 I L= HAI A@E@ I I Kp 5, 7 6 HH M AJ = '&' A J H>EJ= @ I J I LE E D I = ?= F
T.

Borb = Korb (2 g ) J

$ &&

-IJE =JEL=I F=H= EC=I @A JAHH=I H=H=I @ Korb 4, 4 6 A Korb 0, 25 6 F=H= ? F IJ I E JAH AJ E? I 4) 2 ?= F ANJH= E E? ?= F=H= K = @=@= ? CKH= @A J I LE E D I F @A IAH J =@ ? FH F H?E = = I IAKI A J I =C JE? I K FH A @ I IAKI IFE I j T 2 @A I AI?HALAH F HJ= J

Bn =
j

f ( rj ) j

T,

$ &'

GKA f (rj ) K = BK AIF=?E= @AFA @A JA @= AIJHKJKH= ?HEIJ= E = @= =JHE = I = BAEJ= I >HA I LE E D I HA AL= JAI ?= E =@ I =I F IE AI Hj I ?= F I ? HHAIF @A JAI = ?=@= ? CKH= F @A IAH @AJAH E =@ I F H AIFA?JH I? FE= 4 GK= @ =I E D=I AIFA?JH I HAI LE@=I 1IJ ? HHA GK= @ = =HCKH= @A E D= A H K @=

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

%

H@A @= @EBAHA = A ?= F @ALE@ = K LE E D =EI FH NE A= K LE E D @EIJ= JA @ J E FKHA = - = CK I ?=I I ?=H JAH I?E = JA @A f A BK @A |rj | B E @A IJH=@ .EC $ # ) ? JHE>KE @ I A J I LE E D I ?= E =@ I A rj F @A IAH @E ?=@=  K = F E ?=@= F H J I A I JE I i GKA I LE E D I ? K I @ J I @= A @ J j A J A rj @E ?= A J @ J A ri A AIJ= K@= = =BAJ= ?= F DEFAH = I @= ) FAHJKH>= @ J i A F HJ= J IAK ABAEJ = F E ?=@ H @AFA @A @ AH ni,j  @A LE E D I @A j @A K = B H = E A=H IACKE @ K = BK g (ni,j ) AIJA ?=I F @A I I HABAHEH = E JAH= AI DEFAH =I JH= IBAHE@=I E @EHAJ=I

Bi n =
j

f i (rj ) j

T g (ni,j ),

$ '

A GKA = I = E ? KE =FA =I J I F H IK= LA LE E D @ J I @= >IAHL=@ F H ANA F A ? F A BAHH I GK=EI I J I @A BAHH @=I E JAH= AI JH= IBAHE@=I E @EHAJ=I

j GKA I LE E D I @A K J i -IJA JEF @A E JAH= JH= IBAHE@= IJ I E JAH AJ E? I @A JAHH=I H=H=I =CA ? IA B IIA F HJ=@ HAI

$ # ! += F I 0EFAH A JA

>IAHL=@ I -NFAHE A J=

I ?= F I DEFAH IJ IE@ A@E@ I ? @EBAHA JAI J ? E?=I AN FAHE A J=EI ?=@= J ? E?= JA IAK JA F @A A@E@= ?=H=?JAH IJE? JEFE ?= A JA = B=EN= @A 9  7 I 2 HJ= J A IEIJA =I GKA =FHAIA J= KJK= AI J H E?=I A JA F I =EI ?KHJ I @ GKA AIJAI I ?= F I DEFAH I >IAHL=@ I F @A JAH K L= H K AIJA H = A JA ?=I F=H= A@E@=I A =JAHE=EI F=H= =C JE? I A =JAHE=EI =C JE? I =?E = @= JA FAH=JKH= ?H JE?= TC 2 H AII= H= I ?= F I DEFAH I I KIK= A JA A@E@ I A =JAHE=EI GKA I =C AJE?= A JA H@A = @ I ? BAHH =C AJ I A = JEBAHH =C AJ I =>=EN @= JA FAH=JKH= @A H@A = A J -II=I A@E@=I J IE@ BAEJ=I A KEJ I IEIJA =I =C AJE?= A JA H@A =@ I I > @EBAHA JAI ? @E AI ANFAHE A J=EI )I ? @E AI GKA F @A =BAJ=H L= H @ ?= F DEFAH >IAHL=@ E ? KA AIJ=@ GK E? @ A ?K ? A *hf A@E@ = JA FAH=JKH= = FHAII = ? ?A JH= @A E FKHA =I = =JHE = GK= AIJ ?= E =@ A = @EIJ ?E= A JHA AIJA A K = E FKHA = ) CK I L= HAI @A Bhf I @=@ I = J=>A = $ 1 ? FHABAH ?E= F H =JHE AI AJ E?=I I IE =EI @A Bhf IACKA = ? LA @A GKA I F IEJEL I GK= @ AIIA ?= F F=H= A = A J =C JE? =J E?

&

1 JAH=

AI 0EFAHBE =I

6=>A = $ 1  8= HAI @ I ?= F I DEFAH I Bhf A JAI =I A@E@ I = >=EN=I JA FAH=JKH=I "  L= HAI ?= ?K =@ I @ ?= F @A K ELHA (Bil ) A @ ?= F @A F =HE = @A ?=H (Bpc )

-A A J .A + E /@ ,O 0 F6+

Bil 6    % $!# %'$ !&

Bpc 6 %# # %#  #  

Bhf 6 !! '  # ??? %# !# #' %!%  

1,0

0,8

M(T)/M(0)

B(T)/B(0)

0,6

0,4

0,2

0,2

0,4

T/TC

0,6

0,8

1,0

.ECKH= $ !  /H ? H = E =@ @ ?= F DEFAH BAHH AJ E? A BK @= JA FAH=JKH= A@E@ A ? A I @A 57 .A =JH=L I @= AIFA?JH I? FE= II>=KAH ) E D= ? J K= = =C AJE = A@E@= LAHIKI JA FAH=JKH= A = E D= JH=?A =@= = L=HE= @= BHAG ?E= @A 4 ? = JA FAH=JKH=

) J=>A = $ 1 E KIJH= ? I ?= F I DEFAH I A IEIJA =I =C JE? I L=HE= ? J GK= *hf A@E@ ? = B H = GK E?= = GK= J IA A ? JH= A =IIE F H @E= JA I L= HAI F=H= I ELHAI Bil  I @AHEL=@ I @A A@E@=I HA= E =@=I A I=EI F=H= =C JE? I ? HHECE@=I F=H= ABAEJ I @A ?= F I ?HEIJ= E I I ?= F I HA =?E =@ I = J=>A = $ 1 L=HE= @A = CK =I @A A =I @A JAI =I =J L HE=I ?A JA =I @A JAI =I ) CK =I >IAHL= AI I >HA = L=HE= @A *hf @A J = J F @A IAH BAEJ=I FA = E IFA @= J=>A = $ 1  I L= HAI @A *hf F=H= I I @= I HEA 3d F @A =JE CEH @A A =I @A JAI =I   I ?= F I F=H= K JAHH= H=H= AIJ=@ S AN /@3+  I @= AI = H@A @A =C EJK@A A = A JA ! *hf = ?= = ?A JA =I @A JAI =I A ? A I @A

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

'

S L = 0 @A JAHH=I H=H=I A =?JE @A I

Ho 735 Dy Tb Gd

Ho Gd Ho Tb Ho Dy

<B> BL''(T)

730

725

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

s
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1 JAH=

AI 0EFAHBE =I

LAH ?=F JK
N3

!
N6

N4N5

DBhf / Bhf(Fe)

0,00 0,02 0,04 0,06

FeAl

.ECKH= $ #  8=HE= HA =JEL= @ ?= F DEFAH Bhf /Bhf (F e) A ? A I @A .A @A K = =JHE @A .A) A BK @= @EIJ ?E= @ J @A .A = K = E FKHA = @A ) A@E@= ? AIFA?JH I? FE= II>=KAH @ 57 .A LAH 5JA=H I '$$

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,AI ?= A J @A

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B =
) =C AJE = AIJA ?=I

0 8 M (0) 4 3
@=@= F H  =H=JD '$%
F B

$ '

M (0) = |u(0)|2

$ ' 

? = IKI?AJE>E E@=@A @A 2=K E F H J |u(0)|2 = = F EJK@A @= BK @A @= @ A JH = HECA A . . . F E @E?= @ K = @E= I >HA J @ I I AIJ=@ I A AJH E? I LA @A .AH E ) HAII ?E= =C JE?= @A K ?A ? H= CEH =C JE?= ?= F J J= B + B IAH A J >IAHL=@= = BHAG ?E= = CK =H

= |(B + B)| = B 1 +

0 8 |u(0)|2 4 3

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F

$ '#

@AI ?= A J HA =JEL / CAH= A JA =K A J= ? AH =J E? Z A FH=JE?= A JA E @AFA @A JA @= JA FAH=JKH= @= H@A @A     !  F=H= KEJ I AJ=EI F=H= ? >HA IAK L= H  !  LAH J=>A = $ 11

$ $ 1 JAH= AI - AJH IJ JE?=I A

AJ=EI

)I E JAH= AI DEFAH =I A AJH IJ JE?=I = =J HE= ? @A I=@= I @E ?=@=I A ? F=H= ? = IEJK= @ ELHA F =HE =@ CH=@EA JA @A ?= F A JHE? /+- ?A =BAJ=@ FA =I ? JHE>KE AI @=I ?=HC=I A JHE?=I KJH I I JE I =J E? I -IJ= ? JHE>KE K /+- @= HA@A F H IK= LA =K A J=@= F H @AB H = AI E @K E@=I =I ?= =@=I =J E?=I BA?D=@=I ? IJK A @AI?HALAH AIJA JAH A ABAEJ @AII=I @AB H = AI AI?HALA @ /+- ANJH= E E? ABAJEL A K I E@ ?

eq = (1 )eqrede ,

$ '$

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A GKA eqrede = ? JHE>KE @= HA@A = /+- A K B=J H @A = JE > E @=CA ?D= =@ B=J H @A 5JAH DAE AH L= H @A L=HE= A JHA 10 A 100 @AIIA @ CH=@EA JA @A ?= F ABAJEL A K I E@ K JEF E?=@ @A  =  LA AI L= H @ B=J H @A 5JAH DAE AH ?= ?K =@ F=H= =I JAHH=I H=H=I @A =FH NE =@= A JA 75 F=H= ) 2+ @A 137 - K = =JHE AJ E?= I ABAEJ I @ALE@ I = I A JH I @A ? @K FHA?EI= IAH AL=@ I A ? J= = -G $ '$ J H = IA

eq = (1 )eqrede + (1 R)eqec ,

$ '%

IA @ R K B=J H @A ? HHA @A ?=H AIFA? ? = J I @= KIK = A JA J =@ ECK= = AH F H B= J= @A L= HAI ?= ?K =@ I ? LAEI A eqec = ? JHE>KE @ I A JH I @A ? @K 7 = ? HHA = ANFAHE A J= B E >IAHL=@= A JHA I @ EI JAH I @AIJ= AGK= 4=CD=L= AJ = '%# GKA ? @K = K = B H K = A JAH I @ /+- @= HA@A

eq = (1 )(1 K )eqrede ,
? K

$ '&

F=H AJH K 3 F=H= AJ=EI ? >E? I 4=CD=L= AJ = '%# @AFA @A JA @ CHKF =J E? @ A A A J AN 0=C '&$ 2 HJ= J = E JAH= DEFAH = A AJH IJ JE?= A K I E@ J = @ ? AEN I FHE ?EF=EI @ JA I H /+- I AEN I ?HEIJ= E I abc @=@= @= -G $  ?

HQ =
?

e2 q Q 2 2 2 3Ic I 2 + (Ia Ib ) , 4I (2I 1)

$ ''

eq IK>IJEJK @ F H eq A I AEN I x y z IK>IJEJK @ I F H a b c ) CK I L= HAI @ CH=@EA JA @A ?= F A JHE? A ? A I @A @EBAHA JAI A A A J I I @=@ I = J=>A = $ 111

$ % 1 JAH= AI + JH IJ JE?=I

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? A IK AEJ = E JAH= AI $  I AE ?= F

Hhf = Hmag + HQ .
- K IEIJA = @A ? H@A =@=I ? AEN I ? E ?E@A JAI ? N I FHE ?EF=EI @ JA I H CH=@EA JA @A ?= F A JHE? ? K

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(, ) F @A

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Hhf = gN B [Iz cos + (Ix cos + Iy sen)sen] + + e2 qQ 2 2 2 3Iz I 2 + (Ix Iy ) . 4I (2I 1)

$ 

2=H= ?=I @A = 0 A = 0 GK= @ K @ I AEN I FHE ?EF=EI @ JA I H CH=@EA JA @A ?= F A JHE? ? E ?E@A ? = @EHA @ ?= F DEFAH  Hhf @E=C = A I =KJ L= HAI F @A IAH @=@ I A B H = BA?D=@= A BK @ I AH I GK JE? I m

Em = gN Bm +

e2 qQ 3m2 I (I + 1) . 4I (2I 1)
m 3/2 1/2 m 3/2 1/2 +1/2 +3/2 EM 0 EQ= 0 E M> >EQ

$  

(a)

I=3/2 +1/2 +3/2

(b)

EM=0 EQ=0

EM0 EQ=0

Abs

(c)

.ECKH= $ $  LAEI @A A AHCE= @A K ?A ? I = 3/2 A F IE AI @=I E D=I @A 4 @ AIFA?JH ? HHAIF @A JA I @E=CH= =I IJH= L HE=I IEJK= AI = E JAH= AI =C JE?=I A A AJH IJ JE?=I K =I > E JAH= =C JE?= K= ? E JAH= A AJH IJ JE?= K = ? E JAH= =C JE?= K= ? E JAH= A AJH IJ JE?= KEJ BH=?=

?=I A E JAH= =C JE?= eqQ/H FAHJKH>= ?

GKA *hf A Vzz B H = K CK = 0 F=H= K = JE?= KEJ =EI E JA I= @ GKA = E JAH= A AJH IJ 1 A = 0 I =KJ L= HAI I >JE@ I F H JA HE= @A

"

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Em = Em + m|HQ |m ,

$ !

IA @ Em =KJ L= H L IEIJA = @A ? H@A =@=I @A AEN z ? E ?E@A ? = @EHA @A * I FAH=@ HAI @A IFE K? A=H FHA?EI= IAH AI?HEJ I AIIA L IEIJA = @A ? H@A =@=I AI? DA I I L I AEN I 2 @A J= @ GKA z AIJA = F = x 0z FAH=@ H 3Iz I 2 J H = IA A JAH I @=I ? F A JAI @ I FAH=@ HAI I AEN I (x , y z )

3(Iz cos + Ix sen)2 I 2 =

1 (3cos2 1)(3Iz2 I 2 )+ 2

3 3 + sen2(Iz Ix + Ix Iz ) + sen2 (Ix2 Iy2 ). $ " 2 2 5K>IJEJKE @ HQ ? = -G $ " = -G $ ! >JA I = A JA F=H= I =KJ L= HAI @= A AHCE= ?=I @A E JAH= FHA@ E = JA A JA =C JE?= eqQ/H 1 = 0 A =H>EJH HE Em = gN Bm + e2 qQ 3cos2 1 3m2 I (I + 1) 4I (2I 1) 2
$ #

2=H= >JAH I =KJ AIJ=@ I @= A AHCE= ?=I CAH= EIJ F=H= K = HA = =H>EJH HE= A JHA = E JA IE@=@A @=I E JAH= AI A AJH IJ JE?=I A =C JE?=I A F=H= GK= GKAH L= H @ CK A?AIIEJ= I @E=C = E =H = D= E J E= = $  -IIAI =KJ L= HAI B H= ?= ?K =@ I A I =FHAIA J=@ I A B H = CH ?= AN 2=H AH '#$ =JJDE=I AJ = '$ @EC '$% ) CKH= $ $ =FHAIA J= @A B H = AIGKA JE?= I IK> LAEI @A A AHCE= DEFAH = ?=I @A E JAH= AI =C JE?=I A A AJH IJ JE?=I ? >E =@=I F=H= I = 3 A ? HHAIF @A JA AIFA?JH 4 2

-NAH? ?E I
$  2 FK = AI K? A=HAI  += ?K A =I F FK = AI @A * J = @A K ?A ? I =2A A J =C JE? 0, 3 N A K ?= F @A E @K =C JE?= @A # 6 JA FAH=JKH= = >EA JA !  JA FA H=JKH= @ D E GKE@ "  A = 0, 01 += ?K A = E @K =C JE?= A?AII HE= F=H= FH @K EH K = IAF=H= A A AHCE= E =FH NE =@= A JA ECK= = kT JA FAH=JKH= = >EA JA $ 1 JAH= DEFAH = A K J ELHA  HK> @E F IIKE @ EI EI J F I AIJ LAEI 85 4> I = 5/2 A 87 4> I = 3/2 ) ? CKH=

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A AJH A K EI J F K ?=

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$ ! 1 JAH= DEFAH = I AJ=EI  5KF D= GKA IFE @A K A JH @A ? @K A K AJ= E JAH= = ? K ?= F =C JE? FH @K E@ FA I IFE I K? A=HAI 5A = = ? F A JA z @ ?= F IA JE@ FA A JH @=@= F H

Bi =
z Ij

a N

N z Ij , j =1

2 4 @A F @A IAH 1/2 IJHA GKA Bi = (a/2N )2 N A Bi = 4 2 3(a/2N ) N F=H= N 1

$ " -BAEJ I @ ?= F ?HEIJ= E  2=H= K = > = F=HJA @=I JAHH=I H=H=I GKA =FHAIA J= H@A =C JE?= ?= F DEFAH FH F H?E = = Jz = ? F A JA z @ A J = CK =H J J= @ = FHAIA = @A K ?= F ?HEIJ= E L= H @A Jz F @A IAH HA@K E@ GKA ?D= =@ @A = HJA?E A J GKA ?DE C @ A J = CK =H 5A Hm @AI?HALA = E JAH= @A JH ?= A HCC = E JAH= ? ?= F ?HEIJ= E E EJA A GKA HCC Hm = HA@K A Jz @=@= F H

Jz = J {1 (C/X )2 },
@A X K B=J H GKA IA HA =?E = =C EJK@A @ ?= F A?K =H A I L= HAI @A C I @=@ I FA I A A A J I @E=C =EI @ ?= F ?HEIJ= E

C2 =
5KF

1 (g 1)2 J

J 2 M =J

1 | J ; M |HCC |J ; J |2 . J M

D= GKA HCC IA = @=@ F H

HCC =

3 2 2 B J , 4 2

A GKA J FAH=@ H @A
=>=EN= A J  @A IFE += ?K A Jz F=H= 2 /k 1 g = 3/2 J = 6 A X 100 6>3+ + IE@AHA B2

AEJKH=I /AH=EI

1 JAH=

AI 0EFAHBE =I

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1 JAH = 0OFAH A .EA @I E =C AJE? 5 E@I + JA F 2DOI % !&% '%$ * A= AO *
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- A?JHE? 3K=@HKF A 1 JAH=?JE I E =C AJE? AJ= I 1 5J A A 0 2 IJ = A@I  M 6A FAH=JKHA K? A=H HEA J= JE ) IJAH@ HJD 0 = @ '&$ F # % =? I , + =IIE?= - A?JH @O = E?I A@ L= ; H D 9E AO  5 I '%# =JJDE=I - 5?D AE@AH - 9 A 5JA A 4 '$
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1 JAH AJ= E? 4=HA A=HJD + F K @I )@L 2DOI  ## 6=O H 4 A ,=H>O 1 2DOIE?I B 4=HA -=HJD 5 E@I @HAI +D=F = = @ 0= '% @

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K? A=H A LA 5F EJJE C +=KIA@ >O = + >E A@ - A?JHE? 3K=@HKF A = @ =C AJE? ,EF A 1 JAH=?JE  2DOI 4AL  # $  ?+=KI = @ ) 0 A =? A EA 1 5 '%'
K? A=H =C AJE? 4AI = ?A E 4=HA -=HJD AJ= I )@L 2DOI & !# ! ?+=KI = @ ) 0 A =? A EA 1 5 '& K? A=H =C AJE? 4AI = ?A E 4=HA -=HJD AJ= I @HAI 6=O H  .H= ?EI " ? HH M , . ?+=KI = @ ) 0 0= 2 A )>A 5 '&'
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IK J=@ IK= FHA?AII J H = IA A J= A= A JA =EI H FE@= K =EI A J= -IJA FH ?AII =JH=L I @ GK= IEIJA = @A IFE I FAH@A =
A HE= @= IK= HA = @A B=IA E E?E= JA K JA F ?=H=?JAH IJE? T2 KIK= A JA ?D= =@ @A JA F @A HA =N= IFE IFE ) HAII ?E= =C JE?= >IAHL=@= GK= @ K IEIJA = @A IFE I ? LAEI @A A AHCE= =C JE?= ?D= =@ I @A LAEI AA =  IAF=H=@ I F H K E JAHL= E = Em Em1 EHH=@E=@ ? B J I @A A AHCE= h = E .ECI % A % ! ?= F @A H=@E BHAG ?E= =II ?E=@ ? = H=@E= A AJH =C JE?= E @K JH= IE AI A JHA I AIJ=@ I @A A AHCE= Em @ IEIJA = GK= =>I HLA A AHCE=
Fonte Detetor

Eletrom Amostra

.ECKH= %  4AFHAIA J= AIGKA JE?= @A K @EIF IEJEL F=H= = >IAHL= @= HAII ?E= =C JE?= K? A=H K = B JA @A H=@E BHAG ?E= @A BHAG ?E= L=HE LA A LE= B J I GKA E ?E@A I >HA = = IJH= IK> AJE@= = K ?= F =C JE? AIJ JE? ) H=@E= HA AJE@= @AJA?J=@= A A@E@=

-GK= AI @A * ?D

LE A J

-GK= AI @A

I @EF I =C JE? I GKA AIJ FHAIA JAI IEIJA = @A IFE I J= > J =II ?E=@ I A J I = CK =HAI ? E A=HAI 5KF @ GKA IEIJA = B H =@ @A ? A I =J E? I @A A J = CK =H hI =I =C EJK@AI @ I A J I =C JE? I A A J = CK =H 1 IAH EC=@=I FA = HA =

= hI,

% 

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B=J H CEH =C JE? K? A=H  K H= =C AJ C HE?= JE? J= > F @A IAH AI?HEJ LAH -G $ ! @= F CE =

= gN I,
@A @AI@ C= =C

% 

N =C AJ K? A=H A g B=J H g K? A=H  K B=J H @A >H= A J AIFA?JH I? FE?  @= AIF ?EA K? A=H A GKAIJ ) = A JA = =C AJ A AJH E?  =C AJ @A * DH -G  " AJ K? A=H @=@ F H -G $ " N = e h 2mp
% !

@A mp = =II= @ FH J + AII= =II=  &!$ LA AI =E H @ GKA = =II= @ A JH =C AJ K? A=H A H @ GKA =C AJ @A * DH AIJ= AI = FH F H L= H @ =C AJ K? A=H 5, 0509 1027 61
Abs.

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w0

.ECKH= % !  HAII ?E= JH= IF HJ= A J I

,AI?HE AIGKA JE?= A JAH I @= A? E?= GK JE?= @ BA A @= =C JE?= K? A=H = HAII ?E= I B J I @= H=@E= A AJH =C JE?= K = A AHCE= ECK= @EBAHA = E A JHA I LAEI @A A AHCE= @ IEIJA = =C JE? I ?= F =C JE?

) J=N= @A L=HE= @ A J = CK =H d hI/dt GKA =CA I >HA I @EF I A A A J=HAI A K ?= F J HGKA @=@ F H B A JA I

ECK= = J HGKA =C JE? *

d( hI) 1 d = =B dt dt
K

% "

= B.
) =C AJE = M = n n @A L K A IACKA = AI = AGK= AH @A

% # A J I F H K E@=@A % $

= M B. M

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) AGK= =C JE? I  @ LE A J = gN I

% # @AI?HALA ? =IIE?= A JA LE A J @ I A J I K LE A J @= =C AJE =  ) @AI?HE GK JE?= @A J = @ ? FAH=@ H A J =C JE? @=@= = HAFHAIA J= @A 0AEIA >AHC FA ? KJ=@ H

= [, H], i h
GK= H = D= E J E= = @= E JAH= =C JE? - K ANFAHE A J @A HAII ?E= AIJ = FHAIA = @A K ?= F AIJ @= A AJH =C JE?= .EC % ! =C JE? I?E = JA B1 (t) =II ?E=@ J J= =F E?=@ F HJ= J @ A J ?

% % ?= F

=C JE?= A J =C JE? JE? *0 A IK> AJE@ = K = A J I BHA ABAEJ @ ?= F @= A AJH =C JE?= ?= F % & =C JE? % '

B(t) = B0 + B1 (t),
A = D= E J E= = @= E JAH= ? A J

H = B(t) = gN I B(t) = hI B(t).

-NF= @E @ FH @KJ AI?= =H >JA I

B(t) = gN (Ix Bx + Iy By + Iz Bz ).

%  =

7I= @ =I HACH=I @A ? KJ= F=H= Ix Iy A Iz A E JH @K E @ -G % % IACKA IA F=H= = ? F A JA x GKA

i h x = ig 2 2 N (Iy Bz Iz By ).
6 = @ J @=I =I ? F A JAI >JA I

% 

= ig 2 2 i h N I B = igN B
- JAH I @= H= CEH =C A J @ FAH=@ H IA AI?HALA JE?= = gN / h = AGK= @A

%   LE % !

= B,

GKA B H = A JA E@ JE?= @AI?HE ? IIE?= @=@= FA = -G % # ) =C AJE = @AIJA IEIJA = @A A J I @=@= F H M = n IA @ L= H AIFAH=@ @ FAH=@ H (t) A n AH @A A J I =C JE? I ? JE@ I L K A K EJ HE 5A E ? KEH I = @AFA @ ?E= ? = JA FAH=JKH= = @E= J H E?= @ FAH=@ H (t) @=@= FA JH= @= =JHE @A IE@=@A AIJ=@ @A AGKE >HE 0

(t) = T r[0 ] =

T r[(t)exp(H0 /kT )] . T r[exp(H0 /kT )]

% "

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H0 = D= E J E= = @= E JAH= ? >JA I = AGK= @A LE A J F=H= = = M B, M

?= F =C AJE =

@= -G

% ! % #

GKA JA = AI = B H = @= AGK= ? IIE?= @A LE A J -G % $ ) =C AJE = @A K ? K J @A ? A I ? IFE I = 1 2 = FHA IA = @A K ?= F =C JE? AIJ JE? GKA =F J= = C @= @EHA z E KIJH=@= = .EC % " JA GKA = =C AJE = J= > =F J= = C @A z )J =C H= ? IE@AH= I LE A J @= =C AJE = = FHAIA = @A K ?= F =C JE? *(t) @AIFHA = @ FH ?AII I @A HA =N= ,= -G % $ IACKA IA GKA

d 2 dM d M = (M M) = 2M = 2 M ( M B ) 0. dt dt dt
1IJ = =C EJK@A @A ? IJ= JA AIJA ?=I =FA =I @EHA A BK @ JA F 6 = @ B = B k =I JH I ? F A JAI @= -G % # I

% $ K@= @A

dMx = My B, dt dMy = Mx B, dt dMz = 0. dt

% %= % %> % %?

,= -G % ' IACKA IA E A@E=J= A JA GKA Mz (t) = Mz (0) )I FHE AEH=I @K=I AGK= AI I =? F =@=I A F @A IAH AI?HEJ=I @= = AEH= IACKE JA B= A @ M = Mx iMy

dM dMx dMy = i = iBM , dt dt dt

?K = I K

% &

M (t) = M (0)eiBt .
C

% '

Mx (t) = Mx (0)cos (Bt) + My (0)sen (Bt) My (t) = Mx (0)sen (Bt) + My (0)cos (Bt) Mz (t) = Mz (0),

% = % > % ?

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-IJ=I AGK= AI @AI?HALA FHA?AII A J H @A z ? BHAG

z

LE A J @A ? K = IE F AI ?E= = CK =H = B

.ECKH= % "  =C AJE = ? IFE I = 1 IJH= @ 2 @EHA z

@A K ? K J @A = E D= A J @A

A J I =C ?= F

JE? I @A ? A I =C JE? * =

3K= @ I FH ?AII I @A HA =N= F @A IAH @AI?HEJ ? K = AGK= IE K J= A= A JA ? = FHA?AII @E = A JH= ILAHI= @A A HA = A JA ? JA F I ?=H=?JAH IJE? I DEF JAIA >JA I = AGK= BA

AIJ =JK= @ LE A J @A @AHEL=@= @= -G % $ IKF @ GKA I @AILE I @=I ? F A JAI CEJK = AGKE >HE @A?=A ANF A ?E= T1 A T2 HAIFA?JEL= A JA + AIJ= A CE?=

GKA =I ? F EI @EHA

= M B Mx i + My j (Mz M (0))k , M %  T2 T1 ? DA?E@= ? AGK= @A * ?D LAH * ?D '"$ = AGK= @A * ?D = AI = J=N= @A HA =N= T2  IKF IJ= F=H= F A JAI x A y @= =C AJE = I AEN I x A y I AGKEL= A JAI IEIJA = B IE? JA IE AJHE= =NE= = C @= @EHA z GKA = @ ?= F =C JE? ) ? F A JA z HA =N= ? K JA F

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?=H=?JAH IJE? @EBAHA JA T1 AII= @EBAHA = ? F HJ= A J AIJ EC=@= = B=J B IE? @A GKA FH ?AII @A HA =N= JH= ILAHI= FH ?AII T2  ? IAHL= A AHCE= A GK= J GKA = HA =N= CEJK@E = B= = LAH@=@A T2 F @A J= > A L LAH JH ?= @A A AHCE= ?=I @A I=JKH= IEJK= = IAH @A E@= = IA IACKE JA  K = F J ?E= A AL=@= @A HB AIJE K = = A EII A JA F @A HA =N= JH= ILAHI= @E ?=@ ) @ ?= F =C JE? AIJ JE? F @A ANEIJEH K ?= F CEH= JA @=@  IEIJA = AIJ=?E HE  F H

B1 (t) = B1 [icos (t + ) + jsen (t + )].

%

2 @A I J =H = B=IA = 0 GKA AGKEL= A JA = JAH B1 = B1 i A t=0 5K>IJEJKE @ B0 = B0 k A B1 (t) = AGK= @A * ?D -G %  =I ? F A JAI IAH

Mx dMx = My B0 Mz B1 sen t , dt T2 dMy My = Mz B1 cos t Mx B0 , dt T2 dMz Mz M (0) = Mx B1 sen t My B1 cos t . dt T1

% != % !>

% !?

) @AI?HE @ LE A J @= =C AJE = ? IE@AH=LA A JA IE F E ?=@= IA =@ J=H I K IEIJA = @A ? H@A =@=I ? AEN I x y z GKA CEH= A J H @ AEN z = z ? BHAG ?E= = CK =H ECK= BHAG ?E= @A =H H -G   8= I IJH=H A IACKE@= ? F @A I HAAI?HALAH =I AGK= AI @A * ?D AIJA L IEIJA =

%! )

=C AJE =

I -EN I /EH= JAI

8= I ? IE@AH=H @ EI IEIJA =I @A ? H@A =@=I xyz A x y z ? K = HECA ? K IKF I GKA x y z CEH= ? LA ?E@=@A = CK =H A HA = = xyz + = > I I IEIJA =I @A ? H@A =@=I J = AI = HECA I LAJ HAI @A F IE @A K F J P H A H IAH E@ JE? I A > H= ? @EBAHA JAI ? H@A =@=I I @ EI IEIJA =I ) @AFA @ ?E= JA F H= @A GK= GKAH LAJ H A J= J @EBAHA GK= @ @AI?HEJ= @A xyz K x y z 2 H ANA F = @AHEL=@= JA F @ I LAJ HAI K EJ HE I @=I @EHA AI x y A z E A HAIFA?JEL= A JA IAH K =I IA @AI?HEJ=I @A x y z ? A AI J ? FHE A J I K EJ HE I I A JA IK=I @EHA AI

=C AJEI

A 4AII

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!' IEIJA = HA =

F @A K@=H 5A @AI?HALAH I = @AHEL=@= @ LAJ H E @AI@A @A ? H@A =@=I x y z GKA CEH= ? LA ?E@=@A = CK =H A = xyz JAHA I

di = i, % " dt A = = C= A JA F=H= A ) @AHEL=@= A HA = = JA F @A K LAJ H =H>EJH HE V = Vx i + Vy j + Vz k AIIA IEIJA = CEH= JA IAH dVx dVy dVz di dj dk dV = i+ j+ k + Vx + Vy + Vz dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
K % #

dV dV = + V, % $ dt dt @A dV/dt = @AHEL=@= A HA = = IEIJA = AIJ=?E HE xyz  2=H= LAJ H =C AJE = AL KE @ I > = = @A K ?= F ? I J= JA B0 JAHA I dM dM = + M = M B0 + M , dt dt
A C % %

dM = M ( B0 ) = M B0 dt
) H= CEH =C F JK AIJ= I IKF IEIJA = CEH= JA @A ? IEIJA = AIJ=?E

% &

JE?= F @A IAH F IEJEL= K AC=JEL= =I AIJA ?= @ > 0 2 @A I AI?HALAH AIJ= AGK= F=H= K H@A =@=I I > = AI = B H = GKA A = IA =FHAIA J= HE % '

dM = M Bef , dt ?= F ABAJEL @=@ F H Bef = B0 .

% ! =H

2 @A I AI? DAH K = BHAG ?E= = CK =H

IEIJA = CEH= JA J= GKA Bef = 0 >=IJ= J

= B0 = 0 ,
EIJ BHAG >=IJ= AI? DAH K ?E= = CK =H ECK=

% !

IEIJA = GKA CEH= A J H @ AEN z ? BHAG ?E= @A =H H AIJA ?=I

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dM = 0. % !  dt C = =C AJE = AIJ=?E HE= A HA = = AIJA IEIJA = 7 ?= F =C JE? @AFA @A JA @ JA F CEH= @ IEIJA = @A H@A =@=I AIJ=?E HE @=@ FA = -G %  IAH IEIJA = CEH= JA B1 (t) = B1 i .
?= F ABAJEL A FHAIA = @A B1 (t) ?= % !!

Bef = B0 + B1 (t)
A

% !" H @A

IEIJA = @A ? H@A =@=I x y z  GKA CEH= = BHAG ?E= @A =H E? ?= F GKA =JK= I >HA = =C AJE = B1 (t) A = AGK= LE A J IA J H =

dM = M B1 (t). % !# dt 2 HJ= J IEIJA = CEH= JA IE F E ?= = @AI?HE @ LE A J @A IFE I @=@ FA = -G % $ C =I AGK= AI @A * ?D -G %  IEIJA = CEH= JA ? BHAG ?E= = CK =H J = = B H = = M B0 + B1 M
?= F Bef @=@ F H

Mx i + My j [Mz M (0)]k . % !$ T2 T1

Bef =

B0

k + B1 i .

% !%

- K IEIJA = @A ? H@A =@=I GKA CEH= ? BHAG ?E= = CK =H = ? BHAG ?E= =JKH= @A FHA?AII  =H H 0 = B0 -G % ! ?= F =C JE? F @A IAH AI?HEJ ?

Bef =
) AGK= @A LE A J

1 (0 )k + B1 i .
IEIJA = CEH= JA J H = IA

% !&

M dMx = (0 )My x dt T2 dMy My = (0 )Mx + Mz B1 dt T2

% !'= % !'>

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dMz M M (0) = My B1 z . dt T1

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dB/dt B1 /(T1 T2 )1/2 8= I ? IE@AH=H = >=I =I J ? E?=I 6 ? E?= @A @= + J K= ) I K @=I AGK= AI @A LE A J HACE A AIJ=?E HE >JE@= B= A @

dMx dMy dMz = = = 0. dt dt dt

IEIJA = @A AGK= AI % !' F @A IAH HAI LE@ IK J=@  I AEN I CEH= JAI ? IACKE JA HA

Mx = My = Mz =

2 B1 (0 )T2 2 2 T T M (0), 2 2 1 + (0 ) T2 + B1 1 2

% "= % "> % "?

B1 T2 2 + 2 B 2 T T M (0), 1 + (0 )2 T2 1 1 2
2 1 + (0 )2 T2 2 + 2 B 2 T T M (0). 1 + (0 )2 T2 1 1 2

)I ?KHL=I Mx A My I ? DA?E@=I ? ?KHL=I @A @EIFAHI  =C AJE = B H= @A B=IA A =>I H  =C AJE = A B=IA I ?=I I @A 2 >=EN= E JA IE@=@A @A HB B1 T1 , T2  K 2 B1 T1 T2 1 =I =C AJE = AI I

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Mx = My =

2 B1 (0 )T2 2 M (0), 2 1 + (0 ) T2

% "= % "> % "?

B1 T2 2 M (0), 1 + (0 )2 T2 Mz = M (0).

I CH ? I @A Mx A My  K =I IKI?AJE>E E@=@AI ? HHAIF @A JAI LAH IKI ( 0 )T2 I IJH=@ I = .EC % # = B H = @A E D= @AII=I ?KHL=I ?D= =@= HA J E= = ) =HCKH= J J= = AE= = JKH=  J = @= HA J E= = 1/2 = 2/T2 A H=@E= I F H IACK @  LAH .EC % # A K E@=@AI @A BHAG ?E= = =HCKH= 2/T2 0 = ?KHL= @A HAII ?E= >JE@= ? BHAG ?E= N= L=HE= @ ?= F =C JE? = =HCKH= B1/2 = 2/T2 A K E@=@AI @A * JAI =I

1,0 0,8 0,6 c 0,2 -4 -3 c -0,6 -2 -1 1 2 3 ( 4

0-

0,4

)T2

.ECKH= % #  +KHL=I @=I ? F A JAI @= IKI?AJE>E E@=@A =C JE?= -G % "' @EIFAHI  A =>I H  LAHIKI (0 )T2 ) B H = @A E D= @AII=I ?KHL=I KIK= A JA ?D= =@= HA J E= = LAH -GI % "= A % ">

)I JH I ? F A JAI @= =C AJE = I FH F H?E =EI = M (0) = =C AJE = @A AGKE >HE @ IEIJA = @A IFE I ?=I @= HAII ?E= =C JE?= @A ? A I M (0) = =C AJE = K? A=H HA =?E =@= IKI?AJE>E E@=@A K? A=H AIJ JE?= n

M (0) = n H = n B0 /0 ,

% " 

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= GK= H = E JA IE@=@A @ ?= F n @=@= ? K = BK @ kT 0 hIH 

=C JE? ) IKI?AJE>E E@=@A K? A=H A J = CK =H I @ ? A F=H=

n =

0 n 2 h2 I (I + 1) . 3kT

% "!

,AIJ= ANFHAII F @A I LAH GKA = =C AJE = K? A=H A F HJ= J = E JA IE@=@A @ IE = @A 4 I E LAHI= A JA FH F H?E =EI = T IACKE @ = AE @A +KHEA = C= -G  $! @= F CE = %! ) =C AJE = K? A=H I > K ?= F =F E?=@ B0 F=H= n ? A I F H K E@=@A @A L K A @=@= FA = -G % "  K M (0) = nB0 2 h2 I (I + 1)/3kT -IJ= GK= JE@=@A K = A@E@= @= E JA IE@=@A @ IE = @A 4 = IA IE>E E@=@A HA =JEL= = 4 F=H= K @=@ ?A ECK= = M (0)/M (0)H IA @ M (0)H = =C AJE = @ AI AH @A ? A I @A DE@H C E ) IA IE>E E@=@A HA =JEL= K JEF E?=@= FA = =>K @ ?E= EI J FE?= =JKH= HAIK J= = IA IE>E E@=@A =>I KJ= @A 4 I L= HAI @AIJ=I GK= JE@=@AI AIJ HA =?E =@ I =F @E?A + F=H= @EBAHA JAI AIF ?EAI K? A=HAI - K ANFAHE A J @A 4 ?= F =F E?=@ @AFA @A JA @ JA F ?= F @A HB E A=H A JA F =HE =@ A F @A IAH @AI?HEJ => H=J HE ? K = IKFAHF IE @A @ EI ?= F I CEH= JAI K CEH= @ IA JE@ @ I F JAEH I @ HA CE A KJH IA JE@ F IJ

B1 (t) = B1 (i cos t j sen t)

A

% ""=

B1 (t) = B1 (i cos t + j sen t).

5 = @ I >J IA ?= F I?E = JA = C @ AEN x

% "">

B1 (t) = 2B1 i cost.

2 @A I AI?HALAH I @ EI ?= F I CEH= JAI A z @ LAJ H LA ?E@=@A = CK =H ? = AGK= JAH

% "# I @=I FH A AI % "$

B1 (t) = B1 (i cos z t + j sen z t)

F=H= z F IEJEL A AC=JEL )I ? F A JAI @= =C AJE = => H=J HE IAH @AHEL=@=I @=I ? F A JAI IEIJA = CEH= JA

Mx A My F @A
% "%=

Mx = Mx cos t + My sen t,

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JE?=

My = Mx sen t + My cos t.

% "%>

,= AGK= % "%= F @A I @A EH =I IKI?AJE>E E@=@AI A @ IEIJA = @A IFE I IK> AJE@ = ?= F E A=H => H=J HE @A = F EJK@A 2B1

Mx = ( cos t + sen t)2B1 .

% "&

)I =C AJE = AI Mx A My I F HJ= J @EHAJ= A JA FH F H?E =EI I IKI?AJE>E E@=@AI A A HAIFA?JEL= A JA F @A IAH ? IE@AH=@=I =I ? F A JAI HA= A E =CE HE= @A K = IKI?AJE>E E@=@A ? F AN=

= i
) ? F=HJA =>I ) ? ? F AN=

% "'

F A JA J= > ?D= =@= @A F=HJA @EIFAHIEL= A @A HJEL= @= IKI?AJE>E E@=@A F A JA x @A B1 => H=J HE F @A IAH AI?HEJ= I > B H = ?

B1x (t) = 2B1 eit ,

A= =C AJE = ?=

% #

Mx (t) = Re(2B1 eit ),

GKA AGKEL= A JA -G % "%= ) F J ?E= @E= =>I HLE@= FA @= A AHCE= =C JE?= E F H IEIJA = @A IFE I @=@= A

% # JAH I

dB dE = M , % #  dt dt A GKA E @E?= I GKA @ALA IAH BAEJ= K = @E= @AIJ= ANFHAII A K FAH @ ? F AJ @A t = 0 = t = 2/  + AIJ= I ? IE@AH= @ HACE A AIJ=?E HE = @E= @A dB/dt F @A IAH E@A JE ?=@= = L= H E IJ= J A P= dB dB = = B1 i = B1 j , dt dt A = -G % #  IA J H = P = My B1 .
) F J ?E= =>I HLE@= F HJ= J FH F H?E ANFHAII @= F J ?E= @E= P = = K My % #!

% #" C =

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

"#

P=

2 B1 T2 2 M (0), 1 + (0 )2 T2

% ## EIJ F=H= @=

?= ?K =@= =GKE F=H= K = IEJK= 2 B1 T1 T2 1 + My FH F H?E = = F J ?E=

CA @= I=JKH= F @A

I HAAI?HALAH = ANFHAII

2 . P = B1

% #$

2 HJ= J = F J ?E= =>I HLE@= FA IEIJA = @A IFE I FH F H?E = = GK=@H=@ @= = F EJK@A @ ?= F @A HB B1 6 ? E?= @A 4AII ?E= 2K I=@= AIJ= J ? E?= =EI = F = A JA A FHAC=@= ?= F @A H=@E BHAG ?E= =F E?=@ A FK I I @A ?KHJ= @KH= = HAII ?E= ? B1 (t) CEH= @ = BHAG ?E= @A =H H AIIA ?= F AIJ=?E HE IEIJA = @A AEN I CEH= JAI 8=HE= @ = @K H= @ I FK I I F @A I B= AH = =C AJE = CEH=H @A K CK GK= GKAH GKA @AIA =H I F H ANA F @A H=@E= I  K &o  AIJA ?=I = =C AJE = CEH=@= F=H= K = F IE F IJ= @ AGKE >HE JAH @E E? )I -GI % !' @AI?HALA = AL K @=I ? F A JAI @= =C AJE = A BK @ JA F - CAH= I L= HAI @A B1 A FHAC=@ I = HAII ?E= FK I=@= I =E HAI ? HHAIF @A @ IEJK= @A I=JKH= @AI?HEJ= =?E = ) HAI I ?E= =C JE?= FK I=@= @EI?KJE@= =EI @AJ= D=@= A JA = IA %$

% " ) 4A =N=
) HA =N= CEJK@E = @A JA F ?=H=?JAH IJE? T1 A = HA =N= JH= ILAHI= T2  I ?=KI=@=I F H KJK= AI ?= F =C JE? A CH=@EA JA @A ?= F A JHE? GKA =JK= I >HA I ? A I -II=I KJK= AI IA HECE = I LE A J I = A=J HE I =II ?E=@ I ? =I LE>H= AI J H E?=I 5AKI ABAEJ I @AFA @A @= AI?= = @A JA F = GK= ? HHA K GKA AGKEL= A JA @AFA @A @ IAK AIFA?JH . KHEAH 2 HJ= J =I KJK = AI =I E JAH= AI GKA J K JA F ?=H=?JAH IJE? KEJ =EI ?KHJ @ GKA E LAHI @= BHAG ?E= @A =H H @ I ? A I EIJ =>=EN @A ?AH?= @A 107 I ? JHE>KA F=H= I JA F I @A HA =N= LE A J @ I A JH I A =I LE>H= AI A?K =HAI AIJ E ? K @ I AII= ? =IIA @A KJK= AI AIJ= IA L= I ? IE@AH=H =I ? JHE>KE AI HA =N= @=I KJK = AI @ I ?= F I =C JE? I )I KJK= AI B A@A = ANJA I @ I @AILE I @ ?= F E IJ= J A A HA = = IAK L= H @E

"$

4AII

?E=

=C

JE?=

B = B B,

% #%

@A B L= H @E @ ?= F =C JE? 5A AIFA?JH @A KJK= AI JH= ILAHI=EI B ( ) JA ? F A JAI = BHAG ?E= @A =H H (0 = B ) AII=I BHAG ?E=I IAH ?=F= AI @A E @K EH JH= IE AI A JHA I AIJ=@ I @A @EBAHA JA A AHCE= =C JE?= @ ? A 1IJ AGKEL= A JA = B=J @A = 4 FK I=@= ?= F @A HB B1 ( ) IAH A ?= F=H= = E LAHI @ I IFE I GK= @ A A I?E = ? BHAG ?E= = CK =H ECK= BHAG ?E= @A =H H EIJ = 0 )JH=L I @A JH= IE AI A JHA I AIJ=@ I ? m = 1 = =C AJE = =JE CA L= H @A AGKE >HE A K JA F T1 -IJ= HA =N= E @K  K AGKEL= A JA = K = =HC= A J = E D= @A HAII ?E= GKA ?D= =@ = =HC= A J IA?K =H )I KJK= AI CEJK@E =EI Bz J ABAEJ @A =K A J=H K HA@K EH = LA ?E@=@A = CK =H @A FHA?AII = JAH= @ F HJ= J = B=IA HA =JEL= @ I IFE I CEH= JAI ? JHE>KE @ @AIJA @ F=H= T2 5A K E IJ= JA t0 = 0 I IFE I AIJ FHA?AIIE = @ A B=IA F = xy =F I K JA F @= H@A @A T2 A AI FAH@AH ? AH ?E= A = =C AJE = JH= ILAHI= M @A?=EH = AH - CAH= F @A I IKF H GKA =I KJK= AI @=I ? F A JAI Bi (t) @ ?= F ? i = x, y, z  I EI JH FE?=I 2=H= AIJK@=H =I L=HE= AI JA F H=EI @=I KJK= AI @A B JE @A EH = BK @A ? HHA =  K =KJ ? HHA =  A JHA L= H @=I KJK= AI @ ?= F B1 (t) A B1 (t+ ) A @ EI E IJ= JAI t A t + ?

F = Bi (t)Bi (t + ).
5KF I GKA F L=HE= ANF A ?E= A JA ? E JAHL=

% #&

@= B H =
% #'

2 F = Bi exp(| |/0 ),

GKA 0 JA GK= IFE AIJ B 5A = BK F=H= J @=I =I ? 1/T2 @=@= F H

F @A ? HHA = K = A@E@= @ JA F @E @KH= JA IK AEJ KJK= @ ?= F =C JE? @A E JA IE@=@A @A ? HHA = JELAH = B H = =?E = A IA 0 B H AI F A JAI F @A I ? ? KEH GKA = J=N= @A HA =N= LAH 5 E?DJAH '' ?=F JK #

1 1 1 = + , T2 T2 2T1

% $

= GK= 1/T2 JAH @ALE@ I KJK= AI JA F @A Bz = =HC= A J IA?K =H A 1/2T1 = =HC= A J @ALE@ = JA F @A LE@= @ AIJ=@ = =HC= A J IA?K =H 2 @A I >JAH K = ANFHAII =FH NE =@= GKA HA =?E = =I KJK= AI B = JA F @A HA =N= 8= I IKF H GKA K = KJK= Bz =CE @

=C AJEI

A 4AII

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E@ I

"%

@KH= JA K JA F t I >HA K @= B=IA @ I IFE I A FHA?AII IAH @=@ F H

? A FH @K K = L=HE= @= H@A @A K H=@E=

IEC E ?=JEL= @AB=I= A J % $

= Bz t 1.

)I L=HE= AI @= B=IA @ I IFE I E @ELE@K=EI @AII= H@A B=H = =C AJE = JH= ILAHI= @ ? K J @A IFE I @A?=EH = AH 2 @A I F HJ= J ? IE@AH=H AIIA JA F t T2 5ACKA IA GKA

T2

1 . Bz

% $ 

7 = AIJE =JEL= =EI HA= EIJ= @ALAHE= ? IE@AH=H GKA AIJ= FAH@= @A A HE= @A B=IA ? HHAH =F I n E ?HA A J I Bz ?= F =C JE? E IJ= J A ?=@= L= H @ ?= F FAH = A?A @ ? IJ= JA F H K JA F 0 JA F @A ? HHA =  = K JA F t = n0 JAH @A ? HHE@ A @AB=I= A J @E GK=@H JE? IAH
2 2 2 2 = n2 = n 2 Bz 0 = 2 Bz t0 .

% $! @AB=I=

- = A JA IACKA IA E@A JE ?= @ IA AIIA JA F t F=H= A J @A K H=@E= ? T2 GKA

1 2 = 2 Bz 0 , T2

% $"

@A F @A I J=H GKA 1/T2 @AFA @A @A 0 ,AIJ= HA = F @A I ? ? KEH GKA F=H= JA F I @A ? HHA = 0 =EI ?KHJ I = J=N= 1/T2 HA@K E@= K BA A ? DA?E@ ? AIJHAEJ= A J F H LE A J KJH=I F= =LH=I L=HE= AI KEJ H FE@=I ?= F Bz A @E= =BAJ= = HA =N= JH= ILAHI= EIJ F @A ? HHAH F H ANA F ? K ? A GKA IA @EBK @A =JH=L I @A K GKE@ IA @ IK> AJE@ F H JA F I KEJ ?KHJ I = I ?= F I @EF =HAI =C JE? I @ALE@ I = I @EBA HA JAI J I 7 = @AHEL= =EI ?KE@=@ I= @=I ANFHAII AI F=H= =I J=N=I 1/T1 A 1/T2 =E @= IKF @ EI JH FE= =I KJK= AI @A B ? @K = I IACKE JAI HAIK J=@ I LAH +=HHE CJ A ? =?D = '$%

1 0 2 + B 2 ) = 2 (Bx y 2 2 , T1 1 + 0 0 1 0 1 2 + (B 2 + B 2 ) = 2 Bz 0 x y 2 2 , T2 2 1 + 0 0
GKA ? J = BK @A IE@=@A AIFA?JH= J ( )

% $# % $$

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J ( ) =

0 2, 1 + 2 0

% $%

F=H= = 0 = BHAG ?E= @A =H H ) BK @A IE@=@A AIFA?JH= J ( ) @A B=J = JH= IB H =@= @A . KHEAH @= BK @A ? HHA = A HA =?E =@= F J ?E= @E= @=I KJK= AI = BHAG ?E= 2 @A IA J=H =I -GI % $# A % $$ GKA =I HA =N= AI CEJK@E = A JH= ILAHI= @AFA @A @A B H = @EBAHA JA @ JA F @A ? HHA = 0 T1 F=II= F H K E F=H= 0 0 1 A AI ? HHA ? T2 E @A T1 ? HHA F=H= JA F I @A ? HHA = ? F=H LAEI = E LAHI @= BHAG ?E= @A =H H 0 =EI FHA?EI= A JA F=H= KJK= AI @ I ?= F I =C JE? I ? =E H E JA IE@=@A . KHEAH = AII= BHAG ?E=

10

Slido

Tempo de relaxao (s)

T1
10
1

10

T2
0 0=1

10

10

15

10

11

10

10

Tempo de correlao t0(s)

.ECKH= % $  8=HE= @= J=N= @A = =HC= A J IA?K =H (1/T2 ) A = =HC= A J IA?K =H (1/2T1 ) (T1 ) A BK @ JA F @A ? HHA = 0 JA NE 1/T1 F=H= 0 ?E= @A =H H = 1/0 0 = BHAG

@A

,=I ANFHAII AI % $# A % $$ F @A I LAH GKA =I KJK= AI @A J @=I =I ? F A JAI @ ?= F =C JE? ? JHE>KA F=H= T2 =I =FA =I =I KJK= AI @=I ? F A JAI JH= ILAHI=EI x A y  ? JHE>KA F=H= T1 2 @A I J=H =E @= GKA ?=I 0 0 1 = ECK= @=@A T1 = T2 F=H= KJK= AI EI JH FE?=I IACKA IA @=I -GI % $# A % $$ ? F HJ= A J @ I JA F I @A HA =N= LAHIKI JA F @A ? HHA = F @A IAH LEIJ = .EC % $ 2 @A I E =CE =H CH ? ?

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

"'

6=>A = % 1  6A F I @A HA =N= K? A=HAI 61 A 62 A@E@ I A = CK I IEIJA =I AJ E? I A I9AEI = '%! ? FAH EII @A D 9E AO  5 I  ?A

57 .A 59 +

=JHE .A +

62   #  &&

"

= !

62 '$#  #

61   #   %

"

= !

61 '$# #

HAFHAIA J= @ I FH ?AII I @A HA =N= A K GKE@ GKA IA J H = CH= @K= A JA =EI LEI? I + =K A J @A LEI? IE@=@A JA F @A ? HHA = 0 =K A J= A =I KJK= AI @ ?= F ?= = BHAG ?E= @A HAII ?E= 0 @E E KA J H = @ IA K =I F=H= 0 0 1 2=H= JA F I @A ? HHA = ?KHJ I F H KJH =@ F @A I LAH GKA T1 =K A J= ? 1/0 F=H= JA F I @A ? HHA = C I AIJA =K A J= ? 0 @= -G % $# - CAH= JA F @A ? HHA = 0 K = BK @= JA FAH=JKH= @= = IJH= 7 = @AFA @ ?E= ? K F=H= 0 @ JEF
0 exp 0 = 0

Ea kT

% $&

GKA ? HHAIF @A = K FH ?AII JAH E?= A JA =JEL=@ ? A AHCE= @A =JEL= Ea ) J=>A = % 1 =FHAIA J= = CK I L= HAI @A T1 A T2 >IAHL=@ I ANFAHE A J= A JA
Spins
TS

Reservatrio

TR

.ECKH= % %  )? F = A J A JHA @A IFE I = JA FAH=JKH= Ts JA FAH=JKH= @= HA@A T1

HAIAHL=J HE HA@A = JA FAH=JKH= TR A IEIJA = JA F ?=H=?JAH IJE? GK= I IFE I =JE CA =

#

4AII

?E=

=C

JE?=

% "  ) 4A =N=

CEJK@E =

8= I ? IE@AH=H K IEIJA = @A IFE I = FHAIA = @A K ?= F =C JE? A A ? J=J ? K HAIAHL=J HE J H E?  K HA@A GKA AIJ = K = JA FAH=JKH= T .EC % % JA F ?=H=?JAH IJE? =F I GK= IEIJA = IA FAHJKH>=@ HAJ H =H ? CKH= @A AGKE >HE J H E? T1 GKA E LAHI @= J=N= @A HA =N= @= =C AJE = CEJK@E = (1/T1 ) =I AGK= AI @A * ?D IA %  3K= @ IK> IEIJA = @A IFE I AIJ A AGKE >HE ? = HA@A = ?KF= @ I IAKI AIJ=@ I @A A AHCE= K = BK @A T @=@= FA = @EIJHE>KE @A * J = .EC % &
E E E/kT Pae

.ECKH= % &  4AFHAIA J= @=I F FK = AI @ I AIJ=@ I @A A AHCE= @A K ? @A IFE I = JA FAH=JKH= T =I GK=EI IACKA K = @EIJHE>KE @A * J =

K J

- IEJK= AI =I GK=EI = E JAH= A JHA I IFE I KEJ =EI B HJA @ GKA A JHA I IFE I A = HA@A = F FK = @ I LAEI @A K ? K J @A IFE I F @A IAH @AI?HEJ= F H K = JA FAH=JKH= Ts AIJ= ?D= =@= @A JA FAH=JKH= @A IFE A F @A A FHE ? FE IAH @EBAHA JA @= JA FAH=JKH= @= HA@A 5A = T1 E JAHL= @A JA F GK= IK> IEIJA = @A IFE I ? N LAEI @A A AHCE= Ei A FH >=>E E@=@A @A ?KF= p(Ei ) =JE CEH = JA FAH=JKH= @= HA@A TR ? ?K @A T1 BAEJ @AHEL= @ IA K = AGK= GKA @AI?HALA = B H = IACK @ = GK= = JA FAH=JKH= @A IFE I AL KE JA F H= A JA F=H= =JE CEH L= H TR LAH 5 E?DJAH '' ) A AHCE= @E= @ I Ns IFE I IA = FH >=>E E@=@A @A ?KF= @ I LAEI B H p(Ei ) = pi
N

E
A = J=N= @A L=HE=

=
i

pi Ei ,

% $'

@AII= A AHCE=

=C AJEI

A 4AII

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#

dE T d E T d = , dt d dt
@A = 1/kT =I d E T /dt = pi Wij ) A Wij = J=N= @A JH= IE
i

% %

Ei dpi /dt @A dpi /dt = j (pj Wji @ AIJ=@ i F=H= AIJ=@ j C

% %

dE T = dt
K K@= @ I @E?AI

Ei (pj Wji pi Wij ),

i,j

dE T = dt
5

Ej (pi Wij pj Wji ).

i,j

% %  >JA I % %!

= @ =I -GI % % A % % A @ELE@E @ F H

dE T 1 = dt 2
5KF @ K = @EIJHE>KE @=@=I F H

(pj Wji pi Wij )(Ei Ej ).

i,j

@A * J

=I FH >=>E E@=@AI pi IAH

pi =
2 @A I ANF= @EH = ANF

exp(Ei )
N i

exp(Ei )

% %"

A ?E=

exp(Ei ) = 1 Ei +
2 HJ= J E EJA JAHA I

1 2 2 Ei + % %# 2! E EJA @A = J= JA FAH=JKH= pi (1 Ei )/N AIIA

N

dE T d = d d
K

pi Ei =
i

1 d N d

(1 Ei )Ei ,
i

% %$

dE T 1 = d N
7I= @ = -G % % IACKA IA GKA

N 2 Ei . i

% %%

dE T 1 = dt N

N 2 Ei i

d . dt

% %&

4AII

?E=

=C

JE?=

3K= @ IEIJA = @A IFE I AIJ A AGKE >HE ? = HA@A  HAIAHL= J HE J H E?  d E T /dt = 0 A HAIK J= @= -G % % GKA
R pR j Wji = pi Wij ,

% %'

R A GKA pR =I FH >=>E E@=@AI @A ?KF= @ I LAEI @A A AHCE= j A pi I AII=I FH >=>E E@=@AI = JA FAH=JKH= @= HA@A j A i EIJ -IJA ?D= =@ FHE ? FE @ >= = @AJ= D=@  A AGKE >HE FH @KJ @= FH >=>E E@=@A @A ?KF= @A K LA FA = FH >=>E E@=@A @A JH= IE @AIIA LA F=H= K KJH ECK= FH >=>E E@=@A @A ?KF= @AIIA KJH LA FA = FH >=>E E@=@A @A JH= IE IA JE@ F IJ C

Wji = Wij

pR i = Wij exp[(Ei Ej )R ]. pR j

% & = -G % %

5K>IJEJKE @ = ANFHAII @A Wji @=@= F H AIJ= AGK= >JA I =F I ANF= @EH = ANF A ?E=

1 dE T = dt 2N

Wij (Ei Ej )2 ( R ).
i,j

% &

,= -G % %& IACKA IA GKA

d 1 = dt 2

N i,j

Wij (Ei Ej )2
i 2 Ei

(L ).

% & 

-IJ= = J=N= @A L=HE= @= JA FAH=JKH= @A IFE A @EHA JA FAH=JKH= @= HA@A TR A = @A A = J=N= @A HA =N= CEJK@E = 1/T1

d L . = dt T1
JA F T1 F HJ= J = ? IJ= JA @A JA F @= AL K @= JA FAH=JKH= @A IFE ) ANFHAII @= J=N= @A HA =N= @=@= F H

% &! ANF A ?E= = 1/T1

=
JA F AIJ=>A A?AH K C I @A @A ?KF=

1 1 = T1 2

N i,j

Wij (Ei Ej )2
i 2 Ei

% &"

T1 JA F AGKE >HE J A JH I pi =JE CA

?=H=?JAH IJE? @A? HHE@ =J IEIJA = @A IFE I H E? ? HAIAHL=J HE AN = HA@A ?HEIJ= E = K JA F @= H@A @A T1 =I FH >=>E E@=@AI I L= HAI @A AGKE >HE pR i

=C AJEI

A 4AII

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%"

) 4A =N=

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JA F @A HA =N= T2 E JH @K E@ @A @ BA A CE? =I AGK= AI @A * ?D -G %  A@A E JAHL= @A JA F GK= = =C AJE = JH= ILAHI= @A?=E = 1/e @ IAK L= H = ANFHAII @= ? F A JA @= =C AJE = My ( ) T2 AIJ @EHAJ= A JA HA =?E =@ = E LAHI @= =HCKH= @= E D= @A HAII ?E= T2 = 2/1/2  ) ? JHE>KE = T2 @ALE@= KJK= @ ?= F @EF =H @A K ? A LE E D F @A IAH AIJE =@= J = @ ? F J @A F=HJE@= B=J @A GKA AIIA ?= F =FH NE =@= A JA @=@ F H @= -G $ " @= F CE = $
d 0 . , Bz = 4 r3 =C JE? K? A=H A r = IAF=H=

% &# A JHA I ?A I

A GKA ,= -G % $ 

A J

T2 =
26

4 r3 1 = . d Bz 0

% &$

2=H= FH J I JA I = 2, 675 108 H=@E= I I1 61 A = 1, 41 10 61 KI= @ r = 2 1010 >JA I T2 104 I F=H= JA F @A HA =N= @ALE@ ? JHE>KE @EF =H @ I KJH I ? A I d ) =C EJK@A @= KJK= ?= F Bz >JE@= AIJA ANA F 4 10 6 K  / -IJ= F HJ= J = =HCKH= @A E D= @A HAII ?E= =C JE?= AIFAH=@= A K I E@ @=I E JAH= AI @EF @EF K? A= HAI AII=I E JAH= AI I CAH= A JA =I B JAI =EI E F HJ= JAI @A = =H C= A J @A E D= A I E@ I - I E@ I ? I F=H= =C JE? I I ?= F I @EF =HAI @ALE@ I = I A J I =J E? I @ E = A =I =HCK H=I @A E D= I KEJ =E HAI  K I JA F I T2 I KEJ =EI ?KHJ I

%"!

A?= EI

I @A 4A =N=

=C

JE?=

4A =N= CEJK@E = ) = AEH= =EI IE F AI @A AIJK@=H I A ?= EI I GKA @ KC=H HA =N= =C JE?= K? A=H A K I E@ ? IE@AH=H I ? A I IK> AJE@ I = K ?= F =C JE? I?E = JA @A LE@ I LE>H= AI @= HA@A ) ? F A JA CEJK@E = Bz (t) @AIIA ?= F ? JHE>KE F=H= = J=N= @A HA =N= 1/T2 A = ? F A JA JH= ILAHI= ? JHE>KE F=H= 1/T2 A 1/T1 ? LEIJ = IA %" 6 = @ ? F J @A F=HJE@= = -G % &" F @A I ?= ?K =H JA F @A HA =N= T1 F=H= K @=@ IEIJA = @A IFE I @AI@A GKA = J=N= Wij IA = ? DA?E@= AIJ= CH= @A = @AFA @AH @ A?= EI E?H I? FE? GKA =? F = I IFE I = HAIAHL=J HE J H E? E JAH= ? C I @A

#"

4AII

?E=

=C

JE?=

A JH I ? B I C I AJ? - EI = JAI =C JE? I I B II A?= EI @ E = JA A AJ=EI =C JE? I =? F= A J BAEJ FHE ?EF= A JA =JH=L I @ I A JH I @A ? @K =JHE AI =C JE?=I I A?= EI I @A HA =N= A L LA I C I 5A IKFKIAH I GKA = JAH = E = @ I ? A I ? HHA =JH=L I @= IK= E JAH= ? C I @A A JH I = J=N= @A HA =N= =C JE?= 1/T1 F @A IAH ?= ?K =@= @= ANFHAII @= FH >=>E E@=@A @A JH= IE Wij AIJA ?=I Wij K = BK @=I @A IE@=@AI @A AIJ=@ I @ I AIJ=@ I ?KF=@ I A ?KF=@ I

Wij =
koc. k na ooc.

Wjk,ik =
kk

Wjk,ik f (k )[1 f (k )],

% &% A GKA f (k ) = @EIJHE>KE @A .AH E ,EH=? k LAJ H @A @= @ A JH A H JK = AIJ=@ @ IFE F=H= ?E = K F=H= >=EN  5KF @ GKA = E JAH= A JHA I ? A I A I A JH I JAH @A ? J=J @A .AH E LAH IA $ !  = F CE = $

A GKA e A m I Wjk,ik @=@ F H

8 e n h2 I S (r), 3 I B=J HAI CEH =C JE? I A AJH V = Wjk,ik =

% && E? A K? A=H A

2 64 2 2 2 4 h h 9 e n

(i|I |j )(j |I |i)( |S | )( |S | )

, =x,x

|uk (0)|2 |uk (0)|2 (Ej Ei + Ek Ek ) % &'

5K>IJEJKE @ A Wij A B= A @ >JA I LAH 5 E?DJAH '' ? ?K F=H= ?=I @A K A JH

1 64 3 2 2 3 = h |uk (0)|2 T1 9 e n

EF n

(EF )kT,

% '

A GKA |uk (0)|2 EF = @A IE@=@A @A A JH I LA @A .AH E A r = 0 A n(EF ) = @A IE@=@A @A AIJ=@ I A AJH E? I J= > LA @A .AH E 1II HAIK J= A =FH NE =@= A JA

1 = T1

B B

2 n 4k T. 2 e h

% '

-IJ= ECK= @=@A = HA = @A HHE C= B/B ECDJ LAH IA $ # " = F CE =  JA GKA

@AI ?= A J @A HAIK J=@ = JAHE H

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

##

=F J= F=H= K = J=N= @A HA =N= @ALE@= = I A JH I @A ? @K FH F H?E = JA FAH=JKH= 1II F @A IAH ? FHAA @E@ @A B H = IE F AI @ B=J @A GKA Wij FH F H?E = BK f (E )[1 f (E )] = GK= FH NE = @ LA @A .AH E K = BK AIJHAEJ= @A =HCKH= FH F H?E = = kT AJ=EI BAHH =C JE? I KJH A?= EI @A HA =N= =C JE?= FH ?AII @A 9ACAH LAH ?+=KI = @ A =? A EA '& * >A AJ = ''! GKA ? IEIJA @= HA =N= K? A=H LE= A EII @A C I I GK=EI JH ?= A AHCE= ? I A JH I @A ? @K ) J=N= @A HA =N= HAIK J= JA J= > FH F H?E = = T I JA F I @A HA =N= CEJK@E =EI I =JAHE=EI =C JE? I I A CAH= =EI C I I@ E I @ GKA =I F=HA@AI @A @ E I F H AIJ= H= I JA F I @A HA =N= A@E@ I I A CAH= @AFA @A JAI @= F J ?E= @A HB A FHAC=@= A K @=@ ANFAHE A J @A 4 LAH ?=F JK & )I J=N=I @A HA =N= A@E@=I = = J= F J ?E= A AJ=EI AN ?EJ= @ FHABAHA ?E= A JA ? A I A @ E I KIK= A JA =FHAIA J= K = @AFA @ ?E= E A=H ? = JA FAH=JKH= 1IJ IKCAHA GKA = HA =N= I@ E I JA B HJA F=HJE?EF= @ I A JH I @A ? @K =GKA AI IEIJA =I =C JE? I I GK=EI = E JAH= IFE IFE BH=?= A ? F=H= ? = E JAH= IFE HA@A AN 57 .A A F=HA@AI @A @ E I A .A AJ E? A 61 E A GKA AJ E? =?E = @A %%  AIJ= JE = E JAH= @ E = @A?=E A J JH= ILAHI= A 1/T1 @= H@A @A 1/T2 LAH 9AEI = AJ = '%! 4A =N= 6H= ILAHI= + B E IJH=@ E ?E @= IA %" = J=N= @A HA =N= JH= ILAHI= 1/T2 @AFA @A @A KJK= AI JA F H=EI J= J @= ? F A JA z ? @=I ? F A JAI JH= ILAHI=EI @ I ?= F I =C JE? I GKA =JK= I >HA I ? A I ) HA =N= IFE HA@A K FH ?AII GKA ? JHE>KE F=H= AII=I KJK= AI ? F @A IAH LEIJ = HA = GKA EC= 1/T2 = 1/T1 -G % $ =EI E JAHAII= JA AIJK@ @=I ? JHE>KE AI @= E JAH= IFE IFE = 1/T2 I AJ=EI = E JAH= @A 4K@AH = EJJA GKA ? IEIJA =? F = A J @A K F=H @A A J I =C JE? I =JH=L I @ C I @A A JH I K @ I A?= EI I @A E JAH= K A JH AIF= D=@ F H K A J =C JE? K? A=H A @AF EI F H KJH A = E B H = I >HA AIJ=@ @ IFE @ FHE AEH ?A =IIE JH= I EJE@= = IACK @ =? F = A J HAIK J= JA @ I A J I K? A=HAI F @A IAH @AI?HEJ I > = B H =

H = JRK (rij )Ii Ij ,

% ' 

@A JRK = ? IJ= JA @A =? F = A J ABAJEL= -IIA =? F = A J @AFA @A @= JA FAH=JKH= F EI I A JH I @A ? @K FAH@A A C= D= A AHCE= A F HJ= J @AFA @A @= ANEIJ ?E= @A AIJ=@ I L= E I F=H= I GK=EI A AI IAHE= FH LE@ I -II= E JAH= HA AL= JA

#$

4AII

?E=

=C

JE?=

=? F = A J A JHA A J I =C JE? I =J E? I ? DA?E@= AIJA ?=I ? E JAH= @A 4K@AH = EJJA =IKO= ; IE@= 4 ; A @EI?KJE@= = IA ! ! = F CE =  KJH A?= EI @A E JAH= IFE IFE HA AL= JA A =JAHE=EI H @A =@ I =C AJE?= A JA = E JAH= 5KD = = KH= 5  AII= E JAH= @ EI A J I =C JE? I K? A=HAI I =? F =@ I =JH=L I @= E JAH= DEFAH = @A @ EI A J I =J E? I AIJAI JE I ? A?J= @ I =JH=L I @A E JAH= @A JH ?= 2 @A I @AI?HALAH AII= E JAH= ? K =? F = A J A@E=@ FA = A EII A =>I H @A C I )I ? F A JAI JH= ILAHI=EI @ A J = CK =H 1 I =EI A ?= AI AIJA FH ?AII ) D= E J E= = IA AI?HALA
+ H = JSN (rij )Ii Ij

% '!

E F HJ= JA HACEIJH=H =I @EBAHA =I A JHA =I @K=I E JAH= AI = E JAH= 4K@AH = EJJA =FA =I = HEA J= HA =JEL= @ I A J I E F HJ= =? F = A J 5KD = = KH= I A JA =I ? F A JAI @A 1 JH= ILAHI=EI = AEN @A GK= JE = AIJA ?=I = @EHA @A =C AJE = F=HJE?EF= ) E JAH= 5KD = = KH= E @AFA @A @= JA FAH=JKH= JA C = ?= ?A A FHE ?EF= A?= EI @A HA =N= JH= ILAHI= A IEIJA =I =C JE? I ? ?A JH=@ I 2 H ANA F A ? >= J AJ E? = HA =N= @ 59 +   =>K @= JA JA K = E F HJ= JA ? JHE>KE @ A?= EI 5KD = = KH=

% # ) ,EBKI
=4 FK I=@= = FAH@= @A A HE= @= =C AJE = JH= ILAHI= A = IJH=I GKE@=I =K A J=@= FA = @EBKI @ I ? A I F=H= HACE AI @A ?= F =C JE? @EBAHA JA AIJA ABAEJ ?D= =@ @A @EBKI AIF= ?E= - = @ HECA = K B=J H @A =JA K= GKA =BAJ= IE = @A 4 AIFA?E ?= A JA = E JA IE@=@A @ A? @A IFE LE@A = IA IACKE JA FH F H?E = = 3  = IAF=H= A JHA I @ EI FK I I = ? A ?EA JA @A @EBKI D A = CH=@EA JA @A ?= F =C JE? +=HH A 2KH?A '#" ) E JA IE@=@A @ A? @A IFE @=@= AIJA ?=I F H

E (2 ) = M0 exp

2 T2

exp D

B z

2 3 3

% '"

2 @A I A ?=H=H = @EBKI AIF=?E= ? JH= ILAHI= GKA ? @K = L= HAI ABAJEL I

K KJH ?= = @A HA =N= =EI ?KHJ I @A T2

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

#%

7 BA A = C >IAHL=@ A I E@ I ? E D=I @A 4 = =HC=@=I E CA A= A JA I ? A I AN?EJ=@ I A K E JAHL= @A BHAG ?E= @= E D= @A HAII ?E= E JAH=CA ? KJH I ?A I A @EIJHE>KA A JHA AIIAI ? A I IK= A AHCE= =C JE?= ) FAH@= @A =C AJE = @ I ? A I HECE = A JA AN?EJ=@ I =F=HA?A ? K = ? JHE>KE F=H= = HA =N= A EIJ ? DA?E@ ? @EBKI AIFA?JH= K @EBKI @A BHAG ?E= - ANFAHE A J I @A 4 A =JAHE=EI =C JE? I I GK=EI I ? A I =I F=HA@AI @A @ E I I FHABAHA ?E= A JA AN?EJ=@ I AII= AN?EJ= F @A IAH JH= IBAHE@= F=H= ? A I A @ E I =@ =?A JAI A K = B H = F=HJE?K =H @A @EBKI AIF=?E=

% $ ) 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= 2K I=@=

) J ? E?= @= 4 ANECA = =F E?= I >HA I A J I =C JE? I @A K ?= F =C JE? AIJ JE? A J= > @A K ?= F =C JE? GKA L=HE= IA E@= A JA ? JA F -IJA JE F @A IAH FH @K E@ F H ANA F =JH=L I @= E ?E@ ?E= @A E?H @=I J @ @A HAII ?E= FK I=@= = H=@E BHAG ?E= HB =F E?=@= @KH= JA E JAHL= I @A JA F GKA I ?KHJ I ? F=H=@ I = I JA F I ?=H=?JAH IJE? I @ IEIJA = @A IFE I K? A=HAI  I JA F I @A HA =N= T1 A T2 @ IEIJA = 7 FK I @A HB IK> AJA I ? A I = K ?= F =C JE? @A E JA IE@=@A B1 AIJ=?E HE IEIJA = CEH= JA @A HABAH ?E= AN F=H= A = y A FAHFA @E?K =H = B0  6= FK I ? @KH= ta B=H = =C AJE = K? A=H FHA?AIIE =H F H K CK @=@ F H

= B1 ta ,

% '#

IA @ B=J H =C AJ C HE? ) =F E?= @A K FK I @A /2 EIJ K FK I @A @KH= J= GKA = /2 AL=H = =C AJE = = F = xy .EC % ' IEIJA = @A HABAH ?E= @ => H=J HE = =C AJE = HA= E =H K LE A J @A K J= AIJA K LE A J @A FHA?AII GK= CK ? AEN @A FHA?AII L=HE LA - K IEIJA = @A HABAH ?E= CEH= @ = BHAG ?E= @A =H H = =C AJE = FHA?AIIE =H A J H @A *1 AN IKF IJ F=H= A = y  ,AF EI @A K FK I @A /2 = =C AJE = JH= ILAHI= NE = = =C AJE = GKA ANEIJA =F I AIIA FK I JAH JAH E =@ ?D= =@= @A E @K ELHA 2 @A I J= > KI=H AIJ= ANFHAII F=H= I HABAHEH = IE = E @K E@ FA = =C AJE = JH= ILAHI= A K = > >E = ) =C AJE = JH= ILAHI= GKA HAIJ= =F I = =F E?= @ FK I K E @K ELHA @A?=E ? JA F F EI I LE A J I @ I A J I =C JE? I E @ELE@K=EI FAH@A ? AH ?E= I > = = @A @ EI B=J HAI 

#&
B1

4AII

?E=

=C

JE?=

M xy
* et /T2

.ECKH= % '  ,AFA @ ?E= JA F H= @= =C AJE = K? A=H JH= ILAHI= =F I K FK I @A /2 -IJA @A?=E A J @= E @K ELHA ,1  = =C AJE = @A?=E ANF A ?E= A JA ? K = ? IJ= JA @A JA F T2

?=@= A J AIJ IK AEJ = K ?= F =C JE? GKA L=HE= = A=J HE = A JA ? JA F @ALE@ I KJK= AI A * AIFA?E= A JA HE CE HE=I @ I KJH I A J I   I A J I F @A AIJ=H IK AEJ I = @EBAHA JAI ?= F I =C JE? I @ALE@ I E CA AE@=@A AIF=?E= @ I ?= F I -IJA @A?=E A J @= E @K ELHA ,1 K .1, @=I E E?E=EI A @=@ F H E C I JA K JA F ?=H=?JAH IJE? T2

1 1 = + B, T2 T2

% '$

A GKA T2 JA F @A HA =N= IFE IFE AIJHEJ= A JA B= = @  JAH @ALE@ I KJK= AI @ ?= F  A B = E CA AE@=@A @ ?= F JAH T2 @ K = E@ E= @= HA =N= JH= ILAHI= E JAHE H @A ?=@= ? K J @A A J I =C JE? I GKA FHA?AIIE = ? = AI = BHAG ?E= = CK =H n AIJAI ? K J I I ?D= =@ I EI ?H =I K EI ?H =J=I JAH 1/ B @ALE@ E CA AE@=@A @ ?= F B = =HCKH= @= @EIJHE>KE @A L= HAI @A B 6 @ I I FH ?AII I @A HA =N= IFE IFE =I J= > IFE HA@A LAH IA % " GKA =BAJ= = LE@= @E= @ I LAEI AA = K? A=HAI ? JHE>KE @ K = E ?AHJA = = A AHCE= E h/T2 AIJ E ? K @ I A T2 @AIJA @ T2 ? J =I ? JHE>KE AI @ ?D= =@ = =HC= A J D C A JAH 1/T2 = ? JHE>KE JAH @E = E?= A JA EHHALAHI LA F=H= 1/T2 A B K JAH HALAHI LA LAH @EI?KII =>=EN  - K = AI?= = @A JA F =EI C= J= GKA t T2 A t T1  =

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

#'

B1

0 Mz M0 0

(t-ta) / T1) M0(1e t

.ECKH= %   -L K JA F H= @= =C AJE = K? A=H CEJK@E = =F I K FK I @A /2 IJH= @ = HA?KFAH= ANF A ?E= @= =C AJE = - K JA F T1 =F I FK I = =C AJE = @EBAHA M0 /e @ L= H @A AGKE >HE M0

? F A JA CEJK@E = Mz @= =C AJE = HAJ H = = IAK L= H @A AGKE >HE M0 .EC %  IEIJA = CEH= JA @AF EI @A K FK I @A /2 = =C AJE = F=H= t > ta A B1 = B1 i IAH

M (t) = M0 e(tta )/T2 j + (1 e(tta )/T1 )k .

=> H=J HE JAHA I M(t) = M0 (1 e(tta )/T1 )k + sen t e(tta )/T2 j+

% '%

+ cos t e(tta )/T2 i .

% '&

= =KI ?E= @A E CA AE@=@A @A ?= F =C JE? = =C AJE = K? A=H JH= ILAHI= @A?=E ? JA F ?=H=?JAH IJE? T2 A ?= F I = =C JE? I E C A I GK= @ 1/ B T2 A = @A?=E ? T2 1/ B =4 @A ?= F AH A =JAHE=EI =C JE? I LAH ?=F JK & = =HC= A J E C A E F HJ= JA A AIJ= JE = IEJK= = =EI ? K ) E @K =C JE?= J J= @ALE@= = ? K J @A A J I K? A=HAI E (t) - = HAIK J= A ?=@= E IJ= JA @= FHA?AII @= I = @=I FH A AI I >HA AEN x @=I =C AJE = AI @=I EI ?H =I ) ANFHAII @ @A?=E A J @= E @K ELHA >JE@= @= ? JHE>KE @= =C AJE = JH= ILAHI= @ALE@= = K = EI ?H = K F=? JA @A IFE I AN * H LE 4 = L AJ = '&" ? = n @EBAHA = A JHA = BHAG ?E= @ F=? JA @A IFE I A = BHAG ?E= @= HB =F E?=@= A J =C JE? @A K = EI ?H =

$

4AII

?E=

=C

JE?=

m( ) = m0 F ( ) ,
A GKA F ( ) = B H BHAG ?E= @ F=? JA @A 1 A@E=J= A JA =F I C @ AEN x = =C

% ''

= @ AIFA?JH @A 4 A = =HCKH= A IFE = =F E?= @A K FK I @A HB @A @KH= ta = AJE = JH= ILAHI= @ALE@= = K = EI ?H = IAH % 

my ( ) = m( )sen (B1 ta ).

I A J I =C JE? I ? A = = IA @AB=I=H A IKHCA K = ? F A JA x = =C AJE = ) =C AJE = FAHFA @E?K =H IAH @=@= A B H = ? F AN= F H

m = my imx .
1 ? KE @ = AL K JA F H= ?=@= EI ?H AJE = FAHFA @E?K =H ? =?

%  JHE>KE F=H= = =C

m (, t) = m( )sen (B1 ta )exp(it),

@A A I = IK>IJEJKE

%  

exp(it) = cos (t) isen (t).

% !

2=H= >JAH = E @K ELHA J J= A?AII HE I =H I >HA J @ I I F=? JAI @A IFE EIJ I =H I >HA K E JAHL= @A BHAG ?E= GK= J @=I =I EI ?H =J=I GKA B H= AN?EJ=@=I AIJ E ? K @=I 3K= @ AII= B=EN= @A AN?EJ= J =HC= GKA A = A C >= J @ AIFA?JH @A 4 = I = BAEJ= I >HA = B H = @ AIFA?JH F ( ) A F @A I E JACH=H @A = +

m(t) = m0 sen (B1 ta )

F ( )exp(it)d.

% "

) E JACH= AIJ= AGK= ECK= JH= IB H =@= @A . KHEAH G(t) @= B H = @A E D= C = @AFA @ ?E= JA F H= @= =C AJE = GKA B H A?A @A?=E A J @= E @K ELHA F @A IAH AI?HEJ=

m(t) = m0 sen (B1 ta )G(t).

5A = B H = @A E D= F ( ) JA = B H = HA J E= = ?

% #

AE= =HCKH= 1/T2 = BK

F ( ) =

1 1/T2 )2 . 2 ( 0 ) + (1/T2

% $

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

$ I

AIJA ?=I = JH= IB H =@= @A . KHEAH F=H= @A?=E A J @= E @K ELHA

G(t) = exp(t/T2 ) A JA

m(t) = m0 sen (B1 ta )exp(t/T2 ),

% %

GKA = AGK= @ @A?=E A J ANF A ?E= ? JA F ?=H=?JAH IJE? T2 7 @A?=E A J ANF A ?E= ? JA F ?=H=?JAH IJE? ? HHAIF @A JA = E LAHI @= AE= =HCKH= @= E D= @A 4 AIJHEJ= A JA ? HHAJ =FA =I =I ? @E AI @= FHAIA JA @AHEL=
z' z' z' z'

B1 x'
(a)

y' x'
(b)

y' x'
(c)

y' x'
(d)

y'

.ECKH= %   . H = @ A? @A IFE =F I K = IAG ?E= @A K FK I /2 A K FK I IAF=H=@ I F H K E JAHL= )F I FK I @A /2 =F E?=@ = @EHA y a = =C AJE = K? A=H IA = E D= ? AEN x ,ALE@ E CA AE@=@A @ ?= F AIJ JE? B0 A E JAH= IFE IFE =I EI ?H =I FHA?AIIE = ? @EBAHA JAI LA ?E@=@AI = CK =HAI A = =C AJE = F = x y @A?=E = AH ? K JA F b A ?=H=?JAH IJE? T2 IACKE@= K FK I =F E?=@ c A F=? JA @A IFE I IA HA B ?= E = JA F 2 d NE = =C AJE = JH= ILAHI= A? @A IFE

) =F E?= @A K = IAG ?E= @A @ EI FK I I ? IA?KJEL I ? @K = K L ABAEJ A? @A IFE @AI? >AHJ F H - 0=D A '# 8= I ANA F E ?=H ? K = IAG ?E= @A FK I I /2  =F E?=@ I = C @ AI AEN y IAF=H=@ I F H K E JAHL= @A JA F .EC %   = =C ,AF EI @A @A? HHE@ JA F =F I FHE AEH FK I  T2 AJE = JH= ILAHI= @AI=F=HA?A ? F AJ= A JA ) E LAHI @=
FE = @A IFE I @ALE@= = @ IACK @ FK I ? ?= I IFE I GKA FHA?AI IE = =EI H=FE@= A JA =JH I @ I IFE I =EI A J I + IA JE@ @= FHA?AII @E ?=@ F H AII= E LAHI  F HGKA A A @AFA @A =FA =I @= @EHA @A B0  @AF EI @A K IACK @ E JAHL= @A @KH= J @ I I IFE I IA HAB ?= E = FH @K E @ K NE = =C AJE = JH= ILAHI= -IIA NE HAIK J= JA = =C AJE = ? IJEJKE A? @A IFE ) =C AJE = JH= ILAHI= GKA ? JHE>KE F=H= A? @A IFE = BHAG ?E= @ALE@ = F=? JA @A IFE GKA FHA?AIIE = = BHAG ?E= n  = n  @=@= F H 0=D '#

m (, t) = m( )sen (B1 ta )sen2

B1 tb exp[i (t 2 )]. % & 2

4AII

?E=

=C

JE?=

,AIJ= ANFHAII F @A I LAH GKA A? K = BK E A=H @ I CK I @A H J= a = B1 ta A b = B1 tb @ALE@ I = I @ EI FK I I 2 @A I J= > J=H GKA A? ? HHA ? t = 2 A? NE >JE@ F=H= a = /2 A b = 2=H= @ EI FK I I ECK=EI @A @KH= ta EIJ ta = tb  LA I GKA A? NE ? HHAH F=H= = 2/3 2=H= 3 FAGKA I L= HAI @A A? FH F H?E = = B1 2=H= >JAH = =C AJE = JH= ILAHI= J J= JA I GKA I =H I >HA J @=I =I EI ?H =J=I EIJ I >HA = B H = @ AIFA?JH @A 4 LAH >IAHL= I >HA = @AHEL= @ ,1 = JAI @= -G % "

m(t) = m0 sen (B1 ta )sen2 (B1 tb /2)

+

F ( )exp[i (t 2 )]d.

% '

HAIK J=@ = IACK @ FK I EIJ

=C AJE = JH= ILAHI= = HAII ?E= @AF EI @ F=H= t  IEIJA = CEH= JA LAH 0=D '#

m(t) = m0 sen (1 ta )sen2 (

(t 2 )2 1 ta ] )exp[ 2 2 2T2
% 

cos2 (

kt3 1 ta t2 t )exp( 2 )exp( ) + m (t) 2 2T2 3 T2

? 1 = B1 A k ? K F=H AJH FH F H?E = = ? A ?EA JA @A @EBKI D LAH = IA % # 2 @A I LAH @ FHE AEH JAH GKA A? B H =@ E IJ= JA t = 2 ? K = B H = C=KIIE= = A =HCKH= = AE= JAH m (t) @AI?HALA @A?=E A J @= E @K ELHA = JKH= 2T2

m (t) = m0 sen (1 ta )[cos2 (

1 ta kt3 t2 t )exp( 2 )exp( )] 2 2T2 3 T2 t ) 2 (t ) k (t )3 ] T2 T2 3 .

Mz ( )sen (1 ta )exp 1/2[(

%  ,AIJ= ANFHAII F @A I >IAHL=H  FHE AEH JAH  @A?=E A J @= E @K ELHA ,1  ? JA F ?=H=?JAH IJE? T2 HAIK J=@ IJH=@ =?E = F @A IAH >JE@ =EI @EHAJ= A JA HAI LA @ =I AGK= AI @A * ?D ? J @ I =JHE?E=EI LAH =O AI '## * '## A@E@= GKA A? B H =@ = HAB ?= E = @= =C AJE = JH= I LAHI= ? F AJ= =FA =I = FAH@= @A A HE= @ALE@= E CA AE @=@A HA?KFAH=@= = FAH@= HA =?E =@= ? = E JAH= IFE IFE -II= JE = E JAH= FH @K KJK= AI = A=J HE=I ?= F =C JE?

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

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A F HJ= J @A?=E A J HAIK J= JA ? JA F ?=H=?JAH IJE? T2  EHHALAHI LA A? @A IFE >IAHL=@ ANFAHE A J= A JA ? K = B H = A AJH JHE  K = L J=CA  E @K E@= A K = > >E = A H =@= A J H @= = IJH= = GK= = HAII ?E= AIJ IA @ AIJK@=@= IK= =C EJK@A FH F H?E = @AHEL=@= @ JA F @ KN =C JE? @ALE@ = I A J I GKA FHA?AIIE = IE = @ A? F HJ= J

E (t) = c m(t),

%  

@A c = ? IJ= JA GKA AL= A ? J= F=H AJH I J=EI ? B=J H @A GK= E@=@A Q A B=J H @A FHAA ?DE A J @= > >E = - = IJH=I =C JE?=I IE = @ALE@ FHA?AII @= =C AJE = m(t) K JEF E?=@ FA B=J H B=J H @A = F E ?= = IAH @EI?KJE@ = IA & ! F CE = & -IIA B=J H = F E ?= ?= F @A HB B1 GKA =CA I >HA ?A =IIE ? KN =C JE? =JH=L I @= > >E = @ALE@ FHA?AII @ I A J I =C JE? I K? A=HAI 7 =IFA?J J LA @= J ? E?= @A A? @A IFE = F IIE>E E@=@A @A AI JK@=H FH ?AII I B IE? I ? JA F ?=H=?JAH IJE? T2 AI A FHAIA = B = J ? E?= @A @A HA =N= KEJ =EI H FE@= ? J=N= 1/T2 @= ? J K=  + K FH ?AII T2 ? @K = K = =HC= A J @A E D= GKA =I?=H=@ ?=I @A K = = IJH= =C JE?= F H K = =HC= A J @ALE@ E CA AE@=@A  GK= I =II ?E= I = J=N= B  ) J ? E?= FK I=@= FAH EJA AIJK@ @EHAJ @=I J=N=I @A HA =N= HA A L= JAI A KC=H @A E BAHE =I @=I =HCKH=I = F=HJEH @A A@E@=I AIJ JE?=I GKA F @A AL=H = AHH I FA = FHAIA = @ = =HC= A J E C A ) LAH AE= =HCKH= @AHEL=@= @A K ANFAHE A J @A + IAHE= ECK= = 1/T2 -G % $ ? JA @ F HJ= J = I = @A K = =HC= A J D C A ? HHAIF @A JA J=N= 1/T2  ? K = =HC= A J E C A J=N= B  ) J ? E?= @A A? @A IFE J= > =FHAIA J= K = L= J=CA @A ?K D FH JE? A HA = = KJH=I J ? E?=I FK I=@=I A = A L LA A@E@=I @A IE =EI =F I E JAHL= I @A JA F IK ?EA JA A JA C I F=H= FAH E JEH @A?=E A J @= FAHJKH>= E IJHK A J= ?=KI=@= FA I FK I I @A AN?EJ= CH= @A F JA ?E= @= J ? E?= @A 4 FK I=@= @AHEL= @ B=J @A GKA IE = @ E @A JA F  @A?=E A J @= E @K ELHA K A? @A IFE  F @A IAH B=?E A JA JH= IB H =@ F H . KHEAH F=H= B H A?AH AIFA?JH @A BHAG ?E=I -IJ= = >=IA @A FAH= @= 4 F H JH= I B H =@= @A . KHEAH I A? I @A IFE @ I ,1 I ? J ? JHE>KE AI @A K = = F = B=EN= @A BHAG ?E=I @A FHA?AII K? A=H F EI I FK I I @A AN?EJ= J K =HC AIFA?JH @A BHAG ?E=I . KHEAH 2=H= K FK I @A =HCKH= ta A BHAG ?E= 0 AIIA AIFA?JH JA K = AE= =HCKH= @= H@A @A 2/ta A J H @A 0 5A = E CA AE@=@A @A ?= F =C

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JE? B H =E H @ GKA AII= =HCKH= AIFA?JH ? F AJ @A BHAG ?E= F @A IAH >JE@ =F E?= @ IA K = JH= IB H =@= @A . KHEAH ) @ A? @A IFE @AI?HEJ =GKE ? DA?E@ ? A? @A 0=D KJH I A? I B H= >IAHL=@ I F H ANA F K FK I =F E?=@ A K JA F T @AF EI @ F=H @A FK I I FH @K EH K A? A K JA F T + ? DA?E@ ? A? AIJE K =@

% % )I

I?E = AI 3K=@HKF =HAI

I GK=EI =I E JAH= AI GK=@HKF =HAI AI =C JE?=I @ E = JAI IA $% JA 2 I E D=I IA @ I IFE @ H K E JAHL= @A BHAG ?E= = 2a GK=@HKF =H @=@ F H % !

I ANFAHE A J I @A 4 A JHE?=I I ? >E =@=I I E JAH= F CE =  AIFA?JH @A 4 ? A )I E D=I I IAF=H=@=I F IA @ a F=H AJH @A E JAH=

a=

3e2 qQ 1 (3cos2 1), 4I (2I 1) 2

GK= @AFA @A @ CH=@EA JA @A ?= F A JHE? eq ( Vzz  @ A J @A GK=@HKF K? A=H Q A @ CK A JHA AEN =E H @ CH=@EA JA @A ?= F A JHE? /+- A ?= F DEFAH B E IKF IJ K /+- =NE= - 4 @A IEIJA =I GKA =FHAIA J= =FA =I E JAH= AI =C JE?=I K A? @A IFE >IAHL=@ A t = 2 IA % $ GK= @ D J= > E JAH= AI GK=@HKF =HAI KJH I A? I F @A IKHCEH @AFA @A @ @ IFE K? A=H I A @ CH=K @A D CA AE@=@A @= E JAH= =C JE?= LAH *KJJAHM HJD '$# I ?=I I A GKA = =HCKH= @A E D= J= GKA =I 2I E D=I F @A IAH HAI LE@=I =F=HA?A I?E = AI = = F EJK@A @ A? A BK @= IAF=H= A JHA I FK I I LAH )>A AJ = '$$ -II=I I?E = AI F @A IAH E JAHFHAJ=@=I ? >=JE A J I A JHA =I BHAG ?E=I @A JH= IE @A LAEI K? A=HAI @AIECK= A JA IAF=H=@ I K ABAEJ @=I E JAH= AI GK=@HKF =HAI ) BHAG ?E= @=I I?E = AI @=@= F H JEF I @A 0 = a/ A GKA a F=H AJH @A E JAH= GK=@HKF =H )>A A ? => H=@ HAI ?= ?K =H= =I = F EJK@AI @=I I?E = AI GK=@HK F =HAI F=H= ?=I I = 5 J @ FAHJKH>=JEL ? A = @ 2 KI= @ K ? = D= E J E= =

H = H0 + Hint ,

% "

B H =@= F H K = F=HJA AIJ JE?= A K = F=HJA @AFA @A JA @ JA F ) F=HJA AIJ JE?= ? = B LAH IA $ % F CE =  @=@= F H K JAH =C JE? A K JAH A AJH IJ JE?

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Amplitude do pulso

II

III

IV

0
Amplitude do eco

ta

t+tb

2t

.ECKH= %   4ACE AI JA F H=EI A K ANFAHE A J @A 4 @A A? @A IFE = HACE 1 FHE AEH FK I @A HB =F E?=@ = HACE 11 E JAHL= A JHA I FK I I = HACE 111 IACK @ FK I =F E?=@ A = A JA = HACE 18 = AL K @A =C AJE = ? =B H = @ A? @A IFE

2 H0 = (0 )Iz + aIz

% #

A = F=HJA @AFA @A JA @ JA F J = K JAI HACE AI JA F H=EI @ ANFAHE A J @A FHE AEH FK I @A HB AIJ EC=@ HACE HACE 11 ! @KH= JA IACK @ FK I IAH ? F AJ=@= HACE 18 ) F=HJA @AFA

= B H = @EBAHA JA =I IACKE 4 .EC %    GK= @ 1   A JHA I @ EI FK I I 111 " @AF EI @= IAG ?E= @A JA @ JA F AI?HEJ= ? % $= % $> A? F=H= ? =5 2

Hint = 1 Iz Hint = 0

=I HACE AI I A, III =I HACE AI II A IV.

I HAIK J=@ I IJH= A? I JEF I K A? JA F 2 @A 0=D  KJH I A? I = 3 4 5 A 6 A = F EJK@AI I?E = JAI I @EBAHA JAI A? I ,AEN= @ @A =@ @A?=E A J ANF A ?E= ? IJ= JA T2 >J IA F=H= FHE AEH A? K = = F EJK@A ?=I I @=@ F H )>A AJ = '$$

E (1) (2 ) = C0 + C1 cos(2a + 1 ) + C2 cos(4a + 2 )+

(1)

(1)

(1)

$$

4AII

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1,00

Amplitude do eco (u.a.)

0,75 (a) 0,50

0,25 (b) 0 5,0 10,0 t (ms) 15,0 20,0

.ECKH= % !  I?E = AI GK=@HKF =HAI = = F EJK@A @ A? @A IFE @A 59 + LAHIKI IAF=H= A JHA I FK I I ? F IJ /@+ 2 = a " A b !& =@=FJ=@ @A *=H=J= A /KE =H AI '&# ? FAH EII @A - IALEAH HJD 0 = @ ;

+C3 cos(6a + 3 ) + C4 cos(8a + 4 ),

A GKA I i I I CK I @A B=IA
(2)

(1)

(1)

% %

IACK @ A?
(2)

@=@ F H

E (2) (3 ) = C1 cos(2a + 1 ) + C3 cos(6a + 3 )+ +C5 cos(10a + 5 ) + C7 cos(14a + 7 ),

(2) (2)

% &

A GKA a F=H AJH @A E JAH= GK=@HKF =H A JHE?= LAH -G % ! I C I ? A ?EA JAI GKA @AFA @A @ I A A A J I @A =JHE @= =JHE @= E JAH= ,=I ANFHAII AI = JAHE HAI F @A I J=H GKA I A? I =FHAIA J= I?E = AI A BK @= IAF=H= JA F H= A JHA I FK I I A L= H @= E JAH= GK=@HKF =H F @A IAH ANJH= @ @ AIFA?JH @AII=I I?E = AI LAH J= > = .EC % ! -IJA K JH= JE @AII=I I?E = AI F EI = E JAH= GK=@HKF =H F @A IAH @AJAH E =@= @AIJ= B H = AI A ?=I I I GK=EI =I E D=I GK=@HKF =HAI AIJ HAI LE@=I AIFA?JH @A 4

-NAH? ?E I
157

%  -IFA?JH @A 4 @ 157 /@  + IE@AHA ? A @ EI J F /@ GK= F IIKE IFE I = 3/2 A = 0, 3398 N 5KF D= GKA K ?= F DEFAH Bhf = 10 6 =JKA I >HA ? A += ?K A = BHAG ?E= @A 4 A 0  = F=HJEH @= ? @E 0 = Bhf 1 =CE A GKA =

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@= E JAH= =C JE?= ANEIJ= K = E JAH= GK=@HKF =H A JHE?= @=@= FA = -G $ ! .= = K AIGKA = IJH= @ ? I LAEI @A A AHCE= IAH @E ?=@ I F H K = E JAH= GK=@HKF =H GKA ? HHAIF @= =  @= E JAH= =C JE?= A J= > @ AIFA?JH @A 4 I IACKE JAI ?= I I = = =HCKH= @A E D= A H @ GKA @AI@ >H= A J GK=@HKF =H > = =HCKH= @A E D= =E H @ GKA @AI@ >H= A J GK=@HKF =H % 5EIJA = CEH= JA  + IE@AHA LAJ H A(t) = Ax (t) x + Ay (t) y+ y z CEHA Az (t) z 5KF D= GKA IEIJA = @A ? H@A =@=I B H =@ F H x ? LA ?E@=@A = CK =H /dt = y z z y A =IIE F H @E= JA = IJHA GKA dx > IJHA GKA dA/dt = (dA/dt)G + A A GKA (dA/dt)G = @AHEL=@= @A . LEIJ= @ IEIJA = CEH= JA G ? 5A = B0 z @A B0 K ?= F =C JE? =F E?=@ IEIJA = @A => H=J HE IEIJA = CEH= JA D=LAH ?= F AIJ JE? 5KF D= GKA K ?= F B1 IA = @KH= JA K E JAHL= @A JA F t 5KF @ =F E?=@ = C @= @EHA x A ? JHA K = GKA = =C AJE = E E?E= A JA =F JA = C @A z ANFHAII F=H= JA F t = = @ GK= =F J=H = C @A z @AIFHA A ABAEJ I @A HA =N=  % ! 4AII ?E= BAHH =C JE?= + IE@AHA K = = IJH= AIB HE?= @A K BAHH =C AJ ? A AHCE= @A = EI JH FE= @A B H = UK = K sen2 = GK= CK A JHA = =C AJE = Ms A AEN z 5KF D= GKA K IEIJA = F IEJEL IJHA GKA = FHAIA = @A K ?= F ANJAH B0 z JAH I A JA K = BHAG ?E= @A HAII ?E= @=@= F H 0 = (B0 + Ba ) A GKA Ba = 2K/Ms % " 5=JKH= @A HB  5A = K IEIJA = ? @ EI LAEI @A A AHCE= A A AGKE >HE = K = JA FAH=JKH= T 5A = K ?= F =C JE? B0 k N1 A N2 =I F FK = AI HAIFA?JEL=I @ I @ EI LAEI A W12 , W21 =I J=N=I @A JH= IE 1 2 A 2 1 7 IE = @A HB =F E?=@ @A @ = E @K EH K = J=N= @A JH= IE Wrf A JHA I LAEI = ,AHELA K = AGK= F=H= dMz /dt A IJHA GKA AIJ=@ AIJ=?E HE

Mz =

M0 1 + 2Wrf T1

A GKA 1/T1 = W12 + W21 JA GKA = A@E@= A GKA 2Wrf T1 1 = HB @E ?= @A B H = =FHA?E LA =I F FK = AI @ I @ EI LAEI > ,A = N = N1 + N2 n = N1 N2 A n0 = N (W21 W12 )/(W21 + W12 ) A @= ANFHAII @A n AI?HAL= = J=N= @A =>I H @A A AHCE= @ ?= F @A HB GKA =? JA?A GK= @ Wrf IA =FH NE = @A 1/2T1 -IJA ABAEJ ?D= =@ @A I=JKH= A F @A IAH KI=@ F=H= A@EH T1

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(a)

Intensidade do eco

(b)

25

30

35

40

45

50

Freqncia (MHz)

.ECKH= &   -IFA?JH @A 4 @= EC= = A > JH=J=@= = 420 o + F H 40 E  K = HAII ?E= @A 57 .A =F=HA?A FH NE =@=FJ=@ @A D= C AJ = '' ? FAH

HB= .A86 *14 = 4, 2 = ? FHAF=H=@= I AIFA?JH I IJH= HAII ?E=I @A 11 * = = 47 0 AIFA?JH @= EC= HA? E@= EII @A - IALEAH HJD 0 = @ ;

= F IIE>E E@=@A @A I @=H = LE E D= = @ J A K = AI?= = =J E?= J AIJE K =@ KEJ=I E LAIJEC= AI A =C AJEI 1IJ E KIJH=@ I AIFA?JH I @A 4 = ?= F AH @=I .ECI &  & A & ! A J @ I I ?=I I I CH ? I IJH= = E JA IE@=@A @ IE = @A 4 LAHIKI BHAG ?E= ) CKH= &  ANE>A AIFA?JH @A 4 @A K = EC= = HB= @A .A* ) CKH= & E KIJH= K AIFA?JH @A 4 @A 147 5 A 5 2 .A17 = " IJH= @ IAFJAJ @AI@ >H=@ F H E JAH= GK=@HKF =H F EI F=H= 7 147 5 I= 2 .E = A JA = CKH= & ! IJH= K AIFA?JH @A 59 + @A K JE?= =@=I @A + +K ANEIJA IAJA E D=I E@A JE ?=@=I AIFA?JH ?=@= K = ? HHAIF @A @ = K = LE E D= = AIFA? ?= @ I J I @A + ) E D= FHE ?EF= =F=HA?A A K = BHAG ?E= FH NE = = @A = IJH=I L K I=I @A + ?B?  % 0  FAGKA @AI ?= A J ?=KI=@ F H JA I A ) CK I L= HAI @A ?= F I =C JE? I DEFAH I A@E@ I F H 4

%"

=JAHE=EI

=C

JE? I

Intensidade do eco
525

550

575

600

Freqncia (MHz)
.ECKH= &  -IFA?JH @A 4 @A A? @A IFE @A 147 5 = 4, 2 @ ? F IJ E JAH AJ E? H > @HE? 5 2 .A17 =@=FJ=@ @A =FKIJ= AJ = ''$ + FOHECDJ ? ''$ ) AHE?= 1 IJEJKJA B 2DOIE?I

=FHAIA J=@ I = J=>A = & 1

&

4AII ?E= A @A , EI 5FE I

5EIJA = )? F =@

5 > = = @A K ?= F @A H=@E BHAG ?E= =JHE AI H@A =@=I =C AJE?= A JA F @A ANE>EH BA A @= HAII ?E= =C JE?= ? @K=I AIF ?EAI =C JE?=I I I =C JE? I A I ? A I =J E? I -II=I AIF ?EAI E JAH=CA =JH=L I @= E JAH= DEFAH = ) 4 A =JHE AI H@A =@=I =C AJE?= A JA F @A F HJ= J IAH @AI?HEJ= @A K = B H = IE F AI ? K IEIJA = @A @K=I AGK= AI @A * ?D =? F =@=I ?=@= AGK= @AI?HALA LE A J @A K JEF @A A J =C JE? 5A =I =C AJE = AI @AII=I @K=I AIF ?EAI =C JE?=I K? A=H A E E?= I HAIFA?JEL= A JA A JAHA I IEIJA = @A => H=J HE

dm = n m b + r, & = dt dM = e M B + R, & > dt A GKA H A 4 I I ? HHAIF @A JAI JAH I @A HA =N= >A*I I ?= F I =C JE? I GKA =CA A ?=@= K = @=I @K=I AIF ?EAI A n A e I =I HAIFA?JEL=I H= AI CEH =C JE?=I

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

%#

6=>A = & 1  .HAG ?E=I @A 4 A ?= F I DEFAH I Bhf @A = CK I K? @A I A @EBAHA JAI =JHE AI H@A =@=I =C AJE?= A JA A@E@ I = >=EN= JA FAH=JKH= I L= HAI @A Bhf B H= ?= ?K =@ I @=I BHAG ?E=I @A HAII ?E= KI= @ I B=J HAI /2 @A , H = ''

Bhf 6 6   11 a * .A2 * '" " 55 b ; 2  "  !& " 55 b /@ 2  ' " 57 c .A .A AJ E? !! '! " 57 .Ab ;.A2  !" " 57 .Ad /@.A2 '" " !! " 57 .Ad /@.A2 # & " 59 + c + ?B?  %!  59 + c + D? &  59 + d /@+ 2 $ $ $ ! " 61 Ec E AJ E? & "$ % "' " 61 Ec E.A3 $! # $ % " 89 b ; ;.A2 "# '"  " 89 b ; ;+ 5  % " 143 @b @) 2 %&$ !!' " 147 5 b 5 + 2 !& & " 147 5 b 5 .A2 !" " 147 5 e 5 2 .A17 #$& ! ! !! " 155 /@c /@ AJ E? ! % !# " 155 /@d /@.A2 #$ $" "! !! " 159 6>f 6> AJ E? !  !% ' " 163 ,Oc ,O AJ E? $! #% ' " 163 ,Ob ,O) 2 &! # #&!  " 165 0 f 0 AJ E? $"$% % $# " 165 0 g 0 .A2 $'!! %%& ' " 165 0 g 0 1 /@99 .A2 %# %&&  " 167 -Hf -H AJ E? '! %"& " a D= C AJ = '' b , H = '' c 9AEI = AJ = '%! d 6HE>K O A /KE =H AI ''% e =FKIJ= AJ = ''$ f ?+=KI = @ A =? A EA '%' g /KE =H AI '%

K? @A

=JHE

.HAG ?E=  0  " &  !  ! $ "$ $% ' !$ ! ## !! "$ !# #

%$

=JAHE=EI

=C

JE? I

Intensidade do eco (u.a.)

50

100

150

200

250

Freqncia (MHz)

.ECKH= & !  -IFA?JH @A 4 @ 59 + @A K = K JE?= =@= @A + +K "  ! + " +K = 1, 4 IJH= @ =I E D=I ? HHAIF @A JAI I @EBAHA JAI LE E D= =I =J E?=I @ I J I @A + ) E D= =EI E JA I= LA @ + ?B? E JAHE H @ A IK= BHAG ?E= AIJ ECAEH= A JA @AI ?=@= A HA = = @A = IJH=I L K I=I @A +  % 0  A ? IAG ?E= @= JA I  =@=FJ=@ @A @A /H ? A AJ = ''

4AI LA @ AIJA IEIJA = @A AGK= AI @EBAHA ?E=EI F @A I >JAH = =C AJE = JH= ILAHI= A = F=HJEH @AIJ= = IKI?AJE>E E@=@A JH= ILAHI= A@E@= K ANFAHE A J @A HAII ?E= =C JE?= 2 @A I J= > IJH=H GKA =? F = A J @ I @ EI IEIJA =I HAII = JAI ? @K = K = = F E ?= @ ?= F @A H=@E BHAG ?E= AN 6KH L A 2AJH L '%  2=H= AIJ= = E@=@A L= I IKF H GKA AGKE >HE JA I (t) = m0 eit A (t) = M0 eit A ? IE@AH=HA I J= > GKA I ?= F I =C JE? I GKA =CA I >HA I ?A I A I LE E D I I @=@ I FA = =FH NE = @A ?= F A?K =H LAH IA $

b = B0 + B1 eit + m M, B = B0 + Ba + B1 eit + m m,
A

& = & > I  = @EHA

m = F=H AJH @A ?= F A?K =H *1 = ?= F @A HB ?EH?K =H A JA F =HE =@ ?= F A?K =H IA JE@ FA I ? A I E@A JE ?=@ ? =C JE? DEFAH

*a = ?= F @A = EI JH FE= GKA =JK= I >HA I *0 = ?= F ANJAH  = @EHA z

GKA

z

?= F

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

%%

Bhf = m M.
>KEHE= ? AIJ= I ? IE@AH= @ ?= F I @A @AI =C AJE = F=H= * )I =C AJE = AI F = x y F @A

& ! GKA ? JHE IAH AI?HEJ=I & "= & ">

M = Mx iMy , m = mx imy .
)I ? F A JAI @ ?= F =C JE? I

B = B 1 + m m , b = B1 + m M , Bz = B0 + Ba + m m, bz = B0 + m M,

& #= & #> & #? & #@

A GKA I J = I mz m A Mz M  I L= HAI @A AGKE >HE @=I =C AJE = AI - > H= = =C AJE = K? A=H AIJA = H = A JA CA @= I=JKH= AIJ= =FH NE = F @A IAH KIJE ?=@= LAH @A /A AI AJ = '$! HACE A AIJ=?E HE M = M (0)eit A it m = m (0)e E JH @K E @ AIJ=I ANFHAII AI IEIJA = @A AGK= AI &  @AIFHA = @ JAH I @A HA =N= A I JAH I A B1 >JA I

n m mM + [ + n (B0 + Bhf )]m = 0, [ + e (B0 + Ba + m m)]M e Bhf m = 0.

)I I K AI  I @=@=I ECK= = @ IA

& $= & $>

@ I H =EI i  @AIJA IEIJA = @A AGK= AI I @AJAH E = JA @A ? A ?EA JAI = AH

2 [n (B0 + Bhf ) + e (B0 + Ba + m m)]+ +n e (B0 + Ba + m m)(B0 + Bhf ) n e m mBhf = 0.

& %

)I H= AI I @=@=I KJE E = @ IA = =FH NE = (a2 )1/2 a /2a = GK= ? IE@AH= I JAH = 4n e m mBhf A H @ GKA =I K JH=I ? JHE>KE AI 6= > AL= I A ? IE@AH= GKA e = e (B0 + Ba ) n = n (B0 + Bhf ) ) FHE AEH= I K = BHAG ?E= @A HAII ?E= K? A=H

n = |1 | = | n [B0 + Bhf (1

m )]|, M

& &

%& = GK= = GK= JE@=@A ? @A =K A J @=@= F H

=JAHE=EI

=C

JE? I

DA?E@= ?

B=J H @A = F E ?=

K B=J H

Bhf . & ' B0 + Ba -IJA HAIK J=@ IJH= GKA = BHAG ?E= @A HAII ?E= K? A=H @AI ?=@= @ L= H n = n (B0 + Bhf ) F H K JAH FH F H?E = H= A JHA = =C AJE = K? A=H A = =C AJE = =J E?= A AGKE >HE  AIJ= H = A JA K = ? JHE>KE KEJ FAGKA = @AI ?= A J = BHAG ?E= @A 4 @=@ F H F=H= B0 = 0 = = n m , M
& 

A AIJA ABAEJ ? DA?E@ ? @AI ?= A J @E E? @A BHAG ?E= LAH @A /A AI AJ = '$! A I ?=I I ANJHA I A GKA IEC E ?=JEL = BHAG ?E= @A 4 K = A@E@= @EHAJ= @ ?= F DEFAH 1IJ ? HHA = JA FAH=JKH=I KEJ >=EN=I F EI AIIA @AI ?= A J FH F H?E = =C AJE = K? A=H m GKA FH F H?E = = 1/T = @EII A A =EI HA AL= JA F=H= ? A I  =>K @= JAI CH= @A m + m @AFA @A JA @= F J ?E= @A HB = BHAG ?E= @A HAII ?E= K? A=H n A FHAIA = @A @AI ?= A J @E E? J= > IJH=H K = FAGKA = @AFA @ ?E= ? = F J ?E= + ANA F @A @AI ?= A J @E E? 2+ J LA = 4 A K ANE>A K = H= / = 3 3 T ) KJH= H=E @= -G & % = BHAG ?E= @A HAII ?E= A AJH E?=

e = |2 | = | e (B0 + Ba )(1 +

m )|. M

& 

-II= = BHAG ?E= @= HAII ?E= =C JE?= @ I A J I =J E? I A K =JAHE= H@A =@ BAHH =C AJE?= A JA = BHAG ?E= @A HAII ?E= BAHH =C JE?= 4.  - = J= > ANE>A K @AILE @A e = e (B0 + Ba ) FH F H?E = H= m/M @=I =C AJE = AI 2H ?A@AHA I =C H= >JA @= ANFHAII F=H= = =C AJE = JH= ILAHI= 8= I HAAI?HALAH =I AGK= AI F=H= M A m @AIJ= LA E ? KE @ ?= F @A HB B1

n m mM + [ + n (B0 + Bhf )]m n mB1 = 0 [ + e (B0 + Ba + m m)]M e Bhf m e M B1 = 0

) ANFHAII F=H= M LAH -G &  >

&  = &  >

M =

Bhf m + B1 M e (Bhf m + B1 M ) , + e (B0 + Ba + m m) B0 + Ba

& !

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

%'

A GKA @AIFHA = I m m @E= JA @A B0 + Ba A A ? F=H= ? e = e (B0 + Ba ) AIJ= JE = =FH NE = KIJE ?=@= F HGKA AIJ= I >KI?= @ = =C AJE = JH= ILAHI= FH NE = BHAG ?E= @A HAII ?E= K? A=H n GKA KEJ A H @ GKA e 5K>IJEJKE @ = -G &  = >JA I

m =
K ?

n e mB1 (B0 + Ba + Bhf ) n [ + n (B0 + Bhf ][ + e (B0 + Ba )] n e m mBhf & " m = (1 + ) n B1 m , + n

IE = AC=JEL A & #

n @=@= FA = -G & & 6

= @

HAIK J=
& $

m = (1 + )
) IKI?AJE>E E@=@A JH= ILAHI= @ I

n B1 m . n
? A I J H = IA

m = 0
A GKA 0 AIJ JE?= @A

m n m = 0 (1 + ) , B1 ( n )

& %

= FAH A=>E E@=@A @ L ?K + = IKI?AJE>E E@=@A K? A=H E@= F H LAH = -G % "! = F CE = "!

n = 0

m , B0
?E= K? A=H

& & ?= F & '

A KI= @ 0 = n B0 = BHAG ?E= @A HAII =C JE? =F E?=@ >JA I = A JA

m = (1 + )

0 n . ( n )

2 @A I LAH @AIJ= AGK= GKA = IKI?AJE>E E@=@A JH= ILAHI= @ I ? A I A K BAHH =C AJ =F=HA?A =K A J=@= F H K B=J H (1 + ) ? F=H=@= IK= ANFHAII F=H= K = =JHE =C JE?= -II= IKI?A JE>E E@=@A =FHAIA J= K NE F=H= = BHAG ?E= = n 5K>IJEJKE @ m -G & " = ANFHAII @A M -G & # >J IA

M = +

e M B 1 + [ + e (B0 + Ba + m m)]
&  >J IA

n mBhf (B0 + Ba + Bhf ) . [ + e (B0 + Ba + m m)](B0 + Ba )

,ELE@E @ F H B1 A B= A @ = CK =I IE F E ?= AI

&

=JAHE=EI

=C

JE? I

M = e (1 + )

0 n , n

& 

A GKA e = 0 M/(B0 + Ba ) = IKI?AJE>E E@=@A AIJ JE?= A AJH E?= K JAH GKA E @AFA @A JA @= BHAG ?E= ) IKI?AJE>E E@=@A JH= ILAHI= J J= F=H= IEIJA = = BHAG ?E= = I = @A K JAH K? A=H A @ JAH A AJH E?  K E E? 
( ) = m + M ,

&

@=@= F H

( ) = e (1 + )2

0 n . ( n )

& !

,AIJ= AGK= F @A I LAH GKA = HAIF IJ= J J= A AJH E?= =EI K? A=H = ?= F JH= ILAHI= ? J K B=J H K JEF E?=JEL (1 + )2 E JAHAII= JA J=H GKA AII= IKI?AJE>E E@=@A J J= (1 + ) LA AI =E H GKA = IKI?AJE>E E@=@A K? A=H =K A J=@= -G & ' = A I @A K B=J H ? IJ= JA 1II GKAH @E AH GKA = =E H ? JHE>KE IKI?AJE>E E@=@A JH= ILAHI= J J= JA HECA I I AI F=H= K = BHAG ?E= FH NE = BHAG ?E= @A HAII ?E= K? A=H  n  ) F J ?E= =>I HLE@= F @A IAH ?= ?K =@= AI?HALA @ = IKI?AJE>E E@=@A J J= I > B H = ? F AN= -G % "' @= F CE = ""

= i .

& "

2=H= E@A JE ?=H A AIIA ?=I L J=HA I I AGK= AI @A * ?D =? F =@=I LAH -GI &  A IK>IJEJKEHA I A F H m(t) = m0 eit it A M(t) = M0 e @AIJ= LA E ? KE @ A K = F=HJA E =CE HE= GKA @ HECA = K @A?=E A J ANF A ?E= K HA =N= ANF A ?E= @=I =C AJE = AI 1II AGKEL= A JA IK>IJEJKE @= BHAG ?E= =C JE?= K? A=H ?= F J J= n  F H K = ANFHAII ? F AN=

n n + in ,


& #

= GK= n JAH @A HA =N= K? A=H ECK= = AE= =HCKH= @= E D= AIFA?JH @A BHAG ?E= 5K>IJEJKE @ = -G & ! IACKA IA GKA

( ) = e + (1 + )2 n ( ), ( ) = (1 + )2 n ( ),
?

& $ & % & & & '

n ( ) =
A

0 ( n ) n ( n )2 + 2 n

n ( ) =

0 n n . ( n )2 + 2 n

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

&

) F J ?E= =>I HLE@= FA IEIJA = @A IFE I @=@= ? K = BK @= F=HJA E =CE HE= @= IKI?AJE>E E@=@A ( ) FA = -G % #$ LAH 5A % ! 2 P = ( )B1 . & ! 5K>IJEJKE @ ( ) JA I & !

2 P = n ( )(1 + )2 B1 = n ( )(B1 )2 .

+ ? KE @ = F J ?E= =>I HLE@= FH F H?E = IKI?AJE>E E@=@A  =K A J=@= K? A=H BHAG ?E= A = GK=@H=@ @A B1 AIJ= JE = GK= JE@=@A @A B=J ?= F I?E = JA ABAJEL B2 GKA =JK= I >HA ? A A K BAHH =C AJ

B2 = B1 .
- = F J ?E= =>I HLE@= F HJ= J @=@= F H
2 . P = n ( )B2

& ! 

& !!

AIJ= @AHEL= JAH @A HA =N= @ I A J I =J E? I e  B E AL=@ A ? IE@AH= 5K= E ? KI ? @K = =F=HA?E A J = F J ?E= =>I HLE@= @A K = ? JHE>KE =@E?E = = JAH A AJH E? M ( ) A = JAH @EIFAHIEL K? A=H n ( ) AN =H=JD '$%

& ! .=J H @A ) F E ?= E I A 2=HA@AI @A ,

K? A=H , E I

+ IJH= I GK= @ K ?= F @A HB @A E JA IE@=@A *1 =F E ?=@ = K = = IJH= @A =JAHE= =C JE? I ? A I IA JA K ?= F =K A J=@ @A K = CH= @A = ? DA?E@= ? B=J H @A =K A J K @A = F E ?= @A 4 ) ANFHAII @ B=J H @A =K A J @=@= = IA = JAHE H -G & ' =F E? LA = @ E I -IJ= CH= @A = JA @EBAHA JAI L= HAI A @ E IA A F=HA@AI @A @ E I A @ E I A = A@A @A  =  A A F=HA@AI @A @ E I @= H@A @A 3  5 ) J=>A = & 11 IJH= L= HAI @A = CK I B=J HAI @A = F E ?= >IAHL=@ I ANFAHE A J= A JA B ?E @A IA >JAH = ANFHAII @ B=J H @A = F E ?= @A @ E I -G & ' = F=HJEH @A =HCK A J I CA JHE? I .EC & " 5KF @ GKA E JAHE H @ I @ E I I A J I =C JE? I =J E? I AIJ IK AEJ I = K ?= F @A = EI JH FE= Ba = C @= @EHA z K ?= F @A HB FAHFA @E?K =H @AI ?= = =C AJE = @A IK= F IE @A AGKE >HE =F=HA?E A J @A K = ? F A JA FAHFA @E?K =H @ I A J I =J E? I

&

=JAHE=EI

=C

JE? I

6=>A = & 11  8= HAI @ B=J H @A = F E ?= A@E@ I A = CK =I E?=I HAFH @K E@ @A = @ J * H IJAE '&$ ? FAH EII  ?A E E =JHE .A .A E E ?= E = +A JH @= F=HA@A +A JH @= F=HA@A +A JH @= F=HA@A @E= @ ?HEIJ= 6A FAH=JKH= " '# ! = !

=JHE AI

AJ

57 .A 57 .A 61 61

$ ! #   " #  $ "! 

? @K = K = ? F A JA @ ?= F DEFAH = AI = @EHA F EI ?= F DEFAH =FH NE =@= A JA FH F H?E = = & " F @A I LAH GKA
Bhf Bhf Bhf = , B1 Ba Ba

@A B1 ,= .EC

& !" E I & !# F=H= A =z B=J H

GKA

= ANFHAII

@ B=J H @A = F E ?=

I@

d =

Bhf . Ba

- FHAIA = @A K ?= F ANJAH *0 J= > @A =K A J HA@K E@ A A@A LAH -G & '

d =

Bhf . Ba + B0

& !$

I ? A I = > H@= @=I F=HA@AI @A @ E I H = A JA J B= J HAI @A = F E ?= =E HAI @ GKA I @ I @ E I E JAHE H @A K = F=HA@A @A @ E ?= F B1 = F E ?=@ F H K B=J H p KIK= A JA KEJ =E H @ GKA d -II= = F E ?= F @A IAH A JA @E@= @= IACKE JA = AEH= ?= F B1 @AI ?= = F=HA@A B=L HA?A @ ?HAI?E A J @ I @ E I ? @EHA @A =C AJE = FH NE = @EHA @A B1 LAH IA AI # " A # # -IIA @AI ?= A J E @K = H J= @= =C AJE = @A JH @= F=HA@A GKA ? @K = =F=HA?E A J @A ? F A JAI @ ?= F DEFAH = C @A B1 GKA IA I = = AIIA JE ?= F  AIIA A?= EI @= = F E ?= =I F=HA@AI .EC & # -II= = F E ?= @AFA @A @= F IE x @A JH @= F=HA@A @A @ E F=H= K ?A ?A JH @= F=HA@A .EC & $ B=J H p =JE CA K NE B=J H @A = F E ?= p FH F H?E = = @AI ?= A J x @= F=HA@A F=H= FAGKA I L= HAI @A x B=J H @A = F E ?= @= F=HA@A @A @ E I F=H= K = F=HA@A @A AIFAIIKH= @A JH @A K = F=HJ ?K = @A @E AJH D B=J H @A @AI =C

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

&!

M Ba

q
Bhf B1 x

Bhf

.ECKH= & "  A?= EI A J =C JE? =F E?=@ J H = IA *x hf

@A = F E ?= @ ?= F @A HB B1 E JAHE H @A K @ E CEH=@ A K CK A = ? F A JA JH= ILAHI= @ ?= F KEJ =E H @ GKA *1

AJE = Nd =C AJE = @A I=JKH= LAH 2 HJEI A / II=H@ '$

Ms A ?= F DEFAH

Bhf

p =

DBhf . 0 Nd Ms

& !%

- ANFAHE A J I @A 4 FK I=@= = =C AJE = CEH= @= @EHA @A AGKE >HE = @EHA z ? =F E?= @ ?= F @A H=@E BHAG ?E= B1 F = xy CK @A H J= @= =C AJE = K? A=H =F I K FK I @A HB @A @KH= ta @=@ F H LAH IA % $

= ta B1 ,
A

& !&

GKA = H= CEH =C JE?= B1 ?= F @A H=@E BHAG ?E= A B=J H @A = F E ?= ) F J ?E= =F E?=@= = IJH= AIJ HA =?E =@= = ?= F B1 =JH=L I @= AGK= & !
2 P = cB1 .

& !'

&"

=JAHE=EI

=C

JE? I

DM

.ECKH= & #  ) F E ?= =I F=HA@AI @A @ E I ?= F @A HB B1 @AI ?= = F=HA@A A I A J I =C JE? I @ I J I CEH= AL= @ = IKHCE A J @A CH= @AI ? F A JAI JH= ILAHI=EI @ I ?= F I DEFAH I  M  GKA =JK= I >HA ?A

hP

x0 Centro da parede

.ECKH= & $  ,AFA @ ?E= @ B=J H @A = F E ?= @= F=HA@A @A @ E JAHE H @A K = F=HA@A @A * ?D FAHFA @E?K =H = AIIA AEN p ANFHAII @= B H = @= -G & " 

E p ? x @=@ F H K =

) = F EJK@A @ @A?=E A J @= E @K ELHA ,1 K .1, @=I E E ?E=EI A E C I @AF EI @A K E? FK I A = = F EJK@A @ A? @A IFE @AF EI @A K = IAG ?E= @A @ EI FK I I F=H= IE F E ?=H @A AI = @K H=  @AFA @A @ CK ) = F EJK@A @ @A?=E A J @= E @K ELHA =FHAIA J= K = @AFA @ ?E= I?E =J HE= ? A K = = IJH= =C JE?= 2=H= = AI = @KH= @ FK I K = L=HE= FAHE @E?= ? = E JA IE@=@A @ ?= F @A HB B1 AIFAH=@= ) = F EJK@A @ A? J= > K = BK FAHE @E?= @A  K B1  AII=I = IJH=I ?=I GKA GKAHA I @EI?KJEH =GKE A J= J @=I = IJH=I BAHH =C JE?=I AIJ=I @ELAHI I B=J HAI ? JHE>KA F=H= J H =H I HA IK J=@ I =EI ? F AN I = DEF JAIA =EI IE F AI IKF @ K B=J H @A = F E ?= ? IJ= JA @ EI FK I I @A ECK= =HCKH= ta A ?= F @A HB

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

&# @=@= F H

B1 FAHFA @E?K =H = ?= F AIJ JE? B0 = = F EJK@A @ A? LAH * '## E (ta , B1 ) = C sen(B1 ta ) sen2 B1 ta , 2

& "

GKA AIIA ?E= A JA HAIK J=@ >JE@ LAH -G % & = F CE = $ ? =?H I?E @ B=J H @A = F E ?= ) = EIA @ FH > A = @= B H = @A A? I @A IFE A =JAHE=EI =C JE? I B E AIJA @E@= F=H= E ? KEH = = F E ?= @=I F=HA@AI @A @ E I A = IJH=I K JE @ E I LAH 5JA=H I '$% I IACKE JAI B=J HAI JELAH= GKA IAH J =@ I A ? IE@AH= AIIA JH=J= A J  = @EIJHE>KE @A CK I A JHA B1 A =I @EHA AI @A =C AJE = @ I @EBAHA JAI @ E I   = L=HE= AIF=?E= @A E JAHE H @=I F=HA @AI @A * ?D ! LE A J I?E =J HE @AII=I F=HA@AI IKF IJ= A JA @A B H = ?EH?K =H ? A >H= =I @A J= > HAI " = @EIJHE>KE @A HA=I @AII=I F=HA@AI ) BK HAIK J= JA @AHEL=@= F=H= = = F EJK@A @ A? = BHAG ?E= @A HAII ?E= 0

E (0 , B1 , ) =

1 m0 0 2

0 0

sen2 (

0 z sech(x) ) 2
& "

sen[0 z sech(x)]z sech(x) p(z )dzdx,

A GKA

A p(A) hm m0 0

(1 r2 )hm cos F=H= Ap(A) = ? IJ HA= @A K = F=HA@A FH >=>E E@=@A @A A ? JH=H F=HA@AI ? K @=@ L= H @A HA= A @AI ?= A J @ ?A JH @= F=HA@A H = E =@ FA @AI ?= A J NE GKA @= F=HA@A @A =E H H=E =C AJE = K? A=H NE CK @A H J= @A m0 @AF EI @= AN?EJ= FA I FK I I @A HB

) L=HE= @ B=J H @A = F E ?= @= F=HA@A p ? = F IE @ ?A E JAHE H @= F=HA@A @AI?HEJ= F H K = BK F=H ? NE IAK ?A JH x = 0 = BK

(x) = 0 sech(x)(1 r2 )hm

B E F IJK =@= ? r HAFHAIA J= @ = @EIJ F=HA@A ?EH?K =H L=HE= @ A JHA  A  ?E=

& "  H = E =@= = AEN @=

&$

=JAHE=EI

=C

JE? I

90

Amplitude do DIL (u.a.)

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0,5 1,0 1,5

t1 t2

2,0

2,5

B1 (gauss)
.ECKH= & %  ) F EJK@A @ @A?=E A J @= E @K ELHA ,1  A BK @= E JA IE@=@A @ ?= F @A HB (B1 ) A BAHH AJ E? F=H= @ EI ? FHE A J I @EBAHA JAI @A FK I t1 = 3 I A t2 = 1, 2 I =I ?KHL=I I = KIJAI @A ? FKJ=@ H KI= @ @A @AI?HEJ JANJ =@=FJ=@ @A 5JA=H I '$%

I @=@ I ANFAHE A J=EI F=H= =I = F EJK@AI @ A? A BK @ ?= F @A HB >JE@ I ? .A AJ E? A E AJ E? IA = KIJ= >A BK & " = .EC & % IJH= I @=@ I F=H= =I = F EJK@AI @ ,1 ?=I @A 4 A =JHE AI AJ E?=I ?= F @A H=@E BHAG ?E= B1 =JA K=@ A IK= E JA IE@=@A @A JH @= = IJH= @A?=E ANF A ?E = A JA ? = FH BK @E@=@A  ABAEJ FA E?K =H LAH IA # $ -IJA BA A @ KC=H = K = E CA AE@=@A AIF=?E= ?= F @A HB A A ? IAG ?E= = K = HA@K L K A ABAJEL @= = IJH= A K ANFAHE A J @A HAII ?E= =C JE?= 2=H= E E E =H AIJA FH > A = =I = IJH=I AJ E?=I I KIK= A JA AIJK@=@=I I > = B H = @A F K AI I

& " 4AII

?E= .AHH

=C

JE?=

IJH= I = IA & GKA IEIJA = =? F =@ @A A J I =C JE? I =J E? I A A J I K? A=HAI A ? JH=@ A K BAHH =C AJ JA @K=I BHAG ?E=I @A HAII ?E= = BHAG ?E= @A 4 A = BHAG ?E= @A HAII ?E= BAHH =C JE?= 4.  8= I @AHEL=H =>=EN = BHAG ?E= @A HAII ?E= BAHH =C JE?= A @EI?KJEH HAIK J=@ A =EI @AJ= DAI EC H= @ = E K ?E= @ I A J I =C JE? I K? A= HAI

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

&%

) HAII ?E= BAHH =C JE?= 4.  >IAHL=@= GK= @ K = = I JH= @A =JAHE= BAHH =C JE? IK> AJE@= = K ?= F @A HB @A BHAG ?E= ECK= = @A FHA?AII @ I A J =J E? I  K @= =C AJE =  + = FHA?AII @A I ?= F I @A @AI =C AJE = Hd = Nd M = C @A @EBAHA JAI @EHA AI J GKA IAH AL=@ I A ? J= A ? I B=J HAI @A @AI =C AJE = @AFA @A @= B H = B H =J @= = IJH= E F HJ= JA ?=I @A = IJH=I A EFI E@=EI ? AEN I FHE ?EF=EI ? E ?E@A JAI ? I AEN I @A ? H@A =@=I d K JA I H @E=C = @=@ F H x Nd 0 0 y 0 Nd = 0 Nd & "! z 0 0 Nd A x Mx Nd 0 0 y 0 My Bd = 0 Nd M = 0 0 Nd z 0 0 Nd Mz
y x z = 0 (Nd Mx i + Nd My j + Nd Mz k).

& ""

?= F J J= GKA =CA I >HA

B = B0 + B(t) + Bd ,
?

& "# @=@ F H & "$

*0 = B0 k A B(t) = B1 e ,AIFHA = @ ABAEJ I @A HA =N=

it

LE A J @A

dM = M (B0 + B(t) + Bd ). dt
2 @A I IKF AGKE >HE = =C AIJ=?E HE x ANFHAII AI = -G H GKA = =C AJE = AJE = @A I=JKH= = Mx (0)eit A & "$ >JA I

@AILE= KEJ @ L= H @A  EIJ M Ms HACE A = My (0)eit 1 IAHE @ AIJ=I & "%= & "%>

y z iMx = [0 My Mz (Nd Nd ) My B0 + Mz B1 ], x z iMy = [0 Mx Mz (Nd Nd ) + Mx B0 Mz B1 ].

) ? @E F=H= = ANEIJ ?E= @A I K AI F=H= AIJA IEIJA = @A AGK= AI GKA @AJAH E = JA @ I ? A ?EA JAI IA = K F=H= *(t) = B1 = 0 = H=E @= AGK= HAIK J= JA = BHAG ?E=
y z x z 0 = [B0 + 0 (Nd Nd )Ms )(B0 + 0 (Nd Nd )Ms ] 1 /2

& "&

GKA Mz Ms

&&

=JAHE=EI

=C

JE? I

-IJ= = BHAG ?E= @A FHA?AII @= =C AJE = I A J I =C JE? I E @ELE@K=EI FHA?AIIE = A B=IA A F HJ= J 0 ?D= =@= @A BHAG ?E= @ @ K EB H A @A FHA?AII 2=H= K = = IJH= AIB HE?= y x z ?E= I B=J HAI @A @AI =C AJE = I Nd = Nd = Nd = 1 3 A = BHAG @A HAII ?E= IE F E ?=@= F=H=

0 = B0 .
2=H= K = = IJH= = B H = @A K y z Nd = 0 A Nd = 1 A JA I A F=

& "'
x xy Nd =

0 = (B0 0 Ms ).
B ) F JH E

& #

=JAHE=EI =C JE? I HA=EI JA I A CAH= GKA ? IE@AH=H KJH=I JAI @A = EI JH FE= =C JE?= AIFA?E= A JA = = EI JH FE= ?HEIJ= E = = EI JH FE= ?HEIJ= E = F @A IAH @AI?HEJ= = =FH NE = =EI IE F AI H AE @ KI @A K ?= F @A = EI JH FE= Ba = 0 Ha F=H= = = EI FE= =NE= @A HECA ?HEIJ= E = Ba = 2K1 /M IA #  1 JH @K @ AIIA ?= F =F E?=@ = C @= @EHA z JAHA I

B = B0 + B(t) + Bd + Ba .
?=I @A K = = IJH= AIB HE?= A GK= @ B1 = 0 IACKA IA

& #

0 = (B0 + Ba ).

& # 

,AIJA HAIK J=@ F @A I ? ? KEH GKA = HAII ?E= BAHH =C JE?= F @A IAH >IAHL=@= AI = =KI ?E= @A K ?= F =C JE? ANJAH EIJ ? B0 = 0 ) -G & #  IJH= GKA = BHAG ?E= @A 4. AIJA ?=I FH F H?E = =C EJK@A @ ?= F @A = EI JH FE= Ba

0 = Ba .

& #!

2=H= ?=I =EI CAH= @A = EI JH FE= ?HEIJ= E = A?AII=HE= A JA =NE= ? LA EA JA AI?HALAH ?= F @A = EI JH FE= ? Ba = Na M IA @ JA I H = EI JH FE= 2 H ANA F F=H= K = = IJH= AIB HE?= a @A K ?HEIJ= ? >E? ? Ba = C @= @EHA  LAH ?=F JK # F @A IAH IJH=@ GKA

Ba = BK = 0
>JA @ IA @A *a

(12K1 + 4K2 ) , 9Ms

& #"

0 = B0 0

(12K1 + 4K2 ) . 9Ms

& ##

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

&'

) IKI?AJE>E E@=@A =C JE?= @A K BAHH =C AJ I > K ?= F =F E ?=@ @A HB F @A IAH >JE@= @A M(t) B(t)/0 A GKA JA I H IKI?AJE>E E@=@A =C JE?= 2=H= >JAH JA I GKA HAI LAH =I -GI & "& F=H= Mx A My 2=H= K = = IJH= EI JH FE?= EIJ *a = 0 = IKI?AJE>E E@=@A @=@= F H 11 12 0 & #$ = 21 22 0 , 0 0 0 ? ? F A JAI
y z 2 Ms (B0 0 Nd Ms + 0 Nd Ms ) , 2 0 2

11 =

& #%= & #%> & #%?

12 = 21 = 22 =
IA JH = @A ?

iMs 2 2 , 0

z x 2 Ms (B0 0 Nd Ms + 0 Nd Ms ) , 2 2 0

@ 0 @=@= FA = -G & ## JA GKA K = IKI?AJE>E E@=@A AN IA?= =IIE ?D= =@= F HGKA A@A = HAIF IJ= @= = IJH= =C JE?= ?= F ANJAH @A HB *(t) IA JEL IIA I A FHAC=@ ?= F @AFA JA @ JA F GKA =JK= ABAJEL= A JA E JAHE H @= = IJH= ? ?K @K EHE= IKI?AJE>E E@=@A E JH IA?= ) HAIF IJ= =C JE?= @A K = = IJH= = K ?= F @A HB *(t) F @A = JAH =JEL= A JA IAH @AI?HEJ= =JH=L I @ JA I H FAH A=>E E@=@A HA =JEL= @AEN= I @A =@ IK>I?HEJ r F=H= IE F E ?=H GKA EC= *(t) = 0(t) *(t) = 0 0(t) 1IJ BAEJ KI= @ IA = HA = I = GK= I = =JHE E@A JE@=@A K =I HA = AI AGKEL= A JAI

11 = 1 + 11 , 12 = 12 = 21 , 22 = 1 + 22 .
LE A J @= =C AJE = A K BAHH HAII ?E= =C JE?= A FHAIA = @A HA =N= @AI?HEJ I A FHAC= @ IA K = AGK= BA A

& #&= & #&> & #&? =C AJ A BA A @= =C JE?= F @A IAH CE?= @ALE@= = /E >AHJ & #' AE I

dM M dM = M B + . dt |M | dt
2 @A IA IJH=H GKA =I I K AI @= AGK= EI JH FE? I A = IJH=I AIB HE?=I IE F AI I @A /E >AHJ F=H=

'

=JAHE=EI

=C

JE? I

11 = 22 =

Ms (B0 + i ) (0 + i )2 2 iMs (0 + i )2 2

& $=

12 = 21 =

& $>

A GKA K F=H AJH @A = HJA?E A J =@E A IE = AN HHEID '$# + AIJA ?=I ANEIJA HA =N= K =JA K= J @ I I AA A J I @A =JHE @ JA I H IKI?AJE>E E@=@A =C JE?= I ? F AN I KJH= @AI?HE @= 4. @ALE@= = = @=K A EBIDEJ =I @K=I B H =I I AGKEL= A JAI ) AGK= @A = @=K A EBIDEJ

dM = M B 2 M (M B). dt M

& $

+ I BA A I @A HAII ?E= BAHH =C JE?= ? HHA A IEIJA =I =C JE? I B HJA A JA =? F =@ I JAH @A HA =N= K =JA K= JA K = E F HJ= JA ? JHE>KE GKA IKHCA @=I @=I @A IFE AE I ? @KJ HAI =I ? HHA JAI @A . K?=K J J= > I E F HJ= JAI = @EI?KII FHA?A@A JA IKFKIA I GKA ?= F =C JE? ANJAH AH= IK ?EA JA F=H= I=JKH=H = = IJH= BAHH =C JE?= IA AIJ= ? @E B H I=JEIBAEJ= =I = IJH=I I K JE @ E I A = @AI?HE @= 4. J H = IA =EI ? F AN= ) HAII ?E= BAHH =C JE?= J= > >IAHL=@= A =JAHE=EI = JE BAHH =C JE? I A BAHHE =C JE? I - = JEBAHH =C AJ I = HAII ?E= ?D= =@= @A HAII ?E= = JEBAHH =C JE?= 4).  - = F @A IAH B= ?E A JA @AI?HEJ= I @AI @= @AI?HE @ BA A @= 4. IKF @ @K=I IK> HA@AI ? =C AJE = AI 1 A 2 ? M = |M1 | = |M2 | =? F = A J @A JH ?= A JHA =I IK> HA@AI @AI?HEJ =JH=L I @A K ?= F A?K =H @A @K Bm = m M =CE @ I >HA =I @K=I IK> HA@AI ) BHAG ?E= @A 4). ECK= =

0 = [Ba (Ba + 2Bm )]1/2 .

= IEJK= KIK= = GK= ?= F ?= F @A = EI JH FE= Ba JA I @E Bm KEJ

& $  =E H @ GKA

0 = (2Ba Bm )1/2 .

& $!

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

'

-NAH? ?E I
&  -IFA?JH @A . KHEAH @A K @=@ F H

FK I HAJ= CK =H  5A = K
B1 0 se |t| < T /2 se |t| > T /2

FK I B1 (t)

B1 (t) =

+= ?K A AIFA?JH @A . KHEAH @ FK I A IJHA GKA = F J ?E= AIJ ? ?A JH=@= E JAHL= 1/T A 1/T .= = K = AIJE =JEL= @= >= @= @A BHAG ?E=I F=H= T = 10I & .=J H @A = F E ?= A K = F=HA@A @A * ?D  + IE@AHA K CH @A K =JAHE= BAHH =C JE? ? L K A V ? F IJ F H @ EI @ E I BAHH =C JE? I IAF=H=@ I F H K = F=HA@A @A * ?D @A 180o ? =HCKH= W A HA= A 5A = Ms = =C AJE = @A I=JKH= A ?=@= @ E 5KF D= GKA K ?= F @A HB B1 IA = =F E?=@ = C @ F = @= F=HA@A = @EHA F=H= A = @EHA @A =C AJE = @ I @ E I = IJHA GKA =K A J @= =C AJE = @ CH ?=KI=@ FA = HB

M1 =

2AMs x , V

A GKA x @AI ?= A J E IJ= J A @= F=HA@A = @EHA FAHFA @E ?K =H @EHA @A B1 > ,A E @ = IKI?AJE>E E@=@A A AJH E?= = ?= F @A HB ?

M1 =
IJHA GKA x IAH @=@ F H

e B1 , 0

x =

V e B1 . 2A0 Ms

? 5A = (x) CK GKA = =C AJE = F J x @A JH @= F=HA@A B= ? = @EHA @A =C AJE = @ I@ E I 7 AIJ= F IE JAH IAK A J =C JE? CEH=@ F H B1 @A K CK @= H@A @A

(x) =
IJHA GKA F=HA@A IAH ?= F @A HB

d dx

x
JH= AIJ= F IE @=

? A GKA IA A ?

B1

V e 2A0 Ms

d dx

Bhf B1 .

'

=JAHE=EI

=C

JE? I

IA @ Bhf ?= F DEFAH ?K = @EHA = AI = @= =C AJE = ?= = F=HA@A @ += ?K A B=J H @A = F E ?= (x) = B1 /B1 @A JH @= F=HA@A F=H= ?=I A GKA (x) = tg 1 (x/W ) & ! =HCKH= E C A= @= E D= @A 4  + IE@AHA K FK I @A HB ? @KH= p A = F EJK@A B1 CK p @A H J= @= =C AJE = ?=KI=@= FA FK I @=@ F H p = n B1 p ,AIFHA = @ = HA =N= IFE IFE @KH= JA = =F E?= @ FK I IJHA GKA F=H= K = @KH= J= GKA p = /2 = HA = B1 1/(n T2 ) IAH LAH@=@AEH= 5K>IJEJK= L= HAI J FE? I F=H= n A T2 I AJ=EI AIJ= ANFHAII A AIJE A L= H @A B1 A?AII HE F=H= CEH=H I IFE I K? A=HAI @A /2 = FHAIA = @A K = =HCKH= E C A= @= H@A @A # 0 GK= IAHE= L= H AGKEL= A JA @A B1 A?AII HE F=H= AN?EJ=H J @ I I IFE I + A JA = HAIF IJ=

AEJKH=I /AH=EI
4 A =JAHE=EI =C JE? I

)E E , + A D IA 9 ,
=C AJE? 4AI = ?A AJD @I B H 5JK@OE C ,ABA?J 5JHK?JKHA E 5 E@I 1 K @O 5 4 JD = A + 5 A@I =AH A@I  AJD @I B -NFAHE A J= 2DOIE?I H = @ )?=@A E? 2HAII '&! L  5 E@ 5J=JA K? A=H AJD @I , H = ,
4 E 1 JAH AJ= E? + F K @I 1 ) /I?D AE@ AH H -OHE C A@I  0= @> JDA 2DOIE?I = @ +DA EIJHO B 4=HA -=HJDI ) IJAH@ - IALEAH '' L " F $! .ECEA 0 =C 4AI 4AL $  '' ?+=KI = @ ) 0 A =? A EA 1 5 '& K? A=H =C AJE? 4A I = ?A E 4=HA -=HJD AJ= I @HAI 6=O H  .H= ?EI =H=JD )
K? A=H =C AJE? 4AI = ?A E =C AJE? = @ AJ= E? 5 E@I 1 .HAA = ) A .H= A 4 * A@I  0OFAH A 1 JAH=?JE I L= ; H )?=@A E? 2HAII F &% 2 HJEI ) A E @GKEIJ 4 0
K? A=H 4AI = ?A E .AHH =C AJE? =JAHE= I 1 / 6 4=@ A 0 5KD A@I  =C AJEI L= ; H )?=@A E? 2HAII '$# L ) F !#% 6KH L - ) A 2AJH L 2 K? A=H =C AJE? 4AI = ?A E .AHH = @ ) JEBAHH =C AJI L= ; H 0= IJA@ 2HAII '% 9AEI = 1 , 5M=HJ A @HK>AH A *A AJ 0 '%!
K? A=H =C AJE? 4AI = ?A E .AHH =C AJE? =JAHE= I . 4 1 - 2=II=

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

'!

C E= A@  6A?D EGKAI B AJ= 4AIA=H?D 81 F=HJA  F !!$ E 9 '%"

4E =C AJE?= O 4AL  %'

L= ; H

1 JAHI?EA ?A L

H@AHA@ 5 E@I )J - AHCO

4AII

?E= .AHH

=C

JE?=

+H=E , =C AJEI 2HE ?EF AI = @ )FF E?=JE I +DE?DAIJAH D 9E AO  5 I ''# . AH 5

) JEBAHH =C AJE? = @ .AHHE =C AJE? 4AI = ?A 1 / 6 4=@ A 0 5KD A@I  =C AJEI L= ; H )?=@A E? 2HAII '$! L 1 F !&" 0AE HE?D *
.AHH =C AJE? 4AI = ?A E 7 JH=JDE .E 5JHK?JKHAI 1 * 0AE HE?D A ) + * = @ A@I  7 JH=JDE =C AJE? 5JHK?JKHAI 11 *AH E 5FHE CAH 8AH =C ''" F '# HHEID ) 0 2DOIE?= 2HE ?EF AI B =C AJEI L= ; H D 9E AO  5 I '$# 5F=H I .AHH =C AJE? 4A =N=JE 6DA HO L= ; H ?/H=M 0E '$" 5J= ?E , ,
E?H M=LA = @ FJE?= =C AJE?I 1 4 /AH>AH + , 9HECDJ A / )IJE A@I  )FF EA@ =C AJEI , H@HA?DJ KMAH ''" F "#% 8 I LI EE 5 8 A@  .AHH =C AJE? 4AI = ?A NB H@ 2AHC= '$$

4ABAH

?E=I

 * ) '##
K? A=H 1 @K?JE E 1 D CA A KI .EA @I 2DOI 4AL '& # , H = -
4 E 1 JAH AJ= E? + F K @I 1 ) /I ?D AE@ AH H -OHE C A@I  0= @> JDA 2DOIE?I = @ +DA EIJHO B 4=HA -=HJDI ) IJAH@ - IALEAH '' L " F $! ! @A /A AI 2 / 2E ?KI 2 ) 0=HJ = * KJH . A 9E JAH '$!
K? A=H =C AJE? 4AI = ?A @AI E =C AJE? =JAHE=  6DA HO 2DOI 4AL  ' # " @A /H ? A 0 ) FE C= @A CA 9 2= EII @ 2 5?DE 2 A @A *H A@AH . ) ''
= IJHK?JKHA B + +K

'"

=JAHE=EI

=C

JE? I

K JE =OAHI 2DOI 4AL * "" ' # /KE =H AI ) 2 '% 6AIA @A , KJ H=@ 7 ELAHIE@=@A @A = ?DAIJAH $ =FKIJ= + H@ 5 6 = / 4EA@E 2 + A *KI?D M 0 ''$
K? A=H =C AJE? 4AI = ?A 5JK@O B -NF= @A@ =JJE?A 2AH = A J =C AJ EJHE@AI = @ +=H>E@AI =J 0ECD 2HAIIKHA )FF 2DOI %' "#'' + =FKIJ= ''% ? K E?= FHEL=@= % = @ J * H IJAE '&$ =C AJE? 2H FAHJEAI B AJ= I L= ; H = @ J * H IJAE 6=> AI AM 5AHEAI 111 '= & ?+=KI = @ ) 0 A =? A EA 1 5 '%'
K? A=H =C AJE? 4AI = ?A E 4=HA -=HJD AJ= I )@L 2DOI & !# ' HHEID ) 0 '$# 2DOIE?= 2HE ?EF AI B =C AJEI L= ; H D 9E AO  5 I  =H=JD )
K? A=H =C AJE? 4AI = ?A E =C AJE? = @ A J= E? 5 E@I 1 .HAA = ) A .H= A 4 * A@I  0OFAH A 1 JA H=?JE I L= ; H )?=@A E? 2HAII F &%  2 HJEI ) A / II=H@ ) + '$
K? A=H 4AI = ?A E .AH H =C AJE? + >= J )FF 2DOI ! #5  5JA=H I * '$%
5FE A?D = @ .HAA E @K?JE ,A?=O A= IKHA A JI E 2KHA .A = @ .A HE?D .AHH =C AJE? ) OI , =E 9= ,O = E?I 2DOI 4AL $ "'$ ! 6HE>K O + 8 * A /KE =H AI ) 2 FK> E?=@ ''% 6HE >K O + 8 * *E @ ) =HE?= + ) LAI * A /KE =H AI ) 2 '''
4 A=IKHA A JI E E A@ /@+ 2 = @ /@.A2 1 JAH AJ= E? + F K @I =C =C =J '# "' " 6KH L - ) A 2AJH L 2 '% K? A=H =C AJE? 4AI = ?A E .AHH = @ ) JEBAHH =C AJI L= ; H 0= IJA@ 2HAII # 9AEI = 1 , 5M=HJ A @HK>AH A *A AJ 0 '%!
K ? A=H =C AJE? 4AI = ?A E .AHH =C AJE? =JAHE= I . 4 1 2=II=C E= A@  6A?D EGKAI B AJ= 4AIA=H?D L= ; H 1 JAHI?EA ?A L 81 F=HJA  F !!$ $ D= C ; , *K@ E? 1 . H@ + A 0E AI 9 ) ''
5 A )FF E?=JE I B 4 J JDA 5JK@O B =C AJE?= O H@AHA@ =JAHE= I MEJD - FD=IEI JDA 5D HJ 4= CA H@AH E .A * >=IA@ +HOIJ= E A = @ ) HFD KI ) OI =C =C =J  ! 

) 5
+=F JK 
= EI JH FE= @= AIBAH=

AI @ I -NAH? ?E I

  ) A AHCE= J J= @EF =H

Etotal = BMs cos + K sen2

-NF= @E @ ? I A IA
2

J H

@A =

1 cos 1 + ( )2 + O(4 ) 2
A = A AHCE= J J= IAH

sen2 () ( )2 + O(3 );

1 Etotal BM 1 + ( )2 + K ( )2 . 2
2 HJ= J E @A E A J H @A IAH

dE = BM ( ) + 2K ( ) = 0 d
K

B=

2K . Ms

'$

)F

@E?A )

IE@AHA

CH=@EA JA @= BK

xM

(xM ) = (x) M + x M = i M + x M = Mx + x M
1 JACH= @ AIJ= ANFHAII A

v >JA Mx dv +
v

(xM)dv =
v

x Mdv
v

da = xM n
s v

Mx dv
v

xm dv.
I

K JEF E?= @ = ANFHAII

FA

LAHI H i JAHA

iMx dv =
v v

( ix)m dv +
s

( ix)M nda.

,=

AI = B H = IA >J

jMy dv =
v v

( jy )m dv +
s

( jy )M nda,

z dv = kM
v v

)m dv + (kz
s

)M nda. (kz M n = m rm dv +
v s

= @ =I JH I ANFHAII AI >JA

I ?

z )dv = = ( iMx + jMy + kM

v

m da.
@A

 ! ) ANFHAII @= A AHCE= @EF I ? =C AJE =

=C

JE?= J J= F=H= K = @EIJHE>KE

E=
@A IKF @ ?

1 2

M BdV,
V

E A=HE@=@A A JHA I LAJ HAI

B = 0 (H + M ); H = H0 Nd M.
, @A IA >J K F=H= H0 = 0 B = 0 (1 Nd )M.

B = 0 (H0 Nd M + M )
C

M B = 0 M 2 (1 Nd ).

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

'%

5K>IJEJKE @

= E JACH= @= A AHCE=

E=

1 2

1 4 0 M 2 (1 Nd )dV = 0 M 2 (1 Nd ) R3 , 2 3

K F=H= Nd = 1/3

E=

80 3 2 R M . 27

 " 7I=

I B = 0 H = 0 A H =

B = 0 (H + M). B = 0 ( H + M) = 0 (2 + M) = 0.
2=H= =F =?A =C AJE = K EB H A M = 0 A ?= I? = AGK= @A

2 = 0 .
-I?HALA @ =I I K AI F=H= @A JH A B H= @= AIBAH= ?
2 cos 1 (r, ) = A1 r cos + C1 r

2 cos . 2 (r, ) = A2 r cos + C2 r

CA @=I AIBAH=I JAHA

H = Hi =
7I= @ =I ? A JA >JA I @E AI @A ? J H

B i. 0 H1 = H2 A B1r = B2r
=

Hint =
A

3B 3 i= Hi + 20 /0 + 2 3 B i. 1 + 20 /

Bint = H =
+

/0 > 1 Hint < H A Bint > B

'&

)F

@E?A )

+=F JK
 ) B H = @A
HA J  51 =JK= @ I >HA A JH

F = e(E + v B),
@A

1 er 4 0 r3 ?= F A JHE? @AHEL=@ @A K F JA ?E= ?A JH= + B||k A ? JH= I IACKE JA IEIJA = @A AGK= AI =? F =@=I E= m m dvx 1 e2 x + eBvy + = 0, dt 4 0 r3

dvy 1 e2 y eBvx + = 0. dt 4 0 r3 6H= IB H = @ F=H= ? H@A =@=I F =HAI x(t) = rcost = vx (t) = r sent
A

y (t) = rsent = vy (t) = r cost,

@A = d/dt 2 HJ= J

dvx = r 2 cost dt
A

dvy = r 2 sent. dt 5K>IJEJKE @ =I AGK= AI @A LE A J >JA @ IACK @ CH=K A 2

?K =I I K AI I

I = IACKE JA AGK=

eB m

1 e2 = 0, 4 0 mr3

=
?

eB 2m

eB 2m

1 e2 , 4 0 mr3

e = 1, 6 1019 + m = 9, 1 1031 C A ? IE@AH= @ r 10 A B 1 JAI = IACKA GKA eB/2m = 8, 8 1010 s1 2 H KJH =@ 2 3 32 1 e /(4 0 mr ) = 2, 5 10 s + IAG A JA A JA eB 2m
2

eB 1 e2 e + 3 4 0 mr 2m

1 e2 1, 6 1016 s1 . 4 0 mr3

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

''

2=HJE @ @= BK

@A

@= I @ A JH

1s =
6A I GKA ?= ?K =H

1 a3 0

er/a0 . r2

L= H AIFAH=@ @A r2

r2 =
? H@A =@=I AIB HE?=I

r2 |1s |2 dr.

r2 =

1 a3 0

2 0 0

r4 e2r/a0 sendrdd.
A

)I E JACH=EI = CK =HAI I
0

JHELE=EI 2=H= = E JACH=

r KI= IA

r4 er = 3a5 0 /4

d4 d4

er dr.
C

= 2/a0 A ?

JH= IA

F=H= AIJ= E JACH=

r 2 = 3a2 0.
5K>IJEJKE @ A   A ? JH= I

=
@A a0 ? IAG # ! 1011 ?E=

0 nZe2 2 a0 , 2m
&' kg/m3 A A = 1 +

Z = 1 2=H= 1 0 n 5.3 1028

atomos , m3

@A

2, 6 106

! =C AJE = @A I=JKH= @ BAHH Ms = 1, 7 106 Am1 3 @A IE@=@A @ BAHH = 7.970 kgm A AH @A )L C=@H NA = 6, 025 1026 kg1 =II= =J E?= @ BAHH A = 56 C AH @A J I @A BAHH F H AJH ? >E? IAH N = 857, 49 1026 m3 A J =C JE? F H J mA = 1, 98 1023 Am2 ,ELE@E @ FA =C AJ @A * DH (B = 9, 27 1024 61 ) >JA I mA = 2, 14 B " 5A =
AB = AB =

! =I ? IJ= JAI @A ?= F B A

)F

@E?A )

A?K =H A JHA IK> HA@AI = JEBAHH

=C

JE?=I A

AA = BB =
I F=H AJH I @A =? F = A J I BAHH =C JE? @A JH @A ?=@= IK> HA@A @ @A I ?= F I =C JE? I =JK= @ A ?=@= IK> HA@A I

HA = 0 H MB + MA
A

HB = 0 H MA + MB ,
IA @ 0 ?= F =F E?=@ 7I= @ = -G  %# L E@= HACE A @A = J=I JA FAH=JKH=I = =C AJE = @A ?=@= IK> HA@A F @A IAH AI?HEJ= ? C MA 0 H MB + MA ) T A C MB (0 H MA + MB ), T @A C = ? IJ= JA @A +KHEA >JA I =IIE IACKE JA IEIJA = @A AGK= AI F=H= MA A MB

MA 1

C T

C C MB = 0 H, T T = 0 C H. T

C C MA + MB 1 T T

) JA FAH=JKH= @A A =GKA = F=H= = GK= IEIJA = JA I K MA , MB = 0 F=H= 0  2 HJ= J @AJAH E = JA @ I ? A ?EA JAI @ALA IAH ECK= = AH K IA =

1
EIJ

C TN 0

C TN 0

TN =

C ( + ). 0

# ) BK

@A F=HJE

? IIE?=

Z=
0

eB cos/kT send,

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

!

x = cos, dx = send
+1

Z=
1

B kT x

dx = = kT

kT (e kT e+ kT ), B

M=

B cos/kT

send

Z
?= F =C

B kT lnZ = [cotgh( ) ]. B kT B
A JH

JE? 0 IA JE@ FA

@A

0 v E, 4 V e = 1 r dV . e r dr v r.

E =
C

H=

0 1 4 e

1 dV r dr

=I v = p/2m A p r = hl )IIE

H=
) E JAH= H>EJ= @AIJA ?= F ?

0 h 4 2m

1 dV r dr

l.
B H A?A =? F = A J

IFE K

IFE @ A JH

Hso = 2B s H 0 h 2B 4 em 1 dV r dr

Hso =

s l.

7I= @ B = e h/2m HAIK J=

Hso =
K

0 h2 4 m2

1 dV r dr

sl

Hso = (r)s l.

% ) D= E J >E?=

E= = @= E JAH=

GK=@HKF =H IA

@EIJ H

HJ HH

q 0 0 0 2 HCC = B2 O2 = B 2 [3Jc J 2 ],

!

)F

@E?A )

@A Jc = ? F A JA @A = C @= @EHA ? @ ?HEIJ= 5A = @EHA @A =C AJE = AEN z  B= K CK ? AEN ? = HA = A JHA =I ? F A JAI @A I @ EI IEIJA =I @A ? H@A =@=I ?HEIJ= E A E E? 

Jc = Jz cos + Jx sen,
@ @A
2 2 2 = Jz cos2 + Jx sen2 + (Jz Jx + Jx Jz )sencos. Jc

-NFHAII= @ Jx A Jy A

JAH

I @ I FAH=@ HAI J+ A J >JA

1 2 2 2 2 2 = Jz cos2 + {J 2 + (J+ + J 2J J+ 2Jz ) Jz }sen2 + Jc 4 1 + (Jz J+ + Jz J + J+ Jz + J Jz ). 2

q q 5K>IJEJKE @ AIJ= ANFHAII A HCC A ? FKJ= @ JJ |HCC |JJ J @ I I JAH I @E=C =EI IA ?= ?A = FAH = A?A @ I A JA I 2 JAH I A Jz Jz A J2 q q 0 HCC = JJ |HCC |JJ = B2 {3J 2 cos2 +

3J sen2 J (J + 1)}. 2

4A=HHK = @

I JAH

I A ?

JH=

q 0 HCC = B2 J
C

1 3cos2 (1 2J ) . 2
P2 (cos )

q 0 = B2 J (2J 1)P2 (cos.) HCC

& =

F JA ?E= =JK= @

= HECA

@ALE@ = IAEI ?=HC=I

V =

q 4

1 1 1 1 + + + + |r ai| |r + ai| |r aj| |r + aj| + 1 1 + |r bk| |r + bk| .

F @A IAH ANF= @E@ A

2=H= r a, b ?=@= JAH @AIJ= ANFHAII K = I HEA @A F J ?E= 2 H ANA F

1 x r2 3x2 1 2 3 + 3 + ... |r ai| a a 2a 2a


? J= J

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

!! JH= IA F H

ANFHAII AI IA A D= JAI F=H= I KJH I JAH F=H= F JA ?E=

I - ?

V
EIJ

constante +

q 4

1 1 3 3 a b

r2 + 3

1 1 3 3 b a

z2

V =
C F @A

q 4

1 1 3 3 b a

(3z 2 r2 ) + constante.

I AI?HALAH

H = A(3z 2 r2 ),
? A > 0 F EI b < a JA GKA IA = IE AJHE= B IIA ? >E?= (b = a) JAH = I A = 0 > )I BK AI @A @= F=H= A JH I p I

px = xf (r) = rf (r)sen cos = R(r)sen cos , py = yf (r) = rf (r)sen sen = R(r)sen sen
A

pz = zf (r) = rf (r)cos = R(r)cos .

C J= E = A AHCE= @A E JAH= IAH @A K A JH H>EJ= px ?= F ?HEI

px |H|px = A

r2 |R(r)|2 dr

sen2 cos2 (3cos2 1)d. r2 8 . 15

) E JACH= A r IE F AI A JA ) E JACH= = CK =H ECK= =

L= H AIFAH=@

sen2 cos2 (3cos2 1)d =

C

px |H|px =
2=H= pz A ? JH= I

8 A r2 = py |H|py . 15 16 A r2 . 15

pz |H|pz =

+ IAG A JA A JA I LAEI px A py FAH = A?A @ACA AH=@ I A 2 GK= J LA pz =K A J=@ = GK= JE@=@A = ( 8 ? 5 )A r IJH= = CKH= ) 

!"

)F

@E?A )

.ECKH= )  

LAEI @A A AHCE=

?= F ?HEIJ= E

? + K ?= F =F E?=@ IA ? IE@AH= @ IA I A JA

= @EHA A J

z = D= E J E= = J J= J H = =C JE? H>EJ= 

H = A(3z 2 r2 ) + B HLz .
2=H= ?= ?K =H I A A A J I @A px , py A pz FHA?EI= I I A @E=C =EI @A HCC F EI = JAHE H + JK@ F @A I @E=C =EI AIJ= HAFHAIA J= =JHE @AIJ= D= E J E= = A JHA I AIJ=@ I JA @A px , py , pz |Lz |px , py , pz A I JAH I I @E=C =EI B H= ? FKJ=@ I JA IJH=H GKA Lz F IIKE A A A J I 2 H ANA F

px |Lz |px =
K A ?

h i

xf (r) x

y y x

xf (r)d3 r,

H@A =@=I AIB HE?=I

px |Lz |px =
@E=C AI = I

h i

|rf (r)|2 (r2 dr)

0

sen3 d
0

sencosd = 0.
=EI . H= @=

A ? JH=@ F=H= I KJH I A A A J I @E=C E? I A A A J I K II

py |Lz |px = i h = px |Lz |py .

C = =JHE D= E J E= = IA J H = E0 iB H E0 H = iB H 0 0

0 0 , E1
I =KJ L= HAI

@A E0 = 8/15 2 A r2 A E1 = 16/15 2 A r2 @AII= D= E J E= = I >JE@ I @= AGK=

E0 iB H 0

iB H E0 0

0 0 E1

= 0;

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

!#

K IA = ?K =I H= AI I

[(E0 )2 B H ](E1 ) = 0,
1 2

= E1 ,

= E0 + B H = E0 B H,
AL= J=@= FA ?= F A GK= J GKA

A
3

EIJ E1

= @ACA AHAI? ?E= A K@=

xAy

+=F JK

!
I @= -G ! &'

!  2HE AEH= F=HJA FHA?EI= 5ACK @= F=HJA

h = 2J S [z

cos(k )].

2=H= k FAGKA

cos(k ) 1 +

(k )2 (ka)2 =1 , 2 2 (ka)2 )] (2J Sa2 )k 2 . 2

h 2J S [z

(1

!
U=

V (2 )3

d3 k

/kB T eh

h (k ) , 1

(k ) = Ak 2 ; d3 k = 4k 2 dk, V (2 )3 hAk 2
Ak2 /kB T eh

U=

4k 2 dk

5A = y = hAk 2 /kB T )IIE

!$

)F

@E?A )

dy =

hA hA 1/2 1/2 2kdk = 2( ) y dk, kB T kB T dk = 1 1/2 kB T 1/2 y ( ) dy, 2 hA

U=

V 4 hA (2 )3 U=

kB T 1 kB T 1 kB T 1/2 1/2 )y ( ) y dy ( )y , hA 2 hA hA ey 1 y 3/2 dy . ey 1

2V k B T 5 /2 ) hA( (2 )3 hA U =?

IJ= JA T 5/2 .

U = C v T 3 /2 . T

!!
M (T ) = M (0) 1 1 NS nk ,
k

nk
k

V (2 )3

d3 k
/kB T eh

) >=EN=I JA FAH=JKH=I (k ) (2J Sa2 )k 2 LAH ANAH? ?E ! 

d3 k
/kB T eh

4k 2 dk
Ak2 /kB T eh

.
= E JA

5K>IJEJKE @ x = h Ak 2 /kB T dk = CH= IA J H =

1 hA)1/2 x1/2 dx 2 (kB T /

4
C

kB T hA

1 2

kB T hA

1 /2

x1/2

dx =? ex 1

IJ= JA T 3/2 .

M (T ) M (0) =? M (0)

IJ= JA T 3/2 .

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

!%

+=F JK

"
@=@= F H

"  ) IKI?AJE>E E@=@A @ C I

(T ) =
@A

M (T ) , H

M (T ) = B (n+ n )
A

n (T ) =
?

g ( )f ( )d ,

f ( ) = @EIJHE>KE

@A .AH E ,EH=? A

g ( ) =
2=H= B H

1 g ( B H ). 2

EF F @A g ( )

I =FH NE =H

1 1 g ( ) B Hg ( ), 2 2
HA = =

@A g ( ) = FHE AEH= @AHEL=@= @A g A + AIJ= =FH NE = >JA I

M (T ) = 2 BH
A

g ( )f ( )d

(T ) = 2 B

g ( )f ( )d .
@A 5

2=H= =L= E=H AIJ= E JACH= JA I GKA B= AH K = ANF= I AHBA @ LA = F H ANA F )ID?H BJ A AH E '%$
+

g ( )f ( )d

g ( )d +

2 (kT )2 g (EF ) 6

@A = E JACH= @
EF

=@ @EHAEJ F @A IAH AI?HEJ= ?

g ( )d =
0

g ( )d + ( EF )g (EF ) = g (EF ) + ( EF )g (EF )

E?

IA @ F JA ?E= GK + IAG A JA A JA

(T ) 2 B {g (EF ) + ( EF )g (EF ) +

2 (kT )2 g (EF )}. 6

!& )C H= = ? @E LA = F H ANA F

)F

@E?A )

F=H= = ? IAHL= @ AH @A A JH )ID?H BJ A AH E '%$

I ?

(T ) = EF
+ EIJ >J IA

2 g (EF ) (kT )2 6 g (EF )

(T ) 0 1
@A 0 = 2 B g (EF ) 2=H= K C I @A A JH

2 (kT )2 6

g (EF ) g (EF )
I

g (EF ) g (EF )

I ELHAI JAHA

g( ) =
A? ? IAG ?E=

3 n 2 EF

1 /2

EF

g (EF ) =
C

1 1 ; g (EF ) = 2EF (2EF )2 2 12 kT EF

2

(T ) = 0 1

"

AH J J= @A A JH

I?
EF

IFE F=H= ?E =

@=@ F H

N =
A = A AHCE= @AIIAI A JH

1 2

g ( + B )d ,
B B

IF H

E =

1 2

EF

g ( + B )d ,
B B

@A F=H= C I @A A JH I ELHAI g ( ) = A 1/2 5K>IJEJKE @ AII=I ANFHAII AI =I E JACH=EI =?E =

>JA

N =
A

2 A(EF + B B )2/3 3

E =

6 N (EF + B B ) B BN . 10


=I

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

!'

EF + B B = (
?

3N 2/3 ) , 2A

N =
)IIE A ? JH= I

1 N (1 + ). 2

1 E = E0 (1 + )5/3 N B B (1 + ), 2
?

E0 = (3/10)N EF ? ?K F=H= N E@ JE? K@= @ =FA =I =HCK A J @A g - ? JH= IA AIJA ?=I

+ B F=H=

1 E = E0 (1 )5/3 + N B B (1 ), 2
A = A AHCE= J J= E = E + E IAH ECK= =

E = E0 [(1 + )5/3 + (1 )5/3 ] N B B

E EJA

1 F @A

I =FH NE =H

5 5 (1 )5/3 1 + 2 . 3 9
2 HJ= J

10 E0 2 N B B, 9

dE 20 E0 N B B. = d 9
L= H @A F=H= GK= = @AHEL=@= IA = K =

0 =
) =C AJE = IAH

9 N b B . 20 E0

M = B (N N ) = B N 0 =
A

2 9 2 Bn B 20 E0

M=

3 N 2 B B. 2 EF

!

)F

@E?A )

"" + N ECK= = AH J J= @A IFE I F=H= ?E = @A F=HAI ? AIJA IFE IAH

1 2 1 1 2 (N N ) = N (N 1) N , 2 2 2

AH J J=

F EI N 1023 1 + ?=@= F=H ? IFE I F=H= A I E JAH=CA LE= A AHCE= @A JH ?= ? IJ= JA A ECK= = V = A AHCE= @A JH ?= J J= IAH ECK= =

1 1 2 = V N 2 (1 + )2 . Etr = V N 2 8
)@E?E = @ = A AHCE= @A E JAH= ANAH? ?E = JAHE H JAHA I ? ?= F B ?= ?K =@=

1 1 E + = E0 (1 + )5/3 V N 2 (1 + )2 N B B (1 + ). 8 2
,= AI = B H = A ? JH= I F=H= =
>= @= F=H= >=EN 

1 1 E = E0 (1 )5/3 V N 2 (1 )2 N B B (1 ), 8 2
A = A AHCE= J J= IAH

1 E = E0 [(1 + )5/3 + (1 )5/3 ] V N 2 [(1 + )2 + (1 )2 ] N B B. 8

+= ?K = @ dE/d A J = @ E EJA 1 A ? @A ? HHAIF @A JA = ANJHA @A E 0 IAH JH= IA GKA L= H

0 =
A= =C AJE = @ C I?

3B B ; 2EF (3/2)V N
E JAH= @A JH ?= IAH

M = B (N N ) = B N 0 =
? = IKI?AJE>E E@=@A @=@= F H

3N 2 BB , 2EF 3 2V N

M 0 3N 2 B = . H 2EF 3 V 2 N

C LA I GKA F=H= V > 0 = E JAH= @A JH ?= =K A J= = IKI?AJE>E E @=@A =C JE?= @ C I 2=H= GKA D= = =C AJE = AIF J A= C I *  @A E =@ H @= ANFHAII @A M @ALA IA = K =H K IA =

V =

4EF . 3N

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

!

2=H= GKA AIJ=@ @A =C AJE = AIF J A= IA = AIJ LA ANJHA @=@ F H 0 =?E = @ALA HAFHAIA J=H K E @A E 2=H= GKA EII ? HH= @ALA I E F H GKA = IACK @= @AHEL=@= A 0 IA = F IEJEL= GKA E F E?= A V < 4EF /3N

+=F JK

#
AI?HEJ= = B H =
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 U = K1 (1 2 + 1 3 + 2 3 ) + K2 1 2 3 .

#  ) A AHCE= @A = EI JH FE=

5=>A

2 2 2 I GKA 1 + 2 + 3 =1

2 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 (1 + 2 + 3 ) = 1 + 2 + 3 + 2(1 2 + 1 3 + 2 3 ) = 1,

@A
2 2 2 2 2 2 (1 2 + 1 3 + 2 3 ) = 4 4 4 + 3 + 2 1 , 2

GKA IJH= GKA ANFHAII @A 7

A?AII HE E ? KEH

JAH

@A GK=HJ= H@A

Utotal = Uel + Uk + Ua , Utotal = c44 exy + B2 1 2 . exy

)IIE

Utotal B2 1 2 = 0 = exy = . exy c44

, AI @ A ? JH= I

exz =
I JAH I @E=C =EI I

B2 1 3 B2 2 3 ; eyz = . c44 c44

Utotal 2 = c11 exx + c12 ezz + B1 1 , exx Utotal 2 = c11 eyy + c12 exx + B1 2 eyy

! A

)F

@E?A )

Utotal 2 = c11 ezz + c12 eyy + B1 3 . ezz

+= ?K = @ @AJAH E = JA FHE ?EF= A I @AJAH E = JAI xx yy A zz ?DAC= I =

exx =

2 2 2 2 xx B1 [c2 11 1 + c12 2 + c11 c12 3 ] = , 3 3 c11 + c12

D=LA @ ANFHAII AI IA A D= JAI F=H= eyy A ezz

#!
J=
0

[UK + Utr (, )]dx.

=

dJ =
0

dUK dUtr dUtr + + dx. d d d

C

=I dUtr /d = dh/d 2 dUtr /d = 2h()

0

dJ =
0

dUK dh 2 + + 2h dx. d d
d dx (

5K>IJEJKE @ =
0

) ?DAC= IA =

dJ =
0

dUK dh 2 d + + 2h ( ) 2h dx, d d dx

@A
0

dJ =
0

dh 2 dUK + + 2h d d
JE JAH
0

+ 2h

d ( ) dx. dx

> 1 JACH= @

dJ =
0

2h

d ( )dx. dx

+D= = @ dv = d/dx( ) = v = u = 2h = du = 2 dh dx = 2dh/d + IAG A JA A JA

0

dJ =
0

2h

d ( )dx = 2h() ]0 0 dx

2
0

dh dx = d

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=
0

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

!!

=
0

dh dx. d
@A J

? 5K>IJEJKE @ AIJA HAIK J=@

0

= ANFHAII

dJ =
0

dUK dh 2 dh + + 2h 2 2 dx . d d d

J = 0 E F E?= dh 2 dUK + 2h = 0. d d
K JEF E?= @ F H =
d dx

>JA

dUK dh 2 2h = 0, d dx dh dUK 2 h() = 0, d dx

K

Uk = 2 h() = Utr .

+=F JK
F H pm =
e

$
Em kT

$  ) FH >=>E E@=@A @A ?KF=

Z

@A K

AIJ=@ ?

A AHCE= Em

@=@=

@A Z

= BK

@A F=HJE
+I

Z=
m=I

e kT .
JE? @=@= F H H = B K? A=H F @A I AI?HALAH

Em

5A @ = E JAH= A KI= @ = gN I

K ?= F =C @A N =C AJ

N B Em = m = 0, 366 k kB I
A

B I

m,

JAI = C = ! " A   JAHA I HAIFA?JEL= A JA Em /kT  "#& 105  !"! 103 A 0, 137

!" 2=H= I = 2 JA

)F

@E?A )

I m = 2, 1, 0, 1, 2 GKA F=H= T = 10

HAIK J=

Z = e0,274 + e0,137 + 1 + e0,137 + e0,274 = 5, 094,

C =I FH >=>E E@=@AI @A ?KF= @ I AIJ=@ I =  IAH p2 = 0, 258; p1 = 0, 255; p0 = 0, 196; p1 = 0, 171; p2 = 0, 149 I ?=I I F=H= T = 300 A T = 4 F @A IAH ?= ?K =@ I @A B H = IA A D= JA

$ ) A AHCE= @A E JAH= CAH=@ F H K A JH ?

A J K? A=H ? ?= F A J J F @A IAH AI?HEJ= ?

=C

JE?

E =A IJ .
+ A J = CK =H J J= @ J

>JA

IJ =

1 [F (F + 1) I (I + 1) J (J + 1)]. 2
E? A JH AIJ=@ s A

?=I @ 85 4> JAHA I I = 5/2 A K F HJ= J J = S = 1/2 C

F = |I J |, |I J + 1|, ..., |I + J | = 2, 3,
A >JA I I IACKE JAI L= HAI F=H= 2E/A 3, 5 A 2, 5 ? HHAIF @A JAI = F = 2, 3 HAIFA?JEL= A JA 5A K ?= F =C JE? =F E?=@ B H IK ?EA JA A JA B HJA F=H= GKA >H=H =? F = A J I J = A AHCE= DEFAH = JAH = B H =

EmI ,mJ = AmI mJ gI N Bex mI .

-NEIJEH AIJA ?=I @ EI CHKF I @A A AHCE=I ? HHAIF @A JAI = mJ = 1/2 A mJ = 1/2 ? mI = 5/2, 3/2, 1/2, 1/2, 3/2, 5/2 2 H ANA F F=H= mI = 3/2 JAHA I E3/2 = 3A/4 (3/2)gI N Bex IA mJ = 1/2 A E3/2 = 3A/4 (3/2)gI N Bex IA mJ = 1/2 I KJH I LAEI F @A IAH B=?E A JA ?= ?K =@ I @= ANFHAII =?E =

$!
Bi = a = N a N

N z Ij , j =1 N z z Ij Ij .

2 Bi

2 N

j =1 j =1

5A ANEIJEH E JAH= @=@= F H

A JHA I IFE I = BK

@A

@= J J= IAH

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

!#

|M = |m1 , m2 , ..., mj , ..., mj , ..., mN = |m1 ...|mN .

C
2 Bi = 2 N j =1

a N

2 N

j =1 j =1

1 mj mj j,j , 2
2

2 Bi =

a N

a 1 1 1 1 1 ( + )= 2 2 2 2 2 2N
4 N N N N z z z z Ij Ik Il Im .

N.

,A B H = IA A D= JA ?= ?K = IA
4 Bi =

a N

j =1 k=1 l=1 m=1

7JE E = @ = BK =?E = F=H= ?= ?K =H =I IACKE JAI F IIE>E E@=@AI F=H= I JAH I

L= H AIFAH=@ K I

=F=HA?AH

j = k ; l = m; j = l; k = m; j = m; k = l.
-II=I JH I F IIE>E E@=@AI I AGKEL= A JAI = K JEF E?=H ! 6A I J= > GKA mj mk ml mm = 1/16 5ACKA IA
4 Bi =

I=I

=F H

a N

3 N2

1 a =3 16 2N

N 2.

$"
HCC = C2 = 1 (g 1)2 J =
J 2

3 0 2 B J . 4 2 | J ; M |HCC |J ; J |2 . J M

M =J

2 J |J ; M

J (J + 1) M (M 1)

J (J + 1) M (M 1)(M 2)|J ; M 2 . 3 0 2 J ; M |HCC |J ; J = B2 J ; M |J |J ; J = 4 = 3 0 B 4 2 J (J + 1) M (M 1)

J (J + 1) M (M 1)(M 2)|J ; M 2 M,J 2 .

5K>IJEJKE @
0 I L= HAI @A J, g A B2 >JA

I C 2 = 66

)IIE

Jz = J (1

66 ) = 0, 9934J. 10000

!$

)F

@E?A )

+=F JK
%

%
H = Bhf = hI *hf , Em = h0 m ; 0 = Bhf , gN = h.

=I = gI 5ACKA F HJ= J GKA = N /I A 0 = 20

0 =

N ( Bhf ). h I

5K>IJEJKE @ N = 5, 05 1027 61 h = 6, 63 1034 I A I L= HAI @A A I >JA I 0 = 17, 3 MHz.

A = Ax x + Ay y + Az z .
)I ? F A JAI @A . IEIJA = @A => H=J HE I IEIJA = CEH= JA LEIJ=I F H K >IAHL=@ H

A(t) = Ax (t) x (t) + Ay (t) y (t) + Az (t) z (t).

C

+ IE@AHA @A@K IA GKA

dAx dAy dAz dA = x + y + z + dt dt dt dt dx dy dz +Ax + Ay + Az . dt dt dt ?=I F=HJE?K =H A GKA z A z ? E ?E@A

AIJA ?=I

x = cos tx + sen ty , y = sen tx + cos ty

A C

z =z .

dx = (sen tx + cos ty ), dt dx = z sen ty + cos tx dt

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

!%

-IJA HAIK J=@ z 2=H= K = @EHA

dx =x . dt L E@ F=H= K = @EHA F=HJE?K =H @A = @EHA + y y + z z JAHA I =H>EJH HE= = x x = y z + z y , x = x z z x y

A , @A

= x y + y x . z dx y z , = z y dt dy + x z = z x dt

dz x y . = z x dt
C

dA dA = dt dt

+ A,
G

@A IK>AI?HEJ G IA HABAHA = IEIJA = CEH= JA 5 >== @A K ?= F B0 IEIJA = @A => H=J HE = IACKA = AGK= @AIFHA = @ ABAEJ I @A HA =N= 

=C AJE

dM = M B0 . dt
IEIJA = CEH= JA JAHA I

dM dt dM dt
A

= M B0 + M ,
G

= M B0 +
G

dM dt

= M Bef .
G

!& @A Bef ?= F ABAJEL IEIJA 8A I GKA IA = B0 ?= F IEIJA = CEH= JA IAH AIJ=?E HE= B H =F E?=@ LE A J @= B1 x

)F

@E?A )

= CEH= JA ABAJEL IAH AH A = =C AJE = 5A AIJ= IEJK= K ?= F B1 = =C AJE = IAH

dM dt

+ B1 M z y . = M B1 = B1 My z
G

6AHA I F HJ= J GKA  E D=

EJE @

F=H= IE F E ?=H =

J=

G A =

dMx = 0, dt dMy = 1 Mz dt dMz = 1 My . dt

@A 1 = B1 -IJA ? K J @A AGK= AI JA I K IJ= JA = 0,

Mx (t) = ?

My (t) = M0 sen 1 t
A

Mz (t) = M0 cos 1 t,
@A KI= I =I ? @E AI E E?E=EI Mx (0) = 0, My (0) = 0 A Mz (0) = M0 JA F A?AII HE F=H= ?= F B1 CEH=H = =C AJE = A 180o EIJ @A M0 F=H= M0 IAH @=@ F H

1 = , = = . 1 B1

%!

) AGK=

@A

LE A J @A

@AIFHA = @ = HA =N=

dM = M B. dt
= FHAIA = @A K ?= F @A = EI JH FE= *a IKF IJ ?= F J J= B = (B0 + Ba )k A = BHAG ?E= @A HAII = @EHA ?E=

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

!'

0 = (B0 + Ba ).

) =C AJE = JAHA I A

%"

IAH FH F H?E

= = n = N2 N1 +

N = N2 +N1

N1 = N2 =
C

N n 2 N +n . 2

dN1 = W21 N2 W12 N1 + W N2 W N1 dt dN2 = W12 N1 W21 N2 + W N1 W N2 . dt 5K>JH=E @ = IACK @= @= FHE AEH= ?DAC= IA = d dn W12 W21 (N2 N1 ) = = 2W n + N n (W12 + W21 ) dt dt W12 + W21
K

n0 n dn = 2WRF n + , dt T1 @A n0 N (W12 W21 )/(W12 + W21 ) A 1/T1 = (W12 + W21 ) AIJ=@ AIJ=?E HE dn/dt = 0 A n0 n= . 1 + 2WRF T1
K@= @A B H = =FHA?E LA

3K= @ 2WRF T1 1 n n0 A M z ) F J ?E= =>I HLE@= @ ?= F IAH

dE WRF = n0 h . dt 1 + 2WRF T1 2 5=>A I GKA WRF BRF 2 HJ= J = A@E@= A GKA 2WRF T1 1 = F J ?E= =>I HLE@= F @A IAH = F E=@= =K A J= @ IA B1 + JK@ GK= @ 2WRF T1 1 WRF K AH=@ H JA @A = IA 2 ?= ?A =H ? @A E =@ H dE/dt @AFA @AH =EI @A B1 AL= @ IEIJA = = =>I HLAH =EI A AHCE= @ ?= F -IJA BA A @= I=JKH=

dE = N2 WRF h N1 WRF h = nWRF h dt

! 

)F

@E?A )

+=F JK
&

&
1 B1 ( ) = 2 1 = 2
+T /2 T /2 +

B1 (t)eit dt =

2 B1 T B1 (t)eit dt = sen( ). 2 2
FH F H?E = = B1 ( )2

)F J

?E= =>I HLE@=

P ( )
) BK

2 2B1 T ). sen2 ( 2 2

2  F @A IAH AI?HEJ= ?

P ( ) = P0

sen2 (T ) sen2 = P , 0 (T )2 2

@A = T 2=H=  =F E?= @ IA = HACH= @A 0 IFEJ= A ? JH= IA P (0) = P0 2=H= = I P (/3) = 0, 68P0 3 JAHA 2=H= = JAHA I P ( / 2) = 0, 41P0 2 C = AE= = JKH= @= ?KHL= AIJ=H A J H @A /2 T K 1/2T A = =HCKH= @= ?KHL= >= @= F=II= JA IAH

2
2=H= 6

1 1 = . 2T T
0

 I = =HCKH= IAH 1

& 5A = M = = =C AJE = A x = @AI ?= A J @= F=HA@A = @EHA x =K A J BH=?E = @A L K A IAH

V =
=K A J @= =C AJE = = @EHA

Ax . V
@A B1 IAH

M V (k ) = 2M V k = 2M Ax . M1 = M V k V M1 (e /0 )B1 A J e 2M Ax B1 = 0 V
K

x =

V e B1 . 2M A0

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

! 

?

(x) =
?= F DEFAH F=H= A = GK= JE@=@A ,= CKH= =>=EN LA

d dx

x.
A CEH=@ = AI =

A J @ I GKA

B1 Bhf
A

B1 = B1 (1 + ) B1 = B1 Bhf , B1 =
C

V e 2A0 M

d dx

Bhf B1 .

(x) =

B1 V e = B1 2A0 M

d dx

Bhf .

&!
p = n B1 p .
) ? @E @A HA =N= @AIFHA LA @KH= JA = =F E?= p 2=H= p = /2 JAHA I @ FK I

T2

T2
K

1 2 n B 1

2n T2 1 = . B1 2/ 1 JAHA
I

B1

1 . n T2

2=H= n 1 0 6 A T2 100 I A ? JH= IA B1 0, 02 6 += F I CAH=@ I A > >E =I @A => H=J HE I @= H@A @A 10 /=KII K 0, 001 6 + JK@ ? B=J HAI @A = F E ?= @= H@A @A 103 JAHA I B1 1 6 7 = =HCKH= @A E D= @A # 0 AGKEL= A JA = T2 = 0, 2 I GKA ? HHAIF @A = K ?= F @= H@A @A (1 MHzT1 0, 2 I)1 = 5 6 GKA ANJHA = A JA = J F=H= IAH CAH=@ A K = > >E = @A HB

)F

@E?A )

4ABAH

?E=I *E> E CH

?=I
, '%$ 5 E@ 5J=JA 2DOIE?I L=

 )ID?H BJ 9 A AH E ; H 0 J 4E AD=HJ = @ 9E IJ

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

! !

#'

! "

)F

@E?A )

* 6=>A = @A K? @A I @A 4

! $

)F

@E?A *

K? @A 1 0 2 0 3 0 3 0A 6 E 7 E 9 *A 10 * 11 * 13 +
14 15 17

5FE
1 /2 1 /2 1 /2

)>K @ ?E= =JKH= 

99, 98 1, 5N102 1, 3N104 7, 42

3 /2 3 /2

3 /2 1 /2

. A = 25 C 27 ) 29 5E 31 2 33 5 35 + 37 +
19 21 23 39 41 43

+= 5? 6E 49 6E 50 8 51 8 53 +H
45 47

1 /2 5 /2 1 /2 3 /2 3 /2 5 /2 5 /2 1 /2 1 /2 3 /2 3 /2 3 /2 3 /2 3 /2 7 /2 7 /2 5 /2 7 /2

7 /2 3 /2

' #&  ' #& & "  & '' $!  !% 3, 7N102   #%   !  "%   %$ %# #! " "% '!  $ &&  "#  % & # #  " '' %$ ' ##

A J @A GK=@HKF 28 2 10   %!N3   & N4 " #N2 # N2 % "N2 ! ##N2   $N2  $N2  ' N2    "'   # #N2 & N2 $ ! N2 # #N2 $ %N2  #   '  "
0, 21 # N2 3, 0N2

5A IE>E E@=@A 4A =JEL=   ' $#N3    "" & #N3  '  !'N2  ''N2  %  #'N2  N3  "N3 'N2  &! #N3 ' #N2 $%N3   % &"N3 $ $!N2 $N3 " %N3 %N3 # &N4 & "N5 $ "N3  ! 'N3 ! %$N3 # ##N2  !& ' !N4 )>I KJ=    "#N6  # %#N7 $ !N4  %  !'N2 ! 'N3  !  %$N4  N3 ! &#N6  &N5  &! $ "!N6 ' #N2 %N4   ! $'N4 $ $!N2  % N5 ! ##N3 $ $!N4 " %!N4 # %&N6 ' &N6  !  # N4 %N4  !!N4  !& & $ N3

 0  F=H= B = !"&&6 100, 000 15, 351 106, 663 76, 178 14, 716 38, 863 14, 053 10, 746 32, 084

# "" % "  !! ! ##% '" %% % &'" $ "# $ '# $ #% ' &$# " "& % $% ' %'& & #$ " $$% #$ $% & " ' # $!% # $!& ' '% $ &' # $#

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

! %

55

K? @A .A + E 63 +K 65 +K
57 59 61 67

5FE
5 /2 1 /2 7 /2 3 /2 3 /2 3 /2 5 /2 3 /2 3 /2 9 /2 3 /2 1 /2 3 /2 3 /2 9 /2 5 /2 3 /2 9 /2 1 /2 5 /2 9 /2 5 /2 5 /2 3 /2 5 /2 1 /2 5 /2 1 /2 1 /2 1 /2 1 /2 9 /2

95 97

/= /= /A 75 )I 77 5A 79 *H 81 *H 83 H 85 4> 87 4> 87 5H 89 ; 91 H 93 >

69 71 73 99

101 103

4K 4K 4D 105 2@ 107 )C 109 )C 111 +@ 113 +@ 113 1

)>K @ ?E= =JKH=   '   ' $' ' ! ' "  $ " !' $ % %$  % #& # #" "' "$  ## % # % &# %   !  # % ' "$  % % %  ! # & "& &  %#  $ " &

A J @A GK=@HKF 28 2 10   ##   "  $    '#  #  %&    !   !!  &  #  #   !$    

0, 12 1, 1  '

5A IE>E E@=@A 4A =JEL=  & ! !%N5  & ! #%N3 ' !N2   &#N3 $ 'N2  "  "N3 #N2 $ '!N3 % &$N2 ' &#N2  &&N3  #N2  % $'N3  &N4 ' "&N3  "& ! !N3 ! "!N3  '#N4  "N3 ! N5   N3 $ $ N5  N4 ' #"N3  'N2  !" )>I KJ=  & % !&N7  & " #N5 $ "!N2 ! # N2  %N4 " %N2 # $ N2  &N4 #N2 # #N4 ! '%N2 " &%N2 %N4 % #%N3 " &%N2  &&N4  &N4  $N3  "& # %N4 ! "N4 "&N5 "N4 ! N5 "'N4 ! "!N5 " &$N5  N3  !!N3  "%N2

% $N2   &      "

 0  F=H= B = !"&&6 " $$" ! ! ! $" & '!$ $ ## & !'" $ #" " ! ! "'# ! "&& %  $ ' $% # #! % $ ! &"% ' $## ! %  " !!! " &'' ' !! " "" $ #" $ $# ! !&' " '" ! "% " #%$ " "$ " $#  # &  &$$

! &

)F

@E?A *

K? @A 115 1 115 5 117 5 119 5 121 5> 123 5> 123 6A 125 6A 127 1 129 :A 131 :A 133 +I 135 *= 137 *= 138 = 139 = 141 2H 143 @ 145 @ 147 5 149 5 151 -K 153 -K 155 /@ 157 /@ 159 6> 161 ,O 163 ,O 165 0 167 -H 169 6 171 ;>

5FE
9 /2 1 /2 1 /2 1 /2 5 /2 7 /2 1 /2 1 /2 5 /2 1 /2 3 /2 7 /2 3 /2 3 /2

7 /2 5 /2 7 /2 7 /2 7 /2 7 /2 5 /2 5 /2 3 /2 3 /2 3 /2 5 /2 5 /2 7 /2 7 /2 1 /2 1 /2

)>K @ ?E= =JKH=  '# %  !# % $ & #& #% # " %#  &% $ ''  $ ""  &  $ #'  !  &' '' '   % &! " '% ! &! "% & # & " %! # $&  & && " '%  '"  " !

A J @A GK=@HKF 28 2 10   &!     #!  $&    %'    ! N3  &  &  "%   # 'N2  "&  #   $ N2  $ ' $  ! " $ & &!  

5A IE>E E@=@A 4A =JEL=  !" ! #N2 " # N2 # &N2  $ " #%N2  &N2 ! #N2 ' !"N2  N2 %$N3 " %"N2 " 'N3 $ &$N3 ' 'N2 # ' N2  ' ! !&N3 % &$N4  "&N3 % "%N4  &  # N2 %'N4 # ""N4 # &!N2 " %N4   N3  & # %N4 # $$N4 # "$N3 )>I KJ=  !!  N4 ! ""N3 " ""N3 ' $N2  '#N2  #$N4 N3 ' !"N2 # $N3 # &"N4 " %"N2 ! N4 % %$N4 & &N5 # 'N2  ' " N4 $ # N5 N4  !N4 & #N2 % '&N3 " N5 & #!N5 # &!N2 % &%N5 %'N4  &  $N4 # $$N4 % &N4

 0  F=H= B = !"&&6  '" ! $'' !# $ # !% % ! '!  '#' $ % ! #'$  % % $$ & '' ! % ' '!"  ! ! '! "  $ ' ' # "!% ! !"# " & ! &' " &  '# ! &' " %%" $%& ! '" " #&!  #! &' & % % $!

=C AJEI

A 4AII

?E=

=C

JE?= A

E@ I

! '

K? @A ;> 174 K 175 K 176 K 177 0B 179 0B 181 6= 183 9 185 4A 187 4A 187 I 189 I 191 1H 193 1H 195 2J 197 )K 199 0C 201 0C 203 6E 205 6E 207 2> 209 *E 235 7
173

5FE
5 /2

7 /2 7 7 /2 9 /2 7 /2 1 /2 5 /2 5 /2 1 /2 3 /2 3 /2 3 /2 1 /2 3 /2 1 /2 3 /2 1 /2 1 /2 1 /2 9 /2 7 /2

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