Etnogrfica

vol. 17 (2) (2013)

Miscelnea
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Guy Massart
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Referencla eletronlca
Cuy Massart, The asplratlons and constralnts of mascullnlty ln the famlly tra|ectorles of Cape verdean men from
Frala (1989-2009), !"#$%&'()*+ [Onllne|, vol. 1T (2)|2013, posto onllne no dla 19 |unho 2013, consultado no dla
20 |unho 2013. URL: http://etnograflca.revues.org/3131; DOl: 10.4000/etnograflca.3131
Edltor: CRlA
http://etnograflca.revues.org
http://www.revues.org
Documento acessvel onllne em: http://etnograflca.revues.org/3131
Este documento o fac-smlle da edlao em papel.
CRlA
cfnogifica
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junlo dc 213
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17 (2): 23-316
Jlc asiiafions and consfiainfs
of nasculinify in flc fanily fiajccfoiics
of Cac \cidcan ncn fion !iaia
(1-2)
!"# %&''&()
Jiansfoinafions in nalc and fcnalc gcndci cifoinancc lavc hccn dcfcininanf
in slaing flc fanily fiajccfoiics of fivc ncn fion !iaia ovci flc lasf fwcnfy ycais.
Jlcsc ncn`s gcndci idcnfificafions lavc hccn cifoincd fliougl a lcgcnonic nas-
culinify gcnic. Anong flc nain clcncnfs flaf lavc affccfcd flcii cifoinancc aic
flc icdcfinifion of social saccs, flc vaiious foiccs hoosfing woncn`s aufonony,
flcii aging, and flc Kiiol naiiafivcs aiound flc Cac \cidcan collccfivc idcnfi-
ficafion. Jlc iocnsify of ncn fo dcaif fion flc gcnic lcaincd caily in flcii
livcs, oi flc dcfl of flcii conscivafisn dccnds on wlcflci flcii asiiafions and
ooifunifics fakc flcn fo social saccs wlcic flis gcnic is acfually clallcngcd oi
consfanfly ic-cnacfcd.
KY\RLS: nasculinify, gcndci, cifoinancc, inaginafion, fanily.
!"#$%&'()" ) +,-".%&-/$0)-.," 1& 0&"+23$-$1&1) -&" .%&4).5%$&" 6&0$3$&%)"
1) 7,0)-" +&8,9:)%1$&-," 1& ;%&$& <=>?>9@AA>B
!
Algunas fiansfoinaocs
na cifoinancc dc gncio nasculina c fcninina foian dcfcininanfcs nas fiajcfo-
iias faniliaics dc cinco loncns da cidadc da !iaia ao longo dos ulfinos 2 anos.
As idcnfificaocs dc gncio dcsfcs loncns icalizaian-sc oi ncio dc un csfilo
dc nasculinidadc lcgcnonica. nfic os iinciais clcncnfos quc afcfaian a sua
cifoinancc confan-sc a icdcfiniao dos csaos sociais, as viias foias inulsio-
nadoias da aufononia das nullcics, o scu cnvcllccincnfo c as naiiafivas ciioulas
cn foino da idcnfificaao colcfiva dos caho-vcidianos. A iocnsao dcsfcs loncns
aia sc afasfaicn do csfilo quc infciioiizaian cn novos ou, clo confiiio, aia
o conscivaicn iofundancnfc dccndc dc as suas asiiaocs c ooifunidadcs os
fcicn conduzido a csaos sociais cn quc csfc csfilo cfcfivancnfc osfo cn causa
ou, cn vcz disso, consfanfcncnfc icinsfifudo.
!ALA\RAS-C!A\: nasculinidadc, gncio, cifoinancc, inaginaao, fanlia.
^ASSARJ, Guy (nassaifguy_yaloo.con) ^_!A !nsfifufo \nivcisifiio dc
Aifc, Jccnologia c Culfuia, Caho \cidc.
24
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G\Y ^ASSARJ cfnogifica
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junlo dc 213
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17 (2): 23-316
^y hilly goaf is nof fo hc ficd u (*+& ,-./ 0& )& 1&((&.") |^an, 47, !iaia, 2|
C`csf ainsi quc nous sonncs consfifus cn fanf quc sujcfs: Lc gcnic n`csf as nofic
csscncc, qui sc ivclciaif dans nos iafiqucs, cc sonf lcs iafiqucs du cois donf la
ififion insfifuc lc gcnic (!assin 2: 1).
J! CA!AC!JY ! A !JRACJ!!SJ A!!RAC! J !R\!L
knowlcdgc ahouf lunan socicfics is offcn confionfcd wifl flc clallcngcs of
linking lcnoncna wlosc agcncy is nof found in flc inncdiafc suiioundings
wlcic ohscivcd infciacfions fakc lacc. Jlc oinf is flaf if is cxacfly fliougl
infciacfions flaf nacio lcnoncna, oi non-nicio lcnoncna (a ically
non-iclcvanf disfincfion), infciacf wifl individuals, and flaf flcy hcconc ical
oi cxisf (Slaiiock and \afson 1). !n oflci woids, oui undcisfanding of
flc lcnoncna wc ohscivc and aificiafc in aic flc ioducf of cxficncly
conlcx clains of infciacfions, flaf flc cflnogialci slould fiy fo fiacc.
!is / lci discouisc, cxlanafion and ncfa-naiiafivcs slould hc hascd on flcsc
clains and slould avoid gas in flc clains (Lafoui 16).
Af flc finc of ny fiisf ficldwoik in !iaia, in flc Cac \cidcan islands
(17-12), ! was sfiuck and infiigucd hy flc hoasfful discouiscs of flc
young ncn of ny own agc wifl wlon ! was socializing, fiicnds and infci-
locufois, and hy flcii affifudcs fowaids woncn: dcc icsccf and affccfion
fowaids oldci woncn, vciy quicf and conccincd ahouf flcii kin, vciy cngaging
and lunoious, oi cvcn claining, fowaids woncn ncf in uhlic oi scni-uhlic
saccs, and quicf, fougl and offcn aggicssivc fowaids flc woncn flcy wcic
dafing. !nfcicsfcd in flc way flcy dcfincd flcnsclvcs in flcii daily infciac-
fions ( ^assaif 22), ! nofcd flaf onc ccnfial and iccuiicnf idcnfificafion
was '/( 213 /1 )"." 0"4&, hcing a nan in all flings. Jlc '/( 213, hcing a nan,
inlicd affifudcs and sccific iclafions in wlicl hcing a nan was consfanfly
icioduccd.
Jlis idcnfificafion was fo hc cifoincd, dislaycd in cvciyfling, in
all social scffings. Jlis sccific conccfion of flc sclf, gcndcicd as if is, fo
hc cifoincd, is wlaf ! nanc an lcgcnonic nasculinify (Coinwall and
Lindisfainc 14). !fs lcgcnony is a naffci of flc caacify fo inosc a sc-
cific dcfinifion ovci oflci fycs of nasculinify (Alncida 16: 163), flc
lcgcnonic claiacfciisfic icfcis flcn fo flc nosf lonouicd oi dcsiicd foin of
nasculinify (Coincll 1: ). Sficking fo ny infcnfion fo fiack ncn fliougl
finc, in ny vicw, lcgcnony icfcis nof fo flc doninafion of ncn ovci woncn,
huf flc doninafion of sccific ways of hcing a nan, of cnacfing an idcnfifi-
cafion, of hcing and hclaving in daily infciacfions. !n flis casc, flc lcgcnonic
nasculi nify is hcsf icndcicd hy flc fiilc conlcx of /56&5& (fo fool onc), &,"'"
(fo fakc advanfagc of), 7/(6-5+& (slanc). !f ioduccs sclf-icsccf ioofcd in a
dcc scnsc of indccndcncc.
J! AS!!RAJ!S AL CSJRA!JS ! ^ASC\L!!JY.
!
2
!dcally, onc cannof folciafc hcing foolcd. nc is snaif ('8/()"), and is knowl-
cdgcahlc, in flc scnsc of hcing facfical, onc knows and cannof hc foolcd hy
anoflci. !f foolcd, onc can hc fakcn advanfagc of, can hc cxloifcd (&,"'&.").
Jlis sifuafion gcnciafcs slanc (7/(6-5+&). Slanc is a dcc cnofion, icsulf-
ing fion a connon undcisfanding and infcgiafion of flcsc individual valucs.
Anyonc failing fo hc snaif, fo hc lcgcnonic, lcncc owciful, fccls slanc.
Jlcsc asiiafions susfaincd hy noins, fucl a novcncnf, an inaginaiy
dynanic, in flcsc ncn`s livcs, onc las fo hc consfanfly on flc novc: 8& 0& 930&
8&(&." (nof fo icnain sfafionaiy). !f onc can convincc an infcilocufoi flaf onc
did nof givc u, sfay sfafionaiy, 930& 8&(&.", onc las alicady iovcn lis oi lci
nasculinify, and foi flaf naffci lis oi lci lunanify. Jlc ncn ! woikcd wifl
aic nof safisficd wifl flcii aclicvcncnfs, as flcy wcic nof safisficd wifl flcii
social condifions fwcnfy ycais ago. Jlcy faccd inncnsc clallcngcs in naking
a living, lifc is offcn icfciicd hy as a hafflc oi sfiugglc (:")&). Buf flcy nakc a
oinf of slowing flaf flcy aic sfill figlfing and sfill hclicving flaf flcy will
kcc on aclicving. !n flis scnsc, flis inaginaiy cnginc, wlicl cicafcs oidci, is
ufoian.
!ion ny cisccfivc, nasculinify is flcicfoic a gcnic cifoincd in daily
lifc, fo hc iccafcd again and again (!anks 16), as ioufincs aic acfivafcd,
iclicd uon, ic-cnacfcd in sinilai sifuafions. As a gcnic, nasculinify involvcs
ioducing discouiscs and valucs. !f cnfails sccific clicls and sifuafions, sucl
as consfanf vcihal duclling (Lundccs 17: 7), lcncc, foncs of voicc, hody
osfuics, if also involvcs sccific asiiafions and cnofions (Sclcclnci 22).
! hclicvc flc icadci will discovci flcsc clcncnfs of flc gcnic wiflin flis fcxf,
and in flc cclocs of lis / lci own cxciicncc. Jlc nasculinify gcnic alics fo
iclafions hcfwccn flc diffcicnf gcndcis, as fo oflci fycs of social iclafions,
olifical and ccononic (^assaif 2). !f is a naiiafivc of flc sclf, inscifcd in
laigci idcnfificafion naiiafivcs and including laigci collccfivc idcnfificafions,
as aigucd in !ciciia`s (14) icflccfions on flc syclology of flc cison fion
Sanfiago (flc nain island of flc aicliclago wlcic !iaia, flc caifal cify, is
sifuafcd), oi connccfcd fo laigci oulai naiiafivcs of flc foinafion of flc
Cac \cidcan socicfy (Anjos 2, 211, Rodiigucs 23), oi cvcn fo laigci
idcology naiiafivcs, as !ina-Cahial daics fo suggcsf (!ina-Cahial 1), hiing-
ing if fo flc gcncsis, lifcially.
As cifoinancc, nasculinify is incvifahly sccific fo saccs wlcic flc gcnic
is cffccfivc, iclcvanf, wlcic onc succccds in ic-cnacfing a valoiiscd sclf. Jlc
cifoinci is flcicfoic always a icflcxivc sccfafoi of lis / lci own cifoinancc,
and flis is aclicvcd fliougl flc ohscivafion of flc icacfions of flc oflcis ics-
cnf oi inagincd, in dialoguc (Baklfin 16, ^cad 134) wifl flc cifoinci.
hviously, if inlics flaf onc will scck saccs wlcic onc succccds in hcing a
nan. Conscqucnfly, sccking nasculinify can confinc onc fo vciy linifcd social
saccs, avoiding infciacfions oi confionfafions wlcic lc / slc will losc facc.
26
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G\Y ^ASSARJ cfnogifica
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junlo dc 213
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Jliouglouf flis aificlc, ! aiguc flaf Cac \cidcan nasculinify, as a lcgc-
nonic gcnic of gcndcicd cifoinancc, diaws ifs dynanics fion ifs infcinal
fcnsions, ifs confiadicfoiy injuncfions: flc idcal nasculinc nan is a conqucioi
of woncn, a icdafoi, a icsfigious nan as wcll as a iovidci and iofccfoi of
flc icsccfahilify of oflcis, is a icaliscd nan, sfahlc and sonconc always on
flc novc, naking iogicss. Jlcsc nasculinc fcnsions cclo in flis gcnic flc
anhiguify of woncn as agcnfs of ioducfion of a ncw 0(3-:& socicfy, as fanily
lcads oi as icsisfanf, ofcnfial flicafs fo oidci (Anjos 211). Jlcicfoic, in
flcsc sifuafions and cisccfivc, gcndci is nucl noic flan a social cafcgoiy, if
is a dynanic sfiucfuiing iincilc (gcnic) of flc inagining of flc sclvcs. ncc
flcsc dynanics aic iccognizcd, if hcconcs casici fo undcisfand flc dynanics
of flc gcndci iclafions, ncn`s hclavioui and flcii difficulfics fo cifoin low
flcy fccl flcy slould in Cac \cidc.
! wanf flus fo look af flc cvolufion of flc nasculinify of flc ncn ! lavc
woikcd wifl, sincc flc cnd of flc s. !ow lavc flc diasfic clangcs flaf Cac
\cidc las gonc fliougl duiing flcsc lasf fwcnfy ycais affccfcd flcii nasculin-
ify, if af all \licl clangcs lavc affccfcd flc acfual daily hclavioui of flosc
hoasfful ycf nodcsf ncn !as flis gcnic icioduccd !ow las if clangcd
Sficking fo ny inifial sfafcncnfs, clains of infciacfionisn, ! will fiacc flc
gcndci cifoinancc of flosc ncn fion flc s unfil 2. Jlis cndcavoui
is ncanf fo confiihufc fo flc sfudy of social clangcs fliougl flc sclf and ifs
idcnfificafions uscd hy Cac \cidcans. !n flc fiansfoinafion of nasculini-
fics, flc ccononics of social saccs and of collccfivc idcnfificafions aic kcy
infciicfafivc clcncnfs. ^oicovci, inagining and ifs cnofional dincnsions
acai ccnfial in connccfing sclf and socicfy. ! wanf now fo fuin fo a ciiod
! ohscivcd, conccnfiafc on flc cascs ! sfudicd and look af wlaf las oiicnfafcd
oi consfiaincd flc fanily fiajccfoiics of ny iivilcgcd infcilocufois sincc 1.
Q\SJ!!G
\laf, duiing flc lasf fwcnfy ycais, las oiicnfafcd flc fanily fiajccfoiics of
fivc ncn wlo wcic living in flc sanc nciglhouilood (,&3((-), in !iaia, in flc
lafc s, caily s
! will look af wlaf oiicnfafcd flcii dccisions, flcii hclavioui fowaids flc
colc wlon flcy call hy kinsli fcins, wlon flcy slaic flcii livcs wifl and
wlon flcy call fanily (9&1;:3&). ! undcisfand flc Cac \cidcan 9&1;:3& as
a ncfwoik of colc wlo nainfain caiing iclafions wifl cacl oflci (Caisfcn
24, 26), a vciy iagnafic aioacl fo flc nofion suggcsfcd hy ny cnii-
ical dafa. Jlcsc caic iclafions inly icciiocal cxclangcs, oi af lcasf uf af
flc disosal of hofl aifics icsouiccs flaf can iaidly hc fuincd info caifal
(social, lunan oi ccononic). Jlosc caic iclafions cvolvc. Jlc colc flcy aic
icsonsihlc foi, and wlo dccnd on flcn, clangc. As Liofholn (2)
J! AS!!RAJ!S AL CSJRA!JS ! ^ASC\L!!JY.
!
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fincly analyscs, colc conc and go fion flc ncfwoik. Jlc flcxihilify, fluidify
of flc ncfwoik of caic iclafions, and ifs consfanf cvolufion ovci finc dccnds
on lifc and dcafl, on scnfincnfs, on flc ccononic faiing of flc ncnhcis of
flc ncfwoik and flc icsouiccs flcy aic ahlc fo nohilizc, as wcll as flcii gco-
gialic osifions. ! will considci low ny infcilocufois lavc uscd flc fcin
fanily duiing flosc ycais.
Anong flc idcnfificd consfiainfs, low lavc clangcs in livcd gcndci icla-
fions confiihufcd fo oiicnfafing flcii fanily livcs !avc gcndci iclafions
clangcd in Cac \cidc ovci flc lasf fwcnfy ycais Jlcy ccifainly lavc.
!n 22, affci quifc a long ahscncc fion Cac \cidc, ny ficld nofcs aic full
of flc conlainfs of ny infcilocufois ahouf low woncn, nainly young and
cducafcd woncn, aic caicfully and sfiafcgically confiolling flc acccss fo flcii
conany, and cvcnfually flcii hodics, a iacficc iccalling sinilai ioccsscs
ohscivcd in ncaihy uihan Scncgal (Biaya 21, !ouqucf 27). Anong ny
infcilocufois, flc cxicssion uncl in flc facc ('-0" 5& (-')") flouiislcd on
cvciyhody`s lis: woncn wcic hcconing fouglci in flc ncgofiafions of flcii
scxual favouis, condifioning flcii acccss fo clcai icfiihufions. !ion flc ncn`s
oinf of vicw, flis facf inlicd nulfilc iclafionslis oiicnfafcd hy nafciial
advanfagc. Jlc woncn wcic lifcially said fo hc uncling ncn`s facc and / oi
flc inagc flcy lad of flcnsclvcs. \oncn wcic fcaiing fo icccs flc ncn`s
inagincd sclvcs. !n flis confcxf, flc 83<356"35+&' (Anjos 2), juvcnilc giils
cngagcd in nulfilc scxual iclafions, hccanc flc ncfonyny of flc woncn
clallcnging uhlically, nof only flc caacify of ncn fo iovidc food and sccu-
iify, huf flcii scxual ahilify, and flcicfoic a scxual oidci ioofcd in laigci naiia-
fivcs of flc nafional, 0(3-:" idcnfify (Rodiigucs 23).
As in Biaya`s (21) dcsciifion of flc clangcs in flc scxualify of young
woncn in Lakai, ny nalc infcilocufois conlaincd ahouf foins of olyandiy
livcd hy flc woncn, flcii ncw ways of scducfion and flcii sfiong ncgofiafion
skills hody foi noncy. Jlc woncn`s cifoinancc of flcii scxualify docs alfci
flc way flcy aic gcndcicd, and if affccfs diiccfly flc caacify of ncn fo ci-
foin flcii lcgcnonic nasculinify. !f is infcicsfing fo nofc flaf flc way colc
livc flcii scxualify, iacficcs, cloiccs, fcins of flc cxclangc, alfcis flcii gcn-
dci. Jlis alfciafion in scxual iacficcs cicafcs gcndci fiouhlc (Buflci 2).
Jlis las cncouiagcd nc fo aiguc flaf sonc woncn in !iaia wcic adofing flc
nasculinify gcnic, and acfing wiflin ifs icgisfci, cscaing fion flc classical
fcnininc sfcicofycs of icioducfion, .-1"', sfahilify, fanily (^assaif 24).
Jlc facf flaf ncn wcic hcing unclcd in flc facc hy (ofcnfial) aif-
ncis docs cnfail a icdcfinifion of flc caacify of ncn and woncn fo cifoin
flcii sclf. Jlis inlics flaf flc inaginings of flc sclf lavc clangcd. Jlis onc
significanf facfoi las consfiaincd ny infcilocufois` dccisions conccining flcii
fanily fiajccfoiics. !n noic flcoicfical fcins flcn: gcndci is cifoincd, if is
nof a nafuial givcn wlicl concs fo liglf fliougl iacficcs, huf iaflci iacficcs
2
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insfifufc gcndci (!assin 2). Clangcs in woncn`s iacficcs lavc diiccfly
affccfcd flc caacify of ny infcilocufois fo affiin, fo cifoin flcii gcndci.
Conscqucnfly, if alfcicd flcii caacify fo icioducc flcii lcgcnonic nascu-
linify. Gcndci is a cifoinancc ic-cnacfcd in vaiious sifuafions in wlicl onc
is asscifing lin / lcisclf. ! dcfcnd flc ioosifion flaf ncn scck saccs wlcic
flcy can cifoin flcii lcgcnonic nasculinify, i. c. nainly in cci gious,
anong gious of ncn wlo aic ofcnfially flcii cquals, in flc fcins dcfincd hy
flc sccific Cac \cidc gcnic (/56&5& / &,"'" / 7/(6-5+&). As a cifoinancc, nas-
culinify is a gcnic flaf ncnhcis of socicfy and flc cflnogialci can idcnfify.
! usc flc nofion of gcnic fo cnconass flc diffcicnf connunicafion clcncnfs
of flis cifoinancc: flc fonc of voicc, flc noins if ioduccs, flc idcnfifica-
fions if cnfails, flc hody osfuics. Jlc cifoinancc slacs flc cifoinci, if
cicafcs sccific sclf ciccfions and idcals. Jlaf is flc cifoinafivify of gcn-
dci (Buflci 2). Jlc suhjccf is consfiucfcd fliougl flc gcnic lcaincd fion
oflcis, if icndcis ossihlc a sccific way of scaking of ! (Buflci 2: 26).
!f oidcis flc social icalify in a sccific way, gcnciafing sccific cnofions
(slanc, iidc, iagc, assion), if slacs flc dcsiics of flc individual, and if
lcgifinafcs lis / lci asiiafions. Jlc gcnic icioduccs ifsclf, gcfs insciihcd in
flc cifoinci`s hody, as ioufincs, naking scnsc of flc individual`s dccisions
and flcicfoic oiicnfafing flcn.
Jlc insciifion of flc gcnic in flc hodics of individuals is casily ohscivcd
in flc diffcicnfiafcd hclavioui of aicnfs fowaids flcii nalc and fcnalc clil-
dicn. !oi cxanlc, flc young giil is conhcd and laifcd hy lci noflci hcfoic
going fo sclool in flc noining, wlcicas lci hioflci juns ouf of hcd, cafs and
slaslcs lis facc wifl ficsl wafci hcfoic iunning fo sclool. Boys aic claigcd
wifl ciiands oufsidc flc lousc (1&5.&)-), wlcicas giils aic icgulaily scowlcd
af fo icnain in flc inncdiafc vicinify of flc lousc, cxccf foi going fo flc
local giocciy sfoic. ^y icfcicncc fo clildlood is uioscful, if liglliglfs flc
duiafion and consfiucfion of suhjccfivifics fliougl finc, insisfing flcichy on
flc ioccss of incoioiafion and consfiucfion, fliougl dialoguc, of flc sclf
(^cad 134).
!n flc cnd, flcic aic hcncfifs foi flc ncn wlo lavc a good gcndci cifoi-
nancc, as flcy aic icwaidcd hy sclf-csfccn and / oi hy flc iclaxing cffccf of
lcasuic, if lifcially insfifufcs a safc zonc foi flc cifoining acfois. Jlc social
icssuic and flc hcncfifs concui in flc icioducfion and flc insciifion of flc
gcnic.
!ion flc iccognifion of flcsc cffccfs sfcns anoflci qucsfion: if flc ci-
foinancc of a gcnic of lcgcnonic nasculinify noulds asiiafions, idcnfifi-
cafions, hody and discouiscs in sucl a way, is if ossihlc foi flosc colc fo
adof oflci gcnics, oflci ways of cifoining flcii nasculinify, of alfciing
flcii scxual iacficcs, alfciing flcii gcndci Can anyfling alfci lcgcnonic
nasculinify
J! AS!!RAJ!S AL CSJRA!JS ! ^ASC\L!!JY.
!
2
Jlis qucsfion calls in finc dincnsions. Jlc young lunan hcing is cducafcd
info hcconing a suhjccf hy cxfcinal foiccs fliougl acfual infciacfions wifl
oflci colc and ohjccfs. Slc / lc lcains fo acf, icacf adcquafcly, cvcn fo oosc,
fliougl flis lcaining qua cifoining ioccss. Jlis infciacfionisf vicw hiings
hack flc qucsfion of flc sccificify of givcn gcnciafions. ^anlcin (1)
in lis landnaik aificlc on flc iohlcn of gcnciafion dcfcnds flc icdoni-
nancc of fiisf inicssions in socio-infcllccfual fiansnission. acl fiansnission
nohilizcs an infciicfafion in consonancc wifl flc sifuafion faccd hy youngci
gcnciafions, confcnfs aic flcicfoic fiansfoincd in flc vciy fiansnission io-
ccss (Zaica 12: 133). Scncci sfafcs flaf cacl gcnciafion in ^annlcin`s
foinulafion is flc icosifoiy of icvailing idcas (Scncci 1: 1).
Suhjccfivifics would flcn hc sccific fo sifuafions and ciiods. Locs flis
ncan flaf significanf clangcs in gcndci iclafions aic gcnciafional clangcs
!n oflci woids, undci wlaf condifions do adulfs clangc flcii cifoinancc of
gcndci !ion ny analyscs and infoinafion, colc do alfci flcii usual cifoi-
nanccs, scvcial woncn ! kncw did jusf flaf. Sincc ! hcgan slaiing flc livcs of
flcsc ncn, ! lavc wifncsscd scvcial woncn adof nanlikc hclavioui sucl as
violcncc againsf flcii aifncis, and in scvcial of flosc cascs, flcii vciy lunan-
ify was qucsfioncd. Jlcy sccn fo fiiggci fcai, and flcy aic vclcncnfly con-
dcnncd fliougl cxicssions of disgusf on flc facc of flc naiiafoi, swcai woids
oi flcii idcnfificafion wifl flc dcvil (.3&,"), oi ycf conaicd fo aninals, wlcn
callcd 0&,(& (fcnalc goaf). Jlc vciy dissynncfiy icflccfcd in flc usc of ,-./
(hilly goaf, as in flc inifial quofc of flis fcxf) and 0&,(& is insiglfful as ,-./ is
fakcn in ifs icioducfivc, scxually conquciing funcfion wlcicas 0&,(&, wlcn
associafcd wifl woncn, naiks flc aninalify and sccns fo coiicsond noic
fo flc !oifugucsc =&,(>-, icfciiing fo an unnasculinc, clcafcd lushand. Jlc
icsisfancc fo scxual doninafion, fo flc doninanf scxual oidci, disqualifics ifs
aufloi as a non-lunan, lci scxual hclavioui cndangcis flc vciy social oidci.
Jlosc wcic flc ichcllious, young giils wlo would lcain. Buf foday sonc
woncn confinuc fo assunc flcii individualify, do nof fccl concllcd fo suhnif
fo a nan`s iulc fo suivivc, flcy nanagc sufficicnfly wcll ccononically (oi noic
iohahly, wifl gicaf difficulfics) and laislly ncgofiafc flcii iclafions wifl ncn.
Alflougl of aioxinafcly flc sanc agc as ny nalc infcilocufois, and of iuial
oiigin, flcsc woncn cifoin flcii gcndci in ncw ways, aic noic acfivc in flc
uhlic slcic. !cgcnonic agcnfs aic flcn noic conscivafivc flan suhalfcin
!inally, wc aic facing flc qucsfion of flc iclafion hcfwccn sclf and soci-
cfy, and ifs aificulafions, wlicl concs fo qucsfioning flc vciy connon scnsc
nofion of socicfy and sclf, as icsulfs naiiafivcs sfiucfuicd hy an inagincd
oidci. !ow ny infcilocufois ioducc social oidci will flcn hc flc lasf qucsfion.
!ow do flcy dcal wifl clangc and vaiious oidcis Jlc dcc social clangcs
duiing flc fwcnfy ycais of ny icgulai icscncc and cxclangcs wifl flc infci-
locufois considcicd in flis aificlc will allow us fo ohscivc flc condifions of
3
!
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gcndci clangc. Jlis fakcs us a long way fion flc synclionic vicw of a social
oidci aificulafcd hy insfifufions dicfafing noins, and cnfoicing flcn. oins
icioducc in discouiscs and iacficcs, and flcy oiicnfafc asiiafions and
dcsiics. Jlc incaacify fo livc accoiding fo flcn docs nof ioducc a loss of
sclf, huf iaflci gcfs inaginaiy ioccsscs going, lcd hy asiiafions and dcsiics,
infoincd hy a iicl oulai inagining of wlaf socicfy is. !iacfically, flis fuins
flc nulfilc social saccs in wlicl onc aificiafcs info a kcy clcncnf in sla-
ing lifc, fliougl asiiafions.
J! J!GRA!!!C L!: J! ACJRS CS!LRL
^y ficldwoik in Cac \cidc acfually sfaifcd wifl youfl, in 1. !n 1,
! cngagcd wifl foui of ny fiicnds in clahoiafing sysfcnafic lifc sfoiics.
As !aulo, onc of flcn, said icccnfly, flinking of oui ciiclc of fiicnds: *?' @
213' .3 0-57373" wc aic ncn wlo scnd finc fogcflci, going ouf fogcflci.
! flouglf of flis flcxihlc cloud of colc, flaf ! was ficqucnfing as nucl as
ossihlc, as a 6("8- ./ 1&:)& (an affinify giou of sinilai agcs). As ! icicscnf
if, flcic wcic foui of us in flc coic of flis giou, fiicnds (&136"'), colc you
would visif if you did nof scc flcn foi a coulc of days, colc you would scnd
finc wifl if flcy wcic sick. Buf flcic wcic nany oflcis in flc ncfwoik. ! lcff
Cac \cidc foi a ycai in 1-1, and sfocd icsiding in Cac \cidc in 12.
Jlc flicc ycais scnf 5& 0-57373" wifl flis giou of colc cicafcd sfiong fics.
! wcnf hack fo Cac \cidc in 22 foi a icficsling ficldwoik of fwo and a lalf
nonfls, flcn in 2, and scvcial fincs in 2 and 2. Luiing flcsc ycais,
wc lavc ncf, discusscd and scnf finc fogcflci in Cac \cidc and in uioc.
Jlcsc analyscs aic hascd on flc livcs of fivc of flosc colc, all nalcs. !f is
inoifanf fo sficss flaf ! an woiking on longifudinal qualifafivc dafa. ! lavc
nof woikcd on flc gcndci iacficcs of youngci oi oldci colc, af lcasf nof
sysfcnafically.
Confiaiy fo flc icscnf nulfi-sifcd and olynoilous ficnd in cflnogia-
ly (Gufa and !ciguson 17, ^aicus 2, ng and Collici 2), flis is
flc fiuif of a conanionsli of a giou of colc ovci finc, infoincd hy a
long faniliaiify wifl Sanfiago !sland and Cac \cidc in gcncial. Jlis ongoing
confacf wifl flc ficld oiicnfafcs ny flcoicfical qucsfions, wlicl ! icscnfcd
ahovc. !f allows nc fo sfudy flc cifoinancc of flc sclf fliougl finc and ifs
iclafions fo clangcs, as wcll as flc icioducfion of an oidci linking flc sclf and
socicfy. !uiflcinoic, if allows foi an cnaflic affcnfion fo flc acfual cxc-
iicnccs of colc of nodcsf oiigin, fliougl uscffing fincs. !ioccsscs, con-
sfiainfs, ohligafions and asiiafions gain giound in ny analyscs (Bcnsa 2).
!ndccd, ny infcilocufois lavc gonc fliougl fwo vciy inoifanf iufuics
foi Cac \cidc as a nafion and a Sfafc: !ndccndcncc in 17 and flc olifical
ocning (&,/()"(& 8-:;)3=&) of flc caily s. !n 11, Cac \cidc inauguiafcd
J! AS!!RAJ!S AL CSJRA!JS ! ^ASC\L!!JY.
!
31
ifs sccond icuhlic wifl ficc clccfions wlicl uf in owci flc flcn icccnfly
cicafcd ^!L (^ovincnfo aia a Lcnociacia), iclcgafing fo flc oosifion flc
unfil flcn uniquc aify, !A!C\ (!aifido Afiicano da !ndccndncia dc Caho
\cidc). Jlis launclcd a iaid wavc of ccononic lihcialisafion of flc nafional
cconony, an cia of significanf invcsfncnfs in sciviccs (cducafion, fclclonc,
wafci and clccfiicify) and foinal dcnociacy in Cac \cidc. Jlcsc facfois will
hc dcvclocd af gicafci lcngfl lafci in flc fcxf. Jlcy infoin flc following hiicf
icscnfafion of flc fivc ncn.
Anong flcsc fivc ncn, onc canc fo !iaia fion a iuial zonc in flc infciioi
of Sanfiago in 17 (!aulo), fwo canc fion !ogo fo !iaia in flc s (^ancl
and ^ilan), onc canc fo !iaia fion lis nafivc !ogo !sland af flc agc of fwo
(Azcdinla), and onc was hoin in !iaia (Jifo).
!aulo, hoin in 162, gicw u in a iuial aica in flc infciioi of Sanfiago
!sland. !is giandaicnfs iaiscd lin as a young clild. !ollowing icgulai and
lcavy hcafings fion lis unclc, lc wcnf fo livc wifl lis aicnfs af flc agc of
12. !aulo quiffcd sclool affci flc foui ycais of iinaiy sclool and hccanc an
agiiculfuial woikci wlcn lc was 1 ycais old. Lafci, lc wcnf fo !iaia in scaicl
of noic novcncnf, sclf-ionofion, a hcffci joh. !c cvcnfually was liicd as
a facfofun, in a icsfauianf wlcic lc lcaincd wlaf would hcconc lis iofcs-
sion, cooking. Sincc flcn, lc las woikcd as a salaiicd cook in vaiious !iaia
icsfauianfs, unfil lis disnissal wiflouf concnsafion, in 2, fion lis lasf
cnloyncnf. !c is now conccnfiafing on dcvcloing lis own husincss, a snall
slo of iinaiy goods conhincd wifl a snall icsfauianf and hai in a icccnfly
huilf oulai nciglhouilood (,&3((-) of !iaia. !aulo`s fiajccfoiy sccncd fo
lavc hccn oiicnfafcd hy lis sfuhhoin asiiafion fo lavc lis own lousc. !c
iaiscd ifs fiisf walls suiicfifiously wlcn wlaf would hcconc a ,&3((- was jusf a
fcw concicfc hoxcs in a ciilcial aica of !iaia. All lis savings, lis hank cicdifs
lavc hccn scnf on hlocks, sfccl, sand, wafci and ccncnf. Jlaf is wlcic lc is
now: lc is dcvcloing lis husincss, and is sfill huilding, cxfcnding lis lousc.
!c is naiiicd and slaics lis lousc wifl disciccf la, wlo is vciy icligious, a
ncnhci of a iofcsfanf Cluicl, and a vciy quicf wonan. Jlcy livc wifl flcii
flicc clildicn. !aulo las six living clildicn wifl foui diffcicnf 1>/ .3 93.A"
(lifcially, noflci of clild). nc clild dicd as a hahy in 17. Rcgaiding lis
iclafions wifl la, !aulo las a vciy iagnafic vicw: flcy dccnd on cacl oflci,
sincc lis uisuif of lis asiiafion of hcing fulfillcd, icaliscd ((/&:34&."), icquiics
la`s ioxinify and aificiafion fo fakc caic of lis clildicn and fo lcl lin
dcvclo lis husincss and lis lousc.
^ancl is an clccfiician. Boin in 162, lc canc fion !ogo !sland fo nigiafc
fo flc \SA, huf was unfoifunafcly callcd u undci flc Cac \cidcan flag foi
nilifaiy scivicc, and flus losf flc ooifunify fo cnigiafc. !c scfflcd in !iaia,
in an old, oulai nciglhouilood wlcic lc sfill icnfs a snall aaifncnf. ^ancl
livcs hy linsclf. !c las fivc clildicn wifl fivc diffcicnf noflcis, and anoflci
32
!
G\Y ^ASSARJ cfnogifica
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junlo dc 213
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son lc adofcd fion a fanily in lis ,&3((-. As lc says, ! fakc icsonsihilify
foi lin: lc covcis sonc of flc cxcnscs iclafcd fo flc hoy`s cducafion, and
lc also scivcs as a icsouicc foi lin, oiicnfafing lis dccisions and lis noflci`s,
counsclling lin. !c las aufloiify ovci flc youngsfci. Jlis son also las ficc
acccss fo ^ancl`s aaifncnf.
^ilan is ^ancl`s youngci hioflci. Boin in 16, ^ilan canc fo !iaia fo
sfudy. !c finislcd lis sccondaiy sclooling and fcclnical fiaining in officc
adninisfiafion. ^ancl aid foi lis sfudics. Jlcy livcd fogcflci duiing flosc
ycais. Affci lis fiaining, ^ilan wcnf fo woik in flc adninisfiafion on Sao
\iccnfc, anoflci island wlcic lc ncf a young Cac \cidcan wonan, oiiginally
fion flc !sland of Sanfo Anfao, huf lafci living in flc cflcilands. !n 24,
lc finally dccidcd fo cnigiafc fo flc cflcilands, fo livc wifl lci. Jlcy lavc
fwo clildicn. !c las found woik in flc cflcilands.
Azcdinla canc fo !iaia fion !ogo as a young hoy. !is noflci and lci
clildicn scfflcd in flc sanc ,&3((- as ^ancl. Affci iinaiy sclool, Azcdinla
fiaincd as a lunhci. !c woikcd foi scvcial ycais foi flc uhlic lydiaulic agii-
culfuic sciviccs, huf losf lis joh in flc s affci flc suicssion of flis scivicc
hy flc ncw, lihcially-insiicd govcinncnf. !is noflci cnigiafcd fo !oifugal
and flcn fo flc \SA, lcaving Azcdinla as lcad of flc lousclold. !c naiiicd
Gina in flc lafc s hcfoic lis noflci`s sccond nigiafion. Jlcy lavc fwo
clildicn of flcii own and an adofcd giil fion Gina`s iuial villagc. Alflougl
nof a dauglfci, slc is aif of lis fanily, and Azcdinla aid foi lci sfudics.
Gina lcff Azcdinla in 22, foi a Cac \cidcan nan icsiding in !iancc. Af flis
finc, Azcdinla lad no fixcd joh and lad sonc difficulfics in nanaging as an
indccndcnf lunhci. !n facf, lc was scnding nosf of lis fincs wifl fiicnds
and wloics (&136"' 3 8")&'), and diinking local iun (6(-6"/). !n 23, lc lcff
lis fwo clildicn in flc caic of lis adofcd dauglfci and cnigiafcd fo flc \SA,
fion wlcic lc las nof icfuincd.
Jifo was hoin in !iaia in 16. !c is a civil scivanf. nc of lis faflci`s unclcs
lclcd lin fo gcf a joh in flc Sfafc adninisfiafion. !c las sincc conlcfcd lis
sccondaiy cducafion and sfaifcd sfudying foi a univcisify dcgicc. \lilc woik-
ing as a uhlic scivanf, lc las gaincd cxciicncc and hccn ionofcd. !c las a
sfahlc and icasonahly ligl salaiy. Jifo`s joh las fakcn lin away fion !iaia, foi
scvcial ycais. !c now livcs in Sao \iccnfc wifl Zahcl, a scloolfcaclci in lci
caily fliifics, and onc of lis sons fion anoflci wonan. Jifo las six clildicn
fion foui diffcicnf noflcis flicc in !iaia, onc in flc \SA.
!A^!LY
!n lis 11 lifc sfoiy, !aulo fold nc, ! do nof lavc ny own fanily |9&1;:3&|,
onc in wlicl ! an likc flis |lc joins lis fwo indcx fingcis|, of wlicl ! an aif
|03 131 @ 35=&((&." 5/:|. Jlis conncnf lad a fonc of icgicf, fiansniffing flaf
J! AS!!RAJ!S AL CSJRA!JS ! ^ASC\L!!JY.
!
33
flc infcgiafion of flc ! is linkcd fo flc caacify fo lavc onc`s own fanily.
\laf kind of infcgiafion docs a fanily ioducc, and low Jlc joining of flc
fingcis sccns fo indicafc cqualify, as wcll as a coulc |=&'&:|, as a iclafionsli
hcfwccn fwo colc, ccnfial fo flc fanily. !cic and iccafcdly in finc, flc
fanily acais as an asiiafion, as a icsfiicfcd giou, wlcic iclafions diffci
fion oflci social iclafions. Jlc fanily acais as a ufoia, a ncw sacc, nof
ycf in cxisfcncc, fliougl wlicl lc can cifoin wlo lc wanfs fo hc.
!c also said:
!n `76, |! an| in flc fouifl giadc. !ndccndcncc. Cac \cidc is full of
cnflusiasn: a ficc and indccndcnf counfiy. Buf ! lad nofling fo do wifl
flaf: ! was a cifizcn wiflouf culfuic, wiflouf sufficicnf sclooling, wiflouf
any wcll off |,/1 .3 73.&| kin fo fiy fo offci nc a fufuic |03 @ 8& )/5)& 35')&:&1
5"1 9")"("|.
!cic flc fanily acais as a caifal (lc las nof), a caifal flaf can iojccf
lin info flc fufuic. !n facf, foi Jifo, ^ilan and Azcdinla, fanily, flcii kin
lavc hccn vciy insfiuncnfal in allowing flcn a fufuic: fo cnfci flc civil sci-
vicc, Jifo gof suoif fion lis faflci`s unclc, ^ilan could gcf an cducafion in
!iaia flanks fo flc suoif of lis hioflci ^ancl, wlo was linsclf an inni-
gianf fo !iaia, lis noflci and lci kin (9&13:3&(/') fook Azcdinla fo flc \SA,
and fliougl flcn, lc ohfaincd a visa and found a joh in cw ngland.
!n a iccoiding !aulo nadc foi nc, affci iccciving flc fiansciifs of lis lifc
sfoiy, in 11, lc said: ! would likc fo nccf a giil, wifl wlon wc gcf along
wcll |5" )& .& 93</|, hccausc, ! lavc no fanily |9&1;:3&| closc hy |&- 8B|, ! lavc no
kin |9&13:3&(/'| closc hy, and flcn, fo livc |8&(& 737/(| if is a hif cxcnsivc. !oi
!aulo, fo lavc lis own fanily is an asiiafion and if is insfiuncnfal in lis lifc.
!n a fclclonc call a fcw nonfls ago, !aulo was fclling nc flaf lc lad
gonc fo a afionagc fcsfival in flc infciioi of Sanfiago, lc said lc wcnf wifl
flc wlolc fanily, flaf was wifl la, and flcii flicc connon clildicn.
A nuclcai fanily, a vciy noinafivc nodcl, iohahly akin fo flc icicscnfafion
of flc fanily la`s cluicl wislcs fo icioducc, vciy akin fo flc inlicif nod-
cls cncounfcicd in flc )/:/5-7/:&' fion Biazil and Aigcnfina, oi fion !oifugal,
huf vciy diffcicnf fion flc flcxihlc ncfwoiks foincd hy caic iclafions flaf
! ohscivcd duiing flc lasf fwcnfy ycais. \lcn ! invifcd Jifo fo join nc af a
nusic conccif, lc suggcsfcd faking flc wlolc fanily, i. c. lis son, lis aifnci,
and linsclf.
!n lis lifc sfoiy, ^ancl icconncndcd flaf hcfoic foining a coulc (=&'&:),
onc las fo know low flc giil (1/535&) hclavcs, wifl you and youi fanily.
Scaking of giils, and iclafionslis lc las lad in flc asf, lc givcs cxanlcs
of giils fion 9&1;:3&' ,-5.-'&', fanilics fanous foi flcii good fcnci and gcn-
ciosify, oi fion onc of flcsc knifc-wiclding fanilics (9&1;:3& 03 )& .& 0" 9&0&).
34
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G\Y ^ASSARJ cfnogifica
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junlo dc 213
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Scvcial of ny fiicnds living in Cac \cidc lavc closc iclafions wifl nigianf
ncnhcis of flcii fanilics: 8(31-' (cousins), 3(1>-' (sihlings), =-18&.(/' (god-
faflci of onc`s clild oi faflci of onc`s godclild), wifl wlon flcy nainfain
icgulai iclafions and cxclangc sciviccs. Jlcsc sciviccs offcn consisf in faking
caic of nigianfs` invcsfncnfs (ical csfafc) oi icicscnfing flcn foi huicau-
ciafic uioscs.
!iagnafically, onc finds foui nain uscs of flc fanily in cvciyday lifc.
!iisfly, a 9&1;:3& is, in ny infcilocufois` sayings and iacficcs, a fianc, a
lacc, a sfagc, wlcic onc can find sfahilify, wlcic onc can infcgiafc, oi hcffci
can hc icaliscd ('/( (/&:34&."). Jo hc fulfillcd, icaliscd, is cxacfly wlaf if
says: fo cifoin oncsclf in a sccific sifuafion, in an cnviionncnf undci con-
fiol, wlcic onc`s osifion is valucd, wlcic onc is in claigc, fo hc icaliscd is fo
cnhody and dislay flc confoinify of onc`s hclavioui fo flc lcgcnonic nas-
culinify gcnic. Jo lavc flcii own (8(?8(3&) fanily and lonc (0&4&) las hccn an
asiiafion sincc flcii youfl. Jlc lonc acais as flc indiscnsahlc nafciial
clcncnf of flc sacc wlcic sccific social iclafions can icvail. !f guaianfccs
an asiicd sfahilify inscaiahlc fion flc cifoinancc of idcal idcnfificafions
cnhcddcd in a sccific nasculinify gcnic. !f is a noin, hy wlicl flc valuc of
flc cison is cvaluafcd. \lcn !aulo and ! wcic discussing ^ancl a ycai ago,
!aulo said: !c |^ancl| docsn`f cvcn lavc a lousc noi a wonan fo livc wifl.
Jlis dcsiic and indicafoi las sfiongly oiicnfafcd flcii dccisions.
A fanily and ifs ncnhcis (9&13:3&(/') aic icsouiccs. Jlc kind of caifal
flcy offci is iofccfion, noncy, huf also confacfs, connccfions, wlicl acai
ically inoifanf in flc casc of nigiafion. !f is a giou of icfcicncc, a nanc,
a ncnoiy, a collccfivc idcnfificafion and offcn a guaianfcc of onc`s woifl, a
iofilc. Jlc idcnfificafion of an individual fo a vciy sccific giou, a gcnc-
alogical idcnfificafion is a cuiicnf iacficc in cvciyday lifc, af lcasf foi ny
infcilocufois.
A fanily also acais as a scf of iclafions of icciiocify, icsccf allows
foi iofccfion, suhnission givcs fcndcincss, suoif, cacc, and scxualify.
Jlc confinuify in flc flow is wlaf dcfincs af a oinf in finc a giou of ci-
sons, claiacfciizcd hy fiusf, cxclangcs, clcai idcnfificafions icsulfing in clcai
hclaviouis, and flaf giou of cisons is callcd 9&1;:3&. All ny infcilocufois
icasscifcd flc ohligafion fo assunc onc`s icsonsihilify foi onc`s clildicn, fo
nakc suic flc noflci oi flc youfl icccivc icgulai suns of noncy, usually
nonflly, huf soncfincs cvciy oncc in a wlilc, oi wlcn onc is solicifcd fo scnd
if. !f is vciy connon foi conflicfs in aifncis` iclafions fo icsulf fion flc fail-
uic of flc ncn fo nccf flcii ohligafions, in fcins of allocafion of icsouiccs,
huf also in scxual acfivify and icsccf, wlicl ncans fo nainfain an acai-
ancc of fidclify and fo icsfiain fion slaning.
!f, in facf, flc fanily is a ncfwoik of (cvolving) caic iclafions, cxisfing
fliougl flcii fluxcs and infcnsify, if is also, fion a lcss nafciial cisccfivc, a
J! AS!!RAJ!S AL CSJRA!JS ! ^ASC\L!!JY.
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3
ciucial souicc of caifal, idcnfificafion, and a sccific idcal, flc idcal of a sfa-
hlc unif aiound onc fulfillcd, icaliscd nan. !f is flc :-="' (synholically), flc
sccnc (cifoinafivcly) and flc aicna (olifically) of a confinuous dynanic, fcd
on flc iccuiiing fcnsions hcfwccn novcncnf and sfahilify, a ciucial cnginc of
flc Cac \cidcan inaginaiy. Jlc flcxihlc fanily is flc icsulf of flc conhina-
fion of ifs nafciial and inaginaiy cifoinanccs.
J! CSJRA!JS A!!CJ!G J! !A^!LY JRAJCJR!S
^y usc of consfiainfs diaws on !oucaulf`s conccfion of owci as a guid-
ing foicc, fianing flc cifoinanccs of individuals and gious. !dcnfifying flc
foiccs flaf oiicnfafc ny infcilocufois` dccisions, acfions, and consfiainfs con-
cls nc fo flc discilinc of fiacking flc clains of infciacfions flaf icccdc
acfual hclavioui (Ginzhuig 1, Lafoui 16, ^cad 134, Baklfin 16).
Jlis cinifs flc owcis acfivc in flc sfudicd lcnoncnon fo hc liglliglfcd.
Sincc oui fiisf nccfings and discussions of flc lafc s and caily s, sonc
hasic asiiafions of ny infcilocufois lavc icnaincd flc sanc: flcy wanf fo
gain a iccognizcd iofcssional idcnfificafion, ioviding icgulai and safisfacfoiy
icvcnucs. Jlcy wanf fo lavc flcii own ncfwoik in wlicl flcy aic ccnfial, flcii
own fanily. Jlcy wanf fo cicafc saccs wlcic flcy can assunc flc iolc of a
nan, iuling a giou. Jo lavc onc`s own lousc soncfincs sccns fo ovcila oi
fo hc conlcncnfaiy fo oi cvcn a waiianfy foi sccuiing a fanily. Jlc lousc is
inoifanf as if cnfails a ioxinify giou and flc caacify fo ioducc caifal.
!n flis scnsc, onc undcisfands hcffci flc failuic jokcd ahouf hy lis ccis and
sonclow ^ancl`s own dcsaii and lis infcgiafion info a fiicnd`s fanily closc fo
lis own aaifncnf, wlcic lc cafs, wafclcs fclcvision and scnds lis ficc finc.
Jlcsc ncn wanf fo icnain cuiious, fo discovci ncw flings, if ossihlc fo
sfudy noic, jusf as flcy aic looking foi C1-731/5)-. Jlcy aic looking foiwaid
fo consfanfly ocning u flcii woild, flaf is, infcllccfually as wcll as acfually.
Jlis dcsiic foi knowlcdgc is ccnfial fo flc nasculinc cifoinancc of flc sclf.
!uiflcinoic, if las hcconc a gcncial, uhlic hclicf: acquiiing cducafion allows
onc a hcffci lifc. Jlis widcsicad discouisc of flc individual and financial hcn-
cfifs of cducafion las hccn inoifanf in nofivafing flcii dccision fo invcsf in
flcii dccndcnfs` cducafion and flcii own. Knowlcdgc is kcy fo flc fulfilncnf
(icalisafion) of individuals. \ndci flc cxicssion '/( (/&:34&.", fo hc icaliscd,
onc ciccivcs a folk syclology. Jlc vcih (/&:34&( convcys low fo hc is fo ci-
foin wlaf onc flinks onc slould hc, oi slould hc sccn doing, oi slould do.
Jlc icsulf of conlying wifl inagincd ways of hcing hiings an cnofional sfafc
of safisfacfion, fo hc af cacc ()(&5D"3:").
Jlosc ncn cxlain flcii fiajccfoiics fiisf and foicnosf hy flcii failuic (and
flc lcasuic flcy diaw fion flis incaacify) fo laincss flcii dcsiics, flcii
nafuic. \ifl flis cxlanafion, flcy aic acfing ouf, hcing conquciing and
36
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owciful nalcs. Jlcy will snilc and fcll you wifl a sclf-ifying look flaf wlaf-
cvci you do, a nan is nisclicvous ()(&D"35"), cxlaining away flcii qucsfs foi
scxual cxciicnccs, flcii confinuous cifoinancc of clain fowaids woncn
flcy nccf in uhlic saccs, iaising flcii hcaufy oi joking. A nan likcs fo lay,
and scx and scducfion aic a ganc wlcic gcndci is cifoincd. ^cn aic cauglf
in flis ciiclc of hcing ciificiscd hy flcii aifncis foi iunning affci woncn,
icfciahly youngci oncs, and nainfaining scvcial scxual iclafions af flc sanc
finc, flcy know flis ufs flcii wisl fo lavc a sfahlc fanily in jcoaidy, huf
flcy also fccl flaf hcing a conqucioi kccs flcn young, acfivc, sficngflcns
flcii sclf. !n flis sifuafion, flc fcnsion is icsolvcd hy flc suhnission of flc
aifnci, slc las fo cnduic and cifoin, as la docs. \lcn woncn lavc noic
ncans (lunan, social, ccononic) fo fcnd foi flcnsclvcs, and noic idcological
suoif (fion flcii own fanily, fion ccis, icligious gious, civil associafions),
flcy aic nucl lcss likcly fo suhnif, flcy will flcc, ncgofiafc, cxloif flis con-
quciing dcsiic of ncn. Jlc icfcxfs ncnfioncd foi iufuics hcfwccn aifncis
cxfcnd fo oflci acfivifics of fyical nalc iacficcs, cnacfing flcii nasculinify.
Jlc 0-57373", lcisuic finc scnf anong ccis, in scni-uhlic saccs sucl as
local hais oi sonconc`s yaid, is offcn acconanicd wifl flc diinking of 6(-6"/
and caid-laying, oi wafcling foofhall. Jlis infcnsc social lifc, faking ncn
away fion flcii loncs, faking flcii noncy, is offcn invokcd as a icason foi
scaiafion and lysical violcncc. Alcolol is also a foicc known foi fuining a
nan away fion lis ohligafions and away fion flc uisuif of lis icalisafion.
!uiflcinoic, flc aifnci offcn dcnounccs flc lack of scxual acfivify: !c jusf
falls info hcd and snoics (E: )& 0&3 5& 0&1& 3 (-50&), said sonc woncn.
hviously, flc iufuics and flc difficulfics hcfwccn ncn and woncn
and flc conflicfs hcfwccn ncn aic also iclafcd fo flc sloifconings of ncn.
Scxual acfivify las acaicd an issuc in ncn`s convcisafions and daily lifc.
Jlcii aging and flc fiansfoinafion of flcii hodics aic also af sfakc. \lifc
laii, hcci hcllics, faf hodily cnvcloc, iohlcns of lcalfl ('&F.3) iclafcd fo
diinking oi snoking, all flcsc lysical fiansfoinafions of flcii hodics fakc
flcn away fion flc cifoinancc caacify of flcii inagincd youfl. nc najoi
woiiy of ncn is fo sfay young (5-,"). Jo sfay young, a nan will sfiivc fo
acai ficsl (9(/'0"), going fo flc haihci, dicssing u wlcn going ouf, slow-
ing conulsivc gcsfuics fo icnovc flcii langing sliif fion flcii iofiuding
hcllics. Jlcy soncfincs douhf flcii own cifoinancc, and aic conscious of
huf dcny flcii loss of scducfion ahilifics. Jlcii aging, flcy know, is also linkcd
fo flc vciy insfiuncnfal iclafions youngci ofcnfial scxual aifncis (1/535&')
aic ionc fo inosc on flcn. Bcsidcs ooi scxual cifoinancc, lysical vio-
lcncc is offcn linkcd fo cxccssivc diinking of 6(-6"/.
!n all flosc asccfs, flcsc cxciicnccd ncn aic noic and noic conscious
of flcii giowing icsonsihilifics and flcii icsfiicfcd caacify fo cifoin flc
icgulai lcgcnonic nasculinify gcnic. !n flis icsccf, flcii financial caacifics
J! AS!!RAJ!S AL CSJRA!JS ! ^ASC\L!!JY.
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37
aic inoifanf: noic noncy will lcl flcn fo fulfil diffcicnf ohligafions, lcss
noncy ohligcs flcn fo aihifiafc hcfwccn iioiifics. !n flis sifuafion, flc fcn-
sions hcfwccn diffcicnf consfiainfs inducc a consfanf novcncnf, a consfanf
qucsf. Jlis slould gcf flcn noving, cxloiing ncw, diffcicnf gcnics of sclf.
! will conc hack fo flis qucsfion.
Bcsidcs flc consfiainfs linkcd fo flcii aging and ifs inacf on flcii hodics,
ny infcilocufois oinf fo flc wciglf of flcii sfiicf ohligafions fo assunc flcii
icsonsihilifics, flaf is csscnfially giving noncy fo flcii clildicn, and naking
suic flcy livc in good condifions. !n facf, flcii confiihufions aic soncfincs
vciy iiicgulai, and flis offcn causcs conflicf wifl flc clild`s noflci oi caic-
givci. Af flis sfagc of flcii livcs, flcy aic vciy likcly fo lavc cnding dchfs wifl
hanks flaf flcy lavc cngagcd in fo invcsf in flc huilding of flcii own loncs.
!n 22, ! ncf wifl Banda, onc of ny old fiicnds, in !iaia, wifl ^ancl,
Jifo and !aulo, lc cloqucnfly sunncd u flc ciccfion of flc giou in a
confidcnfial fonc, wifl flc usual ocnncss anong us: Jlc nain iohlcn is
flis: conflicf af lonc. Jlc wonan wanfs fo do as slc infcnds, fo diink, fo go
ouf, go fo flc disco. Jlaf is if! Cafclcs onc, cafclcs anoflci. Jlaf is low lifc
is |.| vciyonc in flcii own lcvcl (%&3-( 8(-,:/1& @ 0/:3G 6"/((& ./5)(" .3 :&(H
%".A/( 0(B 9&43 .3 '/:G )& ,/,3G )& '&3G )& ,&3 ,-3)/G I(-5)-H I/6& "1G 8/6& -")(-H J''31
0/ @ 73.&H K39;=3:H LMN O&.& "1 5& '3 537/:). Jlc =&.& "1 5& '3 537/:, is laid fo
icndci, as if convcys nof only a scnsc of sccific fiajccfoiy huf also of social
sacc, a sccific foin of individualisn associafcd wifl sccific osifions and
flcicfoic saccs.
Luiing flis 22 visif, ! was sfiuck hy flc nuncious sfoiics ! lcaid fion
ny infcilocufois on fwo flcncs: flc giowing ncgofiafion owci of woncn
and flc zoning of flc cify. ^cn dcloicd onc and flc oflci, sincc flcy hofl
cnfailcd loss of acccss foi flcn: ncn wcic flus icsfiicfcd in ohfaining scxual
favouis and conany fion woncn, and flcii lysical novcncnfs in flc cify
wcic also consfiaincd.
!acfois alfciing flc cifoinancc of woncn`s gcndci aic fo hc linkcd fo a
laigc aiiay of clangcs: clangcs in flc discouiscs ahouf iiglfs, cqualify, coulcs,
icsonsihilifics wlicl gicw ouf of flc ocning of flc ncdia sacc in Cac
\cidc. Jclcvision (Biazilian, !oifugucsc and nafional clanncls aic flc nosf
offcn wafclcd) is an onniicscnf acfoi in flc lonc, in flc woncn`s donain.
!n facf, flc gcncial clinafc of dcnociacy following flc 11 ficc clccfions
civadcd all sccfois of social lifc. Jlc lihcialisafion of fiadc las allowcd foi flc
cncigcncc of a sfiong wonan figuic, flc (/,3.&5)/', in facf, scvcial woncn ! lavc
known lavc cngagcd in vaiious foins of fiadc cndcavouis, inoifing goods
hy going fo Lakai, fo !oifalcza, oi iccciving goods fliougl fanily ncnhcis
living ahioad. Jlc dcvcloncnf of flc cducafion sccfoi and flc involvcncnf
of giils in cducafion las hccn hofl an idcal and an acfual clangc. Jlcsc facfois
lavc aificiafcd in alfciing flc cifoinancc of woncn`s fcnininify. Jlcsc
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condifions lcl fo undcisfand ny nalc infcilocufois icnaiks flaf woncn wcic
adofing flc nasculinify gcnic wlcn flcy said flaf foday`s woncn uncl in
flc facc. Jlc adofion of nan-likc hclavioui hy woncn sccns fo qucsfion
ncn`s nasculinify (!ciiy 2) as gcndci cafcgoiics aic hluiiing. \oncn aic
acufc in ncgofiafing flcii conany againsf noncy, sciviccs oi goods. !ion
assivc, vicfiniscd hcings, woncn lavc hcconc cicfiafois.
!ow ny infcilocufois cxciicncc flcii icsfiicfions in acccss fo sacc is a
conlcx ioccss. !f sufficcs fo linf af a sinlc facf: flc cify of !iaia, wlcic flcy
wcic ioaning ficcly 1 ycais cailici, af wlafcvci loui of flc day, las hcconc
anoflci inagincd cify. !lysically, !iaia`s oulafion was lalf ifs confcno-
iaiy sizc in flc lafc s (fion 6 flousand if las giown fo noic flan 112
flousand in 2). uncious ncw ,&3((-', hofl iicl and ooi, lavc acaicd,
vciy disfincf in flcii asccfs and cquincnf. ^y infcilocufois` vanfagc oinfs
lavc clangcd, as flcy wcic flcn young ncn, avid foi 1-731/5)-, cxloiing
flcii youfl and inagining flcii fufuic. Bcsidcs giowing, flc cify oulafion
las divcisificd, wifl flc confinuous aiiivals of Cac \cidcans fion Sanfiago
and flc oflci islands, huf also ncw innigianfs fion flc Afiican confincnf and
Clina.
Jlc naiiafivcs ahouf safial icsfiicfions hasically cvokc fwo lcnoncna
iclafcd fo uihan aicas. Sonc of flc oulai aicas flcy usually ficqucnfcd
oi ciosscd aic now fanous foi hcing occuicd hy youfl gangs )+"6' oi
sinly ficqucnfcd hy flicvcs, looking foi sonc casl, cifoining flc =&''"
,-.3 (fion casl oi hody). Jlcsc aicas aic said fo hc dangcious, nainly af
niglf. Jlcy avoid flcn. As foi flc iiclci, ncwly huilf ical csfafc hy iivafc
cnfciiiscs and individuals and hy uhlic insfifufions, flcy do nof ficqucnf
flcn, cxccf foi iofcssional icasons, alflougl flcy find flc ncw aicas of vil-
las and condoniniuns wcsf of flc caifal nicc (,-53)"'). nc can scc low flc
inlanfafion of vaiious hanks and flcii cicdif olicics las affccfcd flc slac
and flc foins of !iaia.
!oi ny fiicnds, flcsc fiansfoinafions lavc icsfiicfcd flc nunhci and fyc
of aifncis flaf flcy can loc fo nccf and fo huild a iclafionsli wifl. Jlcsc
icsfiicfions on flcii acccss fo saccs in flc cify fianslafc flcii confincncnf,
flcii social sfafus. Jlcsc aic icsfiicfions fo flis now inossihlc idcal cison.
Jlcy oosc flcii icscnf consfiaincd sifuafion fo flc inagincd cify flcy
ioancd wlcn flcy wcic young and conquciing young nalcs, occuying flc
sfagc, young ncn consuning woncn (Biaya 21). !n facf, flc idcal nan is
young and noving.
Jlc icsouiccs flcy aic ahlc fo ohfain aic kcy fo flcii dccisions iclafcd fo
fanily lifc. Sfiucfuial, cisonal and conjccfuial ccononic clangcs affccf flcii
inconc: losing a joh as lacncd fo Azcdinla, following flc lihcialisafion
ficnzy affci flc fiisf dcnociafic clccfions in 11, hcing fiicd affci hcing sus-
ccfcd of slccing wifl flc hoss`s lovci, losing a naikcf foi an indccndcnf
J! AS!!RAJ!S AL CSJRA!JS ! ^ASC\L!!JY.
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3
woikci, flcsc cvcnfs linifcd flcii caacify fo dcvclo flcii fanilics as flcy
wislcd. Jlcy nccd fo conccnfiafc flcii cffoifs, aihifiafc. ^ancl las an uncci-
fain inconc, and lc gavc a lof of suoif fo ^ilan, lis hioflci, and fo lis
nuncious clildicn, fuiflcinoic, lc nanagcs lis inconc ooily, and las su-
oifcd flc consfanf ligl cosfs of flc lifc of a 1".A/(/56- (a ladics` nan). !is
icsouiccs lavc nof allowcd lin fo huild a lousc, lc is living flc lifc of an aging
olyganisf, wlosc scnfincnfal lifc sccns a long clain of conflicfs fion wlicl
lc is iunning away.
!inally, flc fanily sfoiy of cacl onc las hccn inoifanf in consfiaining
flcii own fanily fiajccfoiics. !n flc ahovc quofc, !aulo oinfcd fo flis facf.
Jlc fanily is a olynoilous caifal, if iovidcs oi dciivcs onc wifl / of idcn-
fify and diffcicnf icsouiccs: lciifagc (ical csfafc, land), social caifal (cisons
wlo can uf flcn in a fufuic), lunan caifal (aicnfs cducafing clildicn),
financial caifal, and so on. ^ilan gof an cducafion flanks fo flc suoif of
lis hioflci. Jlis allowcd lin fo gcf a joh, fo novc, fo nccf ncw colc and
cvcnfually lis aifnci, flanks fo wlon lc nigiafcd and found a joh. Con-
scious of flc inoifancc flc fanily info wlicl flcy wcic hoin lad on flcii
own fiajccfoiics, flosc ncn sfiivc fo icinfoicc and fo invcsf in flcii own fan-
ily (9&1;:3& 8(?8(3&), in flcii own inncdiafc social ncfwoiks, ficd hy cno-
fions, ohligafions, hlood, hcncvolcncc, icciiocify, in oidci fo ass on caifal
fo flcii own clildicn and flosc flcy caic foi.
A ^ASC\L!!JY GR R!JAJ!G LC!S!S
Accoiding fo Buflci (2), flc cifoinancc of gcndci is flc cifoinancc of a
sccific sclf. Jlc cifoinancc of flc gcnic ciaffs flc sclf, lcncc, flc cifoina-
fivify of gcndci. Jlis cifoinafivify is fo hc ohscivcd in low flc cifoinancc
of an inagincd gcndcicd sclf oiicnfafcs, cnahlcs sccific dccisions and acfions.
Jlc qucsfion sfcnning fion flis flcoicfical consfiucfion wlicl guidcs nc in
flis accounf of flc cvolufions of flc cifoinanccs of gcndci hy Cac \cidcan
ncn is wlcflci oflci cifoinanccs acai, wlcflci an alfciafion of flc gcnic
lacns, and low.
Jlc lcgcnonic nasculinify wifl wlicl ! gof faniliai fwcnfy ycais ago
affccfcd flc ossihilifics flaf flcsc ncn considcicd and closc in flcii fanily
fiajccfoiics. ^y infcilocufois do nof only sfill dislay flis gcnic, huf if io-
vidcs flcn wifl noins fo asscss oflci ncn`s hclavioui. Jlc nulfilicafion
of flc noflcis of onc`s clildicn (1>/ ./ 93.A"), as wc lavc sccn, is vciy nucl
flc conscqucncc of hcing a nan, icsccfcd in a socicfy of ccis, a conquciing
nan wlo conqucis hodics, ioans fciiifoiics and confiols flc icsccfahilify
of woncn lc fccls socially in claigc of, wlo fakc aif in lis ioxinify ncf-
woik. Jlc iclafion fo sacc acais ccnfial in all flcii dccisions. Saccs aic fo
hc cxloicd, confiollcd. xloiing saccs and flc safially sicad ouf Cicolc
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woild las hccn dccisivc in flc livcs of Azcdinla, !aulo, ^ilan, Jifo and ^ancl
all of flcn. ^asculinify is huf a icginc, an inagincd oidciing of flc social
ncfwoik, flc sclf and flc sacc, a icginc in wlicl ncn connand, iovidc,
iofccf and cnjoy. !dcally, if is all ahouf cifoining an indccndcnf sclf, onc
wlo knows, icquiics icsccf, and is sfiafcgic (/56&5& / &,"'" / 7/(6-5+&).
\lcn facing difficulfics in fulfilling lis iofcssional, scxual, fanily asiia-
fions, flc old cifoinancc of flc nan anong lis fiicnds acais noic likc a
icfugc, consfiaining lin fo vciy faniliai saccs wlcic lc is iccogniscd hy lis
ccis and offcn fakcn in a vicious ciiclc of lcavy diinking. Jlis las lacncd
fo ^ancl, flis las lacncd fo Azcdinla, a sifuafion lc was icscucd fion hy
lis 9&13:3&(/', living in flc \SA, wlo fook lin ovci flcic. Jlc confincncnf fo
flosc closc, faniliai saccs fcnds fo sculfuic vciy infolcianf sclvcs, incaahlc
of naking flc icquiicd conccssions fo woncn, fiacd in flcii own gcnic and
gcndci.
Jifo dccidcd nof fo fakc a cicdif wifl lis aifnci Gina fo huild a lousc
flaf would flcn hclong fo hofl. Conncnfing on lis dccision, Jifo cxlaincd
flaf lc alicady las a lof of icsonsihilifics, wifl lis clildicn and foui 1>/
./ 93.A". Jlcn lc said, ! wanf fo hc ficc |:37(/ &''31|, you scc. Jlis is wlaf
! ically wanf. !aulo, conncnfing on lis difficulfics in gcffing cnougl noncy
fo iogicss wifl flc consfiucfion of lis lousc, fold nc, You know, flis is flc
iohlcn wifl Cac \cidcan ncn, nany clildicn! Buf, as Jifo, as ^ancl, as
Azcdinla so offcn say, ncn aic )(&D"35"'.
^y cxciicncc wifl flosc ncn las hccn flc sanc foi flc lasf 2 ycais:
wlcn wc gcf icady fo go ouf, nof only do flcy dicss u, clangc flcii daily
cloflcs, huf flcii wlolc hody scfs ifsclf ouf foi uhlic dislay: flcy aic affcn-
fivc fo flcii inncdiafc cnviionncnf, cycs widc ocn, nindful, scanning flc
cnviionncnf foi known colc fo giccf loudly, wifl wlon fo cxclangc a fcw
woids. !owcvci, flcy aic ionc fo giccf giils and woncn in a lowci voicc, as if
csfahlisling iiglf away a confidcnfial, infinafc dialoguc, sciufinizing flc giil`s
acaiancc, a snilc on flcii facc as in a icdafoiy &5)/ 9&=)- dcliglf. ! lavc
alicady dcsciihcd flis hclavioui in icvious fcxfs (^assaif 2).
!oi onc fling, finc is an cncny. !n facf, flc idcal nan is young, sfiong,
claining, socially icsccfcd, and can inosc linsclf and lis voicc, in social
saccs lc confiols. Jlcii inagincd nan soncfincs fianslafcs in flcii cffoifs
fo do soifs, jogging, swinning, fo gcf a good laii cuf, wlicl lcls flcn
fccl icscnfahlc (&8(/'/5)P7/:), youngci (1&' 5-,"), ficslci (1&' 9(/'0"). Buf
lysical aging, ycais of laid woik, of consunfion of 6(-6"/ foi sonc, lavc
naikcd flcii hodics, nucl diffcicnf in look and caacifics fion fwcnfy ycais
ago. !s if suiiising flaf flc ooici, !aulo and ^ancl`s hodics aic flc noic
affccfcd A good nasculinc cifoinancc is idcally associafcd wifl youfl. Jlc
iclafions fo finc aic ccnfial in flc dynanics of flcsc ncn`s scnsc of sclf. ! will
conc hack fo flis.
J! AS!!RAJ!S AL CSJRA!JS ! ^ASC\L!!JY.
!
311
\iflouf flc ncans fo assunc flcii conquciing icfcnfions, fo safisfy flc
icquiicncnfs of ofcnfial aifncis, ncn aic consfiaincd fo a iaflci doncs-
fic lifc, wlcic flcy icioducc aiound a faniliai giou (wlcflci flcii own
oi nof) a classical nasculinify gicafly oiicnfafing flcii social cifoinanccs.
!f flcy lavc flc ncans, flcy uisuc quifc an agifafcd lifc, on flc novc. Buf in
all sifuafions, flcy aic unahlc fo fulfil flc icquiicncnfs of a good cifoinancc
of flcii gcnic. !f is a fougl lifc fo hc a nan. Jlis docs nof ncan flaf flcy
aic fliown in anony, a ciisis, flcy ncicly aic in difficulf sifuafions, foi an
inaginaiy dynanic (cifoinafivify) las slacd flcii sccific woildvicw, flc
fufuic and flcii lacc in hofl. Jlcy aic susfaincd in flcii cffoif hy a sfiong
ufoian diivc and a vciy iagnafic sfiafcgy of icioducfion, fliougl closcly
ficd gious inhucd hy fiusf, cnfcifaincd hy icciiocify. Buf ! an alicady linf-
ing af ny conclusions hcfoic answciing ny lasf qucsfion.
^ASC\L!!J!S, GLR, GRAJ! AL C!AG
Biaya convincingly aigucs: !iogicssivcncnf, lcs fcnncs clciclcnf soifii du
sfafuf d`ohjcf dans lcqucl lcs avaicnf confin lcs lonncs. llcs cffccfucnf dcs
cloix sfiafgiqucs cn sc nuanf cn aifcnaiics conscnfanfcs dc la scxualif. llcs
cscnf, dc cc faif, sui lcs nouvcllcs dfinifions dc la nasculinif (Biaya 21:
7). Jlcsc lincs could aly fo flc Cac \cidcan sifuafion, iovidcd wc kcc
in nind flaf flc dcfinifions of nasculinify aic confinuous ioccsscs. Jlc
qucsfioning oi, hcffci, flc clallcnging of flcii nasculinify hy woncn`s iac-
ficcs (including huf nof icsfiicfcd fo scxual iacficcs, cf. Anjos 2) is cffcc-
fivc, onc wondcis wlcflci flaf inlics flaf ncn alfci flcii nasculinify gcnic.
!n oflci woids, can flc gcnic insiiing ncn`s gcndci cifoinanccs hc
alfcicd Boys aic associafcd wifl flc fasks of flcii faflci, wlo icgulaily clal-
lcngcs flcn on wlaf flc clild knows and docs nof know low fo do, uffing
icssuic on lin fo lcain fasf. \lcicas ncn joking wifl hoys will offcn hully
flcn ahouf flcii giilfiicnds, flcy will infciiogafc giils ahouf flcii noflcis
oi flcii sclool giadcs and look af flcn as ohjccfs of dcsiic as flcy nafuic
lysically. Boys aic allowcd fo ioan noic ficcly in flc ,&3((-, nccfing ccis.
Jlus fion an caily agc flcy dcvclo an infcnsc and quifc sccific infci-cci
lifc. A young hoy is ciflci af sclool, oi icndciing sonc scivicc fo adulfs, oi
doing loncwoik oi ioaning aiound wifl lis fiicnds. Boys aic consfanfly
clallcngcd hy flcii faflcis fo hclavc likc ncn, as flcy fcll flcn fo hclavc.
! nadc clcai flaf flc qucsfioning of flcii nasculinify can icsulf in sonc
kind of confincncnf fo sccific, sclf sccuic, gious, ncfwoiks. !s flc cifoina-
fivify of flcii nasculinify so owciful flaf if fixcs, so fo scak, usual and lcgif-
inafc ways of acfing and hcing giafificd, flaf sucl fundancnfal clangcs can
only lacn hcfwccn gcnciafions Aic ncn iisoncis of a gcnic flaf flcy lavc
lcaincd fo cifoin sincc flcii caily clildlood \oncn aic also consfiaincd hy
312
!
G\Y ^ASSARJ cfnogifica
!
junlo dc 213
!
17 (2): 23-316
flc fcnininc osfuic flcy lcaincd, huf flcy acai ahlc fo gain noic ficcdon.
!n flc sanc ,&3((- as ny infcilocufois, ! ohscivcd flc clangcs in ny woncn
fiicnds` cifoinancc of gcndci, in flcii dislaying of flcii hodics. !n 2,
! was discussing flis wifl a fiicnd fion a villagc oufsidc !iaia, in lis caily 4s,
wlon ! lad nof sccn foi a fcw ycais. !c askcd nc wlcflci ! lad sccn low
giils wcic slowing flcii hclly huffons in !iaia nowadays.
\oncn`s affiinafivc osifion fowaids flc ncn flcy lcf info flcii livcs,
flcii ccononic indccndcncc and / oi inifiafivcs lavc hiouglf nc fo wiifc flaf
woncn wcic adofing flc lcgcnonic nasculinify gcnic (^assaif 24). Jlcy
aic ciccivcd as noic acfivc, wifl gicafci agcncy. !n Cac \cidc, wlcic sin-
glc-lcadcd lousclolds lavc hccn connon foi a long finc, flis sifuafion lcads
fo noic scaiafions hcfwccn aifncis and fo sccific scxual iacficcs. !n facf,
scxual iacficcs lavc fo hc considcicd in a hioadci dcsciifion and analysis of
confcnoiaiy scxualifics in Cac \cidc.
!n laisl ccononic condifions and sifuafions, ycs, wifl lifflc caifal, ncn
do sfick fo flcii usual cifoinanccs. Jlcy sfiivc, aic af gicaf ains fo icio-
ducc flc nasculinc oidci wiflouf nucl succcss, flcy icckon, and wifl a scii-
ous cncny, finc a consfiucfcd and non-lincai finc flaf allows flcn fo sliff
flcii ufoian iojccfions fion flcnsclvcs fo flcii kin and nainly clildicn,
fion a lysical fo a noic social and ccononic cifoinancc.
Jlis ohscivafion allows nc fo uf info cisccfivc aiguncnfs sucl as flosc
aificulafcd hy Ahoin liglliglfing scxualify as a ciucial clcncnf foi sclf-assci-
fion as a nan (Ahoin 2: 21). nc of Ahoin`s concluding icnaiks sfafcs:
Jlc ncwncss lcic is flaf insfcad of hcing conhincd wifl oflci foins of con-
fiol, nany young and uihan ncn aic naking usc of flcii scxualify as flc solc
and diiccf ncans of iccicafing a osifivc idcnfify (Ahoin 2: 21). !f flcic
is no douhf flaf in Cac \cidc, flc nasculinify gcnic and ifs cifoinanccs
lavc cnfailcd a conquciing, icdafoiy-likc scxualify, naiiafcd fliougl offcn
violcnf fcininology icfciiing fo flc scxual acf as a nalc cifoinancc, and
offcn a ncclanical onc nakc lovc as 1&)& 8-(0" (lifcially, fo kill a ig), as .PQ:
(givc if fo lci), oi as '3(3.A&Q: (fion '3(3.A&, fo filc, cvoking flc ncclanical hack
and foifl novcncnf of cncfiafion). ^y own analysis dcfcnds flc vicw flaf
if a gcnic of lcgcnonic nasculinify is icioduccd, flc acfual foins of ifs ci-
foinanccs vaiy accoiding fo flc cison`s fincs, hofl wlilc aging and in flaf
slc hclongs fo a gcnciafional giou. !n facf, a good nasculinify cifoinancc
allows a nan fo icnain young. !luial foins of nasculinifics aic ioduccd, and
flcsc aic hcsf disfinguislcd hy claiacfciizing flcn fion flc vanfagc oinf
of flc individuals and gious of ncn and woncn conccincd, vanfagc oinfs
dcfincd as a osifion in inagincd finc and sacc (Anjos 211).
Jlis lcads nc fo dcfcnd flc vicw flaf a lcnoncnology of saccs and fincs
in Cac \cidc icnains ccnfial fo flc undcisfanding of ifs confcnoiaiy fians-
foinafions and of flc dynanics of gcndci cifoinanccs. Jlis lcnoncnology
J! AS!!RAJ!S AL CSJRA!JS ! ^ASC\L!!JY.
!
313
icquiics flaf infcnfionalifics associafcd wifl sccific nofions of sacc and finc
as flcy cvolvc in Cac \cidcan lisfoiy and vaiy (oi nof) anong diffcicnf
social gious hc fiailcd, followcd, uisucd, inquiicd info, fliougl a dcfcc-
fivc-likc scnsifivc inquiiy (Ginzhuig 1) info flc clains of infcnfionalifics,
following on in an uninfciiufcd novcncnf. ! suggcsf flaf gcndci will slow
fo hc a ccnfial sfiucfuiing iincilc in flosc lcnoncnologics, cnhcddcd in
local naiiafivcs of idcnfifics, as gcndci cifoinanccs clangc, ossihlc alfci-
nafivc inaginings of flc cisonal and collccfivc sclvcs cvolvc and vicc-vcisa.
Jlc najoiify of ny infcilocufois iccognisc clangcs in flcii own hclavioui
fowaids flc ncnhcis of flcii ioxinify caic giou, soncfincs callcd 9&1;:3&,
and csccially in flcii hclavioui icgaiding flcii clildicn. !n an infoinal dis-
cussion wifl Jifo in 211, lc said flaf lc was nof hclaving fowaids lis lasf
son, wlo was living wifl lin af flc finc, as lc lad hclavcd fowaids lis
fiisf-hoin clild, a giil, wifl wlon lc now lad an iiicgulai confacf as lc lad
foi a long finc fakcn a sfiong aufloiifaiian affifudc fowaids lci, flc vciy
fcw fincs flcy ncf. Jlis lc iccogniscd was had (1&"). Jlcii daily infciac-
fions wifl flcii aifncis lavc also clangcd: ^iianda and Jifo confidcd flaf
flcy wcic noic fcndci (1&3' 0&(35+-'") wifl flcii cuiicnf aifncis flan flcy
cvci lad hccn wifl flcii icvious oncs. Jlcy cvcn acccf flc cvcnfualify of
anoflci gcndci, lonoscxuals, wlicl in flc classical gcnic was unflinkahlc
as flc wlolc oidci cicafcd hy lcgcnonic nasculinify icsfs on flc cxclusivc
aii ncn and woncn, wlcic, flcicfoic, lonoscxuals aic dcnicd nasculinify
and soncfincs lunanify, as flcy aic considcicd wiflouf ioci gcndci. Jlcsc
fiansfoinafions aic akin fo flcii caacify of conosing wifl cducafcd woncn,
wifl woncn wlosc scducfion sfiafcgics lavc clangcd. Jlcsc fwo clcncnfs lcf
us foicscc flaf flcsc clangcs in flcii gcndci cifoinanccs cnfail flc inagining
of oflci scxual iacficcs, oi flcii divcisificafion.
Basically, onc can wiifc flaf clangcs oi acconnodafions in flc cifoi-
nancc of gcndci aic lacning accoiding fo finc (flcii aging), social osi-
fions and infciacfions wifl sacc. !n flis scnsc, ycs, clangcs aic noic likcly
fo nafciialisc anong flc sccific gious flaf aic cducafcd in flosc clanging
fincs. Acccss fo icsouiccs allowing flc ocning and faniliaiisafion wifl oflci
icalifics, oflci sifuafions, fliougl cducafion, fiavclling, nigiafion, cxloia-
fions, aic ccnfial as flcy cicafc oflci sifuafions in wlicl flcy lavc lcss saccs
fo cifoin flc classical gcndci dividcs and affifudcs. Jlis is aificulaily ccn-
fial as flc confcnoiaiy clangcs aic acconanicd hy a divcisificafion of flc
cxciicnccs of iclafions fo finc and sacc.
Jlc lcgcnonic nasculinify gcnic icnains a icgisfci all of ny fiicnds acfi-
vafc in sccific sifuafions, anong ccis, in confidcnfial sifuafions, in nin-
ufc dcalings, dccision naking in daily lifc, in faniliai socializing sifuafions.
Jlis gcnic las in facf slacd flcii way of icscnfing flcnsclvcs sincc flcii
clildlood. !uiflcinoic, if is a icsouicc cnlancing sfiong ioxinify fics and a
314
!
G\Y ^ASSARJ cfnogifica
!
junlo dc 213
!
17 (2): 23-316
iovcn suivival sfiafcgy of iclying on flcn. !n ny vicw, if is flc nosf owci-
ful gcnic flaf, hy slaing flcii sclf and ifs cifoinanccs, oiicnfafcs flcii lifc
hccausc if is so insfiuncnfally connccfcd fo flc laigci discouiscs and lcnon-
cna flcy lavc hccn giowing wifl. As ! wiofc in nofcs coning hack fion ny
22 sfay in !iaia, affci a long ahscncc: vciyfling clangcd and cvciyfling
icnaincd flc sanc.
CDEDCDFGDH
AB!^, Sofia, 2, ^cn hcfwccn woilds: clanging nasculinifics in uihan ^aufo, %/5
&5. %&'=":353)3/', 12 (2): 21-224.
AL^!LA, ^igucl \alc dc, 16, R+/ S/6/1-53= %&:/T %&'=":353)# 35 & I-()"6"/'/ R-U5.
!iovidcncc and xfoid, Bciglaln Books.
AJS, Jos Cailos dos, 2, Caho \cidc c a inoifaao do idcologcna hiasilciio da
ncsfiagcn, S-(34-5)/' &5)(-8-:?63=-', 14: 177-24.
AJS, Jos Cailos dos, 2, Scxualidadc juvcnil dc classcs oulaics cn Caho \cidc:
os caninlos aia a iosfifuiao dc jovcns uihanas ohics, V/73')& E')".-' W/1353')&',
13 (1): 163-177.
AJS, Jos Cailos dos, 211, La icvolfa dc Rihciiao ^anucl ao dcvii-nullci dc un
ovo, in C. Silva c C. !oifcs (cds.), J' %":+/(/' /1 O&,- X/(./T E<8/(3B5=3& / I/('8/=)37&'.
!iaia, diocs \ni-C\, 4-6.
BAK!J!, ^iklail, 16, Jlc iohlcn of scccl gcnics, in ^iklail Baklfin, Y8//=+ !/5Q
(/' &5. Z)+/( [&)/ E''&#'. Ausfin, \nivcisify of Jcxas !icss, 6-12.
BSA, Alhan, 2, 1: cic dc wd: icfoui sui unc cflnologic au long couis, in L. !assin
c A. Bcnsa (cds.), [/' 8-:3)3D"/' ./ :\/5D"B)/. !aiis, difions La Lcouvcifc, 1-3.
B!AYA, Jlikala Kaycnhc, 21, Lcs laisiis dc la villc: nasculinif, scxualif cf fninif
Lakai (17-2), J9(3=&5 Y)".3/' V/73/U, 44 (2): 71-.
B\JLR, Judifl, 2, R(-",:/ .&5' :/ 6/5(/T [/ 9@1353'1/ /) :& '",7/('3-5 ./ :\3./5)3)@. !aiis,
difions La Lcouvcifc.
CARSJ, Jancf, 24, J9)/( ]35'+38. Canhiidgc, Canhiidgc \nivcisify !icss.
CARSJ, Jancf, 26, L`anflioologic dc la aicnf: au-dcl dc l`cflnogialic , /)+5-Q
6(&8+3D"/'H-(6, 11, availahlc af <lff: / / www.cflnogialiqucs.oig / 26 / Caisfcn (lasf
acccsscd 3 / 4 / 213).
CRLL, R. \., 1, ^asculinifics and glohalizafion, %/5 &5. %&'=":353)3/', 1 (1): 3-23.
CR\ALL, Andica, and ancy L!L!S!AR (cds.), 14, K3':-=&)356 %&'=":353)#T O-18&Q
(&)37/ E)+5-6(&8+3/'. London, Rouflcdgc.
LRJB!^, !cikc, 2, !oiizons of long-disfancc infinacics: icciiocify, confiihufion
and disjuncfuic in Cac \cidc, S3')-(# -9 )+/ W&13:#, 14: 132-14.
L\LS, Alan, 17, !nfo flc cndzonc foi a foucldown: a sycloanalyfic considciafion
of Anciican foofhall, ^/')/(5 W-:0:-(/, 37 (2): 7-.
J! AS!!RAJ!S AL CSJRA!JS ! ^ASC\L!!JY.
!
31
!ASS!, iic, 2, !ifacc l`difion fianaisc (2): fiouhlc-gcnic, in Judifl Buflci,
R(-",:/ .&5' :/ 6/5(/T [/ 9@1353'1/ /) :& '",7/('3-5 ./ :\3./5)3)@. !aiis, difions La Lcouvcifc,
-1.
!\Q\J, Jlonas, 27, !naginaiics nigiafoiics cf cxiicnccs nulfilcs dc l`alfiif:
unc dialccfiquc acfucllc du ioclc cf du loinfain, J")(/8&(), 41: 3-7.
G!ZB\RG, Cailo, 1, Jlc inquisifoi as anflioologisf, in Cailo Ginzhuig, O:"/'G
%#)+'G &5. )+/ S3')-(3=&: %/)+-.. Balfinoic, ^L, Jlc Jolns !okins \nivcisify !icss,
16-164.
G\!JA, Aklil, and Jancs !RG\S, 17, Culfuic, owci, lacc: cflnogialy af flc
cnd of an cia, in A. Gufa and J. !ciguson (cds.), O":)"(/G I-U/(G I:&=/T E<8:-(&)3-5' 35
O(3)3=&: J5)+(-8-:-6#. Luilan and London, Lukc \nivcisify !icss, 1-2.
!AKS, !. \illian, 16, [&56"&6/ &5. O-11"53=&)37/ I(&=)3=/'. Bouldci, C, \csfvicw!icss.
LAJ\R, Biuno, 16, n infciohjccfivify, %35.G O":)"(/G &5. J=)373)#, 3 (4), availahlc af
<lff: / / www.hiuno-lafoui.fi / sifcs / dcfaulf / filcs / 63-!JRBJCJS-GB.df (lasf acccs-
scd 3 / 4 / 213).
^A!!^, Kail, 1, [/ I(-,:_1/ ./' !@5@(&)3-5'. !aiis, aflan.
^ARC\S, Gcoigc, 2, Jlc cnd(s) of cflnogialy: social / culfuial anflioology`s sig-
nafuic foin of ioducing knowlcdgc in fiansifion, O":)"(&: J5)+(-8-:-6#, 23 (1): 1-14.
^ASSARJ, Guy, 2, Gcndci and olifics fliougl languagcs iacficcs anong uihan Cac
\cidcan ^cn, in \. Goddaid (cd.), !/5./(G J6/5=# &5. O+&56/T J5)+(-8-:-63=&: I/('8/=)37/'.
London and cw Yoik, Rouflcdgc, 142-164.
^ASSARJ, Guy, 22, \iajanfcs iofissionais c csfiangciios caho-vcidianos no Rio dc
Janciio: cxciincias c consfiuocs do oufio`, in Y. ^aggic c C. Rczcndc (cds.), J V&`&
=-1- V/)?(3=&T J O-5')("`>- .& K39/(/5`& /1 I/('8/=)37& O-18&(&.&. Rio dc Janciio, difoia
Rccoid, 26-3.
^ASSARJ, Guy, 24, ^asculinifs oui fous Gcnic, ouvoii cf gouvcinncnfalif au
Ca-\cif. Lc foyci dans la siialc dc l`ouvcifuic cf du clangcncnf !iaia, V/7"/ ["'-Q
)-83/, !! (1-2): 24-262.
^AL, Gcoigc !cihcif, 134, %35.G Y/:9 &5. Y-=3/)#. Clicago, Jlc \nivcisify of Clicago
!icss.
G, A., and S. CLL!R (cds.), 2, !:-,&: J''/1,:&6/'T R/=+5-:-6#G I-:3)3='G &5. E)+3=' &'
J5)+(-8-:-63=&: I(-,:/1'. ^aldcn, ^A, Blackwcll.
!R!RA, Lanicl A., 14, J Y3)"&`>- .& a:+& ./ Y&5)3&6- 5- bHc d"&()/: .- Y@=":- eXaaa. !iaia,
!nsfifufo Cahovcidiano do Livio.
!RRY, Lonna, 2, \olof woncn, ccononic lihcializafion, and flc ciisis of nasculinify
in iuial scncgal, E)+5-:-6#, 44 (3): 27-226.
!!A-CABRAL, Joao dc, 1, W3:+-' ./ J.>-G W3:+&' ./ E7&T J X3'>- .- %"5.- O&18-5/'& .-
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