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ENGENHARIA
u( x, y) 0 1 x 2 y
v( x, y) 0 1 x 2 y
u( x, y) 0 1 x 2 y 3 x 2 4 xy 5 y 2
v( x, y) 0 1 x 2 y 3 x 2 4 xy 5 y 2
u( x, y) 0 1 x 2 y 3 xy
v( x, y) 0 1 x 2 y 3 xy
u( x, y) 0 1 x 2 y 3 xy 4 x 2 5 x 2 y 6 x 2 y 2 7 xy 2 8 y 2
v( x, y) 0 1 x 2 y 3 xy 4 x 2 5 x 2 y 6 x 2 y 2 7 xy 2 8 y 2
u( x, y) 0 1 x 2 y 3 xy 4 x 2 5 x 2 y 6 xy 2 7 y 2
v( x, y) 0 1 x 2 y 3 xy 4 x 2 5 x 2 y 6 xy 2 7 y 2
u ( x, y) 1
x
x y
x
E
l x l y tch
xy
v( x, y) 1
y x
y
E
v( x, y) u ( x, y) 21
1
xy xy
x
y
E
G
1
U u0 dV x x y y xy xy dV
2 vol
vol
onde: u0 a energia de deformao especfica e:
x E x
y E y
xy G xy
t x y xy ;
t x y xy
de deformao:
t x y z xy ;
assim teremos:
t x y z xy
E 2
1
2
2
dV
y
xy
2 vol
2(1 )
u ( x, y ) 0 1 x 2 y 1 x
0
y1 f ( x, y ) ~
2
v( x, y ) 0 1 x 2 y 1 x
0
~
y 1 f ( x, y )
2
0
0 2 A
1
0
2
0
com:
y1
x1
y2
1 x2
y3
x3
0 0
y1 1
0 2
y2 0
0 1
y3 2
x3 y1 x1 y3
x1 y2 x2 y1
y3 y1
y1 y2
x1 x3
x2 x1
x2 y3 x3 y2
x3 y1 x1 y3
y 2 y3
y3 y1
x3 x2
x1 x3
u1
v
0
1
u2
0
1 n
u
x1 y2 x2 y1 v2
y1 y2 u3
x2 x1 v3
0
2 A x1 y2 x2 y3 x3 y1 x1 y3 x2 y1 x3 y2
u ( x, y ) 1 x
v( x, y ) 1 x
0
y1 1 x
3
x2 y3 x3 y2
y y2 y3
x3 x2
x3 y1 x1 y3
0
y 1 1 x
3
x2 y3 x3 y2
y y2 y3
x3 x2
x3 y1 x1 y3
y3 y1
x1 x3
y3 y1
x1 x3
x1 y2 x2 y1 u1
y1 y2 u2
x2 x1
u3
x1 y2 x2 y1 v1
y1 y2 v2
x2 x1
v3
u ( x, y) v( x, y) u ( x, y) v( x, y)
;
;
;
x
y
y
x
v( x, y ) u ( x, y)
v( x, y )
u ( x, y )
e
; y
Lembrando que: x
xy
x
y
y
x
x3 y1 x1 y3
x2 y3 x3 y2
u ( x, y )
0 0 1 y2 y3
y
x3 x2
x3 y1 x1 y3
x2 y3 x3 y2
v( x, y )
0 0 1 y2 y3
y
x3 x2
x3 y1 x1 y3
x2 y3 x3 y2
v( x, y )
0 1 0 y2 y3
x
x3 x2
x3 y1 x1 y3
y3 y1
x1 x3
y3 y1
x1 x3
y3 y1
x1 x3
y3 y1
x1 x3
x1 y2 x2 y1 u1
y1 y2 u2 y2 y3
x2 x1
u3
x1 y2 x2 y1 u1
y1 y2 u2 x3 x2
x2 x1
u3
x1 y2 x2 y1 u1
y1 y2 u2 x3 x2
x2 x1
u3
x1 y2 x2 y1 u1
y1 y2 u2 y2 y3
x2 x1
u3
y3 y1
u1
y1 y2 u2
u
3
x1 x3
u1
x2 x1u2
u
3
x1 x3
v1
x2 x1v2
v
3
y3 y1
v1
y1 y2 v2
v
3
u ( x, y )
x
x
x
v( x, y )
y
0
y
u
(
x
,
y
)
v
(
x
,
y
)
xy
u ( x, y )
Lu
y v( x, y )
1
1
1
t
t
dV
dV
D dV
x x
y y
xy xy
2 vol
2 vol
2 vol
Lembrando que:
t t D
n
1
1 t t
1 n t
t
t
U D dV u L D Lu dV u LF D LF dV u
2 vol
2 vol
2
vol
0
2 A 0 0 0 1 x y
x3 y1 x1 y3
x1 y2 x2 y1
y3 y1
y1 y2
x1 x3
x2 x1
x2 y3 x3 y2
x3 y1 x1 y3
y 2 y3
y3 y1
x3 x2
x1 x3
0
N 2 ( x, y)
0
N 3 ( x, y)
0
1 N1 ( x, y)
F
N1 ( x, y)
0
N 2 ( x, y)
0
N 3 ( x, y)
2 A 0
onde: N1(x,y), N2(x,y) e N3(x,y) so as funes interpoladoras.
x1 y2 x2 y1
y1 y2
x2 x1
0
( x2 y3 x3 y2 ) ( y2 y3 )
(x x )
x 3 2 y
2A
2A
2A
N1 ( x, y) ( y2 y3 )
x
2A
N1 ( x, y) ( x3 x2 )
y
2A
( x3 y1 x1 y3 ) ( y3 y1 )
( x1 x3 )
N 2 ( x, y)
x
y
2A
2A
2A
N 2 ( x, y ) ( y3 y1 )
x
2A
N 2 ( x, y ) ( x1 x3 )
y
2A
( x1 y2 x2 y1 ) ( y1 y2 )
( x2 x1 )
N3 ( x, y)
x
y
2A
2A
2A
N 3 ( x, y ) ( y1 y2 )
x
2A
N 3 ( x, y ) ( x2 x1 )
y
2A
N1 ( x, y)
x
B LF 0
0
N 2 ( x, y )
0
N 3 ( x, y )
0
N1 ( x, y )
N1 ( x, y )
0
N 2 ( x, y )
0
N 3 ( x, y )
y 0
N1 ( x, y )
x
B LF
0
N ( x, y )
1
y
0
N1 ( x, y )
y
N1 ( x, y )
x
N 2 ( x, y )
x
0
N 2 ( x, y )
y
0
N 2 ( x, y )
y
N 2 ( x, y )
x
N 3 ( x, y )
x
0
N 3 ( x, y )
y
N 3 ( x, y )
y
N 3 ( x, y )
y2 y3
1
B
0
2A
x3 x2
y3 y1
y1 y2
x3 x2
x1 x3
y2 y3
x1 x3
y3 y1
x2 x1
n
1 n t t
Por fim fazemos: U u B D B dV u
2
vol
x2 x1
y1 y2
0
com:
klocal B t DBdV
vol
klocal t
t
t
t
B
DB
dA
t
B
DB
A
tA
(
B
DB)
rea
klocal A( Bt DB)
2
1 y3 y1
klocal A
2A 0
y1 y2
y2 y3
0
1 y3 y1
klocal
4A 0
y1 y2
0
x3 x2
0
x1 x3
0
x2 x1
0
x3 x2
0
x1 x3
0
x2 x1
x3 x2
y2 y3
2
x1 x3
2
y3 y1
0
0
x2 x1
y1 y2
x3 x2
y2 y3
2
x1 x3
2
y3 y1
0
0
x2 x1
y1 y2
0 y 2 y3
0 0
x3 x2
0 y 2 y3
0 0
x3 x2
y3 y1
y1 y2
x3 x2
x1 x3
y 2 y3
x1 x3
y3 y1
x2 x1
y3 y1
y1 y2
x3 x2
x1 x3
y 2 y3
x1 x3
y3 y1
x2 x1
E
1 1 2
E
21
x2 x1
y1 y2
0
x2 x1
y1 y2
0
W1 y2 y3 ; W2 y3 y1; W3 y1 y2
V1 x3 x2 ; V2 x1 x3 ; V3 x2 x1
M ( 2 )
1
P2
4A
F p d
W u pd u n
t
px
onde: p
py
n
1 n t t
U W u B D B dV u u n
2
vol
F
t
p dV
U W u
n t
t
n
n
B D B dV u u
vol
F
t
p dV 0
t
n
n
t n
n
B D B dV u F p dV klocalu f local 0 klocalu f local
vol
klocal 66 u n 61 flocal61
fx
px
p
y
F
p d
onde: p
0
N 2 ( x, y)
0
N 3 ( x, y)
0
1 N1 ( x, y)
N1 ( x, y)
0
N 2 ( x, y)
0
N 3 ( x, y)
2 A 0
1
l31
21
1
1
l31
u( x, y) 0 1 x 2 y
v( x, y) 0 1 x 2 y
2
l23
2 2
1
l23
e que:
p r3 q
Observe que:
p x3e1 y3e2 1 x1 x3 e1 1 y1 y3 e2 2 x2 x3 e1 2 y2 y3 e2
p xe1 ye2
e assim,
x x3 1 x1 x3 2 x2 x3
y y3 1 y1 y3 2 y2 y3
x 1 x1 2 x2 1 1 2 x3
y 1 y1 2 y2 1 1 2 y3
Observe que ligando o ponto P aos vrtices do tringulo, formamos trs novos
tringulos cujas reas so dadas por:
1
A2 l31 2 h2
2
1
A1 l231h1
2
1
1
A l31h2 l23h1
2
2
1 l h
23 1 1
A1
2
1 ;
1 l h
A
2 23 1
A2
2
A
A
A1 A2 A3
1 2 3 1 2 3
A A A
A
x 1 x1 2 x2 3 x3
y 1 y1 2 y2 3 y3
u1 1 x1
v 0 0
1
u2 1 x2
n
u
v2 0 0
u3 1 x3
v3 0 0
x2 y3 x3 y2
0
y y
3
2
1
1 x3 x2
2
0
0 2 A
1
0
2
0
com:
y1
x1
y2
1 x2
y3
x3
0 0
y1 1
0 2
n
y2 0
0 1
y3 2
x3 y1 x1 y3
x1 y2 x2 y1
y3 y1
y1 y2
x1 x3
x2 x1
x2 y3 x3 y2
x3 y1 x1 y3
y 2 y3
y3 y1
x3 x2
x1 x3
u1
v
0
1
u2
0
1 n
u
x1 y2 x2 y1 v2
y1 y2 u3
x2 x1 v3
0
2 A x1 y2 x2 y3 x3 y1 x1 y3 x2 y1 x3 y2
1
x2 y3 x3 y2 u1 x1 y3 x3 y1 u2 x1 y2 x2 y1 u3
2A
1
y2 y3 u1 y3 y1 u2 y1 y2 u3
2A
1
x3 x2 u1 x1 x3 u2 x2 x1 u3
2A
1
x2 y3 x3 y2 v1 x1 y3 x3 y1 v2 x1 y2 x2 y1 v3
0
2A
1
y2 y3 v1 y3 y1 v2 y1 y2 v3
2A
1
x3 x2 v1 x1 x3 v2 x2 x1 v3
2A
1
x2 y3 x3 y2 u1 x1 y3 x3 y1 u2 x1 y2 x2 y1 u3 y2 y3 u1 x y3 y1 u2 x y1 y2 u3 x x3 x2 u1 y x1 x3 u2 y x2 x1 u3 y
2A
v( x, y)
1
x2 y3 x3 y2 v1 x1 y3 x3 y1 v2 x1 y2 x2 y1 v3 y2 y3 v1 x y3 y1 v2 x y1 y2 v3 x x3 x2 v1 y x1 x3 v2 y x2 x1 v3 y
2A
1
x2 y3 xy2 yx3 x3 y2 xy3 yx2 u1 x1 y3 xy1 yx1 x3 y1 xy3 yx3 u2 x1 y2 xy1 yx1 xy2 x2 y1 yx2 u3
2A
v( x, y)
1
x2 y3 xy2 yx3 x3 y2 xy3 yx2 v1 x1 y3 xy1 yx1 x3 y1 xy3 yx3 v2 x1 y2 xy1 yx1 xy2 x2 y1 yx2 v3
2A
u ( x, y)
1
A1u1 A2u2 A3u3
2A
v( x, y)
1
A1v1 A2v2 A3v3
2A
A1
1
x2 y3 x3 y2 ( y2 y3 ) x ( x3 x2 ) y
A 2A
A2
1
x3 y1 x1 y3 ( y3 y1 ) x ( x1 x3 ) y
A 2A
A3
1
x1 y2 x2 y1 ( y1 y2 ) x ( x2 x1 ) y
3
A 2A
com isso podemos escrever o termo genrico i:
1
x j yk xk y j ( y j yk ) x ( xk x j ) y ; i, j, k 1, 2, 3
2A
u 1 0 2 0 3
v 0 1 0 2 0
u1
v
1
0 u2
n
Fu
3 v2
u3
v3
u LFu n
Lu 0
y v
x
B 0
1 0 2 0 3 0
0
y 0 1 0 2 0 3
x
y
0
( y2 y3 )
1
x3 x2
B
0
2A
x3 x2 ( y2 y3 )
y3 y1
0
1
y
1
x
2
x
0
2
y
0
2
y
2
x
y1 y2
x1 x3
0
x1 x3 y3 y1 x2 x1
0
3
x
0
3
y
3
y
3
x2 x1
y1 y2
0
klocal t
t
t
t
B
DB
dA
t
B
DB
A
tA
(
B
DB)
rea
klocal A( Bt DB)
Uma modificao pode ser introduzida para aplicao aos estados planos de
deformao (z=0 e z=cte) (Assan, A.E.):
z ( x y )
1 ' 0
E' t
k
B t D' BdA , com D dada por: D' ' 1 0
2
1 ' A
0 0
onde:
E'
'
,
1 2
1
1 '
2
assim:
E' E
'
~
E' t
k
4 A 1 ' 2
fx
F
p d
px
p
y
onde: p
p x 1 0 2 0 3
p y 0 1 0 2 0
p x1
p
y1
0 p x2
n
Fp
3 p y2
p x3
p y3
fx
t
n
d
F
F
p
p x1
1 0
p
0
1
y1
2 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 p x2
t
n
F F p
p
0
2
1
2
3 26 y 2
3 0
p x2
p y3 61
3
62
1 0
0
1
2 0 p x11 p x2 2 p x3 3
t
n
F F p
y2 2
y3 3 21
2
y1 1
3 0
0 3 62
p x112 p x2 21 p x3 31
2
p
y2 2 1
y3 3 1
y1 1
2
p x3 3 2
t
x
1
2
x
2
n
1
2
F F p
2
p
y3 3 2
y1 1 2 y2 2
p x 1 3 p x 2 3 p x 32
2
3
1
2
p
y1 1 3
y2 2 3
y3 3
fx
t
n
d
F
F
p
d l23d3
t
n
l23d3
F
F
p
0l23
p p p d
p p p d
p p p d
p p p d
p p p d
p p p d
x1
2
1
x2
2 1
x3 3 1
y1
2
1
y2
2 1
y3 3 1
x1 1
y1 1
x1 1 3
y1 1 3
x2
2
2
x3 3 2
y2
2
2
y3 3 2
x3
2
3
y3
2
3
x2
y2
2 3
2 3
f l23
2
p x2 1 3 p x3 3 1 3 d 3
2
p y2 1 3 p y3 3 1 3 d 3
2
p x2 3 1 3 p x3 1 3 d 3
2
p y2 3 1 3 p y3 1 3 d 3
0
1
1
px
3 2 6
1
1
Resolvendo-se as integrais, obtm-se: f l23 p y2
6
3
1 p 1
6 x2 3
1
1
p y2
3
6
p x3
p y3
p x3
p y3
x
Lu 0
u
LFu n
y v
x
0
1
y
0
1
y
1
x
0
( y 2 y3 )
1
x3 x2
2A
x3 x2 ( y2 y3 )
2
x
0
2
y
y3 y1
3
x
0
2
y
2
x
0
3
y
u
1
0 v1
3 u2
Bu n
y v2
3 u
3
x v
3
y1 y2
x1 x3
0
x1 x3 y3 y1 x2 x1
0
u1
v
0 1
u
x2 x1 2
v
y1 y2 2
u3
v3
y
2
2 A 1 '
xy
onde:
E'
0
1 ' 0 ( y 2 y3 )
' 1 0 0
x3 x2
0 0 x3 x2 ( y2 y3 )
'
,
1 2
1
y3 y1
y1 y2
x1 x3
0
x1 x3 y3 y1 x2 x1
0
1 '
2
u1
v
0 1
u
x2 x1 2
v
y1 y2 2
u3
v3