Campos livres

Para que a matriz

seja invariante necessrio que

V ( t )= d x H ( x , t)

onde

H (x ,t)

um escalar ou seja

U ( , a ) H ( x ) U ( , a )1 =H ( x +a )

e satisfaz a seguinte condio

[ H ( x ) , H ( y ) ]=0, ( x y )2 0
H

Para que
+ = ( 2 )

2
3

seja um escalar vamos constru-lo de campos

d p3 u ( x , p , , n ) a ( p , , n ) eip x

= ( 2 )3 d p 3 v ( x , p , ,n ) a ( p , , n ) eip x

onde os coeficientes so escolhidos de modo que sob uma

transformao de Lorentz os campos se transformam da
seguinte forma
1

U ( , a ) + U ( , a ) =D ( 1 ) + ( x+ a )
1

U ( , a ) U ( , a ) =D ( 1 ) ( x+ a )

Assim podemos construir a densidade Hamiltoniano da

seguinte forma

+
+

'
m

'
1

H ( x )=g ,
n

'
1

'
n

Dessa forma H ( x ) vai ser

escalar se escolhemos os
coeficientes constantes como covariantes ou seja para todo

D D ( 1 ) D D
1

'
1

g ,
'
1

'
1

'
n

'
1

'
m

'
1

'

( 1 ) g ,
1

Para vermos isso tomemos o caso simples de

nesse caso temos

m=1 , n=1

+

H ( x )=g

sobe uma transformao de Lorentz

da seguinte forma
+ ( x+a )
1
+ U ( , a ) =U ( , a ) D ( 1 )

1

( x +a ) U ( , a )
=D ( 1 )
U ( , a )

transformam

substituindo na expresso acima ficamos com

+ U ( , a )1

U ( , a ) H ( x ) U ( , a )1 =g U ( , a )

que nos da
+ ( x+a )
1
( x +a ) U ( , a ) U ( , a ) D ( 1 )
g D ( 1 )

ou seja
U ( , a ) H ( x ) U ( , a )1 =
+ ( x+ a )
( x +a )
g D ( 1 ) D ( 1)

se tivermos
D ( 1 ) D ( 1 ) g =g

g D ( 1 ) D ( 1)

Temos tambm que

U + U1=
2
3

( 2 ) d p 3 U u ( x , p , , n ) U 1 Ua ( p , ,n ) e ip x U1=

Casual vector fields

We now take up the next simplest kind of field, which

transforms as a four-vector, the simplest non-trivial
representation of the homogeneous Lorentz group.

0
There are massive particles, the W and Z , that at low
energies are described by such fields and that play an
increasing role in modern elementary particle physics, so
this example is not merely of pedagogical interest. (Also,
although we are here considering only massive particles,
one approach to quantum electrodynamics is to describe
the photon in terms of a massive vector field in the limit of
very small mass). For the moment we will suppose that only
one species of particle is described by this field (dropping
the species label n ); then we shall consider the possibility
that the field describes both a particle and a distinct
antiparticle.
In the four-vector representation of the Lorentz group, the
rows and columns of the representation matrices D( ) are
labelled with four-component indices , , etc., with
D ( ) ( 5.3 .1 )

The annihilation and creation parts of the vector field are

written:
2

+ = ( 2 ) 3 d p3 u ( p , ) a ( p , ) eip x ( 5.3 .2 )

+ = ( 2 ) 3 d p3 v ( p , ) a ( p , ) eip x ( 5.3 .3 )

The coefficient functions u ( p , ) and v ( p , ) for arbitrary

momentum are given in terms of those for zero momentum
by Eqs. (5.1.21) and (5.1.22) , which here read:

u ( p , )=

m
0
p

1
2

( ) L ( ) u ( 0, ) ( 5.3 .4)

m 12 ( )
(
)
u p , = 0 L u ( 0, ) ( 5.3 .5 )
p

( )

(We are using the usual summation convention for spacetime indices , etc.). Also, the coefficient functions at
zero momentum are subject to the conditions (5.1.25) and
(5.1.26)

u ( p , ) J (J) =J u (0, ) ( 5.3.6 )

and

( J )

v ( p , ) J =J v (0, ) ( 5.3 .7 )

J
The
rotation
generators
in
the
representation are given by Eq. (5.3.1) as

four-vector

(J k )00=(J k )0i =(J k )i0=0 (5.3.8)

(J k )ij= ijk (5.3 .9)

with

i, j , k

here running over the values

note in particular that ,

(J 2)00 =(J 2 )0i =(J 2)i0=0(5.3 .10)

takes the form

1,2,

and

. We

(J 2)ij=2 ij (5.3 .11)

(5.3 .6)

From Eqs.

and

(5.3 .7)

it follows then that

u0 ( p , ) ( j( j) ) =0 ( 5.3 .12 )

ui ( p , ) ( j( j) ) =2u i ( 0, ) ( 5.3 .13 )

and
( j )
j

0
v ( p , )

( j )
j

v i ( p , )

( j)
Also, we recall the familiar result that ( ( j ) = j ( j+1 ) . From

(5.3 .12)(5.3 .15)

Eqs.
we see that there are just two
possibilities for the spin of the particle described by the
0
0
vector field: either j=0 , for which at p=0 only u and v

are non-zero, or else

p=0

j=1

j ( j+1 )=2

so that
i

), for which at
i

only the space-components u and v are non-zero.

Let us look in a little more detail at each of these two
possibilities.