Finlands

Contedo

1 Capa 1

2 Introduo 2
2.1 Viso Global . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.2 A Estrutura Lingustica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.3 Diferenas entre nlands falado e escrito . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.4 Palavras emprestadas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.5 Falsos cognatos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.6 Exerccio Nmero Um . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3 Alfabeto 4
3.1 Alfabeto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.2 Estrutura fonolgica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.3 Regras de pronncia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

4 Harmonia voclica 5

5 Gradao das consoantes 7

5.1 Alternncia (ou Compreenso) Consontica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5.1.1 Regras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5.1.2 Tipos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

6 Tipos de palavras 8
6.1 -i- palavras (novas, moderna) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
6.1.1 hotelli, posti, pankki, taksi, turisti, kahvi, appelsiini, tomaatti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
6.2 -i- palavras (antigas, Finlandesas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
6.2.1 a) mki, joki, niemi, jrvi, lahti, lehti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
6.2.2 b) pieni, sieni, kieli, tuuli, suuri, nuori, vuori... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
6.3 -e- palavras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
6.3.1 perhe, huone, parveke, lentokone, kone, kirje, osoite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
6.4 -nen-sana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6.4.1 suomalainen, ulkomaalainen, nainen, ihminen, iloinen, likainen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6.5 -si-sana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6.5.1 vesi, vuosi, kuukausi, uusi, ksi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

i
ii CONTEDO

6.6 -is/-as/s-sana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6.6.1 kaunis, kallis, sairas, ers, vieras, potilas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6.7 -us/ys/os/s-sana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6.7.1 kokous, rakennus, hallitus, kysymys, ostos, kerros, nyts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

7 Substantivos 10
7.1 Formas Nominais . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
7.1.1 Casos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
7.1.2 Plural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
7.1.3 Substantivo/Adjetivos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

8 Pronomes 12
8.1 Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
8.1.1 Personal pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
8.1.2 Demonstrative pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
8.1.3 Interrogative pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
8.1.4 Relative pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
8.1.5 Reciprocal pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
8.1.6 Reexive pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
8.1.7 Indenite pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

9 Adjetivos 13
9.0.8 Formao do comparativo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
9.0.9 Superlativo formao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

10 Declinao 14
10.1 Casos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

11 Verbos 15
11.1 Formas verbais . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
11.1.1 Tempos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
11.1.2 Vozes verbais . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
11.1.3 Moods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
11.1.4 Innitives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
11.1.5 Verb conjugation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
11.1.6 Participles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
11.1.7 Negation of verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
11.1.8 Interrogatives (questions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

12 Advrbio 20
12.1 Advrbios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
12.1.1 Comparativo formao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
12.1.2 Superlativo formao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
12.1.3 Formas irregulares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
CONTEDO iii

13 Preposio e Posposio 21
13.1 Postpositions and prepositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
13.1.1 Postpositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
13.1.2 Prepositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

14 Primeiras palavras 22
14.1 1 etapa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
14.2 2 etapa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
14.3 3 etapa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
14.4 4 etapa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
14.5 5 etapa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

15 Comida 25

16 Cores 26

17 Partes do corpo 27

18 Nmeros 28
18.1 Cardinal numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
18.2 Ordinal numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
18.3 Names of numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

19 Pases 30
19.1 Fontes dos textos e imagens, contribuidores e licenas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
19.1.1 Texto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
19.1.2 Imagens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
19.1.3 Licena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Captulo 1

Capa

Suomi ~ Portugali

Portugus ~ Finlands

Avanar para o ndice

1
Captulo 2

Introduo

2.1 Viso Global tural puramente baseado no estudo literrio. Na prtica,

voc ser entendido sem diculdade, mas no se deve es-
Finlands (suomi em nlands) uma lngua pertencente perar a conversa de falantes nativos para coincidir com
ao ramo fnico do grupo das no-gricas da famlia lin- a forma gramatical precisa em que a lngua ensinada.
gustica das urlicas. No uma lngua indo-europeia. Veja tambm as grias e sotaques do nlands.
Seus parentes lingusticos mais prximos so o estoniano,
o carlio e as lnguas smi. tambm distantemente um
tanto parecida com o hngaro e vrias lnguas minorit- 2.4 Palavras emprestadas
rias faladas no norte da Rssia.
Ao todo, cerca de seis milhes de pessoas falam o nlan- O nlands, como a maioria das lnguas, tem palavras
ds. falado na Finlndia como como uma lngua ocial, emprestadas de outras lnguas. No entanto, muitas tm
na Secia como como uma lngua minoritria (sobretudo sido alteradas no processo de nativizao na medida em
no norte da Sucia e em Estocolmo), na Federao Russa que elas no pudessem sequer ser reconhecidas. A gra-
(na Repblica da Carlia e na provncia de Leningrado), mtica do nlands no permite que as palavras termi-
no norte da Noruega (Condado de Finamarca)e nas co- nem com quaisquer outras consoantes do que um nico
munidades de imigrantes nlandeses na regio dos Gran- 's, 'n', 't', 'l', ou 'r', ento em emprstimos, uma vogal
des Lagos dos Estados Unidos e Canad. geralmente adicionada. Ex: vokaali. Alm disso, se
a consoante precedente geminada, emprestada como
tal. Ex: konsonantti.
2.2 A Estrutura Lingustica Tambm, o nlands no diferencia pares sonoros-surdos
como 'b' e 'p', ou 'g' e 'k', embora os emprstimos mais
A lngua estruturada principalmente na forma de novos preservem a ortograa, se no a pronncia. Idi-
Sujeito-Verbo-Objeto (SVO) como no portugus, mas ossincrasias da ortograa estrangeira tal como a letra 'c'
tambm pode ser Objeto-Sujeito-Verbo, Verbo-Sujeito- so raramente usadas. Encontros consonantais so usu-
Objeto ou Objeto-Verbo-Sujeito, j que a ordem das pa- almente removidos em emprstimos mais antigos. Por
lavras muito exvel em nlands. No entanto suas exemplo, praia ranta. Vogais longas fonmicas po-
pequenas peculiaridades como a forma das preposies dem ser adicionadas. Ex: laki < lag (sueco, cf. portugus
(em nlands, elas so na realidade posposies), a har- lei), mas laaki < slag (sueco, cf. portugus matar).
monia voclica e a ausncia de artigos e s vezes pro- Exemplos:
nomes, fazem parecer uma mistura de consoantes e vo-
gais. Por exemplo a frase Eu estou no carro muda para baari, pubi bar, pub
"(Eu)estou carro|em, olen autossa.
bussi nibus (a palavra adequada linja-auto)
dieetti dieta
2.3 Diferenas entre nlands fa-
lado e escrito elefantti elefante (embora a mais nlandesa, a pa-
lavra igualmente usada norsu)
H uma diferena signicante entre o nlands formal es- euro euro (moeda usada na Finlndia)
crito e o nlands coloquial falado. A maioria dos n-
landeses, especialmente a gerao mais jovem, falam a pankki banco
lngua de modo informal, e enquanto as diferenas entre paperi papel
nlands coloquial e nlands formal no so enormes,
pode ser difcil desenvolver um estilo de conversao na- posti correios

2
2.6. EXERCCIO NMERO UM 3

radio rdio 6. linkki

sekki (ou shekki) cheque 7. skandaali
shampoo (or sampoo) xampu 8. kopio
tee ch 9. idiootti
televisio televiso 10. klassikko
turisti turista (apesar de turisti ser uma palavra
internacional, a palavra mais local matkailija)

2.5 Falsos cognatos

Alguns dos falsos cognatos podem ser similares ao su-
eco, por exemplo appelsiini que similar ao noruegus
e ao sueco appelsin signicando laranja (pense dela como
uma ma da China). No h muitos falsos cognatos no
nlands, mas tenha cuidado, porque h alguns!

ale venda (sale), no cerveja inglesa (ale)

appelsiini laranja (orange), no ma" (apple)
dokumentti ambos documentrio e documento
greippi toranja (grapefruit), no uva (grape)
kinkkinen complicado (tricky), no bizarro
(kinky)
kudos - tecido (tissue [como em tecido muscular"],
no glria (kudos)
he eles (they), no ele (he)
me ns (we), no eu (me)
motoristi motociclista (motocyclist), no moto-
rista (motorist)
viina bebida acolica (liquor), no vinho
(wine)
likri - licor (liqueur), no bebida alcolica (li-
quor)

2.6 Exerccio Nmero Um

Resolva o que so essas palavras nlandesas em portu-
gus. Voc encontrar as respostas no verso do livro.

1. historia
2. projekti
3. lista
4. faksi
5. galleria
Captulo 3

Alfabeto

3.1 Alfabeto

3.2 Estrutura fonolgica

A estrutura fonolgica nlandesa tem grande semelhana
com a do japons, idioma com o qual compartilha al-
gumas palavras comuns (embora com signicados to-
talmente diferentes) e que alguns lingistas especulam
que tenha um longnquo parentesco (cf. Lnguas uralo-
altaicas). As vogais predominam na fala e os encontros
consonantais so muito raros. Tambm comum a exis-
tncia de vogais e consoantes duplicadas. Existe o fen-
meno da harmonia voclica, assim como as demais ln-
guas no-permianas, e oposio entre as vogais anterio-
res (a, o, u) e as vogais posteriores (, , y).

3.3 Regras de pronncia

Todas as letras so pronunciadas, as letras dobradas, tanto
vogais como consoantes, tm um som mais longo, porm
contnuo, no se pronunciam como duas letras separa-
das. A slaba tnica ou acentuada sempre a primeira,
no importa o tamanho da palavra. A maioria das letras
pronunciada como em portugus, com as seguintes ex-
cees:

A letra pronuncia-se um A e um E ao mesmo

tempo(pronunciar um E com a boca um pouco mais
aberta como um A).
A letra se pronuncia mais ou menos como um
alemo, mas a variao na durao da vogal no
afeta na qualidade. mais longo que mas no
tem som diferente, como em 'hren' e knnen' em
alemo.
A letra Y se pronuncia como um I fechado, como a
letra U em francs.
A letra J se pronuncia como a letra I em portugus.
A letra H tem som aspirado como em ingls ou como
o RR carioca na palavra carro.
A letra R se pronuncia como a letra R arara.

4
Captulo 4

Harmonia voclica

Finlands es derivacionais. Ex: sih+ahta+(ta) sihahtaa

cf. sih+ise+(t)a sihist

Por exemplo:

e a kaura comea com vogal anterior kauralla

kuori comea com vogal anterior kuorella

o sieni comea sem vogais anteriores sienell (no
*sienella)
y i u kyr comea sem vogais anteriores kyrll

tuote comea com vogais anteriores tuotteeseensa

ker comea com uma vogal neutra kerll

Um Diagrama de Venn do sistema nlands de harmonia voc-
lica. As vogais anteriores esto de azul, as neutras de verde e as kera comea com uma vogal neutra, mas possui uma
anteriores de amarelo vogal anterior no-inicial keralla

No nlands, existem trs classes de vogais -- posterior, Alguns dialetos que tm uma mudana de som abrindo
anterior, e neutra, onde cada vogal posterior forma um ditongo tambm permitem vogais arquifonmicas na s-
par com uma vogal anterior. Terminaes gramaticais laba inicial. Por exemplo, o 'ie' padro reetido como
tal como caso e terminaes derivacionais mas no 'ia' ou 'i', controlado por slabas no-iniciais, no dialeto
enclticas tm apenas vogais arquifonmicas, que so Tampere. Ex: ti tie mas miakka miekka.
compreendidas como qualquer A, U, O ou , Y, , mas
nunca ambos, dentro de uma nica palavra. Da harmonia A harmonia voclica um recurso gramaticalizado de
voclica segue-se que a slaba inicial de cada nica pala- fonotticas, assim pode no funcionar como o esperado
vra (no-composta) controla a posterioriodade e o verso da fonologia pura, como evidenciado por tuotteeseensa
da palavra inteira. No inicialmente, a vogal neutra est (no *tuotteeseens). Mesmo se as vogais posteriores pre-
transparente para afetar uma vogal harmnica. Em silaba cedem fonologicamente o suxo -nsa, gramaticalmente
inicial: precedido por uma palavra-controlada de vogal ante-
rior. Como mostrado nos exemplos, vogais neutras tor-
nam o sistema assimtrico, como se fossem vogais pos-
1. Uma vogal anterior faz todas as slabas no-iniciais teriores fonologicamente, mas deixam o controle de pos-
compreenderem vogais anteriores (ou neutras). Ex: terioridade/anterioridade para quaisquer vogais gramati-
pos+ahta+(t)a posahtaa cais posteriores ou anteriores. H pouca ou nenhuma al-
terao na qualidade voclica efetiva das vogais neutras.
2. Uma vogal posterior faz todas as slabas no-iniciais
compreenderem vogais posteriores (ou neutras). Ex: Como consequncia, falantes de nlands frequente-
rj+ahta+(t)a rjht. mente tm problemas com a pronncia de palavras es-
trangeiras que no obedecem harmonia voclica. Por
3. Uma vogal neutra age como uma vogal posterior, exemplo, olympia pronunciado olumpia. A posi-
mas no controla a posterioridade ou a anterioridade o de alguns termos no padronizada (Ex: chat-
da palavra: se houver vogais anteriores em slabas tailla/chttill ) ou mal-padronizada (Ex: polymeeri, au-
no-iniciais, a palavra age como se comeasse com toritrinen, que violam a harmonia voclica). Onde uma
vogais anteriores, mesmo se elas vm de termina- palavra estrangeira viola a harmonia voclica por no usar

5
6 CAPTULO 4. HARMONIA VOCLICA

vogais posteriores porque comea com com uma vogal

neutra, ento a ltima slaba conta. Por exemplo, Wikipe-
diassa a slaba inicial -pe- da segunda palavra exigir
que a vogal nal seja -, mas porque no , o processo
desgramaticaliza, tornando-se fonottica pura.
Com respeito harmonia voclica, palavras compostas
podem ser consideradas palavras separadas. Por exem-
plo, syyskuu (ms do outono i.e. Setembro) tem os
ambos u e y, mas consiste de duas palavras syys e kuu,
e declina syyskuuta (no *syyskuut). O mesmo vai
para as enclticas. Ex: taaksepin para trs (em ingls,
backwards) consiste da palavra taakse para trs (em
ingls, to back) e -pin do ingls "-wards. Se a fuso
ocorre, a vogal harmonizada por alguns falantes. Ex:
tllinen ou tllainen tmn lainen.
Captulo 5

Gradao das consoantes

5.1 Alternncia (ou Compreenso)

Consontica

5.1.1 Regras
Ao solfejar palavras (por exemplo ao declinar sustanti-
vos e adjetivos, conjugar verbos, derivar novas palavras),
certas combinaes de consonantes na ltima slaba po-
dem experimentar mudanas. nicamente os solfejos
formados por uma simples consonante (p.ej. genitivo
n) o aqueles que comeam com dois (p.ej. inesivo -ssa /
-ss) provocam a mudana. Sem embargo, no qualquer
solfejo que encaixe com esta descrio comprime a(s)
consoante(s). Os solfejos possessivos (p.ej. mme) sao
excesso, como os solfejo privativo ton /-tn thti >
thde|tn que a simples vista no deveria provocar mu-
dana alguma. Tambem, entre a(s) consoante(s) a com-
primir e o solfejo tem que haver obrigatoriamente uma
vogal corta o um ditongo. Vogais largas evitam a mu-
dana. A seguinte tabela mostra os 16 tipos de mudana.

5.1.2 Tipos
[1] Exceo. Em palavras de origem estrangeira s a com-
preenso quantitativa normalmente tem lugar

O contedo desta pgina originrio de Wikipdia em espanhol.

7
Captulo 6

Tipos de palavras

6.1 -i- palavras (novas, moderna) 6.2.2 b) pieni, sieni, kieli, tuuli, suuri, nu-
ori, vuori...
6.1.1 hotelli, posti, pankki, taksi, turisti,
(n, l, r) + i
kahvi, appelsiini, tomaatti
pankki: panki- suuri: suure-

pankkia suurta

pankit suuret

pankilla suurella

pankilta suurelta

pankille suurelle

pankissa suuressa

pankista suuresta

pankkiin suureen

lapsi: lapse-
6.2 -i- palavras (antigas, Finlande-
lasta
sas)
lapset
6.2.1 a) mki, joki, niemi, jrvi, lahti, lapsella
lehti
lapselta
jrvi: jrve-
lapselle

jrve lapsessa

jrvet lapsesta

jrvell lapseen

jrvelt

jrvelle 6.3 -e- palavras

jrvess 6.3.1 perhe, huone, parveke, lentokone,
jrvest kone, kirje, osoite
jrveen perhe: perhee-

8
6.6. -IS/-AS/S-SANA 9

perhett 6.6 -is/-as/s-sana

perheet
6.6.1 kaunis, kallis, sairas, ers, vieras,
perheell potilas
perheelt kaunis: kaunii-
perheelle
kaunista
perheess
kauniit
perheest
kauniilla
perheeseen kauniilta
kauniille
6.4 -nen-sana kauniissa
kauniista
6.4.1 suomalainen, ulkomaalainen, nai-
nen, ihminen, iloinen, likainen kauniiseen

nainen: naise- sairas: sairaa-

naista sairasta

naiset sairaat

naisella sairaalla

naiselta sairaalta
sairaalle
naiselle
sairaassa
naisessa
sairaasta
naisesta
sairaaseen
naiseen

6.7 -us/ys/os/s-sana
6.5 -si-sana
6.7.1 kokous, rakennus, hallitus, kysymys,
6.5.1 vesi, vuosi, kuukausi, uusi, ksi ostos, kerros, nyts
uusi: uude- kokous: kokoukse-

uutta kokousta

uudet kokoukset

uudella kokouksella

uudelta kokoukselta

uudelle kokoukselle
kokouksessa
uudessa
kokouksesta
uudesta
kokoukseen
uuteen
Captulo 7

Substantivos

7.1 Formas Nominais Vogal

A Lngua Finlandesa no distingue gneros em substan- as vogais so inexveis (normalmente).Do mesmo jeito,
tivo ou em pronomes pessoais: 'hn' = 'ele' e 'ela' sendo a terminao da vogal pode mudar
distinguida de acordo com o contexto. Nesse caso algu-
An exception is the word ending -i, which is elided un-
mas pessoas no acostumadas com o Finlands, tem di-
der agglutination to produce the stem, e.g. nimi ~ nim-.
culdades em diferenciar o pronome entre 'ele' ou 'ela',
In singular, an epenthetic -e- is inserted, e.g. nime-. In
como por exemplo entre falantes de Ingls ou Sueco,
plural, the plural marker -i- is added, followed by the afo-
sendo caso de confuso.
rementioned -e-, e.g. nimie-. This is used e.g. in this
manner: nimi name, nimen of the name, nimien of
the names.
7.1.1 Casos
Failure to elide the -i changes meanings. For example, the
O Finlands apresenta 15 casos gramaticais: 4 casos gra- genitive case will be mistaken for the instructive case, e.g.
maticais; 6 casos locativos;2 casos essivos; 3 casos mar- nimen of the name nimin using names. Another
ginais. good example is the accidental production of a plural, e.g.
nimi "(at the) names, as contrasted to the nime at the
name.
7.1.2 Plural Recent loanwords are an exception to this elision, but the
plural is unchanged. (Often the -i is added to nativize a
Aqui existem 3 plurais diferentes no Finlands
word as Finnish nouns generally don't end in consonants).
For example, the singular stem of taksi is taksi-, but the
Plural Nominativo plural stem is taksie-. The usage is as such: taksin of
the taxi, taksien of the taxies. Likewise, applying the
O plural nominativo denido, divisvel. O suxo -t s elision rule to the recent loans produces unintended me-
pode aparecer em posio nal anings.

Numerais
Consonant stems
Plural Flexionado

o suxo -i In general, Finnish does not borrow new consonant stems,

Exemplo combinado de plural
Inexo dos Pronomes
Os pronomes pessoais so inexveis do mesmo jeito que and
os substantivos, e, podem ser encontrados nos mesmos
casos dos substantivos. Por exemplo:
7.1.3 Substantivo/Adjetivos
but employs paragoge. However, older consonant stems
are retained, in all forms if the consonant is alveolar (n,
r, l, or s), e.g. tanner solid ground. Former -m-stems
have merged with the n-stems in the nominative but not
in the other cases, e.g. ydin core, ytimet cores. -h
-k stems have been abbreviated, but they still behave
like consonant stems. In some dialects, the -h stems have
shifted to -s instead, e.g. standard vene, in Pohjanmaa ve-
nes veneh. By analogy, in standard Finnish all words
ending in 'e' behave as former -h stems. The illative case
also changes form with a consonant stem, where the en-
ding -hen is assibilated to -seen, as -hen is the genitive.

10
7.1. FORMAS NOMINAIS 11

Nouns ending in -s Vocalization or lenition is found in

addition to any possible consonant gradation, e.g. kunin-
gas (nominative) ~ kuninkaan (genitive), or mies ~ mi-
ehen. The illatives are marked thus: kuninkaaseen, mi-
eheen.

-nen nouns This is a very large class of words which in-

cludes common nouns (for example 'nainen' = 'woman'),
many names, and many common adjectives. Adding -
nen to a noun is a very productive mechanism for making
adjectives ('muovi' = 'plastic' -> 'muovinen' = 'made of
plastic'). It can also function as a diminutive ending.
The form behaves like it ended in -s, with the exception of
the nominative, where it is -nen. Thus, the stem for these
words removes the '-nen' and adds '-s(e)' after which the
inectional ending is added:
Here are a few of the diminutive forms that are still in
use:
The diminutive form mostly lives in surnames which are
usually very old words to which most Finns have forgotten
the meaning. Some of the most common:
Occasionally such nouns become placenames. For exam-
ple, there is a peninsula called Neuvosenniemi in one
lake. Neuvonen means a bit of advice/direction"; at
this peninsula people rowing tar barrels across the lake
would stop to ask whether the weather conditions would
make it unsafe to continue to the other side.

-e nouns This set of nouns are a historic class which

formerly had a consonant on the end, which has in pre-
sent times been reduced to a glottal stop in most dialects.
The dictionary form represents weak gradation, and each
word has two stems, a weak grade stem in which the nal
glottal stop assimilates (used for the partitive singular),
and strong grade vowel stem to which most case suxes
are applied. The vowel stem has an additional -e-: perhe
'family' -> perhee-: perheess, perheell, etc.; which re-
presents the historical loss of a medial consonant which
is sometimes found in dialects as an -h- (ex. ruostet 'rust'
-> ruostehena).
The weak grade stem, which is found in the 'dictionary'
form results from another historic change in which a nal
consonant has changed to a glottal stop. This is important
to word inection, because the partitive ending is suxed
directly onto this stem, resulting in the glottal stop assimi-
lating to a -t-. Otherwise, other case endings are suxed
on to the strong grade/vowel stem.
More of this phenomenon is discussed in Finnish Phono-
logy: Sandhi.
Captulo 8

Pronomes

8.1 Pronouns 8.1.3 Interrogative pronouns

Ken is now archaic, but its inected forms are used
The pronouns are inected in the Finnish language much instead of those of kuka": ket" instead of kuta
in the same way that their referent nouns are. (whom). Ket rakastat?" = Whom do you love?"

8.1.4 Relative pronouns

8.1.1 Personal pronouns
8.1.5 Reciprocal pronouns
Somewhat like in English, the personal pronouns are used
to refer to human beings only. The personal pronouns in
8.1.6 Reexive pronouns
Finnish in the nominative case are listed in the following
table: 8.1.7 Indenite pronouns
Since Finnish verbs are inected for person, personal pro- A large group that entails all of the pronouns that do not
nouns are not required for sense and are usually omitted fall into any of the categories above. Notice that there are
in standard Finnish except where used for emphasis. In no negative pronouns, such as nobody, but the positive
spoken Finnish, all pronouns are generally used. In the pronoun has to be negated with the negative verb ei. No
third person, the pronoun is needed: hn menee = he double negatives are possible.
goes, he menevt = they go. This applies to both collo-
quial and written language. Each pronoun declines. However, the endings -kAAn and
-kin are clitics, and case endings are placed before them,
In colloquial Finnish, the pronouns se and ne are very e.g. mikn any, miltkn from any. It should be
commonly used as the singular and plural third person noted that there are irregular nominatives. As indica-
pronouns, respectively. Use of hn and he is mostly res- ted, kukaan is an irregular nominative; the regular root
tricted to writing and formal speech. Similarly, m and is kene- with -kn, e.g. kukaan "(not) anyone, ke-
s are used colloquially to replace min and sin. Te, neltkn from (not) anyone.
being formal, is never reduced. Some of the most com-
mon verbs, such as olen and tulla exhibit similar reduced English lacks a direct equivalent to the pronoun mones;
colloquial forms: it would be that-th, or which-th for questions. For
examples, Palkkio riippuu siit monentenako maaliin tu-
In common with some other languages, the second person lee The reward depends on as-which-th one comes to the
plural can be used as a polite form when addressing one nish, or explicitly The reward depends on in which
person. This usage is diminishing in Finnish society. position one comes to the nish. It would be dicult
to translate the question Monesko?, but, while far from
proper English, the question How manyeth may give an
English-speaking person an idea of the meaning.
8.1.2 Demonstrative pronouns Some indenite adjectives are often perceived as inde-
nite pronouns. These include:
The demonstratives are used of non-human animate enti-
ties and inanimate objects. However, se and ne are often
used to refer to humans in colloquial Finnish. Further-
more, the demonstratives are used to refer to group nouns
and the number of the pronoun must correlate with the
number of its referent.

12
Captulo 9

Adjetivos

Os adjetivos em nlands so exionados exatamente da Aviso tambm:

mesma forma como substantivos, e um adjetivo deve con- H um pequeno nmero de outras formas irregulares
cordar em nmero e em caso.
comparativo e superlativo, tais como:
Por exemplo, aqui esto alguns adjetivos: Quando a raiz inecting 'uude-' mas o superlativo 'uu-
E aqui esto alguns exemplos de adjetivos exionados e sin' = 'mais novo'.
concordaando com os substantivos:
Repare que os adjetivos so submetidos ao mesmo tipo de
raiz em mudanas quando os substantivos so exionados.

9.0.8 Formao do comparativo

A forma comparativa do adjetivo formado pela adio

do suxo -mpi. Por exemplo:
Uma vez que o adjetivo comparativo ainda um adjetivo,
deve ser exionado para concordar com o substantivo que
modica. Para fazer a raiz exionada no comparativo, o
mpi- terminando perde o seu nal i. Se a slaba contexto
apela a uma fraca consoantes, o -mp- torna-se -mm-. Em
seguida, -a- adicionado antes de o caso real que termina
(ou -i-no plural). Isto deve tornar-se claro com alguns
exemplos:

9.0.9 Superlativo formao

O superlativo do adjetivo formado por adio '-in' para

o inecting caule. Por exemplo:
Note que como o superlativo marcador vogal um 'i',
o mesmo tipo de alteraes podem ocorrer com a vogal
caules como acontece no verbo imperfects, e substantiva
inecting plurais:
Uma vez que o adjectivo superlativo ainda um adjetivo,
deve ser exionado para concordar com o substantivo
que modica. A '-in' torna-se quer "-imma-'ou'-IMPA-
'(plural'-imi-' ou '-impi-'), dependendo se a slaba con-
texto apela a uma fraca ou forte consoante. Aqui esto os
exemplos:

Formas irregulares

O mais importante forma irregular:

13
Captulo 10

Declinao

A lngua nlandesa possui 16 declinaes ou casos. As 5. Inesivo

declinaes so usadas no lugar das preposies, que no
existem na lngua nlandesa. As declinaes so usadas 6. Elativo
para os substantivos, adjetivos e todos os pronomes. Este 7. Ilativo
breve resumo serve apenas como um exemplo das decli-
naes, o estudo detalhado de todos os casos e aplicaes 8. Adesivo
deve ser feito mais adiante.
9. Ablativo
10. Alativo
10.1 Casos
11. Esivo
12. Translativo

13. Comitativo
14. Instrutivo

15. Abesivo
16. Prolativo

Minna Canth, foi uma escritora nlandesa.

1. Nominativo

2. Partitivo

3. Genitivo

4. Acusativo

14
Captulo 11

Verbos

11.1 Formas verbais
Em nlands os verbos so geralmente divididos em seis
grupos, dependendo do tipo da raiz. Todos os seis tipos
tm as mesmas terminaes, mas as razes submetidas
(ligeiramente) diferentes alteraes quando exionada.
H poucos verbos irregulares em nlands. De fato, ape-
nas olla = ser tem uma forma irregular on ""; outras for-
mas de seguem a raiz ol- com uma epntese e e consoante
abreviada se necessrio por exemplo: olet ol+t voc
", ovat ol+vat eles so. Um punhado de verbos, in-
cluindo nhd = ver, tehd = fazer, e juosta = correr tem
uma rara mutao consonante que no seja produzida a
partir do innitivo.
O nlands no tem um verbo de posse distinto. A posse
est indicada em outras formas, principalmente pelo ge-
nitivo e clusula existencial. Para animar possuidores, o 11.1.2 Vozes verbais
Caso Adesivo utilizado com olla, por exemplo koiralla
on hnt = o cachorro tem um rabo - literalmente sobre o O Finlands tem duas Vozes verbais: Denido e Inde-
co um rabo, ou Existe uma cauda sobre o co. Isto nido:
semelhante ao irlands, tais como H uma fome em
mim.
em frases como Tenho estado bom nas ltimas se-
manas, ou Fao isso desde que nasci. uma
forma originaria do germnico, que usa o verbo olla
ser no presente, como um verbo auxiliar. Os su-
xos pessoais so adicionados ao auxiliar, enquanto o
principal verbo na forma -nut/-nyt. Por exemplo,
olen ottanut Eu tenho pegado, onde ole- a raiz do
verbo auxiliar, -n o suxo pessoal para Eu, otta-
a raiz para o verbo principal, e -nut o que torna
o verbo neste tempo.
Pretrito mais-que-perfeito: corresponde tambm
ao nosso mais-que-perfeito, como na frase Eu vi-
sitara/Eu tinha visitado. Similarmente ao perfeito,
o verbo olla usado como um verbo auxiliar. Por
exemplo, olin ottanut Eu pegara.
Denido: Corresponde voz ativa;

Indenido: Nesse caso, a correspondncia voz pas-

11.1.1 Tempos siva se d de maneira diferente, tendo algumas dife-
renas
Os verbos nlandeses so conjugados nos tempos: pre-
sente; pretrito imperfeito; pretrito perfeito e pretrito
mais-que-perfeito. Indenite voice

The Finnish indenite would best be described as a

Presente: corresponde aos tempos presente e futuro
fourth person, since there is no way of connecting the
do portugus. Para o futuro, necessrio o uso de
action performed with a particular agent and hence there
um indicativo de tempo para evitar ambiguidades. O
is only one form of the indenite. This should become
presente formado usando apenas o suxo pessoal.
clear through an example: talo maalataan the house will
Por exemplo, otan Eu pego (deottaa, pegar).
be/is being painted.
Pretrito imperfeito: de fato um tempo do pretrito,
The time when the house is being painted could be added:
mas chamado imperfeito for fatores histricos; talo maalataan marraskuussa the house will be painted
corresponde aos pretritos perfeito e imperfeito doin November. The colour and method could be added:
portugus. formado com o suxo -i- junto com os talo maalataan punaiseksi harjalla the house is being
suxos pessoais, como no exemplo otin Eu peguei. painted red with a brush. But nothing can be said about
the person doing the painting; there is no simple gram-
Pretrito perfeito: no h um tempo verbal corres- matical mechanism to say the house is being painted by
pondente no portugus. Mas pode ser entendido Jim. There is a calque, evidently from Swedish, toimesta

15
16 CAPTULO 11. VERBOS

from the action of, that can be used to introduce the The characteristic morphology of the Finnish conditional
agent: Taloa maalataan Jimin toimesta, approximately is 'isi' inserted between the verb stem and the personal
One paints the house from Jims action. This expres- ending. This can result in a 'closed' syllable becoming
sion is grammatically incorrect, but it may be found 'open' and so trigger consonant gradation:
wherever direct translation from Swedish, English, etc. 'tiedn' = 'I know', 'tietisin' = 'I would know'.
has been attempted, especially in legal texts.
cf. 'haluan' = 'I want', 'haluaisin' = 'I would like'.
Hence the form maalataan is the only one which is ne-
eded. Notice also that the subject of the verb (that is, Conditional forms exists for both denite and indenite
the object of the action) is in the nominative case. Verbs voices, and for present and perfect tenses.
which govern the partitive case continue to do so in the
indenite, and where the subject is a personal pronoun,
that goes into its special accusative form: minut unohdet- Imperative
tiin I was forgotten.
The imperative mood is used to express commands. In
It can also be said that in the Finnish indenite the agent
Finnish, there is only one tense form (the present-future).
is always human and never mentioned. A sentence such
The possible variants of Finnish imperatives are:
as the tree was blown down would translate poorly into
Finnish if the indenite were used, since it would suggest
the image of a group of people trying to blow the tree 1st, 2nd or 3rd person
down.
singular or plural (only plural for 1st person)
Because of its vagueness about who is performing the ac-
tion, the indenite can also translate the English one does
denite or indenite
(something), (something) is generally done, as in sanotaan
ett they say that" positive or negative
In modern colloquial Finnish, the indenite form of the
verb is used after me to mean we do (something)", for
example, me tullaan we are coming, and on its own at Denite, 2nd person imperatives These are the most
the beginning of a sentence to make a suggestion, as in common forms of the imperative: Do this, Don't do
Mennn! Lets go!". In case of the former, the me that.
cannot be omitted without risk of causing confusion withThe singular imperative is simply the verbs present tense
the latter, unlike with the standard form tulemme. without any personal ending (that is, chop the '-n' o the
Formation of the indenite will be dealt with under the rst person singular form):
verb types below. To make this negative, 'l' (which is the denite impe-
rative singular 2nd person of the negative verb) is placed
before the positive form:
11.1.3 Moods
To form the plural, add '-kaa' or '-k' to the verbs stem:
Indicative To make this negative, 'lk' (which is the denite im-
perative present plural 2nd person of the negation verb)
The indicative is the form of the verb used for making sta- is placed before the positive form and the sux '-ko' or
tements or asking simple questions. In the verb morpho- '-k' is added to the verb stem:
logy sections, the mood referred to will be the indicative Note that 2nd person plural imperatives can also be used
unless otherwise stated. as polite imperatives when referring to one person.
The Finnish language has no simple equivalent to the En-
glish please. The Finnish equivalent is to use either 'ole
Conditional
hyv' or 'olkaa hyv' = 'be good', but it is generally omit-
ted. Politeness is normally conveyed by tone of voice,
The conditional mood expresses the idea that the action facial expression, and use of conditional verbs and par-
or state expressed by the verb may or may not actually titive nouns. For example, voisitteko means could you,
happen. As in English, the Finnish conditional is used in in the polite plural, and is used much like English Could
conditional sentences (e.g. I would tell you if I knew) you... sentences: voisitteko auttaa could you help, ple-
and in polite requests (e.g. I would like some coee). ase?"
In the former case, and unlike in English, the conditional Also, familiar (and not necessarily so polite) expressions
must be used in both halves of the Finnish sentence: can be added to imperatives, e.g. menes, menep, me-
ymmrtisin jos puhuisit hitaammin = *"I would un- nehn. These are hard to translate exactly, but extensi-
derstand if you would speak more slowly. vely used by Finnish speakers themselves. Menes implies
11.1. FORMAS VERBAIS 17

expectation, that is, it has been settled already and re- First innitive
quires no discussion; menep has the -pa which indicates
insistence, and -hn means approximated indeed. The rst innitive short form of a verb is the dictionary
entry form. It is not unmarked; its overt marking is the
sux -ta, which is however radically changed more often
Indenite imperatives than not. First, vowel harmony has 'a' for back-vowel and
'' for front-vowel words. Intervocalically, the 't' elides,
e.g. sano|a, kirjoitta|a. The cluster '-k+ta' is changed to
3rd person imperatives '-hda', e.g. *nk+t nhd. Consonant gradation is
not used; the root for this form is the strong form. This
corresponds to the English 'to' form, for example:
1st person plural imperatives The 1st person impera- The rst innitive long form is the translative plus a pos-
tive sounds archaic, and a form resembling the indenite sessive sux (rare in spoken language).
indicative is often used instead: 'mennn!' = 'lets go!' The rst innitive only has active form.

Optative
Second innitive
The optative mood is a variant of the imperative mood.
It expresses hopes or wishes. Archaic and/or poetic. This corresponds to the English verbal noun (-ing form),
and behaves as a noun in Finnish in that it can be inec-
ted, but only in the inessive and the instructive. In the
inessive it has both denite and indenite forms. The ins-
Potential
tructive has only a denite form. A possessive sux can
be added to the denite inessive. The second innitive is
The potential mood is used to express that the action or relatively rare, especially in the spoken language, except
state expressed by the verb is likely but not certain, and in certain set phrases (for example 'toisin sanoen' = 'in
is rare in modern Finnish, especially in speech. It has other words).
only the present and perfect tenses. The potential has no
counterpart in English. The second innitive is formed by replacing the nal 'a'/''
of the rst innitive with 'e' then adding the appropriate
The characteristic morphology of the Finnish conditi- inectional ending. If the vowel before the 'a'/'' is alre-
onal is -ne- inserted between the verb stem and the ady an 'e', this becomes 'i' (see example from 'lukea' = 'to
personal ending. Furthermore, continuants assimilate read').
progressively (pes+ne- pesse-) and stops regressively
(korjat+ne- korjanne-). The verb lie always repla- The cases in which the second innitive can appear are:
ces the verb olla to be in the potential mood, e.g. the
potential of on haettu has been fetched is lienee haettu
may have been fetched.
Third innitive
Potential forms exists for both denite and indenite voi-
ces, and for present and perfect tenses: This corresponds to the English verbal noun (-ing form),
In some dialects 'tullee' ('may come') is an indicative form and behaves as a noun in Finnish in that it can be inected,
verb ('tulee' = 'comes) but grammatically it is a potential but only in a limited number of cases. It is used to refer
verb. to a particular act or occasion of the verbs action.
The third innitive is formed by taking the verb stem with
its consonant in the strong form, then adding 'ma' fol-
Eventive lowed by the case inection.
The cases in which the third innitive can appear are:
The eventive mood is used in the Kalevala. It is a combi-
nation of the potential and the conditional. It is also used A rare and archaic form of the third innitive which oc-
in dialects of Estonian. curs with the verb pit:
The third innitive instructive is usually replaced with the
rst innitive short form in modern Finnish.
11.1.4 Innitives Note that the '-ma' form without a case ending is called
the 'agent participle' (see 'participles below). The agent
Finnish verbs are described as having four, sometimes participle can also be inected in all cases, producing
ve innitives: forms which look similar to the third innitive.
18 CAPTULO 11. VERBOS

Fourth innitive Present active participle

The fourth innitive has the stem ending -MINEN and Predenio:Sectstub
indicates obligation, but it is quite rare in Finnish today.
This is because there are other words like pit and tytyy
that can convey this meaning.
Agent participle
For example
Though not an innitive, a much more common -MINEN The agent participle is formed in a similar way as the third
verbal stem ending is the noun construct which gives the innitive (see above), adding -ma or -m to the verb stem.
name of the activity described by the verb. This is rather It allows the property of being a target of an action to be
similar to the English verbal noun -ING form, and the- formatted as an adjective-like attribute. Like adjectives,
refore as a noun, this form can inect just like any other it can be inected in all cases. For example, ihmisen te-
noun. kem muodostelma a man-made formation. The party
performing the action is indicated by the use of genitive,
or by a possessive sux. This is reected in English, too:
Fifth innitive ihmisen tekem of man's making, or kirjoittamani
kirja book of my writing. For example:
This is a fairly rare form which has the meaning 'on the It is not required for the action to be in the past, although
point of ...ing / just about to ...' the examples above are. Rather, the construction simply
species the subject, the object and the action, with no re-
ference to time. For an example in the future, consider:
11.1.5 Verb conjugation huomenna kyttmnnne vlineen on -- tomorrow, as
the instrument you will be using is --". Here, kyttm
For full details of how verbs are conjugated in Finnish, that which is used describes, i.e. is an attribute to v-
please refer to the Finnish verb conjugation article. line instrument. (Notice the case agreement between
kyttm-n and vlinee-n.) The sux -nne your spe-
cies the person owning the action, i.e. who does it,
11.1.6 Participles thus kyttmnne is that which was used by you(pl.)",
and kyttmnnne is as that which was used by you.
Finnish verbs have past and present participles, both with It is also possible to give the actor with a pronoun, e.g.
passive and active forms, and an 'agent' participle. Parti- sinun kyttmsi that which was used by you. In stan-
ciples can be used in dierent ways than ordinary adjec- dard language, the pronoun sinun your is not necessary,
tives and they can have an object. but the possessive sux is. In inexact spoken usage, this
goes vice versa; the possessive sux is optional, and used
typically only for the second person singular, e.g. sun
Past passive participle kyttms.

Predenio:Sectstub

11.1.7 Negation of verbs

Past active participle
Present indicative
Basically this is formed by removing the innitive ending
and adding '-nut/nyt' (depending on vowel harmony). For Verbs are negated by using a 'negative verb' in front of
example: the stem from the present tense (in its 'weak' consonant
However, depending on the verbs stem type, assimilation form):
can occur with the 'n' of the ending. Note that the inection is on the negative verb, not on the
In type II verbs, the 'n' is assimilated to the consonant at main verb, and that the endings are regular apart from the
the end of the stem: 3rd person forms.
In verbs of types IV-VI, the 't' at the end of the stem is
assimilated to the 'n':
Present indenite

Present passive participle The negative is formed from the third-person singular
negative verb - 'ei' - and the present indenite with the
Predenio:Sectstub nal '-an' removed:
11.1. FORMAS VERBAIS 19

Imperfect indicative

The negative is formed from the appropriate part of the

negative verb followed by the nominative form (either sin-
gular or plural depending on the number of the verbs
subject) of the active past participle. So for 'puhua' the
pattern is:
Note one exception: when the 'te' 2nd person plural form
is used in an honoric way to address one person, the sin-
gular form of the participle is used: 'te ette puhunut' =
'you (s, polite) did not speak'.

Imperfect passive

The negative is formed from the third-person singular ne-

gative verb - 'ei' - and the nominative singular form of the
passive present participle (compare this with the negative
of the imperfect indicative):
Note that in the spoken language, this form is used for the
rst person plural. In this case, the personal pronoun is
obligatory:

11.1.8 Interrogatives (questions)

There are two main ways of forming a question - either
using a specic question word, or by adding a '-ko/k' suf-
x to one of the words in a sentence. A question word is
placed rst in the sentence, and a word with the interro-
gative sux is also moved to this position:

Conjugao verbal
Captulo 12

Advrbio

12.1 Advrbios
Uma forma muito comum de formar advrbios , acres-
centando que termina com '- sti' para o inecting forma
do adjectivo correspondente:
A grande coisa sobre advrbios porque que eles esto
modicando verbos, substantivos no, eles no inect!

12.1.1 Comparativo formao

A forma comparativa do advrbio tem a terminao '-
mmin'

12.1.2 Superlativo formao

A forma de superlativo do advrbio tem a terminao '-
immin'.
Devido ao '-i-', o caule vogal pode mudar, semelhana
superlativo adjetivos, ou para evitar a roda de trs vogais:

12.1.3 Formas irregulares

H uma srie de advrbios irregulares, incluindo:

20
Captulo 13

Preposio e Posposio

13.1 Postpositions and prepositi-

ons
Postpositions are more common in Finnish than
prepositions. Both postpositions and prepositions can
be combined with either a noun or a possessive sux to
form a P-positional phrase.

13.1.1 Postpositions
Postpositions indicate place, time, cause, consequence or
relation. In postpositional phrases the noun is usually in
genitive:
The noun (or pronoun) can be omitted when there is a
possessive sux:
As with verbs, the pronoun can not be omitted in third
person (singular or plural): Olin __ mukanasi -> I was
with you vs. Olin hnen mukanaan -> I was with
him/her"
Tulen __ mukaanne -> I will come with you (plural or
polite)" vs. Tulen heidn mukanaan -> I will come
with them"

13.1.2 Prepositions
There are few important prepositions in Finnish. In pre-
positional phrases the noun is always in the partitive:
Some postpositions can also be used as prepositions:

21
Captulo 14

Primeiras palavras

Veja tambm Alfabeto. Kiitos - Obrigado

Kiitos paljon - Muito obrigado
14.1 1 etapa Ei kest - de nada
Ei se mitn - No foi nada
Anteeksi - Desculpe / Com licena
Hei - Al
Terve / Hei / Moi / Piv - Oi
Nkemiin / Hei hei / Moi moi - At logo / Tchau /
Adeus

14.2 2 etapa

Lago Pyhjrvi

Kyll - Sim
Ei - No
Hyv huomenta - Bom dia, at 9 horas da manh
Hyv piv - Bom dia, aps 9 horas da manh
Hyv iltapiv - Boa tarde
Hyv iltaa - Boa noite, ao chegar
Hyv yt - Boa noite, ao sair
Lago Pyhjrvi
Tervetuloa - Bem-vindo (a)
Hyv ruokahalua - Bom apetite! vasen - esquerda
Hyv matkaa - Boa viagem oikea - direita
Hauska tutustua - Muito prazer ruokaa - comida
Mit kuuluu? - Como vai? juomat - bebidas
Kiitos hyvin / Kiitos hyv - Bem, obrigado vesi - gua
Olkaa hyv / Ole kiltti - Por favor olut - cerveja

22
14.4. 4 ETAPA 23

viini - vinho juna - trem

maito - leite laiva - navio

kahvi - caf hiekkaranta - praia
leip - po snky - cama
naisten WC - banheiro feminino talo - casa
miesten WC - banheiro masculino kylpyhuone - banheiro
yksi - um suihku - chuveiro
kaksi - dois hotelli - hotel
kolme - trs

sairaala - hospital 14.4 4 etapa

aspiriini - aspirina

taksi - taxi

puhelin - telefone

14.3 3 etapa

Lago Pyhjrvi

Paljonko tm maksaa - Quanto ?

En ymmrr - No entendo

En tied - No sei

Lago Pyhjrvi
Voisitko puhua hitaammanin? - Fale mais devagar,
por favor

Onko sinulla kyn? - Voc tem uma caneta?

Miss pankki on? - Onde ca o banco?
Miss on kauppa? - Onde se pode fazer compras /
Miss matkalaukut ovat? - Onde pego as malas? /
Onde ca a loja?
Onde esto as malas?

passi - passaporte Miss on apteekki? - Onde ca a farmcia?

luottokortti - carto de crdito En polta - No fumo

avaimet - chaves En sy lihaa - Eu no como carne

polkupyr - bicicleta Mit haluaisit juoda? - O que quer beber?

auto - carro Saanko kytt puhelintasi? - Posso usar seu tele-

fone?
bussi - nibus
Mist voin vuokrata auton? - Onde posso alugar um
lentokone - avio carro
24 CAPTULO 14. PRIMEIRAS PALAVRAS

Miss on juna-asema? - Onde ca a estao de Kippis! - sade!

trem?
varo - cuidado
Minne voin pyskid autoni? - Onde posso estaci-
onar? huomio - ateno

Tupakointi kielletty - No fumantes, por favor vaara - perigo

Saisinko ikkunapaikan - Gostaria de um lugar ja- auttakaa / apua - socorro

nela, por favor seis - pare
Mist voin ostaa junalipun? - Onde posso comprar odota - espere
uma passagem?
hiljaa - silncio
Mist voin saada taksin? - Onde posso pegar um
taxi? kielletty - proibido

Saisinko laskun - A conta, por favor Suomi - Finlndia

Miss on hiekkaranta? - Onde ca a praia? suomea - nlands (idioma)

Onko tlla turvallista uida? - Pode-se nadar aqui? suomalainen - nlands (nacionalidade)

Kutsu ambulanssi! - Chame uma ambulncia!

Joku varasti passini - Me roubaram o passaporte

Minulla on paha olo - Estou me sentido mal

Mik se puhelinnumero on? - Qual o nmero do

telefone?

Tarvitsen lkri - Preciso de um mdico

Paljonko kello on? - Que horas so?

14.5 5 etapa

Lago Pyhjrvi

aurinko paistaa - o sol brilha

sataa vett - est chovendo

on kylm - faz frio

on kuumaa - faz calor

Captulo 15

Comida

leip - po
mango - manga
tee - ch
rissi - arroz
kananmunat - ovos
kala - peixe
paahtoleip - torradas
tomaatit - tomates
banaani - banana
maissi - milho
omena - maa
porkkana - cenoura
sipuli - cebola
prynt - pras
kurkku - pepino
sokeri - acar
greippi - grapefruit
voi - manteiga
sitruuna - limo
mansikat - morangos
appelsiini - laranja
vadelmat - framboesas
ranskalaiset perunat - batatas fritas
viinirypleet - uvas
juusto - queijo
hampurilainen - hamburguer
perunat - batatas
herkkusienet - cogumelos
valkosipuli - alho
luumu - ameixa

25
Captulo 16

Cores

punainen - vermelho

ruskea - marrom
vihre - verde

violetti - roxo
sininen - azul

vaaleansininen - azul-claro
musta - preto

keltainen - amarelo

kultaa - dourado
hopea - prateado

harmaa - cinza
oranssi - laranja

valkoinen - branco
vaaleanpunainen - cor-de-rosa

tummansininen - azul-escuro

26
Captulo 17

Partes do corpo

p - cabea

jalka - p
kasivarsi - brao

hiukset - cabelo
ksi - mo

nen - nariz
silm - olho

suu - boca

sri - perna
korva - ouvido

peukalo - polegar
ranne - pulso

poski - bochecha
kyynrp - cotovelo

sormi - dedo
nilkka - tornozelo

polvi - joelho
kaula - pescoo

27
Captulo 18

Nmeros

Numbers in Finnish are highly systematic, but they can also be in the singular nominative.
throw a few surprises too. For details of other aspects of But if the sentence structure demands that the noun is in
the language, please see the Finnish language grammar some case other than the nominative, the number as well
article. as the noun and any adjectives following it will take that
other case. For example:
Numerals have also plural forms, which usually refer to
18.1 Cardinal numbers things naturally occurring in pairs or other similarly well-
dened sets, such as body parts and clothing items. Also
These are the ordinary counting numbers: here are 0 to names of celebrations are usually in the plural. The plu-
10: ral forms are inected in cases in the same way as the
corresponding nouns. For instance:
To get the teens, 'toista' is added to the base number: yk-
sitoista, kaksitoista ... yhdeksntoista. ('Toista' actually Numbers from one to six are apparently original in ety-
means 'of second [decade]'. Formerly it has been used mology. The words kahdeksan eight and yhdeksn
for numbers over 19, too: e.g. 35 would be 'viisineljtt', nine have no conrmed etymology. One theory is that
've-of-fourth'.) they are compounds: *kaks-teksa 102, or eight and
*yks-teksa 101, or nine, where the reconstructed
Twenty is simply 'kaksikymment' = 'two tens (with
word *teksa is similar to the Indo-European words for
kymmenen appearing in the partitive after a number as
ten.
is normal for nouns). Then the decades are kolmekym-
ment, neljkymment ... yhdeksnkymment.
100 is 'sata', 200 is 'kaksisataa' and so on.
1000 is 'tuhat', 2000 is 'kaksituhatta' and so on. 18.2 Ordinal numbers
So, 3721 = 'kolme-tuhatta-seitsemn-sataa-kaksi-
kymment-yksi' (actually written as one long word with These are the 'ordering' form of the numbers - rst, se-
no dashes in between). cond, third and so on. Ordinal numbers are generally for-
med by adding an '-s ending, but 'rst' and 'second' are
Long numbers (like 32534756) are separated in three completely dierent, and for the others then stems are not
numbers sections with space beginning from the end straightforward:
of the number (for example 32 534 756). Writing
it with letters follow the spacing, in the example (in For teens, you change the rst part of the word; howe-
numbers over one million, 'miljoona' ('million') is ver note how 'rst' and 'second' lose their irregularity in
written separately) 'kolme-kymment-kaksi miljoonaa 'eleven' and 'twelve':
viisi-sataa-kolme-kymment-nelj-tuhatta seitsemn- For twenty through ninety-nine, all parts of the number
sataa-viisi-kymment-kuusi'. (No dashes, they are only get the '-s ending. 'First' and 'second' take the irregular
to make the number look clear.) form only at the end of a word. The regular forms are
Numbers can be inected in cases; all parts of the number possible for them but they are less common.
except 'toista' are inected. 100th is 'sadas, 1000th is 'tuhannes, 3721st is
Nouns following a number in the nominative singular are 'kolmas-tuhannes-seitsems-sadas-kahdes-kymmenes-
usually in the singular partitive case, IF the noun does not ensimminen'. (Again, dashes only included here for
need to be in any other case AND if the number is any clarity; the word is properly spelled without them.)
number other than yksi (one). Like cardinals, ordinal numbers can also be inected:
If the number is yksi (one) AND it is in the nominative The 'toista' in the 'teens is actually the partitive of 'toinen',
singular then the noun and any adjectives following it will which is why 'toista' gets no further inection endings.

28
18.3. NAMES OF NUMBERS 29

(Literally 'yksitoista || one-of-the-second'.)

Long ordinal numbers in Finnish are typed in almost the
same way than the long cardinal numbers. 32534756
would be (in numbers over one million, 'miljoona' ('mil-
lion') is written separately) 'kolmas-kymmenes-kahdes
miljoonas viides-sadas-kolmas-kymmenes-neljs-
tuhannes seitsems-sadas-viides-kymmenes-kuudes.
(Still, no dashes.)

18.3 Names of numbers

This is a feature of Finnish which doesn't have an exact
counterpart in English (but in colloquial German it does,
for example: 7er, 190er, 205er). These forms are used to
refer to the actual number itself, rather than the quantity
or order which the number represents. This should be
clearer from the examples below, but rst here is the list:
Also, 'kahdeksikko' refers to the shape of the number.
Some examples of how these are used:

The 'number three tram' is the 'kolmonen'

when you are riding it, you are 'kolmosella'
A magazine has the title '7' and is called 'Seiska'
My car, a '93 model, is an 'ysi kolmonen' when
buying spare parts
If the car is a 190E Mercedes, it would be a
'sataysikymppi'.
If a car has tyres in size of 205, they
would be called 'kaks(i)sataviitoset' resp.
kaks(i)sataviitosia'.
The '106' bus is the 'sata kuutonen'
A 5 bill may be called vitonen, a 10 bill
kymppi (in plural: kympit"/"kymppej"), a
20 kaksikymppinen, a 100 bill sata-
nen, etc.
Captulo 19

Pases

Venaja - Rssia
Brasilian - Brasil

Suomi - Finlndia
Ruotsi - Sucia

Argentiina - Argentina

Os nomes da maioria dos cidados so acompanhado pelo

suxo -nen
Por exemplo:

suomalainen - nlandes

brasilialainen - Brasileiro

...
Mas, h excees
Por exemplo:

Venaja - Russo

30
19.1. FONTES DOS TEXTOS E IMAGENS, CONTRIBUIDORES E LICENAS 31

19.1 Fontes dos textos e imagens, contribuidores e licenas

19.1.1 Texto
Finlands/Capa Fonte: https://pt.wikibooks.org/wiki/Finland%C3%AAs/Capa?oldid=185246 Contribuidores: He7d3r.bot e Annimo: 2
Finlands/Introduo Fonte: https://pt.wikibooks.org/wiki/Finland%C3%AAs/Introdu%C3%A7%C3%A3o?oldid=419383 Contribui-
dores: Abacaxi e Annimo: 2
Finlands/Alfabeto Fonte: https://pt.wikibooks.org/wiki/Finland%C3%AAs/Alfabeto?oldid=231291 Contribuidores: Jorge Morais,
He7d3r.bot, Stenio Ramos e Annimo: 1
Finlands/Harmonia voclica Fonte: https://pt.wikibooks.org/wiki/Finland%C3%AAs/Harmonia_voc%C3%A1lica?oldid=242650
Contribuidores: Jorge Morais, David Stress~ptwikibooks, He7d3r, He7d3r.bot, Ioricloud e Annimo: 3
Finlands/Gradao das consoantes Fonte: https://pt.wikibooks.org/wiki/Finland%C3%AAs/Grada%C3%A7%C3%A3o_das_
consoantes?oldid=242652 Contribuidores: Jorge Morais, He7d3r, He7d3r.bot, Ioricloud e Annimo: 4
Finlands/Tipos de palavras Fonte: https://pt.wikibooks.org/wiki/Finland%C3%AAs/Tipos_de_palavras?oldid=217641 Contribuidores:
Jorge Morais, He7d3r.bot, Ioricloud e Annimo: 2
Finlands/Substantivos Fonte: https://pt.wikibooks.org/wiki/Finland%C3%AAs/Substantivos?oldid=437631 Contribuidores: Jorge Mo-
rais, David Stress~ptwikibooks, He7d3r, He7d3r.bot, Abacaxi e Annimo: 4
Finlands/Pronomes Fonte: https://pt.wikibooks.org/wiki/Finland%C3%AAs/Pronomes?oldid=185254 Contribuidores: Jorge Morais,
David Stress~ptwikibooks, He7d3r, He7d3r.bot e Annimo: 1
Finlands/Adjetivos Fonte: https://pt.wikibooks.org/wiki/Finland%C3%AAs/Adjetivos?oldid=185243 Contribuidores: Jorge Morais,
David Stress~ptwikibooks, He7d3r, He7d3r.bot e Annimo: 2
Finlands/Declinao Fonte: https://pt.wikibooks.org/wiki/Finland%C3%AAs/Declina%C3%A7%C3%A3o?oldid=204522 Contribui-
dores: Jorge Morais, David Stress~ptwikibooks, He7d3r.bot e Annimo: 6
Finlands/Verbos Fonte: https://pt.wikibooks.org/wiki/Finland%C3%AAs/Verbos?oldid=274471 Contribuidores: Jorge Morais, David
Stress~ptwikibooks, He7d3r, He7d3r.bot, Eduardo P, Abacaxi e Annimo: 7
Finlands/Advrbio Fonte: https://pt.wikibooks.org/wiki/Finland%C3%AAs/Adv%C3%A9rbio?oldid=185244 Contribuidores: Jorge
Morais, David Stress~ptwikibooks, He7d3r, He7d3r.bot e Annimo: 3
Finlands/Preposio e Posposio Fonte: https://pt.wikibooks.org/wiki/Finland%C3%AAs/Preposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_e_Posposi%
C3%A7%C3%A3o?oldid=185253 Contribuidores: Jorge Morais, David Stress~ptwikibooks, He7d3r, He7d3r.bot e Annimo: 1
Finlands/Primeiras palavras Fonte: https://pt.wikibooks.org/wiki/Finland%C3%AAs/Primeiras_palavras?oldid=440007 Contribuido-
res: Dante Cardoso Pinto de Almeida, Jorge Morais, David Stress~ptwikibooks, He7d3r.bot, Guitumemace e Annimo: 6
Finlands/Comida Fonte: https://pt.wikibooks.org/wiki/Finland%C3%AAs/Comida?oldid=185247 Contribuidores: Jorge Morais,
He7d3r.bot e Annimo: 2
Finlands/Cores Fonte: https://pt.wikibooks.org/wiki/Finland%C3%AAs/Cores?oldid=208896 Contribuidores: Jorge Morais,
He7d3r.bot e Annimo: 3
Finlands/Partes do corpo Fonte: https://pt.wikibooks.org/wiki/Finland%C3%AAs/Partes_do_corpo?oldid=185252 Contribuidores:
Jorge Morais, He7d3r.bot e Annimo: 2
Finlands/Nmeros Fonte: https://pt.wikibooks.org/wiki/Finland%C3%AAs/N%C3%BAmeros?oldid=185251 Contribuidores: Jorge
Morais, David Stress~ptwikibooks, He7d3r, He7d3r.bot e Annimo: 1
Finlands/Pases Fonte: https://pt.wikibooks.org/wiki/Finland%C3%AAs/Pa%C3%ADses?oldid=271933 Contribuidores: Jorge Morais,
PatiBot, He7d3r.bot, Elskagaldur e Annimo: 3

19.1.2 Imagens
Ficheiro:100%.svg Fonte: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/100_percent.svg Licena: CC0 Contribuidores: File:
100%.svg Artista original: Siebrand
Ficheiro:25%.svg Fonte: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/25%25.svg Licena: Public domain Contribuidores:
Image:25%.png redone in svg. Artista original: Karl Wick
Ficheiro:50%.svg Fonte: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/50%25.svg Licena: Public domain Contribuidores: Ba-
sed on the XML code of Image:25%.svg Artista original: Siebrand
Ficheiro:Finnish_vowel_harmony_Venn_diagram.svg Fonte: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Finnish_
vowel_harmony_Venn_diagram.svg Licena: Public domain Contribuidores: Made in Inkscape, based on Image:Finnish vowal harmony
venn diagram.GIF. Artista original: w:User:Mysid, original by User:159753
Ficheiro:Flag_of_Estonia.svg Fonte: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg Licena: Public do-
main Contribuidores: http://www.riigikantselei.ee/?id=73847 Artista original: Originally drawn by User:SKopp. Blue colour changed by
User:PeepP to match the image at [1].
Ficheiro:Flag_of_Finland.svg Fonte: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg Licena: Public do-
main Contribuidores: http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/1978/19780380 Artista original: Drawn by User:SKopp
Ficheiro:Flag_of_Karelia.svg Fonte: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Flag_of_Karelia.svg Licena: Public do-
main Contribuidores: ? Artista original: ?
Ficheiro:Flag_of_Norway.svg Fonte: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg Licena: Public do-
main Contribuidores: Obra do prprio Artista original: Dbenbenn
32 CAPTULO 19. PASES

Ficheiro:Flag_of_Sweden.svg Fonte: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg Licena: Public do-

main Contribuidores: This ag is regulated by Swedish Law, Act 1970:498, which states that in commercial activities, the coats of arms, the
ag or other ocial insignia of Sweden may not be used in a trademark or other insignia for products or services without proper authorization.
This includes any mark or text referring to the Swedish government which thus can give the commercial mark a sign of ocial endorsement.
This includes municipal coats of arms which are registered. http://www.notisum.se/rnp/sls/lag/19700498.HTM] Artista original: Jon Harald
Sby and others. All authors are listed in the File versions section below.
Ficheiro:Flag_of_Tornedalians_(2007).svg Fonte: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Flag_of_Tornedalians_
%282007%29.svg Licena: Public domain Contribuidores: Self-made. Based on a description on my talk page by Herbert from Meanmaan-
Tinkerit, vertorne, Sweden. Artista original: Mysid
Ficheiro:Ingrian_people.svg Fonte: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Ingrian_people.svg Licena: Public domain
Contribuidores: Obra do prprio Artista original: Walden69
Ficheiro:Lake_Pyhajarvi,_Sakyla.jpg Fonte: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Lake_Pyhajarvi%2C_Sakyla.
jpg Licena: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contribuidores: Obra do prprio Artista original: Htm
Ficheiro:Linguistics_stub.png Fonte: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Linguistics_stub.png Licena: Public do-
main Contribuidores: ? Artista original: ?
Ficheiro:Merge-arrows.svg Fonte: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Merge-arrows.svg Licena: Public domain
Contribuidores: ? Artista original: ?
Ficheiro:Minna_Canth.jpg Fonte: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Minna_Canth.jpg Licena: Public domain
Contribuidores: http://www.finnica.fi/keski-suomi/henkilogalleria/henkiloesittely.php?id=9 Artista original: very likely I V. Barsokevitsch
(18631933) or his employee.[1] As the name of the actual photographer is not known, but only the name of the multi-employee atelier is
given, the work is anonymous.
Ficheiro:Pyhaejaervi_Abend.jpg Fonte: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Pyhaejaervi_Abend.jpg Licena: CC-
BY-SA-3.0 Contribuidores: Nikolaus Drees Artista original: photographer: Nikolaus Drees, Sundern (Germany), uploaded with permission
by User:Steffen M.
Ficheiro:Pyhjrvi_flo_01.jpg Fonte: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Pyh%C3%A4j%C3%A4rvi_flo_01.jpg
Licena: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contribuidores: Obra do prprio Artista original: F.Velcker
Ficheiro:Pyhjrvi_lake1.jpg Fonte: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Pyh%C3%A4j%C3%A4rvi_lake1.jpg
Licena: CC BY 2.5 Contribuidores: Obra do prprio Artista original: Visa580
Ficheiro:Pyhjrvi_lake2.jpg Fonte: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Pyh%C3%A4j%C3%A4rvi_lake2.jpg
Licena: CC BY 2.5 Contribuidores: Obra do prprio Artista original: Visa580
Ficheiro:Recycle001.svg Fonte: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Recycle001.svg Licena: Public domain Contri-
buidores: Originally from en.wikipedia; description page is (was) here Artista original: Users Cbuckley, Jpowell on en.wikipedia
Ficheiro:Translation_arrow.svg Fonte: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Translation_arrow.svg Licena: CC-
BY-SA-3.0 Contribuidores: Este desenho vetorial foi criado com Inkscape. Artista original: Jesse Burgheimer
Ficheiro:Wikipedia-logo.png Fonte: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Wikipedia-logo.png Licena: GFDL Con-
tribuidores: based on the rst version of the Wikipedia logo, by Nohat. Artista original: version 1 by Nohat (concept by Paullusmagnus);

19.1.3 Licena
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0