,e;j mj;jpahaj;ijf; fw;gjd; %yk;

Ø gzpnray; Kiwik gw;wpa mwpKfk;

Ø gzpnray; Kiwikapd; njhopwg
; hLfs;
Ø gadu; ,ilKfKk; tiutpay; ,ilKfKk;
Ø tpdN
; lh]; @/&A: gzpnray; Kiwikikiag; gad;gLj;jy;
Mfpad gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;.

5.1 fzpdpg; gzpnray; Kiwikfs; ("  ' '")

mwpKfk;
jftw;; njhlu;ghly; ghlj;ijf; fw;Fk; khztu;fshfpa ePqf
; s; epjj
; Kk;
fzpdpiag; gad;gLj;JtPu;fs;. fzpdpapd; nraw;ghl;Lf;F mj;jpahtrpakhd
nkd;nghUl; njhFjpNa gzpnray; KiwikahFk;. gzpnray; Kiwikapdw ; p
fzpdpiag; gad;gLj;j KbahJ. fzpdpiar; nraw;gLj;jpaJk; gzpnray;
Kiwik jd;dpaf;f Kiwapy; nraw;gl;L> fzpdpiag; gad;gLj;jj; Njitahd
trjpia mikf; f pd; w J. ,d; W mjpfstpy; gad; gLj;J k; gzpnray;
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+1:&1:: ': Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,d;W cs;s fzpdpfspd;
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@,,A Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
fzpdp td;nghUs;fspd; rpf;fy;jd;ikia kiwg;gJld;; NtW fzpdp
nkd;iknghUs;fis Kfhik nra;J> mjd; gadu;fSf;F Xu; ,yFthd
,ilKfj;ij fzpdpg; ghtidf;fhf toq;FjNy fzpdp gzpnray; Kiwapd;
Kf;fpa gzpahFk;.fzpdp; Kiwikf;Fupa vy;yhj; JizAWg;GfisAk;
xUq;fpizj;Jr; nraw;glr; nra;J mtw;wpdpdW
; k; cr;r nrayhw;Wifiag; ngwj;
Njitahd trjpfis toq;FtJk; fzpdpg; gzpr;nray; Kiwikapd;

103
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njhopw;ghlhFk;. ,q;F nra;epuy;fis eilKiwg;gLj;jy; Nghd;w mfj;
jfty;fs; gzpnray; Kiwikapd; %yk; ntspNa fhl;lg;glhJ. Mdhy;
fzpdpiag; gad;gLj;JgtUf;F vspa el;G ,ilKfk; ntspNa fhl;lg;gLk;.
jw;fhyf; fzpdp Kiwikf;Fk; gadUf;FkpilNa cs;s njhlu;ig
gpdt
; Uk; khjpupAUtpd; %yk; fhl;lyhk;.

gadu; ^  &&
gad;ghl;L nkd;nghUs; gpuNahf nkd;nghUs;
^+&,&&:'!
& ^
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&
gzpnray; Kiwik
^ 
&#:'.&
td;nghUs;
^

&
cU 5.1

gadu; jkJ eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhf gpuNahf nkd;nghUs;>

gad;ghl;L nkd;nghUs; Mfpatw;iw gad;gLj;Jtu;. vdpDk;> ,g;nghUl;fs;
fzpdp nkd;nghUs;fSld; Neubahf njhlu;Ggl;L ,aq;f KbahjdthFk;.
nghJthf> td;nghUs;> nkd;nghUs; Mfpatw;Wf;fpilapyhd ,izg;G
gzpnray; Kiwikapdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.

gpuNahf nkd;nghUl;fs;
ehshe;j eltbf;iffSf;nfd gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nkd;nghUl;fs;
gpuNahf nkd;nghUl;fs; vdg;gLk;.
c-k; : nrhy; Kiwtopgg ; Lj;jy; nkd;nghUs; @':/
A
tpupjhs;; nkd;nghUs;

gad;ghl;L nkd;nghUl;fs;
fzpdpapd; gzpnray; Kiwikapd; nraw;ghl;il NkYk; tpidj;jpwd;
cilajhf;f gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nkd;nghUl;fs; ,itahFk;.
c-k; :
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FiwghLfisf; fz;Lgpbj;jy; kw;Wk; mtw;iw eptu;j;jp nra;Ak;;
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104
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 gzpnray; Kiwikapd; nraw;ghL
gzprn
; ray; Kiwikapd; mbg;gilr; nraw;ghl;ilg; gpdt
; UkhW Ie;J
gFjpfshf tFf;fyhk;.

1' epidtf Kfhik @.

:#.A

2' Kiwtop Kfhik @"

:#.A

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5. ghJfhg;G Kfhik @'

&:#.A

11.. epidtf Kfhik

gy;NtW gzpfSf;fhf epidtfj;jpw;F ,lkspg;gJk; gzpnray;

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re;ju;gg
; q;fspy; mtw;Wf;fpilNa Nkhjy; Vw;glhjthW gzpnray; Kiwikapd;
%yk; fzpdp epidtfk; xOq;F Kiwahf Kfhkpff ; g;gLk;. xU Fwpjj
; gzpia
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Kd; i da gzpf; f hf toq; f pa epidtfj; i j tpLtpj; j y; gzpnray;
Kiwikapd; njhopwg ; hlhFk;.

mjpf vz;zpf;ifahd fzpdpg; gadu; ,Uf;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy;

xt;nthUtupdJk; gzpfs; xd;Nwhnlhd;W NkhjhjthW fzpdp epidtfj;ij
Kfhkpgg
; Jk; gzpnray; Kiwikapd; nghWg;ghFk;.

2. Kiwtop Kfhik

jw;fhyg; gzpnray; Kiwikfspd; mbg;gilr; nraw;ghL Kiwtop

Kfhik MFk;. ika Kiwtopahf;fy; myfpy; nraw;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; $Nw
Kiwtop vdg;gLk;. vt;thnwdpDk;> xU re;ju;gg ; j;jpy; xU Kiwtop kl;LNk
nraw;gLk;. gy epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; nraw;gLk;NghJ Kd;Dupik xOq;fpy;
mtw;wpd; Kiwtopfs; jlitf;F xd;W tPjk; nraw;gLj;jg;gLk;.

105
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 3. JizAWg;G Kfhik

JizAWg;G Kfhik vd;gJ fzpdpg; gzpnray; Kiwikapd; %yk;

nra;a Ntz;ba kw;WnkhU gzpahFk;. gzpnray; Kiwik gy;NtW
JizAWg;Gfs; gytw;wpd; ntt;NtW gf;fq;fspD}lhfj; JizAWg;Gfis
Kfhkpf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. fzpdp Kiwikapd; td;nghUs; gFjpfis (c-k;.
mr;Rg;nghwp> epidtfj; Njf;ffk;> jha;g;gyif) ,j;JizAWg;Gfshff;
fUjyhk;. JizAWg;Gfs; nraw;gLk; fjp> jfty;fspd; msT> mtw;wpd;
Nehf;fq;fs;> jfty;fs; ghAk; jpir> jfty;fis CLflj;jg; gad;gLj;Jk;
tiuNtLfs; (njhlu;ghly; tpjpfs;) Mfpad ,j;JizAWg;G Kfhikapy;
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd.

cjhuzkhf td;tl;by; cs;s xu; vOj;ij thrpff ; Ntz;Lnkdpd>; td;

tl;il miljy; kpf vspjhd nrayhfj; Njhd;wpdhYk; mJ rpwpa gzpfs;
gytw;wpd; njhFg;ghf fUjg;glyhk;. ,g;gzp cs;sl
P L
; :4:tUtpisT td;nghUs;>
cs;slP L
; :4 tUtpisT nkd;nghUs; ^4 :

:>:4 :'!
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nrhy; Kiwtopgg
; Lj;jy; nkd;nghUnshd;iwg; gad;gLj;jp fl;Liuiaj;
jahupj;J mr;rpLifapy; tpirg;gyifapd; %yk; cs;sl P L
; r; ^& iriffs;
cs;sP;l;L 4 tUtpisT nkd;nghUspd; %yk; cupa FwpKiwg; gzpnray;
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,dq;fhzg;gl;L mjw;Fupa vOj;J jpiuapy; Njhd;Wtjw;fhfr; nrhy;
Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; nkd;nghUSf;F topg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

4. Nfhg;G Kfhikj;Jtk; (
!'")

fzpdpapy; jfty;fisj; Njf;fp itg;gjw;F ePq;fs; Nfhg;igg; ^&,&

gad;gLj;jpapUg;guP f
; s;. ,j;jfty;fisj; jpUk;gg; ngwTk; gad;gLj;j
; Tk; KbAk;.
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itg; g Jk; mjid ed; w hf Kfhkpg; g Jk; fzpdpf; F Kf; f paj; J tk;
tha;ej
; dthFk;.

cjhuzkhf xU epWtfj;jpd; Nfhg;Gfis epidT$u;f. epWtfk;

jdpg;gl;l jfty;fs; ,;lk;ngWk; xU Nfhg;igf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mj;Jld;
cj;jpNahfg+u;tj; jfty;fs; ,lk;ngWk; NtnwhU Nfhg;Gk; tu;jj
; f mYty;fs;
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gw;wpa NtnwhU Nfhg;Gk; mq;F ,Uf;fpdw; d. ,k;%d;W Nfhg;GfSk; td;tl;by;
%d;W ntt;NtW ,lq;fspy; Njf;fp itf;fg;gLnkdpd>; mj;jfty;fs; ,lk;ngWk;
xU Nfhg;G Njitg;gLk;NghJ mjidf; fz;L gpbg;gjw;F mjpf Neuk; vLf;Fk;
,k;%d;W Nfhg;Gf;fisAk; xNu ,lj;jpy; Njf;fp itj;jjhy; fz;Lgpbg;gJ kpf
vspjhFk;.; Nfhg;G Kfhik ,g;gzpfF
; g; ngupJk; cjTk;.

gzpnray; Kiwikapd; %yk; Nfhg;Gfis Mf;Fjy; @

A1
xOq;fikj;jy; @
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,f;Nfhg;G Kfhikr; nra;epuypd; %yk; Nfhg;Gfis ^&,::4:&


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A1 ePfF
; jy; @,A" efy; nra;jy; ^&" NtnwhU ,lj;jpwF;
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tha;gG; fs; fpilf;Fk;.

5. ghJfhg;G Kiwik

fzpdp Kiwikiag; Gw> mf jhf;fq;fspypUe;J ghJfhg;gjw;nfd gzpnray;

Kiwikapdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; eltbf;iffs; ghJfhg;G Kiwikapd; fPo;
tpsf;fg;gLk;.

fzpdp Kiwikapy; mDkjpapd;wpg; gpuNtrpg;gtu;fis jLg;gjw;F flTr;

nrhy;iyg; gad;gLj;JtJ ,jw;F cjhuzkhFk;.

gzpnray; KiwikahdJ gpd; t Uk; mbg; g ilg; gzpfis

Mw; W fpd; w J.
1. fzpdpf; F k; gadu; f Sf; F kpilNa njhlu; i g Vw; g Lj; J k;
,ilKfj;ij toq;Ffpd;wJ.

2 . fzpdp KiwikapDs;Ns ,Uf;Fk; Vida nkd;nghUs;fs;>

td;nghUs;fs;> JizAWg;Gfs;> epidtfk;> juT Nghd;w tsq;fis
,iaGgLj;Jtjd; %yk; fzpdpiag; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd trjpfis
toq;Ftjpy; cjTfpd;wJ.

3 . FwpKiw @&#A:gw;wpa tpsf;fk; ,y;yhtpl;lhYk; fzpdpiag;

gad;gLj;Jtjw;F cjTfpd;wJ.

107
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 5.2 gadu; ,ilKfk; -  ' 

fzpdpg; gadu; ,ilKfj;jpd; ,ay;Gf;Nfw;gf; fzpdp ,ilKfk;

,Utifg;gLk;.

1' fl;lisf; Nfhl;L ,ilKfk; - :@:2:..:&:

!A
2' tiutpay; gadu; ,ilKfk; - :@ +:2:
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1. fl;lisf; Nfhl;L ,ilKfk;

,q;F fzpdpiag; gad;gLj;Jgtu; mwpTWj;jy;fis my;yJ

fl;lisfisg; gzp nray; Kiwikf;Fj; jl;lr;Rg; nghwpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,q;F gadu; tpNrl tpjpfSf;Nfw;g ,f;fl;lisfis epidtpy; itj;jpUf;f
Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j ,ilKfk; fl;lisf; Nfhl;L ,ilKfk; vdg;gLk;.
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; yhk;.

cU 5.2
5.2
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108
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 tiutpay; gadu; ,ilKfk;

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tiutpay; ,ilKfk; cjTfpd; w J. ,q; F fl; l isfis epidtpy;
itj;jpUf;fj; Njitapyi
; y. NkYk;> glq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp kpfTk; vspjhff;
fzpdpiar; nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd trjp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

tiutpay; gadu; ,ilKfj;ij @ +A' mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l

gzpnray; Kiwikfspy; gpdt
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1. rhsuq;fs; :@/&A
2. glTU @A
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83:Rl;lhd; @"&
A

1. rhsuq;fs
s;

njuptpg;gpapy;; Fwpj;j gzpfisr; nra;tjw;fhf mike;j ehw;gf;fy;

tbt mikg;Gf;fNs rhsuq;fs; MFk;. ,e;jr; rhsuq;fs; xt;nthd;wpYk; gy;NtW
nkd;nghUs;fis 4 nra;epuy;fis 4 Nfhg;Gfisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jyhk;. NkYk;>
fzpdpj; jpiukPJ ,r;rhsuq;fis efu;j;j KbAk;. mt;thNw mtw;wpd;
gUkidAk; khw;wyhk;.

2. glTU
fl;lis> Nfhg;G> rhsuk; Mfpatw;iw tifFwpfF
; k; glk; 4 FwpaL
P glTU
vdg;gLk;. ,g;glTU kPJ ,U jlitfs; nrhLf;Ftjd;@,&*) %yk;
mk;nkd;nghUis 4 fl;lisiar; nraw;gLj;jyhk;.

3. gl;b
nkd;nghUspy; fhzg;gLk; fl;lis khw;Wg; gl;bay; gl;bahFk;.
gl;bfspy; cs;s fl;lisfisj; njupe;njLg;gjd; %yk; fl;lisfisr;
nraw;gLj;jyhk;. ngUk;ghYk; ,g;gl;bg; gl;il ^:
& cggl;bfisf; ^'
& nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

4. Rl;lhd;
,J njuptpgg; pay;; Njhd;Wk; fl;lisfisAk; ,yf;Fg; nghUs;fisAk;
^..:>: (& njupen ; jLf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
109
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; j
; j;jf;f FwpaL
P @'.,A:MFk;. ,J ngUk;ghYk; rpwpa mk;Gf;Fwpapdhy;
@:"&
& ck; :Mq;fpyg; NgnuOj;J :: @.:"&
:) ,dhYk; fhl;lg;gLk;.
,J fzpdpj; jpiuapd; ve;j ,lj;jpw;Fk; efu;j;jg;glj;jf;fjhf ,Uf;Fk;
mNjNtis glTU kPJ Rl;biaf; nfhz;L tUtjd;%yk; mf;fl;lisiar;
nraw;gLj;jyhk;.

gpuNtrj; jpiu (()

fzpdpiar; nraw;gLj;jpaJk; Njhd;Wk; gpuNtrj;jpiu kPJs;s
glTUf;fis mOj;Jtjd; %yk; cupa gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;.
Kjypy; tiutpay;; gadu; ,ilKfk; 1970 Mk; jrhg;jj;jpy; 

fk;gdpapd; ",:
,:Ma;T epiyaj;jpy;: mikf;fg;gl;lJ. gpd;du;> mg;gps;
kf;fpd;nuh\; ^
,:&$& fzpdpfspy; ,e;j ,ilKfk; gpurpj;jpaile;j
gpd; Vida fzpdpfSf;F mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gl;L gpugykhapwW ; .
tpd;Nlh];
(Windows) rpwpjhf;Fk; cr;rg;gLj;;Jk;
nghUs; jiyg;G nghj; j hd; nghj; j hd;
gl; i l Kftupg; gl;il (Minimize (Maximize
fUtpg; gl;il
()&,: 
) (Address bar) Button) Button) %Lk; nghj;jhd;
(Tool bar)
(Close Button)

glTU
(Icon)

cU 5.3
/&:,d; tiutpay; ,ilKfk;

110
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 tiutpay; ,ilKfj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; mD$yq;fs;

1' gadiu mbg; g ilahff; nfhz; l tiutpay; ,ilKfj; j pd;

glTUf;fisAk; gl;biaAk; gadu; kpfTk; vspjhfg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. Gs;spj;
JizAWg; g pd; ^"&&#: && Rl; b iaf; njuptpg; g p vq; f Zk;
,aq; f j; j f; f jhfr; nra; t jd; %yk; glTUitAk; gl; b iaAk;
njupe;njLj;jy;> nraw;gLj;jy; Mfpad vspjhFk;. ,q;F fl;lisfis
epidtpy; itj;Jf; nfhs;sy; mtrpakd;W.

2' fzpdpr; nra;epuy; my;yJ fzpdpr; nraw;ghL gw;wpa Nghjpa mwpT ,y;yhj
gadu;fs; $l ,e;j tiuapay; ,ilKfj;jpd; Clhff; fzpdpiag;
gad;gLj;jyhk;. ,J gadUf;F kpfTk; el;Gila ,ilKfkhFk;.

3' xU Fwpjj
; glTU kPJ Rl;lhidf; ^"&
& nfhz;L te;J rpwpJ Neuj;jpwF
;
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Njhd;Wk;. MfNt> ,jd;%yk; jpiukPJ cs;s glTUf;Fupa nraw;ghL
nghJthf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;syhk;.

'&$'% tpd;Nlh]; (#)'gzpnray;

gzpnray; Kiwikapd; Nfhg;Gf;fSk; Nfhg;G
kbg;Gf;fSk; (
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tpd;Nlh]; vf;];GNshuu; (#'!  )

/&: ,

vd;gJ ':/&:<9:gzpnray; Kiwikf;Fg; gpdd
; u;
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@&,:#
:
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; k;
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tl;bw;Fk; fzpdpAld; njhlu;Ggl;l vy;yh epidtfj; Njf;fq;fSf;Fk; xNu
rhsuj;jpD}lhfg; gpuNtrpgg ; jw;F toptFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

??:.
??:glTUkPJ ,U jlitfs; nrhlf;Ftjd; @,&*) %yNkh
tpirg;gyifapd; /& rhtpiaiaAk; NgnuOj;J iaAk; xNu jlitapy;
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111
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Kiwikfspy; rpwr
; py NtWghLfs; fhzg;gLk;.

cU 5.4 /&: ,


rhsuk;

,e;j /&: ,


rhsuj;jpy; (cU 5.4 Ig; ghu;f;f) MfTk; NkNy
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A
fhzg;gLk;. mitahtd
1' epakf; fUtpg; gl;il :@'
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2' Kftupg; gl;il (

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3' ,izg;Gfs; @&*A

1' epakf; fUtpg; gl;il

,tw;iw cq;fs; Njitf;Nfw;g khw;wpf; nfhs;syhk;. ,e;jf; fUtpg;
gl;ilapy; cs;s fUtpfisg; @),A:gad;gLj;jpr; rpw;rpy fl;lisfisr;
nraw;gLj;jyhk;.

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; s; Njitf;Nfw;g ),:fis
khw;wpf; nfhs;syhk;.

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2' Kftupg; gl;il ((
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Gw> mfj; juTj; Njf;ffq;fSf;Fg; gpuNtrpgg; jw;F Nkyjpfkhf mjw;Fg;
Gwj;Nj tiyg; gf;fq;fSf;Fg; gpuNtrpgg
; jw;Fk; ,jD}lhf tha;gG; f; fpilf;Fk;.
,e;j Kftupg; gl;iliaf; fl;lisf; NfhlhfTk; @..:&A gad;gLj;jyhk;.

3' ,izg;Gfs; ()

ePq;fs; epj;jKk; gad;gLj;Jk; tiyg; gf;fq;fSf;F FWf;F topiag;
gad;gLj;jpr; nry;y cq;fs; tpUg;gj;jpwN
; fw;g ,f; fUtpg; gl;iliaj; jahu; nra;J
nfhs;syhk;.

1' Kftupg;gl;iliag; gad;gLj;jp ~~:.?? ,y;

cs;s cq;fsJ Nfhg;G kbg;igf; ^,
& fz;Lgpbf;f.
xg;gil 5.1
2' '
::I cq;fs; tpUg;gj;jpwN
; fw;gj; jahu; nra;f.

3' ePq;fs; epj;jKk; gpuNtrpf;Fk; Njlw; nghwpf;Fupa('

$: #&)
FWf;Ftopfis &*:),:
,w;Fs; Nru;fF
; f.

Nkw;Fwpjj
; fUtpg; gl;ilf;Ff; fPNo ,Uf;Fk; juTg; gpuNjrk; :@:
A nghJthf
,U gpujhd gFjpfshfg; gpupff ; g;gLk;.

Ma;Tg; gl;il (!  ' )

,J :/&: ,

:,d; ,lg; gf;f epiyf;Fj;J epuyhFk;. ckJ fzpdpapy;
cs;s epidtfj; Njf;fq;fspd; mjpfhug; gbepiyf; fl;likg;G :@&

$&,
-&A:,q;F fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

Nfhg;G ciw Kd;dhy; cs;s :@606A:Fwpia @,&*A nrhlf;Ftjd; %yk; ,k;kbg;gpd;

cs;slf;fj;ij tpupjJ; f; fhl;lyhk;. NkYk; Nfhg;G kbg;Gf;F Kd;dhy; cs;s
@||A Fwpiaf; @,&*A nrhlf;Fjd; %yk; mt; cs;slf;fk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s
Nfhg;G kbg;G %bf;nfhs;Sk;.

,e;j nfhs;gzpr; rl;lfj;jpd; :@)*:"A gpujhd my;yJ cgNfhg;G

ciwiaf; (,&*A nrhlf;Fk;NghJ mjd; cs;slf;fk; tyg; gf;fj; jpiuapy;
Njhd;Wk;.

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 nrYj;jpfs; '( )

/&: ,

rhsuj;jpy; fhl;lg;gLk; epidtfj; Njf;ffr; nrYj;jpfshf
/&:" ,y; :
=:1:=:Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; nefpot ; l;Lj; Njf;fq;fSk; :@,
&*:
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&&A
fhl;lg;gLfpdw ; d. ,g;gpuptply;fisg; ngaupll
; gpdd
; u; mLj;j Mq;fpy vOj;Jfs;
:4:-:nrYj;jpfSf;fhf xJf;fg;gLk;. mNjNtis fzpdpf;Fg; Gwj;Nj
@+':"
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Mq;fpyg; NgnuOj;Jfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

kPs;Rw;Nwhl;lf; nfhs;fyk; ''(!')

xU Fwpjj ; Nfhg;ig mopjJ; tpLk;NghJ mJ td;tl;bypUe;J ePff; g;gl;L
kPs;Rw;Nwhl;lf; nfhs;fyk; vdg;gLk; Nfhg;G kbg;gpNy Njf;fp itf;fg;gLk;.
MfNt> mjid kWgbAk; ngWtjw;fhd tha;g;G fpilf;Fk;. mf;Nfhg;ig
kPsR
; w;Nwhl;lf; nfhs;fyj;jpypUe;J mopjj
; hy; mjid kWgbAk; ngWtjw;fhd
tha;g;G mw;Wg;NghFk;.

1. gpdt
; UkhW ciwf; fl;likg;gpid gpuNtrj;jpiuapy;
(*) cUthf;Fq;fs;.

xg;gil 5.2

2. ':"&:vDk; gpuNahf nkd;nghUisg; gad;gLj;jp glnkhd;iw tiue;J

"& 5 vd ePqf ; s; Vw;fdNt jahu;nra;j: 
& vDk; ciwapDs; ,Lf.
3. "& 5::,d; efnyhd;iw , ciwapy; gpujpnra;f.
4. ,::ciwapYs;s "& 5:vDk; Nfhg;ig :"& & vdg; ngaupLf.
5. :"& 5:I efy; nra;J /
 ciwapy; gpujpnra;f.
6. ,:ciwapy; cs;s :"& 5 Nfhg;ig mopjJ ; tplTk;.
7. kP s ; R w; N whl; l f; nfhs; f yid @%,: &A mtjhdpj; J mq; F
fhzg;gLtdtw;iwf; Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;f.

114
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fzpdpapd; td;tl;by; my;yJ NtW mfw;wg;glj;jf;f tl;Lf;fs;
@4-A:my;yJ mfpy njhlu; ghl;il(+'A @+&
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&,:A Fijfs;
%yk; njhlu;GgLj;jg;gl;Ls;s fUtpfs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; NrkpjJ
; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s
Nfhg;G mjd; Nfhg;Gg; ngaupdhy; miof;fg;gLk;. ,e;j Nfhg;G ngau;fspd; ePlr
; p
@ &A %ykhf Nfhg;gpd; tifia ,dq;fz;L nfhs;sKbAk;. cjhuzkhf
;; vDk; ePlr
; p fhzg;gbd; ,jid ,ul;il nrhlf;F Kiwapy; nraw;gLj;j
KbAk;. ??: vDk; ePl;rp fhzg;gbd; ':/
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Kiw topg;gLj;jy; Nfhg;ghFk;. Nfhg;gpd; ngaiuAk;> Nfhg;gpd; ePl;rpiaAk;
NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;l Gs;sp @A gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

cq; f s; fzpdpapYs; s Nfhg; G eP l ; r pfs; nfhz; l

gl;banyhd;iwj; jahupf;fTk;.
xg;gil 5.3

Nkyjpf mwptpw;F
ypdf;]; gzpnray; Kiwikiag; gad;gLj;jy;
1969 ,y; nfd; njhk;rd; @:)$.A1: nldp]; wpr;rp @&:%&$&A
MfpNahu; mlq;fpa FOtpdhy; Adpf] ; ; @+&A vdg;gLk; gzpnray; Kiwik
tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ. Adpf]; pd; gpujpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L gpwf ; hyj;jpy;
gP v]; b @'A1 Nrhyup];:@',
&A1:kf; Xv]; @: 'A:Nghd;w gzpnray;
Kiwikfs; tbtikf;fg;gl;ld. ,tw;iwj; jtpu md;& jdd;ngsk; @


).A:vd;gtu; jdJ fw;wy; eltbf;iffis ,yFgLj;Jtjw;fhf Adpf] ; ;
vz;zf;fUit khjpupahff; nfhz;L kpdpf;]; @&&A: vDk; gzpnray;
Kiwikia cUthf;fpdhu;.
n`y; r pq; f p gy; f iyf; f ofj; j py; fzpdpj; J iwapy; fy; t p fw; W f;
nfhz;bUe;jtuhd ypdf;]; Nuhuty;l;];@&: )
,A jdJ fw;wy;
eltbf;iffSf;F &&: Ig; gad;gLj;jpdhu;. ,g;gzpnray; Kiwik
njhlu;ghfj; jpUg;jpailahj mtu; Rakhf gzpnray; Kiwiknahd;iw
cUthf;f Muk;gpjj ; hu;. ,tuhy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l gzpnray; Kiwik kpdpfi ; r
ngUkstpy; xj;jpUe;j NghjpYk;; kpdpf;];]py; fhzg;gl;l nray;epuy;fs;
,q;F gad;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy. ,tuhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l Gjpa gzpnray;
Kiwik & vdg; ngauplg;gl;lJ. gpd;du; krh#nrw; @$A
,Ys;s RahjPd nkd;nghUs; epWtdj;jhy; @
: : : : '!
: &A

115
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mikf;fg;gl f;D @ +A vDk; nkd;nghUisAk; Nru;j;J ,J juk;tha;e;j
gzpnray; Kiwikahf khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; ,g;gzpnray;
Kiwik f;D ypdf;]; @ +4&A vDk; ngau; nfhz;L miof;fg;gLfpdw
; J.

Muk;gj;jpypUe;J ypdf;]; nray;epuy; jpwe;j mZFif nfhz;l RahjPd

gzp nray; Kiwikahf mikf;fg;gl;lJ. Kjypy; ,J gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy;
ez;gu;fspilNa kl;Lk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. fhyg;Nghf;fpy; f;D:4ypdf;]; @ +4
&A gzpnray; Kiwik cyfshtpauPjpapy; gad;gLj;jg;glyhapwW ; . ,jdhy;
ypdf;]py; epWtg;glf;$ba nkd;nghUl;fs; cynfq;fpYk; jahupff ; g;glyhapd.
vy; y h nkd; n ghUl; f spdJk; Njitf; N fw; g epu; k hzpf; f g; g l; l ,k;
nkd; n ghUl; f s; jw; N ghJ tu; j ; j fuP j pahd nkd; n ghUl; f Sld;
Nghl;baplf;$bathW tpUj;jpaile;Js;sd.
cyfpYs;s gy;NtW epWtdq;fs;> rq;fq;fs; Mfpad %yk; ,e;j
mZFifAld; $ba RahjPd nkd;nghUSld; ,ize;j tifapyhd
gy;NtW NjitfSf;F Vw;Gilajhd gy;NtW khw;wq;fs; nra;ag;gl;l
nkd;nghUl;fis ,d;W ,izaj;jpd; %ykhfTk; ,Wtl;L tbtpYk; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;sf; $bajhf cs;sJ. cGz;L(+A> Nlgpad;@&)> nul;n`l(%
);> #Nr(') Nghd;w ntspaL
P fs; kf;fspilNa kpfTk; gpugy;akhfpAs;sd.
,it fzpdpapy; epWtg; g lhJ Neubahf ,Wtl; L f; f spypUe; J k;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

cU 5.5

116
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 tpz;Nlh]; @/&A gzpnray; Kiwik Nghyd;wp ypdf;]py;
gad;gLj;jf;$ba gy;NtW ,ilKfq;fs; cs;sd. ,tw;Ws; .1: 71
 81:  81: ,&#$.: : M f p a d K d ; D u p i k m b g ; g i l a p y ;
gl;baw;gLj;jg;glf;$badthFk;. cU 5.5 ,Ys;sJ. . ,d;
,ilKfj;jpd; fhl;rpahFk;.
Muk;gfhyq;fspy; nghJthd gadu;fs; ,jidg; gad;gLj;JtJ
rpff
; yhff; fhzg;gl;l NghjpYk; jw;NghJ ,isQu;fspilNa ,J mjpfstpy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gzpnray; Kiwikahf khwpAs;sJ. .: ,il
Kfj; i jg; gad; g Lj; j p tpd; N lh]; gadu; ,yFthf ypdf; i ]g;
gad;gL;j;Jtijf; fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ.

117
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