INTRODUc::Ao

A TEORIA DA ELETRICI DA
Mllrlins, N'ls\ll1, 19:10-
E DO MAGNETISMO
\11111 Intl'o<lll<,::lo ;', I 'ori;1 da clctricidadc c do 1n;1.-
11'lisl1lo, SI\) Paulo, '~d'ard Bilichcr, 1975,
p, ilusi.

Ilihlio raria,

I. I~I 'Iri 'i<l;ldc . MagnctislnO 3. Tcoria clc- Profe",wr tit,lIlar de h"iea Geral e J~xfleri/llelltal e JJr"ji'"s"r t{t"IIII' tit'
'Icoria J.::Iel,ro/llaql1iitica da Ulliversii!ade Mlw/(ellzi£,; I'n!lcss"r 1/1111/11'
tit'
tl'Ol111l II 'Ii 'a I. Titulo.
Jo'isil'a ria i"awlrlarle de [1I!lellllaria l1/'11lOlIrJOIi IIlllrt'S 1'/'1111'11t1"
rill i"1I11r111('I;O

17. 00-537.1
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17. c 18, -537
538

I. HI 'tri 'idud ' : ','isi 'a ,37

>, HI'lr()1l111 1I'IiSII10 :T'oria: I,'isica 530.141 (18.)
,.17.1 (17.) ~~
\, MIl) II 'lisl1lo : Fisi'a 53~ EDITORA EDGARD BLUCHER LTDA.
I. 'r'ol'ill ·I'lrOI1l;I'II'ti'a :I,'isi'a 530.141 (18.)
,.17.1 (17,)
 XI

1 - FOR<;A ELETROSTATICA - CARGA ELETRICA - MATERIA . 1

1.1 - Introduyao . 1
1.2 - Principio da superposiyao ,. ,, ., . 4
1.3 - Lei de Coulomb , . 5
1.4 - Calculos de forya , . 7
1.5 - Distribuiyoes lineares, superficiais e volumetricas . 11
1.6 - Exercicios resolvidos , , " . 14
1.7 - Elemento de volume em coordenadas esfericas . 16
1.8 - Introduyao a estrutura da materia . 17
1.9 - Tipos de eletrizayao , , . 20
E proibida a reprodu9iio total ou parcial Problemas . 21
por quaisquer meios
sem autoriza9iio escrita da editora 2 - 0 CAMPO ELETRICO . 24
2.1 - Introduyao . 24
2.2 - Calculos de campos eletricos . 27
2.3 - Linhas de forya . 37
EDITORA EDGARD BLUCHER LTDA. 2.4 - Equayoes das linhas de forya . 39
01000 CAIXAPOSTAL5450 2.5 - Exercicios resolvidos . 41
END. TELEGRAFICO:
BLUCHERLlVRO 2.6 - Distribuiyao das cargas nos condutores . 42
2.7 - Eletrizayao por induyao . 45
SXOPAULO- SP - BRASIL
Problemas ' . 45

3 - FLUXO ELETRICO E LEI DE GAUSS . 47

3.1 - Fluxo eletrico . 47
3.2 - Lei de Gauss (1777-1855) . 49
3.3 - Aplicayoes da lei de Gauss , . 53
3.4 - 0 operador nabla (V) . 60
3.5 - Teoremas da analise vetorial . 65
3.6 - Forma diferencial da lei de Gauss . 70
3.7 - As equayoes. de Maxwell da eletrostatica . 73
3.8 - Exercicios resolvidos . 73
Problemas . 76
4 - 0 POTENCIAL ELETRICO . 79
4.1 - Trabalho e energia potencial . 79 I
4.2 - Exercicios resolvidos . 84

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14 E UA ES I E MAXW LL 'A NOAS IJLETR MA NI\'I'I 'AS ."

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 Este curso sobre uma introdw;ao a teoria da eletricidade e do magnetismo
nasceu quando assumimos a regencia da disciplina de fisica geral e experimental
II, na Escola de Engenharia da Universidade Mackenzie, em 1965. De lit para
ca, 0 curso foi sofrendo modifica90es e, por que nao dizer, bastante acentuadas.
Inicialmente, as notas de aula foram publicadas em forma de apostila, as quais,
embora fossem imperfeitas, serviram para corrigirmos muitos erros. As sllgestoes
dadas por colegas e alunos foram acatadas e, hoje, estamos publicando 0 curso
em forma. de livro.
Nosso principal objetivo e apresental' ans eSluciantes. principahTlenlc as
bases te6ricas cia teoria eletrica, evideneiando as teenicas de caleulo das multiplas
siiua<;oes que se apresentam. Podemos dizer que 0 presente trabalho forneee essas
bases e leva os estudantes a urn estagio intermediitrio da teoria eletromagnetica,
preparando-os para est lidos mais avan9ados.
Sendo urn livro eminentemente te6rieo, lanyamos mao, poucas vezes, de fatos
experimentais. A experiencia s6 e eitada quando nao nos foi possivel prescindir
dela. Entretanto, para uma completa compreensao dos fatos, e importante que
as liyoes sejam acompanhadas de sessoes de laborat6rio e tambem de exercicios.
o estudante, para levar a born termo seu objetivo de entender este curso,
devera estar familiarizado com urn curso de fisica geral ao nive! do primeiro vo-
lume de Resnick e Halliday ou Alonso e Finn, s6 para citar os mais conheeidos,
alem de tel' feito urn primeiro curso de caleulo diferencial e integral, bem como
de dlculo vetoria\.
De prop6sito procuramos nao inc1uir urn grande nllmero de exercicios, mas
tao-somente alguns tipicos referentes a cada assunto abordado no respectivo capi-
tulo, isso porque, no decorrer de alguns anos, os exercicios devem, necessariamente,
ser modificados e substituidos, pois acabam se tornando faceis demais, devido as'
multiplas resoluyoes e discussoes. Assim, deixamos a cargo do professor respon-
savel pelas aulas de exercicios a liberdade de escolha, pesquisa e varia9ao dos
problemas. Por outro lado, nao tivemos a preocupa9aO de colocar os exercicios
propostos numa ordem crescente de dificllidade, pois aehamos que disso nada
resulta de prtltico. Muito ao contritrio, achamos que 0 estlldante deve ser prepa-
rado para enfrentar os problemas da maneira como a vida os apresenta, isto e,
sem uma ordem prcfcrencial. __
Neste livro, inicialmente, apresentamos os aspectos mais simples dos feno-
menos eletrostitticos e, progressivamente, vamos procurando generaliza90es ate
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11111111111
liS 1I1[ISNlIH IllS 'Sf'l'ilS s'jllm i lillis, 'OilS' lIiln S IrIVlIl',IIIIIIV\' dll 'IH'IIIIIIII
I' '1111:1.11
II n 'om n hlllanc,;a \, 1 I'c,;, ( 'ouloml, In ), qlll' II l<lI\'1 'III '1l11i \' 1\ III
vlIrill, '0111 III' , ii'll
, I
/' (/. '
I'~

011 I" I' ' n lisl, n 'ill enll" os ' 'nII'OS tillS lUllS I 'Ill 'l1llN 'sf 'I'll, ,

I) i"OI'('(/, ellll'!! dIms CW'OCIS 'l ;Iric /.1', f}l'o!Jol'('iollo/ (/0 fll'Iirllllo tit' SII1/8 1//11//11 dlll/"

'onsi I 'l"nIOS, ini ialmente uma 1 'till 'n:1 'sf,J't1 l11'l{ili'li ,l'lriZIl III '0111 1111\
, rto Ii, () d' 'nl' 'a 'I'lrica, 01 qu mos nlls 1 I'oximidlld 's 1111)11
110lilill I tI, 1'11'11
II II Ii Itll 11111,1('11
!/.lI\IIIS do III 'smo modo ' to 'adas com mesmo malerial, nas HlIsP'l1slI POl' um fio de seda e ele(l'izadll 'om 0 nl'smo lipo d' 'III I \'/"1111 I till
111111111\'IIIHII~'1 l' , S', '1111''1;lnl(, 1 'al'm05 uma Ias bolinha com 0 bastao de '1'1"1'11,V 'I'ifi 'amos, 'nli'io, apal" 'im 'nl d, uma fo n,-II, till' d'si,1l11l1l11 11111I"~
11111111
11111111111
'11111 It, , II oull';t
111' 'om 0 hasl;lo I vidr alrilado com seda e colo- '01110 11[1 I, iI, 1-.,
11111111111111pH'lxilllll dll 01 (I'll, 1'1' mos lois sistemas el'lrizados de;; modos dire-
111III NI' \' '11,0, OWI'I' 'n'1 IIII'o('rio 'nl 1" 'las, I\ssim, devido as intel'ayoes enlre
II 1111/11111
I , plll'llIOs dislill 'uil' 1 is lipos Ie caPaS elctl'icas, A Fig, 1-2 iluslra
\ 11111

1)1Ipii 'undo II qlliinii III I' (1:1 'sf'l'li 111'1(i1i 'II, POd'l1lll \'011 111II II
III 111",ill1 '11(0 I' Ulllt\ fon_a I', nil lolinlill '1111 'sf'rll, 'Oltlll 1111)- i , I 'I. I'nlllllill
I lo',d 'I' d 'SH' Illodo, I'll! "SSiVUIlI 'nl'; s' lripli '1II'1110s II 1'111
~II till t' It'l I, !l'1 '11111
1'01\'11"1/",
1111111 '1',
I'od ,'''os 'ol)L'ltlil' I"' II fOI'~;11 'IIII" dUIiN :111'111,,Ii-II! '110 PIOI"111 hili II III
pi Ildlilo lI'sNIIN 'III' 'liS, Oll Nojn,

I,' I '11'/'
I
 I', I II
I 1/,1/, l" I '
1/11/\
, /', \
1/11/1/,
,..' ',1
"j J 1'1 \ 1,1

1\ l'Xpl\'SS:!O (I I) ,'OlllCI1Il' 1'1'1':'1Vl'1'(111(killl I '''', lil'

1'1('i1 l\ir,'l'll~'11 1/, II \I 1IIIIdilillii
\I Vllhll' d'/"Il.' 'I', Pod'nlos Ilil1(I:1 11I'i 1'11111
I' lIlIl' II 1'00\'lll'llll'l' dUIIII\'1l1 1'lllldl'IH 11111
dllI 1\'Sl'II~'11 d' OUII':ls ':,1' 'liS, Isso " V 'J'(l:id' dl'vido 111I '1l1'I'i1l'l vl'llll illl dll h,II.11
1\ '~l1l'rss; (l (I-I) (: 'OlllUllI'l1ll' I'l'I\:l'id:1 '01110 /lrI/lI'I/111I d" ,'/1/1/'1'1111,' ('t/II

1':11'11:lp'IWS dUllS '''I'':I~, 1/1 1/2, 'S'Il'V'II10S

1/11/
1'12(/ l ell'
I'll

e - I'll.
12 - 1',

,'Ull In II l'orQa um', gl'a,ndeza vetorial, devemos levar em conta esse fato na
\ pi (\ HI ( dn forQI.l cntr cargas elctricas, Admitamos varias cargas, individuali-
IlllIlI, POl' 1/1, ft2 ' , " C, para simplificar, todas do mesmo tipo, isto e, todas negativas
r , Il I
1/1
1"\
I/l t'
I
I
II11 Ind I, positivas,
1IIlIi 'III' 'mos POl' PI2 a forc;:a que age na carga ql' devido a presew;a de q2' I)n 111'SlliO 1110do, :I (1-2) l'i(;III'['
Iii· 11111Iliodo 'cral, Pi} representar~l a fon;a na i-esima carga, devido a presenc;:a
d I II} 1 I 'sima, Pela pl'opriedade aditiva dos veto res, a forc;:a total na carga ql' I''1/ '-ftlft' - ,. I_ ft I 1/,1 ,.
1',1 1,\
1/1 1/'1 I'
/,,\ 1,1
, I'~ 2 I 1.1
III l'ldll pI' 'S 'nQa das cargas q2' q3' ' .. , sera 14

,1111'II IU' I.l fon;a que atua sobre a carga ql' devido as cargas Q2' Q3' Q4"'"
S, 11:1 'XPI'l'SSIIO (1-,) sui sIiluil'I110S 0 silll1 010 d' I I'OPOI' 'IOIlitlldlid' I J ) 1"11
V \1 nl'illl
1111111 clas fon;as de cada uma das cargas, como se as demais nao esti-
lIlllll cOllsl:IIII' C. lor 'X'l1lplo, a 'XPI' 'SS, 0 l'i'III't',
I III Pll nl's,
:'1 livl"'ll1ns a situac;:ao representada na Fig, 1-5, onde 1'12 e a distancia que , 1/1 1/
I pili I II, lI' / ' poderemos associar ao segmento de reta 1'12 um versoI' el2, di- 1'2 /' I '
I
1111111
• lIll' dlldl a direc;:ao do mesmo, De um modo geral, 0 segmento de reta que
1111 1\ III I I·"sima aj-csima, indicaremos pOI' I'ij eo versoI' associ ado do mesmo, eij'
Oil k, (' d', 'l1d '1'[, dlls unidlld '1'1 '1'1'olhidas PlIl'jI /,', 1/ ' 1', No "j, t '1111 ,'I (.'I 1\1111
1111'1'1111,jolllll"'), ,.. " III 'did" '11111 'wlOI1 (N), 1/ '111 '( ,IIOlllh ( 'j l' I' 'III 1111'110 (111)
No V;'I(',IO Illlo!:II'L'1l10S P;II';I '() v:dol' 1/l).m:,I, ljll' 'OII'~1 Olldl' 110 ,,~Il'1l11 1\1' "
I'Il'ipnllli/lldo, I ',1111'nl,1 I' '11l(1S
0 Lj1111 I o~t 'l'iPl'lll '1I1l', 1,111II,
~q2
r 12, e 12 1/11/ ,
I' /' I J '
r IJ I
------~ (!J
e, J +N 'Wlllli (N), \I 11IIIIIIIII tli' 10";11lI"l' Il1l1l1l11ll'1111111 \(llllll, tip 11111II "1111'1111111111111"11111111
1111111
11",1"II~'lo tI" 11111 11111111POI Nil 11111111 pili 11\'/-IIIIltll,Illi tllIl'~'II' till 1(l1~'11Nil HINIIIIIII ('j ,II 111\11111111
Iii
111I~'11(, II tlll1l1 (dyll): I tlyl1 Ill' N
+( ',1111,,'1111(1'1 \I 11Itill II" (I, ('/I, II '1I~1,j1'/11111'1"11"111111(11'
tli 1'lIllil IIi/ltll, 11'1111\1/1111111 III 1111II
li'li' 111111II' 11,tlllIlIlll,' 11111 '" IlIltI", 11111111,\11" 11111\ II I 1111/111111/111
I II, 11111 "111"'11111III I I III I "" 1'111
1111111 I 11111'1111'
tll' 1111'11' ""t11 III 1Ii11'1 V, I ~IIIII II '111\11111111
II
+tvll'I III 1111111111""111
III I 1111'1
II 1111
111111/111I jlllill II I II II II' \ 1\ \111111'1
1111
1\111III 11111111
1111""11
"" III" II~III 111111"1'"111111111 I 111I1I"~IIIII'"11 II 1\III~ '/11111 ,I 11111111111111 11111111111111IHI
 :1111111
'II 111111\ pll 1IIIIll \ II 1\ 1'1 rill' I dll VII\ 1111\' I' d 'IIPIIIIIIIIlIIi WI'I/III "ltllIll' I,ll: ; I 1111, I 11l1\' I 1/11 d 1'111II 11'1(1
/1/111 rll/ /ltI'IiI/, l'lldl) 'II V dill" IIPIP~ 1111\1111111'111
••

1" II
'1/11:" ,u
I', tI ,J I'
I',

illd I 111111.',
," '(lilli' 'l'l'1ll(l~ II d 'Il~itllld' v(lllllll~'11 kll tll' \'Ill I dll \'111pP, I III I,
N . 11l~ I'PIIIP Vlll'ill II 'III' '11 do 'Ol'pp pOl' 1I11idlilk dl' v\IIIIIII', 11"\' " \!l'lillld i 11111
<) X 10"
('
' 1\ )
I 1111
"11111 I '1il'!':i1i'IIIlilp (1·(\1 1;11':1 1/ I I cal'/;:Is 110 V:ICLI(), a I'pn,:a lIuma cal'ga ,II' ,(> \ II
(I 1/1111,dl'vi 10 ;1 pI' 'S 'l1<,:a diiS c1emais, SCI'[1

I "II'If'
\' '.1 e
4nl' L., 1'2 ij'
'0 j 1 ij

I' 'SSilO (1-7) (: conhccida como Il!i de Coulomh para um conjunlo discl'cto
d\' 111l111~ 110 Vi'I 'uo. 1\ (1-6) c denominada de lei de Coulomh para duas cargas
1'llIlldol'lIl'S,
,'lilHll11tlimos que, ao inv6s de duas eargas punliformes ou utn eonjunto dis-
I 'Ip dl' 'III' 'il~, lenh:lmos uma distribui<;:~o continua de carga e queiramos calcular
(1-10) 1I0S dt'l a ('( n;1I 'Ill I( 'x 'I' ·idll P ,Ill pI' 'S '1\(;11 dll 1::11')'11 ) d i~11 1111dll i Iii III
I l\lI\'1 1111111i1
'1II'ga II c1evida a essa dislribui<;:~o. Na pr[ltica, ocol'I'e 0 aparecimento
VI IUlll' do 'Ol'pO, '0111 d 'Ilsidlld' volumelri 'lid, 'III' 'II /i,
Iii I'PlllII,~ 110~ qUilis as cargas sc encontl'am dislribuidas, sendo necess{lrio conhe-
(~ 110111 I 'm hl'lI I' qu', (;111 • '1':11, (i (1(\,.1',::), islo .. (/ lkp 'Ild' dli IHI 1\ II,
1\'111111'1i 1'01'\,'iI 'xcrcida pOl' esse sislema sobre outra carga, como na Fig. 1-6.
VIIl'ili d' I onlo p:trll pOllio do 'orpo ' pod .• ill 'Iusiv .• S'I' 1111111
('1111(;
10 II I 11111\

'ompli'lld:1.
1\0 qll' liss '1ll0S III" aqui, podcl11os II 'I' 'S' '111111'
0 s' llilll(': S' 0 111\'1(1\'111 11111
'id 'Ulll1110S 1I I'OI'l':1I d' ('oulorllb 1'01' oull'O qll' n: 0 0 VI'I 'uo, 0 dlll d I 111I~'li I'
1I10d i ri 'II ',S' 'ss' m 'io for homo),!. ~II '0 ' 'I 'I I'i 'ilill 'n Ic iSOll'l'lpivo, /I 1'01 'I 1'111
II

'ilrlliS '1"ll'i'lIs S' 's'r'v'r~l

S'lldo Ii II (I(,l'IIlili"illlllll' ('/(;ll'i('(/ do /}/c;o olld' S' 10 ';di/,lIl11 liS l' 11/\ I. I'll I 11111(1'
o~ Ill'ios 1ll:lI 'I'I:IIS, lio' Ii. D:d 'Oil 'luilllOS qUI.', PIII'Ii \:111'II, Ilililld'tIiIII('~I, 111111,11
" 1IIIIior IUlllldo liS 'III' '1I~ '1"Iri 'i1S S' 10 'i1I i,,lII11 11(1 V(I('IIP,

1\1 I"~ 'nllll' '1110S iI) Ol'iI II~ :II11i 'II~'I 'S diiS l'xpr '~,'I) '" dlH1 101~'11 'lilli' \' IIpll
(,j"ll'i 'II~, PIII'Ii ill 'UI1S 'iiSOS ~i)lll)I's, Ii I'illl d' 1111\' po.', 1111I, pi I, \'111 \'vld\ 111111,II
1'11111
, \' V d '11111
r il 1'01\'11I ( I ill 'Ill II ':IIISIII!:t pdl d isl ri hui<;~o d ' ca I' 'II e10 '01'1 0, PI'O' 'S~O (k 'i'lIl'1do 'livolvidl).
lilli' IIIIHIiI'"l(l, l'OIllO 1 '1ldo 11111/1('lIl'l\iI 11)lld 0, dev'l11os I roced 'I' dll S' 'Uillll' Vi,'lo /II' II~ 1'1l1\'IIS, 10) ,'III\\I('I.IIS Vl'lIlrillis, qlllllilli 'I lilli' Will I) I I \1, tI, \\'11111
IlIlIlH'II I, 1,1,doli 11110.' 11111'IL-11I1.'1l1l1\IL- 'III' 'II do 'orpo II) 'S '.ill C 0 V 'rsor d' I', ('01110 I ','IIIllIdll rill II, ',p ','in 'iii' 0 11\\'\(11110, 1 dil 'I,' i\ ' II 1\'lIlldll dll lOll, I
dl I III II dll "'Illl'nio I','\'oillido:\ '11')'11 II, () '1'111'1110 d' '111''II d ) 1'111';'1
'0111 1111'

11111111'\11
1'111I( 1111111
I'()I\'II Iii", 1':,\'1' 'VI'1l10, ('nillo II) /"/}/'('/1 1'1111'(' 1111118 ('111'1/8 11/1111/111'111",\

tlF 1(11 ) /' (\111 II h'l\'ll 1(1'1dlill 1'111 IIr 11I11I1

dlllllH' , //1 I II , lill 1I11/11dll 11[1 'III 111\I I I'll
dllill I'" I illll Ii 1111111
dl I Iii II 1'1 ' IPIIII1 1111I'lp 1 I
 1IIIIIIIIdli ljlll' II III !ill,' lIS ':IIWIS S 'jillll jlosilivilS, pro 'III' 'lllOS ,;t!cul;lr iI I'oryil
1111I II If I III I' l'I' 'ilill p'lli 'III' :1 I/~, I~SSIII'()I\'II S'I':'I I' 'pulsiva, C iI indicarcmos pOl' III '~' 0 (il' "I ' 1 01' Slill Vl'/"
I I I)" 1("lIdo '0111II I'i d' ('OIiIOlllh p;II'a dU:ls car ':IS puntil'ormcs, Icmos , "II' POI' l'Xl'fllplo, S~jll (I
/' ,III /'; dos Sl'I1\lS,
Sl:11/1 S ~II I

J' I
" 1~
IlIlIh. 4'1' i' 0 v 'I'sor qu' dar[1 a dircyflo e 0 sentido de FI2, Para caracterizar per-
S '11(I I S 'II
1IIIIIIll'II11' I "'f~' pld'mcs csp'cificar 0 seu modulo: " I
I ,

I' - ~CfICf2,
III", p'llI fil'lIra, " 1(.0" ,
IX I -'
12 - 4m:o 1'12 III I
0: I I) I X()" ,
1'11111111/0lido, para' mpl tar a especil'icayiio de £'12 devemos dizer qual a sua ill If II ()

Ii II' Ii 'II S'li s'ntido, ;\ direyiio de FI2 C a de 1'12' reta que une q1 e q2' S 'n I) S '11(I X()" 0:) s 'n 0:,
101 0,
1'11111,11,0, '1IIi 10 de J< 12 code Cf2 para tll se ambas as cargas sao do mesmo sinal. I'
S '11 /1 - I~ S 'n IX
l'IIIIl'lllllo, Sill C tl2 tiverem sinais opostos, 0 sentido de Fl2 sera de q1 para q2' "I' ,
I) filll'('tI 1/1/1/1 I ('m'r,a devido cI. presen('(1 de duas outras
('1111Id 'I' '1110Suma carga tli situada num ponto 0, proxima a duas outras
(I - arc S 'n (';','II~) sen IX

111'1II • II, I'll \, '111IJ e ,respectivamente, A situayiio c a da Fig, 1-8, Seja ex 0 angulo () o,l'lllid, d' "I s'r(1 0 b lin 'on:ll 1\ I aral'l\ 1':11110IIIWO, lIPOllllllllll1 Ii
Itlllllllhl "lIlll' rl~ e 1'13' retas que unem tli a Cf2 e q3' respectivamente, () pli I'll II.
;111'111Id'lIII ,q e Ih positivas, a forc;a em lfl ,devido a Q2' sera F12, e a forc;a ,) ','111'('11 I('o/t/o II ///1/11 d/SII'i/iII/(' ill lil'll!ol' iiI! (' {r(JO
III' d 'viclo a 1f3' ser[1 FI3,
11111111 A forya resultante em Cfl sera Fl' dada pOI'
S '';11I. () 'om, rim 'nto d' Ul11it linhit '111'1"IIdu ')111 1I1111l'III' It tOllt1 (J, . '1'111
"I = FI2 + F 1 ;1 ' II "It ilION qll' 'SNIt 'ltrglt se listribua unif'ornl '111'nt' POl' lodll II lillllll, 1,10 \\ 11111
II d 'IiSitlild' lill 'ar d' 'ur fI seja conS!lInl , t 'ndo ) 111'1'111\ vulol' tI 1(11110111111
POI11\ clit linhll,
II 1'2
I'll = 4m:o r2-e12
PI'O'lIl'llr'IIIOS '(II'llllll' fI f'()r~';1 Ill' 'ss;llill"lI '111'1"Itdlt il'(1 ')('I'\'l'l \1/111'
12 (1111/1'III' II plinlil'orm' If, ~ituada 1I ull1a dist 11'ill II d' 1111111 tillS' 'II' 'litid Ill, III
I Cfl II I
1'1.1 = ,2 . l! 13. ,, lil1lll1 \' 1111III'Sllia dir 'C;, 0 d'sl:l, '01110 Ila I,'i" 1-<),
4m:o I 13 1'12

,,
I

III 1I11l(II t! o.

J ,,'I I ,,'I ,\ + 2 1'1 F 1.1 'os C<,

,
(rx
/ "'\
/
r'3
/

---------
II--~=
.
II

0,',,'"
+1/,
I' 11111\ 1 'I

;\dlllillllllON lIll' IIlIlhos llS siSI 'lllilS liL' 'III'IIIN Sl'illill do 111\'111(11'11111\ 1111II
'III II ' '1'1'1 1\'1 III..ivlI,
,'('I,,\'ioll'IIIOS illi 'inlill 'III\' 1I1ll l'f\'llll'1I10 lit' \'011'1 I illl,'lllll rI • d I /1111111,
'1111
111111\'1 'I \1111 I "II'f II \'1\'lll\'liI II tI >, 1\ 1'(11\'1l'lIl II dl'VI 10 110 '/'1111'111"li,' 11111'11 ,/ )
"'1'1 ,/I,' PIli 111{11111\1,
I I )
, I '
It ' I{//II
,i I I JlIII II ,/ I I II
 111111111111
PUll/I d '1INldlll!l- 1111\'11II' '111'1 II I 1111111
(\'111)111
pOI (lilid It!' k 11111'I 111111111111111\',1'1111
'1lIllpl'lli. I, \'11111tlll'l !III iI I t!11\'l,'lI1 'II '1IIIilil III
IIIIlilll 111\'"ll1l. 11Ili t!\'lillk 1\).
I' 1Ii11'~' \1 " I II I illt'lill'ill lilill \lu'
I. '1I11'1111I11l II , '1I1illo t' Il Ii' ilil 1IIIIII'II11l ilil
111111
I

d) II ds,
1 I Ilido ", v 1'l:SIIII;lclo 'III dF, "111'11'( 11,!11'1;11'() lIU ' roi 'xposlo ;i1l: "lIUi, d 'V '1110S;1 'I' 's' 'III II' Il l.i'HIIIIIII
il I1l'm'l'SSo plll'lI 0 '(iI'ulo d' rOI'~:"S sen'l dir'l'el1l', d'p 'nd 'ndo dll 1111111"11
1I1II1111
II '111')'n :I'll'i '" 'slivel' disll'ihllid;1 'onlil1u;lm 'nl ' sobl' , I111I '0 I'j)(l ,
!\SSilll, S' 0 'Ol'pO liv 'I' " form" dl: um aram 'Oll \' UI11;1hllst, 11111110
lill t. ,,,
modo tnl llll'" '"I' ';I S 'j;l fJ lisll'ibllid;1 por [0 10 0 eoml l'ill1 '1110 dil lio. lIi'lllI
I' 'lllOS IIl11n dl'lIsidad I lilll!al' dl! ClIl'yll, ;I qual anotal' 'l11oS POI' I', 011 svill. I I II II
POl' 1Iliidiid' d' 'ompl'il11l:nIO" 'j;1 entiio, d' ;lcol'do (;on a I,'i-, I-H), Ilillllllllli
1" IIdn 'S ,I, ,ion 'm s um elel11enlo de 'omprimenlo da linl1;l dl, IU' '1l111'I I 1111111
IU~lnl i I"d ' dl: (;"r 'a dq, D finiremos;I I 'nsidad(; linear d' ';11";1 d' lilill I 1IlIIIII
S 'l1do:

[_+J
O L , I\q dq
+ , Ii = /111'1
III to
AI
L\
= ell
-0

F = fLCI
4m:o
[~
a
__
a +L
I_J' '

M L
4nl;0 a(a + L)

Q
~i =y'

F = q9., __ 1_
4m:o a(a + L)
I' 1 ' pI' 'ssfio nos d:'1 0 mocl u 10 cia fon;:a que atua em q devido it presen<;a
d I /1111111
'111'1" ;Ida, n~1 silua<;~o dada, Vejamos alguns casos-limites, Imaginemos
lIIH'1/ I, (II I1l1lito m;liol' que L), Em oulras palavras, a distancia a partir da extre-
111111
HII' till lillhll at' 0 ron1o onde quen:mos calcular a for<;a e muito maior que 0
111111111111\'1110till pr6pria lillh;1, Isso poslo, podemos desprezar L comparado com
II 11'11'1110, '1111() POl' Ollll'O la 10, S' a (;01'10 livel' ;t rOl'nl;t I, UIlI:l pili '11 pllllill iiI' \' Ill' 11111
Illuilll P 'qu '11:1(011 d 'srI' 'ziv'I), s nclo q a 'al'g;t 10Iai do plilll\l, ddillill'IIIIl' 1111111
Qq
d"lISldl/dl' SIIIII"jlci(/1 de 1'1/1'(1(/, qll ' :lllolal' 'IIIOS POl' n, islo •.• II ('/11111Pili 1llIltllIl!r
47T1: (/2
0 Ii ••.I'll' ':1. I 'II 'Ol'tlo '0111~I I,'", 1·11, s ,I, 'iOlllllltiO 11111
'" 'Ill '1110 Ii' '111'1d,' \' \111111

1'1111\,illWtlilllllll1l'lIll' <ill' a 'XI I'l'SSIlO II 'imil C s 'Ill 'lh"lllc ;1 da ror~'a 'Ill I' ' tI" II \'/11')'11 'III 1111{II\'II "''''111 'lilliI', 'S 'n'v\'I' '1I10S

dlill I III I, Plllil,I'OI'IIII'" 1 t' 0, SI'Pill':tdlls POI' 1111111

disi. II 'i:l 1/, ( 11111110
III~IIS
, 1\/1 tltl ,
111111111 \"111 \'1 I 1'1111',
I d.1 lillil I, Illlli, II rOI'~'1ISl' fl.'St'III,'1I11i1'{11'1\I'wlll 1'11111'lililiS I 1111 •
I', 'II \, d, •
 1'11111111111\, ('1111111 (')IpO I 1'011111 \/lIltlqll'I, '011100 II I,'i, I-I, lIll'

111'11 I III \1111 (JIIIIlI '~N, N' 'INO d'l'illil' III JN UIIIII dl'/ISldlldl' ,JIIII/IIIlI/riclI de
, III III, I', 1/I() {, 1\ '/11' II POl' Ull id)ld' I' VOIIlJ1l',

, 1\(/
11111
'IV ,n 1\ II

I 'I' mas, para os tre tipos de distribui9ao, as seguintes for9as numa

1,'1, 1-13, para a distribui9aO linear,
Q J1 ell
elF = -4-
nt ----,.-
,.~ e", o
F = -SL r ~Ldl e
4m:o J,,.2 I"
(1-15)

I' II I I d iSI I'it uiC;Jo superficial de ca r~a da I,'ig, /-14, a fory<l sera
() dS
dF = 4m:(1 ,.'2
e I"

P = [ ()dS e
4m:" ,.2,'
, S

I111 I lill tlilill', il r(JI'~'iI l'l11 I J, d 'vido dislribui<,:rio volumClrica d' C~I r NI)I! Ii\'V"1111I 'N'1I1 "TI' d' \III " ,V 11.' ('IIIP,IIN (', 11\1\'11'111 dl 1111111lill 1111111111111

.
il 1 •. 1,
till 1'1 I-I ' '1'1 111'1111' (,!JII' (I 1'(lIl'", 1111Ii I'll, idlldl' (lilll'III, SllIll'lll '11111111 VIIIIIIII! II III) "III \ 1111

() /1 tI II I II II" 1'1111,'111111(I, 1'111 f 'I II I,

rI'"
1111'"
,. 4'",
I' Ill).
1111
,,'
·1/1/ II
.r II tll'
"
I /'

I
(I-I'll II //1 I'l
I' III
~ ';
II

--
:....;;,. -
 (J
, , J
)111
NUl I' ( I I
...•
Ii III (' ('0 ' I (\ I
I I1

l'
'/1

)
fl - n/~,l' d II (I' dll) (dl') (/' S '11 Ii //((1),
d II I'~ dl' S 11,11dllt/«(I,

I' IIlldto '0I11111ll 0 USO d' coordCI1Hclas esfcric'iS, onsideramos L1111sistemll

ill Illlld'lIl1lhlS '0111 ori 'm 'oincidcntc com 0 c nIl' de LIma sferel, tal C0l110
IIII I"j , I I H,

)
/

I Jill IHIlllo 1I111dqll 'I" dl'l'inido p -IllS 'Oordl,.'l1l1lilis 1', () "(I, '1'11(1sohI" lImu 'sf 'I'll
Iii Ild\I" I Jill \I( 1I1l'lilo Ii' ('OltlPI illl '1110111 dil' ','f 0 rlidilll, 11()1'1ll1l111l'S~'rll, S ,r{1 dl',

I III,' ( \'1111\1 \, I', - I" II "/1 0:

I' I'll () ('W 1/1\

\I " \'11 II (1\ 1/' •
I \ I) Ii
 fIll, I' I't. 11,11,11"", II" Ii 1/"11,,' Illlill'II,' ,,
1 1111111111,
1111111 1I 1'llli'lId'lllllI lillI\', /111 Ill" i111 Ii III 111'11111 I 'U IIIIII'~ Hili II 'I IIII'd
/""
IIM/I II) I/). IIH'HJ 1I1II1I ,('11(' dv I' P'rlllli'lI, II,NII, ('xlH'li 11'1:1. k'V!I'1I11 1{1I1111'1'I'OI(l
I'll IIII IIlilt 1(1111", I 1'11/\'1('11111111III1HI"lu (lu (,IIIII,U, (jll', 'III I 'l'rt1os h;ISIIIIlIl'
IlIlill', I' II "'/ii/Ilil': '011.'11 (1'1111111 pili II' '1'/111'111
011(1' S' '(111"1111';1 pr;lIkalll'nll'
I
IlIiI/1 1111 I 1111(,101110, I"SSII PIII'Ie "1111';11 l: '1IllIlIad;1 IlIid<;o nlli",;I'o, 0 nil 'k\)
/ ,I \
\ ( N\IIIIOil I
/11111111'11
(, 1'111'1111(10,
prill'ip;1I11I 'III " pm dois lipos d' plll'licul;IS 'km 'IlLII'CS: os
\ /) 1'1\'lluil 1'1III
'
'!',1 \ \
111'11/111/,
(' I),' III'IIII'IIIIS, As prim 'il'IIS ,Sill) pOl'ladol'<Is de CIll'g;1 posit.iva ellS scgund;ls I 1(111'1111
I I
N 11111111 I
III ill', I1III IIl1s d' 'III'! liS '1"ll'i'IIS, A 1I111SS11
do pl'{)lon v<lic, III,roximadamenlc, I \ I
I. I 10 '1'1,' 0 11 ulmll 1'111 II1IISS;1 ligeil'lll11cnle maioI', Ao I'edol' do nllclco I
\ I
11111111"0,1'I'IVillllll P;II'llclliIIS "'m'lllares de niliurez:t e1ilcrcnlc das ant.criores. / \
/ 1111111111
, U II l'ir:/I'IIIIS, A IIlIISS;1 d' Llln el"t.I'on c e1a orelCI11 dc 1840 vczcs l11enor que a ./
11111
'II 11'11111 pl'(llon, islo ••• <),11 x 10 .II k', 0 clct.ron tcm carga do tipo negat.iva

I' II IIIiii' d\'SSII ';11"<1 ' d' 1,0 x 10 I') ,Ali{IS, cssa c a carga fundament.al, ou
.I
II IIIIt I
1'1", (jll tlill 'I' ';11' 'II {f pod's 'I' 'xpn.:ssa como LII11 mt:tlt.iplo int.ciro da carga do
1,11111111,,\' ill Ii 'al'rnos POl' (' a CIII' 'a funelal11cnl.'il, 10dcrcl110s escrc"cr sel11prc
\I 11I0111'1l[n 1111\llIllIlIi 1;ld' d' IIlovim 'nl" (1110111'1110 1111)111111')
dll "1,'111111 III/
II1II ""'''IIplo illl 'il'o d;1 qll;lIllidlld' II/ Jr, olld, II ' IIllill 'OIlSIIII)I\, IlIliv\'l I" I Itll
1111\111I'll/ISIIIIII' d' Plan 'k, qll' v;tI' Ilpl'oxil1l;ldlllil 'Ill' (',(1 10 \ 1.1', 1111 I
i11/\'IIIOi'l I,;nlllO qu' a carga elcll'i a 6 quantizada, I( 1111 ,'I. () \Ill' 1/ 'a111l1l0S II, 'xI or '()I'I' ,SI on I, ;1 11111dos POSlllllldo, 11\' 1111111
('0111 I' 'sp 'ilo ;'ts dilllens5cs at.ol11icas, podcl11os dizcr com seguran<;a que 0
No S'li 'silldo 1101'1
III tI, 0 (1lonlO Ilpr 'S '111:1 0 1II'SIl1\) II t'll I I '1'\1 Ill' 1'1('111111
15
/1111 do 11I't"'o vIII'i" el11l'e 10- 111 c 7 X 10-15111, enquanto que os atomos tem
di' III I'll ()IIS, Assilll, II 111111
'ria n( S 'U 'Slildo IH11'11"" " 11'IIII'll,
/11111 "Olllpl'''lldi los 'nlre 0,5 x 10-1°111 c 1,5 X 10-1°111, (Veja a Fig, 1-20.) II II 'Ilomilil/do d' IlLII11 '1'0 d' lllaSS;1 0 111'1111
'1'0 d' Pl'<'lIOlls 110 111'1
'I'll 1111111111
" 1I1110li '1111'Ill " illdi '1IIlIOS 0 11"1111
'1'0 d' l11assa POl' %, POI' 'X 'Illplo, 0 '111111111
Iii

/'
---- Alomo de hidrogenio

/
----- ---- ""-..
IlliIllI
1111'1101110(I'
lIio 1'111 Illlln
Ilidl'o '~Ilio,
'1'0 d' lIlassa
'0111 11"1111
'1'0 d ' l11aSS11i '1I,t!1I
i 'lilt! II Lilli " plll';1 0 1I1'i1l1io, /.
lilli, II rill I I, 'III\,
I) 1
0
NIl III
I 11'11111
II

/ '" / '\
1'1111'1111'0,
111111
\,11111(0 0
"Il"'SS{II'jO
1It'1" '0 P 1d 'n',
qu'
'onl
haja 11111 '1'11'011 l"volv'lldo
'I' UI11 Pl'('11011 ' 1111111'1111'011, '0111() 11111'1/
'111101110 dll 111111111
I I I,
I \
10 1 j rn
/ Proton \ I" II\S\' Vllsn, ( sisl'lI1ll S' 'hal1111 hidro' nin p'Slld(l \111 (kill "I'in, (),' -1"111111'1,'1I1

( \ \
II I, ('ll'hilllS, I' 'L Lllldo II t 'ol'ia d' Ilohr, possUl'm '11'1') il/s h\'111 (l1'11'1'IiJill 1111

\
10 10
Ii
j

Ii
I
I
\
\
G I
I
)
1111111
I,

1'\11' 11111
II
No
'klll'l'S,
PII"lloll,'
1I111ii'l jlll'l'liUS

lilli' '\ 11' 'I'll'

HSl'i'l
I'll rill I II II
I
'01'1' 'spolld

;'1 '1'1I'i
od '111S 'I' arrlln
11111sisl'l11;1
';dlld',
'111 :1

Ilillil(l
Ilpl'
'ados
'stllllos d'

'1"11111111)'l'(lIldl'
'(1111I' '1IIIivil
111;lis 'Olilpli'IHlll,
'1l1'1')'ill 111I1i, h Ii

11i11Hl/1 Iwi I IIIJ \'11'111111

rlicilidllll
S'II(10 dill\
0"

•• \'1111111111111
il
11111
11111\'1II /I
m
/ \ ~
III 1\'IlI(I~'lo, I)' 1I1I11Iqu'I' I11UIl,jl'a,;1 IOl'~'1I d' IIII'lI~"IO ('1111'1'0,' ,li'llOIl '/I'. 111/1

"'- 11111 ", uli,j '111' pllr'U 11111111

'I' II I:sluhili(lll I, do (1IllIIIO,

-- /' '- ------ - ----

../ Eletron
POl'
11111('III i,' pll,'ilivlIS,
()1I1r'0 Ilido pod'I'-s
0 \IU' 111(1111
'III
·.ill I 'I' '11111:11':d ','ii'
os 11'(110111'IIl1ido,',
11"' () ""1 '1'0
1111111
V,'I 1/""
(, I'll II, 11111i111
1101 II i'l,'111I
dl'

.,' lillI'" I- U Figura 1-21 /'111 'II '1111'(' 'II'S "(I' I'l'puli'l I)' A 1'\'sposlll " 11./111'('11
11I1c//' II" 1/\1\' i' 11111ItPil iii' 11111,
I
i111\1\'1I1\' i10, tipo,~ '0111 1/"' L'SIIIIIIOi'l III'OSllllllllt!IlS II lill II', 1'01110, PIli '\i'llIplo
1\ Ill,', I '()I'i 'liS do 1110d '10 ",('1l11ico de Rulhcl'l'orei 101'''111 dad"s pclo I'isico
/I IIli'lPIIII 1'01~'1 l'1\'II'Osll'lli'II, II 1'01\'11 t'I'IIVillll'iOlllll, L'I,', l'od"11111 111111111 i1"'
lillllllil 1111'SNi'ls !JolIl' (1<)13), 0 qu;II I'orilluiou "Iguns postulados que (oralll
1I11"111\'1111' 'olilil'I'\"IIO, 1111'1,\ 1)1'1'II,' I'OI\'IIS 11\1'1"/111',', 1I1,,~ 1110 IlIdll, I' i1l1i ,1111111
I IljllIl '1 ill' I 'plil'lIl' 0 :'1101110, Os poslul;ldos \' Bohr 1'II;I,Cl11p"rlc dc ul11a nOVII
11i'IIIIIlIII'i" 11111"lIl1lpo 111\'110 II pI', lilli, II., 1111111ill I 1111'11'1 illi I iIl\ II /1111,11
/1111111I 1'1, II 'nOlllilllldll 1I/('('(llIi('(/ (1IIIillliclI, qll' J, 1II,Ii ';Ivd 110 11111nelo alol11ico,
I 1/111' i\11 V dot " 11111110II IIHII' II I '1/11'1111 III, I 11\'/ I , 11111
, 1'111'11111111
II I~ 11,
"1/1111110 i 1 'Il/'ill ill: 1\(1111',0 ;'110111\ d' lIidl'O -'nio I 'rill () liSp 'elo dll I,'i" 1_ I, " lilli/III 11'1/111'1111
II II I 11111111','1
IIi I III' I,
ill' 11111III1Hlo 'l'Id, II 1111I,'i , I '. ,
1'11111/111III/III, l\'II'IIII111111i111 1 'ill I III '1110
1'1111\'111110 0,' 'I~'ll'(lll,' 111100 'UPIlI11 posj~'1 ',' lIt'hilr'l'lI'ills \'111 101'111)(10 1It'lI'ko,
11111111
d, " i1l'llIt I (I IlIilllli II 1111'1111111111111111
ill pllIllIlI
1111 '11i'111 I' '11/1, li,'/dIIiS /'/'1'111111 IllS, 1'111 "\I'lIlplll, 11/1111i'1I'hill 1','1 " 11I'1liJilidii
IlpII' 1111111
1'"11 1111111111111111
i1,' 111'111 I'" 1111'11I 1111'11/
 t' do lill' Idil'iOlIIIi II) //1'11 11"11 /HO 11/
111111111111'01 '\ 111"1 II ("k'il i' 1llll'llll'" 11111\ 011'0, Illdll III Ii 1111
.'1I hiI'll i I' 'III' IllS ,I',
1111 111111111\111111, ,lbli'lI, des," 'Ol'po,() Ilod" ,0111111 011
I 111111 111111111111
d\ld' d' di/\'1 1111'II 11 \', II 1\'11\)1111'110
d \ ililitl II II' 111111
111'11
111\II I 11111\'01'1 P dL'II0l1lilll1 S' ('/1'11'i::1I('(/1l L1'1 '01'10,
111111 I'll III, P tli doll 111111\'11111,1111 lill\', IP 11111111111111' ° dOlI \11I1'1H \ III
Nil
111111 1I11111Ul'IIII'L'
I il visloS
dois
IHI il1irio
'Ul'pOS,
d 'st,
()Ulilldo
'11I)i1Ulo,
sc di'!.
II L:lL:tl'i",<I<,:ao sc dClI
ljll' II c1dl'i",a<,:i'io
aII'IIY',S
foi conseqi-icil
do 'Oll-
'i;1
IIII1P II 1IIIIItill ° \'PIII lip 1'1\1'\' P.' Ilil" 11111"
JI~III\1111 II, I 111I11I1l'1,1l' 1'10 lipos dl' 111111
'I i lis lill\' 1'111'Nl'1I1111111111111
11I1It! 111111
i111 iii III th' 11111111II1'l'il" POI' 01111'0, 0 all'ilo, como fcnomcno cm si, nao I:, 0 n;s-
III I '\\111l1 ('1('110111/ \' (11I11'0 qll' IIpr'sl'lIll1lll 1111111
Il'lld IIL'il tI~, v'd\'1 1,1"111111
111111IIv\'1 1)('111 'll'll'i",II~'i'iO: s 'I'y' lao-sol11cnlll para facilitar 0 contato intima enlrc
(IlIllldo 1111110, II \'X,wl'i Il,jll dl' 11111hi, 1110 d' vidlll ,l'IHlll 1111
il \(10 ('11111 \ d I
ill Ii \'1 ilili I, , \ II I~'III 1111111l'lId 11'ill 'Ill I'~' 'I 'I' l'it'II'IlIl,. '1llillll1l0 lIlI' 0 hi H 10 dl' Idl II, II;
Nil V I U L1l' ul11 lilli '0 (ilomo, essc ala r eebe 0 nome de ionizC/.(:ao, \ 1111111110,,1\'II\iL' /1 n'd ,,' '1[:,II'Oll," 1\1I110 11111 "rip 11IIIII '1'0 d' \'1"11011 II I II till
,',', I'll' 'uriosidild .• 111'111das particulas j[\ citadas, existem outras, que sao
111111
I d', Idl'll P II' I II, S '(III, II '1I1l 10, pois, II hlll'l'lI IL'vidro '11'1' 'f!, 1(111pori II IV 11111111
d 11111 III 'l'lh, I-I junl;II11'nle '0111 algumas de suas propriedades,
(1111 III 1I111111'IOtit' plololIS) '[I s'dll '1I1'1"ll1dll 11'/lIlivIIIII'lIll' ('XITS P d(' ('1('111111 I
NIllllIlo. qll'll '/11',11 \,;I"ll'i'li 11/10(: 'l'illdllll'llI d'Sll'lddli 'Il, \'IlIPII ('\111
'I':lhd:l I-I. 1':1rI jcul:l s clcmcnla rcs
1 111111,It'll 1\'11111
'lIl ' d 'vldo 1I UIIIII Idl '1'l1~'IIO 110 'lillillhl'io '1"II'j '0 (I.' l'll~ (111111111

Massa Carga 11111(1,IIPO l'i:1 1'111'I"!lIdo I osilivlIll1'llI , '001111'( Il'glilivlIllIl'l1l' '0111 lillllilltllilit
NOl11' Simbolo
11'11111I 1111('1101, () qu' II 'II hll 11IllS de di",l'l' 'ol1slillli 0 ", rill 'Ipio dll ('1111'1\'1
V'II II
1,'01011 y 0 Neutra " I III If ,/(11 iL'II,''', •
Ncutrino ,,0 o (?) Neutra
e 1,000 Negativa
1~lelron 11111/1'11'/ (/('(/11 /11/1" ('III/If/III
1)6sitron e' 1,000 Positiva
II 206,7 Negativa I \'\'\11 tI '1I10S II ' I 'I'i 'II 'i:1 10 ("111, I 'Ill qll' 1II1ltllllHlS 11111('(lII\(l \' 111\'1' 11111
{ Mesol1
Meson n 273,1 Negativa I. 11111\"11 .• 10 "I VII III oS 11111/1P 'qll '1111 'SI\:I':1 d' p:'I) 'I. 'I' '1I10S '1I11p, 11111
I "1111'1111
Meson n' 264,3 Neutra 11111I 11I11I1 \'111 :fl.11 10 ' 1I11~oulro 11'1111'0 (rI',' '111'1" lido), S, 11111do. \'0111"' \ II

{K'KO 966,5
905
Positiva
Neulra
I 1111
\'1/1 10 \'11'1I'll'/I~)) 'lIl " d I 'II mos 'I,llli 'x '('ssp (I' d "I rOilS, liS 1'01'\:11. I Ii' I 'pllill It

Positiva 111111 II' 1II1';IIIOS 111/,'111 'Oil) qu' hll,lll ulllil 1'lId~Il'ilili ')(PIII,':'llo,' do '1IIIHII'"11
{ 1'1'61011 II' I 836,1
Nl:ulrOn /I 1 838,6 Neutra 11111(' 1\ 1~IIIIJlI S "I ','Ilido lI'ull'O, S '1\ 10 II 'ull'o 0 I' '/'llIl(lo '01'10, illl\ 1IIII1II'II11
/I" 2 182 Neutra II II It I 'I I 11'11'1' '11I1sl" 11'm Itl1'1I~'1I0 '1111" IlS dois, 1\1I11\'11I111I, 110 1'11\'111111 \1111
1:'1 2325 Positiva 1111111/1dol 1'0l'poS I'll I I' 'Ill elll 'olllUlo.o qU, 1'111 lilli' ",'so d' ,1"111111' lillill
2324 Neutra

t'' ' ' ' '

Slgll1:1 1:"
Negativa
lit XIIIII'I Ill, l' huv '~'{I 111111110vim'I110 k ,I 'I rOils (ksll' plIl'(1 0 \'01 po 11\'111111
2341
r-.III 1I1\'d tI I lilli' VIII 1111111
'11I:lndo 0 IIlllll 'ro dc ,I 'Irons do s '1'1111110\'lllllll 1'1'1
'si -3('1) Negativa
11'11111 11\'11\ 111111I' 'Iillsi 0 (Ios ,I 'I rOilS ',110 dimilillir /1 ('011\'1'1111'I~' 10 <i\' \,1"111111
111111111111
'I II l'l'PIIINIO 110 S '}lIl1do. III" qu' l' 'SSl' \'1'1/1 Irlll1sf"r 11l'i1l d(' '/11111 ('II\"
1'111'I 111111I101l!L'1l10 'Ill qll' llS LiniN 'orpllN Sl' I' 'lwlil'lIo 101' I'SIII 'Ill 1'111'1' Itlil 111111
/I'I'/'P(/('U('S I 11/ I till III ' .•I11III lipi, '

I) 1"111 dls Irorrj'lal's d,ldllS nil Tab, I-I, as partieulas element ares pos-

11\'1110111"11.' '01110 POl' 'x '111110. Spill, vida media, modo de desintegra<;:ao, etc., I'/WIIU:III, IS
1I11 111n IIIlS 'onv m 'it{I-I;ls ;Iqui, 1 I I >t' dill,' 1(' Illl,' dl' SL'IIIi. ilL' '0111111'illl\'I1I(\ /, p'lId\'1I1 tlilil PI'I II II II I
II) IIII1SSIIS <IllS plIl'll 'IIIIIS s~o da leiS tomando-se como unitaria a massa do I It I I tll' 1111 I Iii \' '11/' I 1/, S '1'Iliido II ,,'i), 'I. (\lIINid 'I II 0 II 11111(I 111111111
II IllllI, I'()I' l' '111plo, um pr61 n 1 'm massa I 836, I maior que a massa do eletron Iii II Iii 1111, N', I vOlldi~'\ I',', II1llSIIIII' lIl1l'
(I), I 10 \ I I,), As 'lir liS 1III1116m sao dadas tomando-se por base a carga do

,1('111111,
IIi) ,'lliPI\' III' IIplir" 'I' 0 sinal (?) signif'icani que nao houve confirmar;ao (1/ /) II i I
IIH'I ill!L'111 d (hI 1'010, ( 1/11 II III ill i' 11:11
1
I
I
I
1,111'111 V'II I fOI'm:IS poss!Y'is pllrll qu' 111)) '01'10 riqll' '1'lri/,(Id,l, PIIS-
I
111111111 I I'~ 111
1111II Ii I 1111111,<il,IIIS,
IIIIII[

II I

I 1 ('Itillii 11III I 101<,'11 ~ Iliviin 'iOlllti \'0111 I 1'11I<,'1

l'll'llosll'lli 'II 'Ill" 0 l'Il'IH111 1/ /'(1/,"1
I II PIIllllll 1101'1101110 d' llidHl' 'Ilio. I)lldos: Illio dll lll'hilil do '11'11'011, S,3 III II I
I
111,1111'II dl' \'1'111111,1,(1 10 1'1(', I11i1SSIIdo '1"11'011,1),1 10 \I" ,; muss:1 do I
1'111t 1111 I / I () k ~' , (;
I' (1,"/ I 0 I I (N' 111)/12 2, 1
I
.
I' f '1/'f I \/ II /' /1, (/ ~01 10 \" .
I \ 1)(111. \'111'tiS plIl1til'OJ'm 'S 1/, iguais, 'stDo separlltlas POl' urn:1 listuneia
I
'II 1111111'1 '.il'll 'III' 'II / ' ohl'i 'ada a pcrmallcecl' na mcsma linha quc une as
11111111111MWItIIIl' qll" 1".\' d'sl 'am nto da Icrccin carga, a partir d Into
1111tllll tI I olllln,' dUllS, ' il'l , 1I111aron,:a d I' stituiGao p'lra p qucnos deslo amcntos
" li"I' \' III1,mil1l:ldnlll 'nt· lin aI', isto ~,

q2x
f'""
m;o /)J

1.·1 ('111'1"111'II l'on':;1 'I'll' )st{lti 'a p I' unidadc de eomprimcnto entre dois
III 11'ltllIl'OS, 111uito Ion 'os, d' d 'nsidlld' lin 'III' de earga /t c It', unil'ormes, sabenclo
1111t II doL !'ios SilO I :lntl'l 11' ' distaneiados POI' rI mctros,

/1/1'
III'" tI

" dlldll 1I111i1listril ui<;iio es~'ri 'a d' 'ar 1<\ c1e raio R, sendo que a den-
J
e ",-
Itilidl VOltlill ,tl'i '[I d' 'ur a varia d' aeordo eom K 2 Determinar a carga
I'

1111II <I,' 11111Il 'misl"rio, Sill) 'n I) qu' I' ' UI11I1disliineia eontacla a partir do centro
till 1,1,'1 I, ))0 I' 'slIlllIdo oblido, 'studal' os casos-limitcs, Oar as dilllensoes c1as
11111lilli" I I' (I, GlI;1I11o val' n:
raio dll 'sl"rll qu eontcm a mctade da ear fll
1111 "'I

I
1. -1112.
a

1 (I 1)111,' P 'till '1l1lS 'sf'rllS, d' III 'SI110 material c n csmo pcso, esUio prcsas
1'111dill 110 tI", 'till 110m sm( p( nt( d' SliSP 'liS •.o. Quand se rornecem csr ras as
\ 1111 I ,I( II ''lI. il'lIlds 'Ill vulol' ' sinal, Os fios rormam cntrc si um ftllgulo ex. Dc-
tlilldll! \ 111\,,11 sp"lI'i'li do mUl'l'ial Ill' '()nSlilui as esfcras, sabend quc ()
II 111.,'1\111 () Iios II () mlldll qllllndo III' 'sf'ras sa l11ergulhadas elll quero:;en',
11'1111111 1 I p'(' lil'lI 'O,H /'111.1, A P "l'Inilividiidc e16lriea d querosene e "" 21:0, e
1'1',/111'\/" 1,(\ I ('Ill',

I / I )1It11111111110 I' 'Iilll"o d' 'olllpl'illl 'nto I, uniform "Ill 'nl" '111'1"Ildo,
111111 tllll did 'II tI, l' "K I /1, d' ,,'ol'do '(1111II I·'i . 1- , 'Itlt"lti II I 'omlo
1111
1111111till 11111, I, 111111111/11111II • VI Ilk d, 1111 "1111/I 1/ illilldil \'111(",11) ()III' II' ,tit ItlO
IrllIl III qlllllll" I 111111111 ~1IIIId' "OIlIJlIII Idll '0111 II " /I'
 11/1 I ill I" /1'\/1', I lilli, III I 1111'III 11111, "I I 111111 I ( I ), ~~I I '111111111
1111 II,
111'1111111111 IIII~ I I'
111111 1)(1111111110
0 viol '1I11lHl II{'II II II (" 1111 ItllplI I" 11111111
iii 11111'11
Iii 1111'10 1111pO)1111, IlIlpl\\ 111\'1111',
"llIlpO (·I{'III,o 110 pOIIIII 111111111111
11111111II I'll 11(' I', ('01110 lido II '1'111(1(':111

1IIIIIl' 1/0111,,1'11II '111'11 I, PI'OV[I, I' II "OI'~'111I11' [Ill1ll sol 1'(' 1'1111'1l' '. 0 V('11111IIIIIpii
I It 11110, I' 1111\1 I lilt! ':1.11v'lo,'ilil '0111 liS 1" lIillll:S '111'11
'(('1'.1 i 'II, : 0 11111111"11
1
II "" 1/",/1/0' II di,' '~'ilo sedl [I d '1"0 '11\d' 1'0'
'OS 'Ill ido 1[11111 A tlllidlld, 1('111l'Iild I
dll I III'IHI (,I{,tl i' l 110 Sist '11111
1111'1'11l!'iollill dndll p'llI I' 'III~'(\O 'IItll' II 11I\ld III
II I' I' 1/0' isto ••• 11'wtOI1 por 'Old 1mb (NI '),
11I111HIIIIII'('1I10s II (rll ( 'on .• il d compo elilrico, que nos permitin't encarar I , I l'llI' II-I 's!' 1'( r '010 'lida 11111111l
1" ,110 ol1d' j{1 ' ist'l1\ oldl I ('Iii
I 111I~I' Ill' III' I~'do dc' I' 'plIlsliO 'ntr Car as Ictrica sob um novo ponto de vista. Ipl~1I '111110SI'n'1 (vejn 1I FI', ');1 SOlltll v '101'1111
dlls I'OI\'IIS qll' 'IHIII 1111111
d I
111111 '/lr In It no CSIXIQ . Ate uma delcrminada
III '1I10S 1I11111 distancia, contada II .1/, ,1/ • 1/\' 'x 'r", Mill 'mut; 'Ilm'nt " 1'1' '111ls 'nlt 0, vislo \I"' liS 'II II
II 1'1111/1d I ~'Il' II 1/, \I 1111
l<.jll 'r ull'iI CnP;1 ai colocada sofrer{l a. a<;ao de for<;a.s ele- II I' ,
1111tilt \"" PSsl I' vito qll' 'nv Iv a car i'l q denominamos de campo eJ(~trjco
(\II I I 1,'1, I), I ((jOlt I '/o /'"'I! 1/01/1)
/' I I 1',
4,(1' I' 01 I'l OJ. I' 0,1
'0 01 0 0,1

1111111'
/'111' /'0 '/'01 st 0 Os v '1'1401'
'14IISs0 'illd IS II 1'01,1'0 '1'0.1' '\" PlTl1 1I11111tl
\ ~PII", 10 ( II C I'C;II '/'11' lst{l[1 'n 101111-1111/0'
) I'l:PI' '14'11111 11I1IIldo 110 \111II dill
'111'111 I, ('III' 'liS 1/1,11 'If,\'

1'11110 'IISO 'Ill I"' ' '( I( 'U Iu nlimB

1/0 1" il () 1111
qlllli ' ist 'Ill 1/ 'III I II
I I \ II • II, ' 1/, , 1/\ ' ' , " 1/". I 0 I 'Inos 'S 'I' 'v 'I'

I
HI'
(1/
I'
t
/'
() I
I
II
I'
/'
0 I'
11/,
0\
'0 0I 0 0'

1111 1111,d(l 0 1'1I1'1HI ,1('II'il'o II (ol1d'

()llll('IIIO.' l' 'sslIlllIl' ill" a diz l'mos que 0 campo eletrico e a regJao do
110 pOllio 14' lo\' dim I/O) d -vido
II, ,II • 1/,
1 11'",11 \1111'('lIvolv' tlmil ',II"n "'tri 'a na qual, ao colocarmos outra carga, esla
( I '1I1'lld j/ Illd 0, Pili'll 0 'IISO d- 1/ 'III' liS,
,till II I~ II d' !I 11111
rOI'~:lI d· jllrac;iio Oll de rcpulsao. cstamos dando lima no<;ao
IIJH 111/ 1I1111111111ivil
do qll' '( nvcn 'ionamos chamaI' de campo elelrico. Devemos,
I 11111
11111111,
I m'illl' II 'ssll 110'le uma. grandeza que nos permita efetuar c~llcu los
II/III (II 'Olllplllv'1 '(I11:t c!'s-ri<;ao dada.
I'll I \ \I 1\'1;1'1/,111'l11ul 'I11uli am ntc as propriedades adquiridas pela re iao I II I II I 11111111
1'1"11j '0 1111111
101110 h· llio I 11111\
1111I P 1~ll III 1111
II '( 1 l'lI111 S IIn II 'ar ra elelrica, ou 14ja, lara caracl.erizar SSa () 1111" \'111111111111
I II'lll'i, 1I1I(' 0 111'1111\
III d
1111II 1111
1I1t1ld III ," ilo 'onsi I rel110S a S 'llinl: silllHc;ao: suponhi'l111 s III 11111'It It I II \ 1111111
I I 111\'11111I' IIVI'
I lip I \ 1{·11il' I 1/ 1110lil'i I"'
111111 IInlll "1'111 I' 'pillO, i. III (', PI'O(iIlZII lIm 'all\( o. 'I .
II III III III I( dOl, ('010 /lll'IIIOS '111111101110 1111
dllll\ I <11'.11 1", il 0 qll' 'Ilvolv-
'I 1111111
11111111
\ II I I{'II kll 1II1Iilo P' 1'1('111,1111 1111111111111110
d· '1/1'/11/ Ii" /lI'1II'1
 plllllll, II \ 1"11111 h till II III1t11III
• ()I

JiO ,
J:' linl
(/(1 ·0 1/0
Pllillililo
tWo
h'
till 0

(IIi 'illl 'lll0S oS 'I'll '[dos d' '111111os 'I"tl'i 'os '0111 11111'IIS0 hi, 111111'1IIIIpii
I tlq tll' till I. 'III' 'lIS l' 1 I'OSS' IIiI' '111
os '0111 'usos I1lllis Clllhol'lIdo •.,
dE = 4m;o /,2 e",
ill ('(1/1/11/1 1'1t:/1'I('(i /11/11/ 11111110 tlell/tlo (I tlI/IIS (' /1'11(lS 11I/l1I1/1)/'/I//'S

1I111'1111',110I'un 10, II 'xpl"ssD ('lIlIsid 'I' '11101'0 '(ISO "dllIlS 'ill' liS ~I'11'i 'liS, I, l' I , li,'pm" I 1111111 illl
(2- ) passa a ser ul11a integral. Entao, efetuando
iil 'f'1 1~'t10 II 'il1lll, 1:11'11101:1 :1 'ar Ta q,
)'11, -I, li •.IIII1!l'S (I , h, I' 'SP' 'livlllll 'III .. do pOllio 0, PI'O '\11'/11('1110,\' tI\1I111 II
\' Illl1H\ '1('ld '01111 01110 I', POl' sil11l Ii 'idll (', III I II iii ii' 'lllO, posilivlI I \1111 l'11/'1l
() (' 111'10 l'I"ll'i('o J:', no 10niO IJ, S'r(l

I~ I:' I I ,~ /' I
Ii 1 /I
I 1"\ " ,II po 'I!.t rico el11 A deviclo
I"' nos d{, 0 ',1111 it distribui9ao continua II,
tll III II
I' ,,
IH'l II,' '(II 'Idos d' '11111, os '1 'lric;os para c1i'tribui90eS discretas e continuas I
II I
I
tll \ II~' I, \'1 n'IUJn10S till' 'stlll11\S dianlc de UI11 procedimento que nos permite I

, ItI\ 1111111 1'01~'II lllll' 11I1I11S\' 1" 1I11111 ca rga deviclo <:'t presen9a de outras cargas,
(III d 11'1'I 1 Vlll1tll '111qu' s' IIprescnta Ilg 1"1,se ja tinhamos um modo de cal- I"~ urn lj () II
1'"
II
lltlill hll'II'j it' 1I11'[I~'1I0Oll I' 'flUlsDo 'I1tre os mCSI110Selementos atraves da lei de
'11111111111 ' illtrodlll;l 0 do novo 111'10 10 na ser~l, evidentemente, apenas a divisao
11111I1I1 I, ,~(I 1111 IIL'III'I' 'III, I 1'~lli 'al11 'nte, em simplifica<;ao alguma. Notamos ini-
tillll\IIII' Ill' III l' 'pI' 'I'll'll\) 'I',d do '/lmp cl6lrico, no calculos feltos, nao com-
II
I /I' (0, '
1111111 I II VIII( II ill' '/11, isto '., till 'u I' 'II de prov:!. t\ssim 'enclo, nesse novo processo,
11111111111111 I Iililividilitlidlid' dlls 'III' "as, ou SC.i'I, nao precisamos mais de dU<ls
\1 III 1'11111 II \,'tI'ldll, Ii IS II~'( 'S 1':1l rlll,::io Oll I' pliisao, onhecendo lima carga, IIti II "I I I'. II \'1 \11\' lilli' tI II 111 I dll\\' " I' 0 '11111111
"11 \ 11111111
"I
II \ 111111"1 11< 111I'\l Ii'\ ('III'II,~' 1I0S -"'ilm; pr( dllzid s POl' CSS/l car'<I no 'SPill,'\ IU II I" \ III' 11111
III () 1I11'1t1
III I" ,,' ('1 I
I IlItilll 1'11111111111110, II Willi' l'1I111J10e1"ll'i '0 nos d;1 s'mpr'
ill lilli'll 111\1 1111IlIlIllll iI(' 1111111'1'i 10 111'1'11111
11111111 1111/II 1'11'11 II I
II 1'1)1\'11
11(11Ilili Ilid'
(jIll' 110pOllio 'ollsid '1111\1III \I ,·~i III I
1111 II
J tit
1/
'I,
I,
 I!,I/
I!I!'

1'111 11111P 1111 III~' I:' I'iqll~' '0l11pl'(:1111 'n(' d 'I 'rminndo, pr(;cisamos esp' 'il'i ':11' 0
'II Illlldo, qlll' sl'dl 0 dll dill on:II do p:,ralclo ramo I'orm:ldo POl' E, ' El,
111111111
111t1l' d' /' PlIrll II,
I'll \ '1Iil'11I:II' /':\, I 'v '1110S inl' 'nil' I), POI (III 'stllO <I' 1IIIplll'llhld •• I 1 II Itlil
II) ('11111/111 /II/III 111111111I' 1/'1'1111 1/ 1111/(/ lilli/O muilo IOIl?/(/ c(/l'l'eYCIda LlIli/e)/'lIl"II!!lIle
1111,'11I~'llo I' '1'1',l'fl'llIildll 'Ill 0, AnI's, POdlll, 1'llI\)l'Illlllo qu' Sl' 11111
I <I" 111111dl
111I1 1111'11101'
11111/1
lil1hll l\1uilo longa carre 'ada un if rmcmcnle, COI11 a quc II dllll~' 0 IIlliforll)' dt: 'III' II 1I d 'ilsidiid' lill 'UI' Ill' ('111'11 " dlldll Iltll
I 11I11II Id I III I,'i., _ " A lil1hll 'sl[1 'alrg;lthl com uma <.:arga Q, diSlribuida de
111111111
oll~I:IIII' II' lOll' I li' lolia (\ linlta, isl< " ad nsi lad linear de carga c cons-
111111,'( Ul'l '1111s 'ld 'llllll' 0 ':11111
() clClri '0 pro luzido p I' essa linha nUI11 I onto
/' ill Illdo d' 1111111
dis(il1 'ill (I d(\ linha.
1111"lidlll 'n(' s 'I' 'i, nllmos Ilill cl'mcnt dc comprimenlo dx da linha a ul11a
tli t 111(ill do lonll 0, , 'onsid 'ral1l0s 0 campo clementar produzido el11 P POl'
" lIll,' l'ol1l('111 1I11111'a I' 'li d , Ess' C:1I11pOe1cmcntar ser{1 dE, COI11 na Fig. 2-5.
111\11d,' 'Olillwr dE S' .undo duas dirc<; 'S, lima paralela ~l linha e oulra perpen- I' d,\ 'os Ii ,
'l-JLl:o ,.
tli 11111II ,III, 1(1'1'11I' 'omposi<;i1o nos dar{\ l' campo dE.., e dE.y onheceremos

HI ili/IIIIIIII II slIhslitllk':lO d' vlIl'i(ly,1 sllll'ridll u'inlll,

1/
'OS Ii ,.
III II,
II
,.l
'liS 0
,\
Ii , 011 \ 1/1 I!,

1)11,'1,'111i Il1dll l\ (II Ii I Ill! , Y '111

tI IISl'l' I! dl!,
' ,.. , 1I11p\IIIIIII,III
\ III II, Ilh .•lllltilldll liS VltllIll'S tI' d l'llI ( 1 \) " 1:1I 'II( III I

111111'1'111"111,'
, III kilIO.
/- "'lIl1l1l'l'\""llOS E, ' Ii", Oils 'rv' u '()I'li till', d 'Yido :'t sim'tria do prot 1'111;1,:I
1IlIIlIHIII"IIll' Ii 11 II 'onll'ihlli pili'll 0 'IInlpo final. Isso pOl'qu', S' c )nsid rarl11()S, II I'll I! tlO,
1\/11:01/
/111l'lp, 1 , 11111
l,l 'Ill 'Ill I d\ Sill1 'I I'i '() 110 'S 'olhido Ilnt'riorm 'nt' '111I' '1a<;IIO :10
111111111
(}, ('I' 'IIIOS (Ill' os '01111on nl 's dE" 1" SO111
II 111,'nqll:lnio <iU ':IS 'om, onenl 'S ' I "f'
I'll
'/11, ,'1'1111'1'111111
110, plIl'('S, Porl[lllio pod'l11os 's'r'v'r, n'ss' 'II SO,
• f III

I:' \ - 0, II IIdll I \11I1t11 1I11!J"llll1'III\1 IIdlllllll, tlill I, 1'1111111

I:", dl / tli I I I I II pll tll, Ii 1I111 I tI"

1111 "/11111,I) "III'lll' 1111111' 11111'1'nl,'ulnd'l qllllndo '01111" '1'11111, 'l'llIln
111/111'111\1
d 111111pllill 11'111" II '11111II 111ldldll dll, l' III\PII" P 1II1lilllll1dll 1111" IIldl' lid I,

11111
I \'1 I II III I, ,'11111 Ijlll III

111111"
I I I II I'dill till "III'IIlI ,1('/11 0 110 1'i11110/' I \11111tli I III I II tI I Ii II II I 11111/I ('II 1'111I III) 1IIIIIIItlii 11111111111111\ pll II II V dllli tI I II I I /' I III 111111,Iii .II II
1\ l' Idll 1111111)1111'1111'111\', ( Iii) d'i 1111l'III, 0 111\')IIdll do 'iill'l0, dill'!,' 10 d .. 1" III II till tllillllill I /' (dl I 11\'11lit /' III I' 111111
tll) II~II tlo tI 1'"1(1), I III I,
11111'1"1 1'1'1 I' 'I P\'IIlII('lilll I" dil' 'I,'ilo till lilll1l, l' potl '1l10S \'~p' 'ili '(II' 0 s'lilidll 11/
dl Illtlll \111\' , 11'11.'111 (III lilllill Oil d' () plll'lI I'. (1/ )' 11/ I

'11111/11/ 1'/1'1/' ('1/ tI('llltlll /I II/II iii/III/II ( 1/ ) I,

('lllIlllIlIll(), dL' tI//iII/1i 0 'onjllilio d' t!U<lS '<II''as iguais c dc sinais conlr[lrios. I II/ ( I I II
r~11 1111'"III' IIlilll\ '1110, 'silltl:lr '1I10S 0 C:ll11pO produzido POI' UI11dipole cm dU<ls 1111:0 II' I I (11/ ) I 1/ j ,

1"1 11,1\' IIl1dlo Illrli '[dill' 'S, sOl11'nl ' C0l110 unla ilustraGao, dcixando 0 caso geral
I' II I II ('II p, I, q 1I11nt!o .i:'1 I 'I' 'n oS ~Iprcnd ido 0 potencial eletrico. 'iIIl'IIWI 1'10 '111lII(j ,1'11'1'0 111111\ pOllio 11111\11 dLI Il'i I I' do \1'11111 tli I I II till
l'lldlllrn,o, '{d ·,do;.; qu' ~'luar'I11Os ag ra scjam bastante simples, sac muito dlJ lIlli, 'I'i0 \'011111'1111 'Ill) , i) uill II II I' 'oll.'lilllll!l 101 ('1111II / \' I '1
1('111till Ill('> lull do 'nmJ1Ii, dildo I ill' ( I.) O. (jIlIIO. ,I'II\i'lllo 1111I 111111\'
111111111110,)1 int'r'ssanl' 'sludo 10 c<lmp cletrico de um dipolQ pOl' varias
I Ill,' 1/11111 d'iliS ' qll' S' Ir:lta dc um problcma bastante simples, de facil reso- 111 (I) dil "110 PlllltI'ltl 110 'ix 10 <lipolo. l' (h) N~'lIlid ) d' I / P 1111 II,
1111, III •• I ()I' isso, n~ 0 d 'V 'mos c1csprcdl-lo. Outra razao e que a ocorrencia de
, ',' /111/ Iii 'I,Wi:
dil"do, 1\I 11111111' '",~I ' 'r~lnde. P I' ex mplo, uma molecula e formada pOl' urn ion
I'" Ii 1110' 1111\lOll 11"ativo c, algumas vczc', pode ser encarada como urn pequeno ('illl i<lL'I'I'lllO,' IIlol'lI 11111Olltro 'lIi'lO. ) dipolo "0 III ',1110 dildo III) 111/111'1111
dIPI)li!, Y 'jttlll)S 'nlfio os Gasos particulares citados anteriormente. ('lilli, 1('1lIll' IIf 01'11PI'O '111'(11' 'nl()~ 'HI 'ld:II' I '1liliPO 'll'lrko 1\11111
IHlIlli) 11/1111111111
11111\0 Ii polo L'tdll (I ist II ·ill Illl '(;1111'0do 'iXll (1\) dipI 10 \' /', tll' III illdll 11111\
/1,' 1111' I'll ('11,1'(): ,,'II', I, N s. V 'IIS0,
'!IIINid 'I' '!l10S um dipolo formado pelas cargas -q e + q separadas de uma
tli I III 'III II, list, n 'jil oSsa 'hamada dc ei.\'o do dipolo. De acordo com a Fig. 2-6,
1111 III IIL'II10S '1Il'ul~lr 0 campo clctrico no ponto P, isto e, urn ponto sobre a reta
\111\'Ilil ','11 I ,I) I )nl0 m"di d cixo do dipole e perpendicular a ele, A distancia
till '1111'0tlo 'i 0 \0 di, I aO ponto P scr~1 /"
IIIIOS lislill'lIir, 'nl P, dois C'lmpos distintos: E+, que e devido it carga + q,
I I' ,II 'vido 1\'~lr a fl. Associarcmos ao ponto P a origem de urn sistema de
\ 1I111(I'I\II(1[1S 'IIrl"sianas relan yularcs; cntao podemos distinguir E+x' compo-
lil'lll\' 'LTlllldo 0 'ix cI s x dEl C E_x' componente segundo 0 eixo dos x de 'I
/1 ,I 'vido 1'1sim"lri:1 cia situaGao C f{ICil concluir que a resultante dos campos na 40111:1i I/' (11/ •• ) I
tlllt'l' 10 \' '. IlIda, isto •. Ii), = 0, E lyE y = O. Devernos, pois, calcular s6mente Ex:

I~' -E 1.1
-l E .1 , . I~
1111. 'III lid> lillo, :y 1111:0
J: I,; '., I I~ I
" I
t\11I
L"
I~ ,
I~ I COSoc,
I'; 'os oc,
E+ ~'--
E+xCt
I

P
E+y
x
/'; 1/
11111:0
I II' I
((1/_) I I" I (11/
I
)1 j I,
------- --------
E_xl \
'S 'I' 'v 'I' 1 ,

1-- ,E_}, lilli'

/ ~I\ I~ I '( )1 I'; / E_ ( , lit)
I '\ I','
/ I \, ,.'
I,' (I/ll!"
( '1111111
11'111
J'; I J'; . ;1
I
I I,.
I \
\,\ 111111Il,tlil/il IiI
111:0

III 11110 tlI'II0lllilllllili I' 1-11'111111 Iilplllh II'" i' \ 1111III \ 1111
J: J~ I 'os / I \,
" / I II I I II lllIlIlli) "I-lllll d' Id\) III Ilpolo '1lIlId\'llIlo 1111III)d~ II dllil 1I1I ht
1'1111
\'1 IllIll,

II11
• I'll d \1
/.; I
1111:0 /,'
'/ •
'/
/ I

0
rx,
•
+{f
\111111)tlll\'
1111111 \ I
II I till \ 1\\) till tllPlll1I \' 1IIIIdil d\'
1111PI'IIII'I 11\111 11 I III) 1/ I \1"1
1/ 11111I I 1/
I' tll) IlIlpll Idtlldll,
1/ 11111111111 I tI I II II till 11111Ii) till II II till tllllllll IiI 111111111.11 1111111'11,lit 1 111111111
/,'
" III/Ii /
,I (lnl
11111
III 11111II dlllllil I tlrl dlplllll, I III ',1111111/ II NI I II II I'lltlllIlIl .I,
 1'pllllill 1\1 1I111doI: 111111111111
IIj III 1 11111111 0 III II I 1\'111111111\1111
II 111'111\1II dl 11111111111111
I" 111111
1 dll (1
d 1111111 IH), 1(""0
Ilno

I
,.\
'I
1/1/
1 ( -17) ,,' /,'
1/
,..1 10 II,
4m:" M /I II'~',

111I11HIII/,jll'1110NII '01';1 lllll:1 '1';111\'/,<1 krinida como 0 I rodulo do valor abso-

II11
M I/il
,,'.,.
pili lill'.
111111
III' 1111111
dnN 'al'g;ls 'I"' 'om, (,km 0 dipolo pela separa<;ao entre as cargas: M /1 U, ( I III
1'1\1 0, qlllll(iO UIII di, 010 " SU[)III 'lido " i1~'IIOd' 11111'liI1I1 1I '1('111\'\1, 1I1,' I 11,111
d· dllll, I'll 1\'11,' il IIl1i~ , d' silllli~ 'ollln'II'ios (I ill(II'io) I', '111110.1'I1I1I'1'1' 11111
11111
l'IIII'IlIOS IIII' II ess:1 'rand '/,i1 um C(lr~lter veloria!. Para isso basta que it 1111'1110
IIll" IIi '0 lIU' t 'Ill!' ;1 IIlil1hlll' 0 dip )10 1111dil' '~' 1I do '1IIilHI '1'111111"
III 1 11'11 I ISSO,j '11I0S UIl1 v'rsor, que dar~1 a dire<;ao e 0 sentido da grandeza
I' 1'1" IIl1l1do " I, )1'!l1I Ie ill'l)OI'11 II 'ill, 'isso S '1'1'1
vislo 110 'liP, ,qlllli III "llld II
Iii 111111111
lrillill (Y'j;1 a I,'i" -g), versoI' escolhido e tal que aponta de -q para
1110 0,' di" '1I,j 'ON,
I I 111\11
'111110 POI' C 'ss podemos escrever
d) , /1/1/1/1 tll'IIIt111 1/ /1/1/1/ I'spirl/ circl/ll/l'

('ollsid '1'1I1110~11111;1'spira 'il' 'ldlll' d' I'liio /< '0111 1111111

(,III'j I 1"'/11111 dl
II iltl dll d' 1111NI)!'I' lIU ' II d 'nsidild' lin '(II' d' ';11')iI N'ill 'oll,'lllll!l' (/1), 1'1111111
I
111110, ('II !l'1I1i1I' 0 '!llIlpO 1111111
pOllio /' :1 1111111
disil II ,ill 1/ <10 \"111I'll <III \'Ipilll 1
II
• ..
ji Ij II{

• Ollll'
\III'
NI'II (i
'0111'lIhll
0, 'Ollll) nil I,'i,
UIIIII 'IU:IIII itl:id'
-10,
d'
S "'GiOIl
';11''(I tli/,
'1l10S 11111,I 'Ill '1110(Il- III '0
I':ss' \'1 'III '1110 pl'lIdll/,idl
d, d ii' plill
11111
IIIIIIIH\
f
II q (11('IIIt'O ,II: I onlo
1111 fI, S' '~'(llh '1'1ll0s /' 'oll100l'i 'Ill do NisI '11111
<I' 'IH1Id('1111II
II' ).turu -II l'III'sillllllN 1'\'11111
111111'
'~, pod 'I' '1ll0S pl'Oj'lllI' III: N 'I IIl1do dllllN dll '~'I I' 1111111
(1I1i 'i<l '111' '01110 ,j 0 dil 'spiril, d(lndo ,/I~,. l' oull'iI ~ 'lUlld I 111111
IIlIl'~'I\(\ 1ll'1II '\I
1111'111111
1'111111
'I'iol', dlll1<10 tlh'", POl' silll 'Irill, " r(l,il v 'I'il'i '/11' \illl' },;d'i\, () IIIPII
dl'Y '1I1l1~ 'ld'ld:II' s6 ilN '(lillrihui<; 'N S' ulldo II dil' '~'i\o \,

I' I I\OYII ~l'illl \ '/,:1 vetorial l' den mina-se de momenta e/etrico do dip%, Com
I II IIOY I d 'riniy( 0, os caml os calculados nos dois casos anteriores passarn a ser
I I I 110

/~,' 4~I:o ,~~}

!" ~ I 2p
- 4nl:o ,.3
111111'111
'IIIOS 11111'1111110'l'lri' unirorme como 0 da Fig, 2-9 e urn dipole colo-
111110III Il'j Ii 0 ol1d' , isl' I:d ';Iml 0 elctrico, Aparecerao em + q e -q for<;as iguais
(/"), IHII('I\I II' sillllis l'Ol1lr{lrios, 0 momento medlnico da for<;a F sera

rlU I
I
11111111111111111\\11"
II' 11\'111(10
~'()llI I 1I0SNII IIOIIIl;(I0 {/ x F, si 'niri 'a (l pl'odulO v'lo- 1

Illd III II lUll ,,', l'lIl\lllllllo 11\1' 0 PI'IHltllo 's'lIll1r II' doiN V'IOll' /I ' II s'r[l: \' /
/
/I /1 ( 1 jll II 111 I \11111 I I
 1111111111111 I'. II 111111dl
111111111 I II I,ll dll I 111111111111111I' 111111II I I II dll 111111111
I h IIIIIIIHIIIIIII
/'"
'IlS

"'111:01'
r
.]"
ili/, dlill dlll'l,1 I"
II I III1IHI
111111111111111111'1111'
tile,
111111II I'I~II
PIIlIIII/IIII p ,I, \' II
dll
I ,11111111111tli/
1111,11'11111101111'1111'111111111011
II Iltl
dll 11111,11111111""

\ 11111' 11111'111011111111'1111'
tI"I' 1'111 ~IIIII'III" II II II" 1""11111111 "" d,I' 1""11111111"11
II I
1/11" jllil I II I dlllpll Illldl () 1I11\' 11',IIi1I:1 lilli' dl'll'lllIl" I dlllllll, III II tlldlllh II
'OS 1/
/'" r!l", 1'111 1I11'ldlllll.
47C1:() I'L

1'1111101111'1II 1':llllj)(I lill:" 11111I1I1II' I', tlL'V '111(1' illl\" 'r:1I II '~111I'~ 1)11,wilil" 111111

I' = (U2 I 2
11 )1/2, IIHIII', I" '1'111 '1IIi" Ii· \":11,'11 '1llllido,' 110 :111'I:

II 'os
Jt = 2nR' !Jm:ol' ,
"I

r ili/,
JI'
'I = 2nR~t.
ItaR
li.\ = 21: (I~'2 -I- (2)3/2'
0 I/l', IS ,"I

1111' 1Ii'I IIH'Hllilo do c~lInro no ponlo P, A dircc;ao ca do eixo da espira e 0 sentido (1'III:n I'

I d' "",'111111 '111\l dll 'SI ira.

II
'Jill \' ISO inl 'I' 'ssanl ' po " scr imaginado quando a ~ R, isto e, a distancia 'os
I'
1/ I 1IIIIilll Illllior 1\1' 0 r:lio: III111
I' ( 1< ilL) II
,.. ~ f.lR
'.\ 21:oa2 /'111 lilli,
1/11
1'111111111'0 IlIdo, 110 "nlro da csplra, a=O, I'" ( 1
'II
!J'It/:" (U I II )11

I) '(1/11/111 ill,,,;illI 1/ 111/11/ dislrilJlli('lill IJiIIlIIl "I' ('111'11"

I) '(//11/111 /I"dr/I/ II II/II 1111('/ ('irell/III' IlIifll ill~'lliOS 11111,111110 inrinilO '111'1"'ndo 1I11irol'l11 'IllI'IIII' L'OIII \'111 II 1111111
1/,

'011, III '1'(;IIl\lS 11111IIn'l cir 'ular como 0 cia Fig. 2-11, possuindo uma carga 1'lIdll (jll' II dL'lIsidnd' SUI ·rI'i 'i:d d' 'ur ':I ('III' II POl' IIl1idlld' Ii, '1Il'II) I' \1111
1111111"I 10 ", II 'III' II 1/ S' disll'ibui unifol'lll 'III 'Ill' Pill' lodo 0 ,lillO, VIIIIII) d
1IIIId 1 1/ ~' d' ruio 1<. Qu 'I' '1l10S ,,,Icubr 0 campo e1etrico produzido pOl' esse
1 Iii II 0 (' IlIlpo l'I'll'i '0 prodll/.ido p'l( plll110 '111'1\'1\11<10JllIlII pOIIIII I' \111illIlIll
1111111 dLI II 'ill II dll disll'ihui~:IO, 'oli1o 1111I'i!" I,
() Ill('lodo IIdollido 1111'11[I I' 'SOIU,,'II\) do IIOSSO pl'ol 1'11111,1,,'1 0 d(' I' iI\ Itlil
11111111111"I"II'i('O
\ 1'111I'd 'vi(lo :I III" :111,I <!' 'sp ','Stll'lI 111< I' Illio 1111'dll\ I' 1'(l'ill
tlOIIlIl'llll', //0111111'11111,'
lo<!o.' \l.' :111"i •. l'illllid\),' liO plllllll, ,'1,1' 'Iilll '11111, ('111111,11111
1111'1
1'11'1111'111111
d, I pi 1I1l<I, (j II ' ('0111\' I (I I II llll 'III'), II "II, M Iii ' 1111111
V('/, {, (' III 1II 1\ III' d( III I

1111('1111dll plohl '11111.III1Ver'l'1 'Ollll'ihllil,'II() lip '11i1S P II 10 I'll II 'I ll) 1111 II II I 111111
rl1l'"
111111\11111' '11(j111111l( (jll' II, "':" \' 1111',I I III 'I' 10••• Pill-
111111,('111 ( '1),\111\'0 '1IIqltld('1I111 1I1'I,d'I(I, 1111 \'111111111111111,1111
IIl1dll pili

1/ (/,/

1/1111 II' I I II I \I
 I III II I I I II 111111111111,1' III '\1111' II dl t//' \' III 111111 111111

II (j II I I 1/ "\' II tI tf I 11'1 \ I

fl
H"II IY rI ,
•• 1:11

"III dl'V\'IlIl) illl '/1'111 I'v 11110 elll '011111 liS dilll '11,'( l" /1111111111
dll JlIIIII) I III "
1'111 11'1 d ',Ndl' () IIll' III ' Hilldo,

()II "I V II' III' () I' 'slIlllido Ohlido illd'i 'Ild' dll disl II 'ill IlIlIk I' ,'11111111'I
I ,0
1111111'11, l' S '1IIJw' v 'rdild', d 'sd' till' II disl.lI 'ill OIHil- Sl" I"lIkldll (1 1'lllIlJlll \ II

11'11111'111 'OlllPlIl'lIdl1 '0111 liS lil11 'ns( 's do plUll1 '111'1'

'/lIdo, A l'Xpl' II (' 'It)
1111 dll II 111(ldlilo do '1111110, A IiI' '(,'10 S 'n'1 I '1'1 'ndi 'Idlll' 110 1'11111, 'II 1111111111
IJlII
It ",llIdli do 'IIIIIPO S'I'(I ,IJ Ollllllldo plIl'li 1'01'11do plllllll llil d' dll lllIli'lIll) 1111
POl' d ,rini<;ao, a densidade superricial de carga ser{l
Idlllli) ,", I, '11l'/IiS do I 1111101'01''III n' III iVllS 0 '1lIIIJ 0 IPOIIIII'I PIli 1 II Iltllll!
dq
(J'= ,
d,

ondl' (/1/ 'II 'II !'I II do un 'I ,1'111 'nlal' Ie espessura dR, sendo dS a area desse ane\.

"Ol'( I, 110(,'hI (k /III/illS dl' ./iJI'('(/ (llhl' 'Vi:II' 'nlllS 1.1',) I'oi inll'odll/,id I IH"II 111111111111

dq=(JdS; , Jlltl "'11I11i11l (17')1 IK(,?), 'onslilliinio-s' III' ItOjl' 1111111

pllJ\'\'dllll'lllll 111111111
11111\'1'111"111'1'111'11II ViSllidiziI(,'1I0 \';, 'OIISL' ,(ll'1I11'1I1 'Ill', 1111'1 I 111'illl(' d' , 11111'11
a (J dS
d I~x = 4n1,o (R 2 + a2)3/2 Iii 111111'

\ 11111 "I od "'llIll,' 1I1iliZIII' liS lillllll.' d' 1'\11'(,'11,

d '1"1 '1111l, 'sl iI ,'1"1"1 II111 I II
dS = 2nR dR. 1111,1 IJlI 111111
tllVO 1111'11SIIII medi(,' 0, Ani'S, POI' 'Ill, lillO, d II I 1'1111'11'11 I II II
a(J 2nR dR II' I II I II I Ii lilt I. d' 1'01'(,'11:
dEx = 4neo (R2 + a2?!2
I "I I 1', (II i/ ill 1111,'l' IHIS \'111' IS 111),iliviI,' Il'llllillllll 1111 "III~ II 11\'/111 \' I •
''') I II )(1 liltllll, ,'oltlll\ll IS, l' ','10 1111, rOil! " ( I )" III ,'dllll"! ( l:
R \ "I II
tg IX = -, R = a tg IX, 111'1111('111
d' 1,1, " PI'OI1(lll,illlllll 110 villw Ihlilllllill d I '" I •
a I "1'1 \'11111111
d I, 1.1, .•• (111111\1111,ll, I1(HIIII, Il III 11111dll '11I1""1 \ I,' Iii II
dR = a sec2 IXdlX I "I I 111'11111111, tI, 1.1 "111111 111l'didll till ('III"HI "1"11 i 'II

a tI"
cos IX =-, \111\ ill 111111/II Id I, ('11111 111/"1 II 1Ii1' '111'11 1I'IIlili I'll tI II III "" iiI I
I'
Ii "111111 I I II II 'lilli' II ii'
11111111'111 II (' I 1IIIId Ill' III 'II II I" I III IIilit III II II
com
r = (R2 + 0.2)1/2, illll, II ill II 1111 '\
Assim,
(/3
(1<2 1- (12)312 = I
11111111
III III II
'os' IX 1IIIIillitli iii 1111II Iii 11111Ii11 111111II
 I'll 1III'rllllllllllllllili divo d I, 1.1',II'VL'III\H III Ilidl 11111'L'IIo V tlOI' 101ll'II1lL'I0
III II lilli' I' 01 I 1111111I1I1 IllIidlld, I OSllivlI d' 'III' II. 1'10 '\lIlli' '1liOS '0111:11' ) nlllll '1'\)
II, II IIIIl' Ii dL' IIllllt 1'111')II posil iVII, S ,1';', 'SS' I) 'ril 'rio, ('ollsid 'I' 'Ill os Lilli ';III1PO

I'll I'll II 'vidll II lllllli ClIl'fI,lI 1 fl. I 'ssa, d' II 'ordo 'Olll 0 ljll' I'oi dilo. s:lir; () linh:ls 1/ 'II

,iI It Ill: I \'111110 II I ):i '. -13. 1111 t'll 1111111111'111101111

Iii' Illillll d' 1111'/1 IH\I IIIIitllll' II, 1'111'II \', 11'1i1i11l I 'II (III
11111111,. Ii 11\ 11011111111'/111111Ill' '0111., 1(' ,11\'11111111 \'1111011111II" II Nil II' I II

---7/\£
III Ill) I (\ I. VI'IIIi) 1I1~1111." ISpvL'llIS dll,s 111111
IS Ill' 11111,'11
1111111tlllllI \' I II 111'1111

./"
/' ...•••..
P
,. \

...
-i
~ox
'I ~ \

'1'1 t "1ll0s 11111:1 'sf"ra de ralo OP = 1'. com centro na carga + q. 0 campo

1·1"11i\,0 'Ill fJ S 'I'll:

I~ = _1- q
4 m:o /:2

Idlllililldo lIu'" sejll :I unidade de compril11cnto. a (2-28) ficara (numericamente):

, I
I~ = 4
m:o
q,

.}) nl,dll llIais ',do Ill!: a valor campo clNrico produzido par uma carga
II ;1 11111;1disl; n ·ill unil~lria. De acordo com as." caracteristica das l.f.,

d 'nsi<.blk de I.r. = L Ilitl 10 1110 liL' I,' IIIlIIlIs dl' 1'01\'11 SI'II'III. 1'111 1I'IId, III v I' III \111', 1111111
4m:o
1'"11111 1I'IilIIIIII /1 till I' 'I I) till '1111'1\l 1'l'~lilllIllI' 11\\ Ill)lllll 1'\\11 111'111110 Ill\11 111111.11111'
I' II 1II',1I1I'I\) 101111 d, 1.1', (N) ljU' s;li de +q 6 iI 1\111111111 I 1'11111\.'111tll' 11111111,i1'11 111'1'1)11,'1Illl, 1III'IIlili 1111111,tI" 1111111
11111III i1.

11111'11, 111111111
tI Idll '1'/',1 \I, III1L' 1"'I)lI'~I'1111i1 'I I 1111111,tI., 101 'I II\' I II f Ii II 1'11111
IIt'lmero de I.r.
---- x area total, 1111111, tI\ VI'IIItl' \'011" '\' 'I \IN VIlI\lI,,, tI I, ('()II'1HIII 'Iii 'I L111 \'11111111\IIIlI 111\111111II,'
IIlli III I, d' {I1'!:;r perp nclicular its I.r. lit! 11)11 III

:1, /111111'111 II I' d'

11111111111111 1111111'111VII . II 111I1f/I'liI\' 1I1i'II1111 II \' Iii' 1111
N d 'nsi lade de I.r. x area total. I'"dl II, I"li 1'\ 11111'1\\, "\llllil 0 \'1 \I II I 1'1 , ) I ,
111111\'1111'ill' i III) II i II Ilill 11I11I1i1tll) 1'1.111' "lllIpll I' iI 11111Illli
1'111 II, P II I I) IIOS,O I'lIS0, d, :1'01' 10 'om a (2-29).
 ) 1/
I'()I' \llllf\) Indo, 0 clc.:L:livl.:cia linha de for<;;a em PC dado pOl' (veja a Fig. 2-16)

dy
19ex = dx

I ' () \ 1) . ( -J4), liramQs a rela<;i1o

J~ dy
J~x
= dx
'sSeiO (2-3 ) {; a equCI<;iio difereneial das linhas de fon;;a em coordenadas
1 I"

,'1\1 ii' 1IIIlIS I' 'Ian 'ularcs.

I, 11111I1S v·z s conhcccmos as componenles de E, nao em eoordenadas car-

I 1111" I" 'Ian 'ulares, mas sim cm coordcnfldas polares. Entao, nesse caso, ser{l
I'll I 111'I"maS a equlI<;Jo tas linh:ls Ie !'or<;a rcfcrida ::'t esse sistema. Vamos nos I,' tI I'
\111'1\1111",
(I I), v'rsor's
plll"a 'ons"uir a cqua<;ao d sc.:jada, pcb hg. 2-17. Nessa figura, e,. e eo
das dir '<;0 'S I' c.:clos 0 cresccnlcs. E,. e Eo sao as componentes de
"
I,'
'I'
(/\

II' } /':1'
/"" 1\ '
II, ., IIndo ·ssus dUelS dir '<; ·S. Tc.:mos, imcdialamente, que 1111",
III' dl'
(/\ d\
Iltllll\
tI \'
Pili (llill"o Indo, no Iri. n 'lilo PQM, po Iemos
ell'
obler 0 declive cia curva:
I' "
I 'ex = I'dO
. I' 1\' .1''
I'
I ( II,

,
III I' III III

/\,. rI,. III \' III (' I' (' 1

/':" ,. rill

\1111 I II '111111,1 II d 1\ 1\'1\\ II d II Illtlll dl' f()II,'" 'Ill ('\lordl'llld" 1'1"1111

 II \ 'll II , II 'II II
,. \ \' 1\11 ,.\

I ~',. rll'
I~II I' rill '
II 'OS II
,.. \ rll'
ps'nll I'rllI
,.. \

'OS () rill _ dl' ,

S '11 II I'

rI(s '11 II) rll'

S '11 () I'
hljJll,
111(C S '11II) In 1'.
1'11/I 1111
\I
I' - '~s '11 ~ II,

NIIIII pl'llll'iro 'SIll io, I (demos suI lividil' os mal ria is em duas la 'ses:
,11,,'/"'111'1',\' , (/I"I/(/,./('(ls, Os I rim 'iros 1',. '11'n 'ssa denOll1inac;a.o devido ao ralo
II, Ilpll' \ Illlln'nl 1'lll1d I'll 'ili lad' parn lrans~ rCl1cia de earga no seu interior.
1'111 'I Ii II 1I1Vlliis SI 0 hOlls 'ondlllor's d' 'ar >HSel61ri 'as. (sso se deve a propri"
1 11111\11/1Ill, (1IoIIlOS 'll1slilllinl 'S dos 111'lais. N 51 S os Ibrons da (illimas
III hili II 1'1'ilill 'Ill' I'sio '{IV ,is's' ll10vim 'n(am mais u menos livremenle
111\111(\'11(11 do III 'I,d, tlss's "'[r( I1SSIO 'hullludos d' eld/I'ons /ivl'es. Os mal riais
d II I I I II II II 0 POSSLI'11\ ,I 'I rOils Iivr 'S. Esllldll I' 'mos os d ielc( rie 5 e m 111'1 ires
II I tlill 1111('lip.
1'1 II 'II Ill, II \'Xllillilllll' Itl lIllS 1':lIos 'on' 'rn 'Ill's ;\ elelrizac,:ao d UI11 111:1-
IIllltl \llllllllll1/ \' II \'IlIlS\'qli 'nl' distrilui<;t 0 (Jas 'ar'lIS c1ctrieas nos 111SI110S.
I hi 111'11111<I,' lido, pOI talllo, 0 'sill 10 dos Ii 'l'll'i 'os, POI' ora,
I,~j 1"111"'H 10 I'lIlos ' I 'rim 'nl;lis muilo sill1l I's que lem nS(l'al11 qu .• nos
Illi 1'\\lHIIIII\I\', 1I11111do 'a 1'1''pados, liS 'III' as '\ 'Irieas oeupal11 as posi<;o's
1,11'111111' (\1' I' 111111 '!'ill is, S' II 'In-s' dUllS d'ssns 'XI cricneias.
II) 111111IIH) 111111,li'l'lI II ',I, ~olldlllOI'II, doladil d' UI11 ol'il'icio, sobr' 1I111
111111111 I 111/1111(I 11111 (\1' \111' 1110 hilj I 11'IIlISr'I'~1l 'in I, 'nr ':IS). S' '\'lriZ;lrI11OS
II I III \ 11\111\\11111111\0 11111\' 111111111 I1l1sll)O\1'\I(I'O, 10'un(l0 II 'SI"I'[I p'l:I pill'l'
11111 III I \ \111111 11\ 1'1 I I H, 110 1\'111111111\0 III. 1,10, Vl'l'ili ':11''1llllS 11"" II 1111',1110

111'"11111111111111111
1'1111\1111110\ I 1110 lillI' 11 III 110 ,I' l'kllllill I 1 11\\11111111I
11111 \ 1111111 III 111\
 II lillIl II 1'11'111/111;
II Illililllllll I II III hll I II II II 111/1\ 11 111111111111111

III 1'1 1'11111II \111111

111111
I '\lll'lll'III'11 1111111' 111111111111)
1111111
I' 1'111 111\'1till II II111 111111\1pilI I' 11 II' 1'11111 111" II 1"11 1I1l111~'11I('111\ III I 111111\1
11111 11111

1111111\111 lid I, 11'1 I lid II dill 1t1'llIiskllll, p'III'illllll'III'lIdllll'IV'i 'I ',1"11 11111\'1111111
\ 0111 l'llp I jll1 iliv I" 1('Vlldl1 1'1. PII1\llIlld 1111' Ill' 111\1Il1lldull1l IIIIt 1111

1111111
11111II I I II), 'IIVlllv'IIIIIS II I' 1'1'11 'Olll 0, lI'lllisl",!'io, \' dl'lOI II 1\1\1\11 11('ullll (vl'll II 1,'11, 0), Nil 1'1)11l11l111l,IlpIIII'II'1 10 I I 11f' I lit 1II\IId I

111111111111 Illill'IIIIIO, \1"1' liS Ill'll\i, l"l'ios v,llIo '111"'1''lidos \' II I'SI"I'Ii li'llll'll. Iltil/ ItlllS, l'lldl) I dl', il\ Ii 1I('pllllvo 111111.
11111)(ill\ll, dll 01111 ( 1111/.1l1dl1 1111 III II

() 111111
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I'I'OVIII' ljU' <IS linhas dc fon;a conslilucm uma familia dc circulos onccntri ·os
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,6 - Um campo eletrico e dado POI'
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2.7 - Uma faixa infinita muito fina, de largura b, apresenta uma densidadl:
Sill crficial de carga (J. Calcular a campo eletrico num ponto P, no plano da faix;I,
s<lbcndo-se que a distancia do lado mais pr6ximo ao ponto Pee.

Resposta. (2:cJ In(1 + :)-

2.8 - Um pequeno cilindro carregado, de raio R e· comprimento dx, apl' '.
senta uma densidade superficial de carga (J. Calcular a intensidade do cam/ ()
eletrico num ponto sobre a eixo do cilindro a uma distancia x do centro.
x(2n R (J dx)
Resposta. 4 (R2 2)3/2
nco + x

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= -(ix + jy + kz)(x2 + y2 + Z2)-3/2,
V'A I .. I , J
/'

2) Determinar a divergencia de urn campo cujas componentes sao dadas POl'

(l)
r
",
I'
IJI

Ax = sen y, Ay = 0, e Az = O. ,,' 1.'1).

(' I''rie I, (v -ill I ,

,.
:x + :z) 1/1' N 'II II (/,. iii 1/((1,
V' A = (i j :y

= oAx + oAy + oAz.

ox oy
+k

Ax = sen y,
OZ
(iAx + jAy + kAz),
t1J
[" r
_0
(/Ifl
,0
, 11 Ii (/()
r0
1'01 ill',

Ay = 0,
Az = 0,
V·A = 0,
poi1> sen y nao depende de x.
3) Dado 0 campo vetorial definido por Ex = 2, Ey = 5 e Ez = 0, determinar
V x E.

I1111III111 dllil "(Ibl' II dl1l'llidl P 10 pOlliO (0.0) f (1,0) f (1,1) ~ (0, I) 1(0.0)
E = iEx + jEy + kEz, 1IIIIId 111111 N () d ,dll 11\ 111 11'0,

= i2 + j5 11/111 1111

V x E -__ 1------"-
(OEz ---x
OE") +1. (OE OEz) +k (OE"
---"--- OEx). III II111dll ('0111() dido, do pl'ollil 1111dl'V(ll1l() (' tI(',illli 0 II III dllo 1\' d/llill
oy oz oz ox ox oy
111II I 111\ 1\11\ 1\ dI II 'i(-It'li it 11iO II I III II t I" ~, \ 0, () 11111 tllIll I I"

I II J. ,", III

4) Com auxilio do teorema da divergencia, calcular 0 f1uxo do campo

A = xy2i + yz2j + zx2k 1 (I, I)

atraves da superficie esferica x2 + y2 + Z2 = R2. I

Soluf50 I
o fluxo e dado por I
I
(I)
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,\
II ' fS =========1
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~ ~ :=

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