INSTRUMENTAL
Salinas-MG
2010
Conteúdo
1– INTRODUÇÃO ........................................................................................................................ 5
2– RECONHECIMENTO DE GÊNEROS TEXTUAIS ............................................................... 9
3– OBJETIVOS DA LEITURA E NÍVEIS DE COMPREENSÃO ............................................ 12
4– COGNATOS ........................................................................................................................... 20
5– CONHECIMENTO PRÉVIO ................................................................................................. 23
6– SKIMMING ............................................................................................................................ 28
7– SCANNING ............................................................................................................................ 32
8– INFORMAÇÃO NÃO VERBAL ........................................................................................... 38
9– INFERÊNCIA CONTEXTUAL ............................................................................................. 43
10 – PALAVRAS-CHAVE ............................................................................................................ 49
11 – GRUPOS NOMINAIS ............................................................................................................ 53
12 – REFERÊNCIA PRONOMINAL ............................................................................................ 56
13 – MARCADORES DISCURSIVOS .......................................................................................... 61
3
1– INTRODUÇÃO
Diz a Bíblia que muitos anos atrás todos os habitantes da Terra se uniram para construir
uma torre que chegasse até o céu, para tornar seu nome célebre e impedir que fossem
espalhados pelo mundo. Para punir os homens por sua ambição demasiada, Deus
confundiu sua linguagem e depois os dispersou pelo mundo. Ainda hoje os povos da Terra
falam uma imensidão de línguas diferentes. Na Internet entretanto, apesar dos muitos
povos que autilizam, existe um meio de comunicação comum. Da mesma forma que os
computadores se comunicam independentemente de cor e raça, ou melhor, de fabricante
e protocolo de comunicação, também os internautas possuem uma linguagem comum: a
língua inglesa. Será a Internet uma nova Torre de Babel, construída para reunificar
eletronicamente os habitantes deste lindo mundo azul?
É claro que nem todos que utilizam a Internet compreendem a língua inglesa. Porém mais
de 80% dos documentos e das comunicações feitas através da Internet encontram-se em
inglês. Apenas 0,7 % do oceano de informação que é a Internet está em português. É
perfeitamente possível usar a Internet e se divertir muito navegando apenas por sites
escritos em português. Fazer isto entretanto é o equivalente a ir à praia, não entrar na
água e ficar se molhando com um baldinho de água que alguém encher para você. O que
fazer? Aprender inglês é difícil e demora muitos anos. Como então adquirir o domínio
desta ferramenta tão essencial à utilização plena da Internet? Realmente, para se ler,
falar, escrever e ouvir com fluência a língua inglesa são necessários de seis a oito anos
de estudo constante. Para que aprender tanta coisa se o mais importante é apenas ler? É
muito mais fácil dominar um dos aspectos de um idioma (leitura) do que todos os quatro
simultaneamente (ler, ouvir, falar e escrever). A Internet possui muito conteúdo interativo,
onde a capacidade de se falar e escrever bem a língua inglesa certamente é uma grande
vantagem, mas o mais importante certamente é saber ler. Ler para utilizar a informação
existente na Internet para aprender, resolver problemas pessoais ou profissionais, se
divertir, enfim, para uma infinidade de propósitos.
Como aprender a ler? É raro encontrar um curso de inglês onde se ensine o aluno apenas
a ler. Só vendem o pacote completo, o que é totalmente insensato. Se precisamos investir
vários anos para dominar o idioma em todos os seus aspectos, aprender a ler certamente
demora muito menos. Em apenas quatro meses é possível obter uma compreensão
razoável do idioma que nos permite começar a compreender textos em inglês.
Mas porque a leitura é mais fácil de se dominar? A própria Internet nos dá a resposta. Em
um estudo realizado em 1997, realizamos um trabalho para determinar as palavras mais
comuns da língua inglesa e seu percentual de ocorrência. Para este estudo utilizamos os
livros online do Projeto Gutemberg. Este projeto, integrado por voluntários, tem por
objetivo digitalizar obras de literatura cujos direitos autorais tenham se expirado. Nos
Estados Unidos uma obra é colocada no domínio público 60 anos após a morte do autor.
Obras de autores como Jane Austen, Conan Doyle, Edgar Rice Burroughs, e muitos
É claro que 90 ou 95% ainda não chega a 100%. Como fazer com o restante das
palavras? Mais uma vez, usamos nossa intuição (lembra-se que nossa intuição está
correta em 99,999% das vezes?). Pensemos em nosso texto como um enigma a ser
desvendado. Possuímos alguns elementos familiares, as palavras que conhecemos, e
outros que nos são desconhecidos. Devemos deduzir, por meio de nossa intuição, de
nossos conhecimentos anteriores, o que as palavras desconhecidas podem significar.
Não precisamos nos preocupar com todas as palavras, apenas com aquelas que
desempenhem um papel importante no texto. Quais são elas? Se uma palavra aparece
com relativa frequência em um texto, ela certamente desempenha um papel importante na
compreensão do todo. Se uma palavra aparece apenas uma vez, muito provavelmente
não precisaremos nos preocupar com ela.
O maior problema é que tal enfoque é encarado de forma suspeita pela maioria das
pessoas. Como é possível, ignorar uma palavra desconhecida e continuar lendo como se
nada houvesse acontecido? O que estamos propondo não é nada absurdo. Qual foi a
última vez em que consultou um dicionário? Toda vez que encontramos uma palavra
desconhecida vamos em busca do dicionário? Muito provavelmente não. O que acontece
é que, como a nossa familiaridade com o português é grande, na hipótese de
depararmonos com uma palavra desconhecida, o seu sentido, dado o contexto que a
cerca, será facilmente deduzido. Isto tudo praticamente sem mesmo nos darmos conta do
ocorrido. A não ser que nos proponhamos a tarefa de parar a cada vez que encontrarmos
uma palavra desconhecida, a nossa leitura se dá com frequência sem interrupções. As
palavras desconhecidas são intuídas, quase que subconscientemente, e passam a
integrar o nosso vocabulário. Considerando-se que o vocabulário de um adulto consiste
de aproximadamente 50.000 palavras, é ridículo imaginar que tal conhecimento tenha
sido adquirido através de 50.000 visitas ao dicionário. Este vocabulário foi adquirido, em
um processo iniciado em nossa infância, de forma contínua e através da observação do
nosso ambiente, observando outras pessoas falarem, prestando atenção nas palavras
utilizadas em determinadas situações e também através da leitura.
A nossa estratégia para o domínio da língua inglesa para leitura é exatamente aquela
utilizada há milhares de anos, com excelentes resultados, pela raça humana. Aprendizado
natural, seguindo nossos instintos e pela interação com o ambiente que nos cerca.
Como vimos, o domínio das palavras mais frequentes da língua inglesa, pode nos ajudar
6
a dar um impulso substancial em nosso aprendizado. Nesta listagem as palavras não
estão organizadas alfabeticamente, mesmo porque não é nosso objetivo reproduzir aqui
um dicionário. Também não incluímos todos os significados possíveis das palavras
apresentadas. Todas as palavras são apresentadas em contexto, em exemplos de
utilização. Não fornecemos a definição da palavra. Para cada palavra são listados em
média três exemplos de utilização, com a respectiva tradução.
É muito importante ressaltar que estas palavras não devem ser memorizadas de forma
alguma. O ser humano não funciona de forma semelhante ao computador, onde as
informações podem ser armazenadas de qualquer forma, e ainda assim estão disponíveis
em milésimos de segundos quando necessitamos. O ser humano, para reter alguma
informação, precisa situá-la dentro de um referencial de conhecimentos. A informação
nova precisa se integrar à nossa visão do mundo, à nossa experiência prévia. Apenas
desta forma podemos esperar que o conhecimento adquirido seja duradouro. A maioria de
nós certamente já vivenciou situações em que dados memorizados desapareceram de
nossa memória quando não mais necessários. Ao contrário, tudo que aprendemos
ativamente, permanece presente em nossa memória de forma vívida por muitos e muitos
anos.
Embora esteja sendo fornecida uma lista de palavras, não adote de forma alguma o
procedimento padrão de memorização, que é a repetição intensiva dos itens a serem
memorizados. É certo que cada um de nós possui estratégias distintas para lidar com o
aprendizado, mas eu gostaria de sugerir uma forma de estudo que certamente funciona.
Primeiramente, não tenha pressa. Não memorize, procure entender os exemplos. Para
cada palavra apresentada, leia os exemplos e suas respectivas traduções. Não se
preocupe em reter na memória o formato exato das frases e nem de sua tradução. O
objetivo é apenas compreender o significado da palavra apresentada e apenas isto. Uma
vez compreendido este significado o objetivo foi alcançado.
Em segundo lugar, procure ler apenas enquanto estiver interessado. Não adianta nada ler
todas as palavras de uma vez e esquecer tudo dez minutos depois. Se nos forçarmos a
executar uma atividade monótona por muito tempo, depois de alguns momentos a nossa
atenção se dispersa e nada do que lemos é aproveitado. Eu sugiro a leitura de dez
palavras diariamente. Caso você ache que 10 palavras diárias é muito, não tem
importância, este número é sua decisão. Se quiser ler apenas uma palavra, o efeito é o
mesmo. Irá demorar um pouco mais, mas chegar ao final é o que importa. É só não
esquecer, você deve LER as palavras e NUNCA tentar memorizar as palavras e os
exemplos.
E finalmente, faça revisão. No primeiro dia leia e entenda dez palavras (ou quantas julgar
conveniente). No segundo dia leia mais dez palavras e faça a revisão das dez palavras
aprendidas no dia anterior. No terceiro dia, aprenda mais dez palavras e revise as vinte
palavras aprendidas nos dias anteriores. E assim por diante até o último dia, onde
aprenderá as últimas dez palavras e revisará as 240 palavras anteriores. Muito
importante, por revisão não quero dizer que se deve fazer a leitura de todas as palavras e
exemplos anteriores. As palavras mais frequentes estão grafadas em tipo diferente e em
7
negrito, para que possamos localizá-las facilmente na página. Apenas examine as
palavras anteriores em sua revisão. Caso não se recorde de seu significado, então, e
apenas então, leia os exemplos. A revisão é extremamente importante. Nós realmente
aprendemos quando revisamos conceitos aos quais já fomos expostos. Procedendo desta
forma, tenha certeza de que tudo o que aprendeu será absorvido de forma permanente,
constituindo a base fundamental de tudo que irá aprender em seus estudos da língua
inglesa.
Caso a sua motivação seja realmente alta e você queira reler todos os exemplos já
estudados, vá em frente. Como você pode notar, os exemplos empregam um vocabulário
bastante rico. A leitura mais frequente dos exemplos fará com que ao final do estudo o
seu vocabulário tenha se enriquecido muito além das 750 palavras básicas.
Resta agora esclarecer um ponto, que é a desculpa favorita de todos nós nos dias de
hoje: a falta de tempo. Tempo certamente é fácil de se encontrar para fazer aquilo que nos
dá prazer. Para resolver o problema de tempo para este estudo, pense nesta atividade
como algo prazeiroso e que lhe trará benefícios enormes, tanto no campo pessoal como
profissional. E além do mais, o aprendizado e a revisão das palavras pode ser feito
diariamente em não mais de quinze minutos. Se levarmos em conta que os intervalos
comerciais em programas de televisão geralmente duram entre quatro a cinco minutos,
todo o tempo necessário para este estudo pode ser encaixado nos intervalos de sua
novela favorita, certo?
Finalmente, queria lembrar a todos que aprender o inglês é bastante fácil. Basta deixar de
lado os preconceitos e traumas que temos com a língua inglesa e realmente acreditarmos
em nossa capacidade de aprender. Não leva a nada guardar rancores de tentativas
frustradas de aprendizado ocorridas no passado. O domínio da língua inglesa é hoje o
nosso passaporte para um mundo de informações que podem nos ser úteis tanto na
esfera pessoal quanto profissional. Se você não domina a língua inglesa o momento certo
para começar é hoje. Você vai ver que sem fazer muita força em, pouco você estará se
locomovendo com desenvoltura cada vez maior pela Torre de Babel reconstruída que é a
Internet.
8
2– RECONHECIMENTO DE GÊNEROS TEXTUAIS
Gêneros textuais são tipos de texto cuja função comunicativa é reconhecida social e
culturalmente por determinada comunidade. Além de terem essa função comunicativa
específica, os gêneros textuais se caracterizam por organização, estrutura gramatical e
vocabulário específicos, assim como pelo contexto social em que ocorrem.
Reconhecer o gênero de um texto significa ter conhecimento de seu formato (layout), isto
é, das características próprias a ele, as quais o distinguem de outros gêneros. Por
exemplo, o gênero textual receita culinária contém uma lista de ingredientes e um modo
de fazer. Já o gênero resumo (ou abstract) de artigo de revista científica apresenta, de
forma geral, o(s) objetivo(s) da pesquisa, a metodologia, os resultados alcançados e a
conclusão. A familiariedade com o gênero textual possibilita ao leitor efetuar leituras mais
eficientes e direcionadas, pois permite localizar informações mais rapidamente.
Observe os recortes desta página e da página seguinte (da letra A até a letra G) e
identifique o gênero textual ao qual eles se referem.
Directions A B
Adults and children over 12: Take 1 caplet
every 4 hours as needed. Do not exceed 3
caplets in 24 hours, unless directed by a
physician. Children 12 and under should use
Children’s Advil.
Caution
Keep out of reach of children. This package
contains enough medicine to seriously harm a
child.
Non-medicinal Ingredients
corn starch, croscarmellose sodium,
hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, iron oxides,
lecithin, pharmaceutical shellac,
polyethylene glycol, pregelatinized starch,
silicon dioxide, simethicone, sodium lauryl
sulfate, stearic acid, talc, titanium dioxide
9
impending adjective C D
/mpen.dŋ/ [before noun]
describes an event, usually something unpleasant
or unwanted, that is going to happen soon
impending disaster/doom
Lineker announced his impending retirement
from international football before the 1992
European Championships.
Cook roast beef as usual. The larger the roast, the more drippings. While roast is cooking, make the
Yorkshire Pudding batter.
YORKSHIRE PUDDING BATTER:
1 1/2 c. sifted flour
G
4 lg. eggs
2 c. whole milk
Salt & pepper to taste
Beat eggs together. Add eggs to sifted flour and beat with wooden spoon until elastic. While stirring
mixture with whisk, gradually add in milk until batter is smooth. Season with salt and pepper to
taste.
10
2.3 – O que nos permite identificar os diferentes tipos de texto
( ) o formato (layout)
( ) os recursos tipográficos (negrito, itálico, etc)
( ) as palavras características de cada tipo de texto
( ) o tipo de letra (fonte)
( ) as figuras
( ) a tradução de todas as palavras do texto
2.4 – Com base nos diferentes textos, liste o que você espera encontrar em cada
um deles. Observe o exemplo abaixo:
A) Posologia; efeitos colaterais; composição química
B)
C)
D)
E)
F)
G)
11
3– OBJETIVOS DA LEITURA E NÍVEIS DE COMPREENSÃO
A
Depression: The darker side of your Internet
habit
UK study finds that people who replace human contact with online
friends can be troubled
By Sharon Gaudin
February 3, 2010 11:24 AM ET
A team of psychologists at the University of Leeds in the U.K. said they have
found that people who spend significant time online are far more likely to
suffer symptoms of depression. When people begin to substitute real-life, face-
to-face interaction with online conversations in chat rooms and on social
5 networking sites like Facebook and Twitter, there's often "a serious impact on
[their] mental health," the study found.
This study echoes a one published last August that came to a similar
conclusion.
That study, conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
10 found that the average online gamer is not a teenager, but is actually a 35-year-
old overweight, aggressive, introverted -- and often depressed -- man. The
study also found that when children and teenagers become game players, many
tend to follow a trend toward physical inactivity and corresponding health
problems that extend into adulthood.
20 For this study, researchers interviewed 1,319 people between the ages of 16
and 51 -- 1.2% of whom were found to be Internet addicts. That number is
higher than the 0.6% of Brits who are considered to be gambling addicts, the
researchers noted.
FONTE:
http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9151299/Depression_The_dark
er_side_of_your_Internet_habit
12
Laptop Computer Freezes Up, Runs Slow and Shuts Off
B
Q: My laptop computer freezes up, runs slow (really slow) and shuts off. I’ve tried registry cleaner, scan and repair
programs, program that are supposed to speed it up. But it's still acting up. I also updated my antivirus software.
A: Is this laptop online? If so it sounds a lot like a spyware problem. I would try downloading and installing Spybot
and Adaware. Both are free, updatable and do a great job cleaning out spyware. Check out our spyware page for
downloading link.
I also recommend CCleaner to clean up unused files and registry items. It is also a free program. Make sure you let it
make a backup of your registry when it asks though www.ccleaner.com.
FONTE: http://www.onlinecomputertips.com/troubleshooting/tq1.html
C
ABSTRACT: Mobile robots are physical agents that move and interact continuously
while embedded in a dynamic environment. Communications can be one of the most
difficult parts of building robot architecture because of the increasing complexity of
sensor and actuator hardware, and the interaction between intelligent features and
5 real-time constraints. Currently, hybrid architectures offer the most widespread
solutions for controlling intelligent mobile robots. This paper deals with the
communications framework necessary to design and implement these architectures.
The main goal of this work is to design a modular and portable architecture that
allows the development of robot control systems. A multi-level and distributed
10 architecture based on the reactive/deliberative paradigm is presented. Its main
components are mobile software agents that interact through a distributed blackboard
communications framework. These agents can be run on onboard processors, as well
as on fixed workstations depending on their real-time restrictions. The presented
control architecture has been tested in a real mobile robot and results demonstrate the
15 effectiveness of distributing software agents to guarantee hard real-time execution.
FONTE: POSADAS, J. L.; POZA, J. L.; SIMÓ, J. E.; BENET, G.; BLANES,
F. Agent-based distributed architecture for mobile robot control. Engineering
Applications of Artificial Intelligence, v. 21, n. 8, p. 805-823, Jun. 2008.
13
3.1 – Compreensão geral
Faça uma leitura rápida dos textos das páginas anteriores, com base no título (quando
houver), nas palavras semelhantes ao português e em seu conhecimento do assunto
tratado. A seguir, descreva em apenas uma sentença a idéia geral de cada um deles.
TEXTO A: .............................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
TEXTO B: .............................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
TEXTO C: .............................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
Volte ao texto e responda a que se referem as seguintes informações. (As linhas estão
indicadas entre parênteses.)
TEXTO A:
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
B) Twitter (5)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
D) 35-years-old (10)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
14
E) physical inactivity (13)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
F) 1,319 (20)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
TEXTO B:
A) freezes up (1)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
D) Spybot (3)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
E) www.ccleaner.com
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
15
TEXTO C:
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
Leia os textos novamente e assinale verdadeiro (V) ou falso (F) para as seguintes
afirmações:
TEXTO A:
B) As pessoas estão cada vez mais substituindo a comunicação frente a frente por salas
de bate papo e sítios de redes sociais.
TEXTO B:
C) A pessoa que responde a pergunta diz ao dono do laptop para atualizar o antivírus.
TEXTO C:
C) Robôs moveis são agentes físicos que se movem e interagem continuamente quando
imersos em um ambiente dinâmico.
Toda leitura deve ter um objetivo. Lemos porque queremos algo da leitura. Às vezes,
somos levados a ler por motivos práticos e bem definidos, como quando consultamos o
dicionário para encontrar o significado de uma palavra. Outras vezes, nossos objetivos se
definem de modo inconsciente; assim, por exemplo, lemos em busca de fatos quando
olhamos o noticiário do jornal. Também lemos texots sobre assuntos relacionados a nossa
área de interesse, em busca de novas idéias. E, muitas vezes, lemos simplesmente pelo
prazer que a leitura nos traz. Alguns dos objetivos mais comuns da leitura são:
1) Aplicação prática
17
2) Aprendizagem
3) Entretenimento
Nossos objetivos têm grande influência sobre como realizamos a leitura. A maneira
como corremos os olhos pela lista telefônica em busca de um número é bem diferente do
modo cuidadoso que adotamos para a leitura de uma procuração.
• Compreensão geral
Quando apenas observamos um texto rapidamente para obter uma ideia geral,
focalizando de modo especial os títulos e subtítulos, tabelas, figuras, ênfase tipográficas,
cognatos (palavras semelhantes ao português) etc. Para identificarmos o tema, podemos
utilizar a técnica do skimming – uma leitura rápida, sem interrupções, feita apenas para
obter a idéia geral, como na leitura de um jornal sobre o possível interesse em
determinada matéria.
• Compreensão detalhada
3.5 – Identifique pela respectiva letra (A, B ou C) os gêneros dos três textos
utilizados nesta unidade:
18
TEXTO A Carta ao leitor
Anúncio publicitário
Relato de pesquisa
Objetivo .................................................................................................................................
Descrição ............................................................................................................................
Dúvidas ..................................................................................................................................
19
4– COGNATOS
When did the term ‘computer virus’ arise?
Steven White, manager of IBM Research's Massively Distributed System Group,
offers some complementary information:
The term "computer virus" was coined in the early 1980s. Fred Cohen, then a Ph.D. student at the
University of Southern California, came up with the idea of using self-replicating software, which
spreads by attaching itself to existing programs as a way of attacking the security of multi-user
computing systems. He showed this idea to Len Adleman, his thesis advisor. Adleman pointed out
the similarity to a biological virus, which uses the resources of the cell it attacks to reproduce itself,
and the term "computer virus" began its journey into everyday English.
Since then, computer viruses have mimicked their biological namesakes, spreading digital disease
around the world. And here at IBM Research, we are taking inspiration from biological defenses to
viruses and creating a kind of immune system for cyberspace, which will be able to find, analyze
and eliminate new computer viruses from the world's computers quickly and automatically.
Alex Haddox is product manager of the Symantec AntiVirus Research Center, which
manufactures Norton AntiVirus products. He adds:
The history of the computer virus began in the 1940s when John von Neumann published a paper
called "Theory and Organization of Complicated Automata," which documented the possibility of
replicating computer programs. John Conway is credited with creating the first "virus" in the form
of a life emulating program called the "Game of Life" in the 1960s. In the 1970s the first true self-
replicating programs, referred to as "organisms," were written as experiments in artificial
intelligence on UNIX systems and used in small, isolated network type games by large research
companies. In 1983 the term "virus" was first coined to describe self-replicating programs by
Frederick Cohen and his colleague, Len Adleman. The first reports of serious damage from a PC
virus occurred in 1986; the infection was caused by the "Pakistani Brain" virus, which was written
by two brothers, Basit and Amjad Farooq Alvi, of Lahore, Pakistan.
Fonte: http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=when-did-the-term-compute
20
4.1 – Familiarização com o texto
Por outro lado, existem também os chamados falsos cognatos, ou falsos amigos, que são
palavras normalmente derivadas do latim, que aparecem em diferentes idiomas com
ortografia semelhante, e que têm portanto a mesma origem, mas que ao longo dos
tempos acabaram adquirindo significados diferentes. A tabela a seguir contém alguns
exemplos de falsos cognatos:
Actually (adv) - na verdade ..., o fato é que ... Atualmente - nowadays, today
Amass (v) - acumular, juntar Amassar - crush
Argument (n) - discussão, bate boca Argumento - reasoning, point
Application (n) - inscrição, registro, uso Aplicação (financeira) - investment
Audience (n) - platéia, público Audiência - court appearance; interview
Beef (n) - carne de gado Bife - steak
Cafeteria (n) - refeitório tipo universitário ou industrial Cafeteria - coffee shop, snack bar
Casualty (n) - baixa (morte), fatalidade Casualidade - chance, fortuity
Cigar (n) - charuto Cigarro - cigarette
Collar (n) - gola, colarinho, coleira Colar - necklace
College (n) - faculdade, ensino de 3º grau Colégio (2º grau) - high school
Exciting (adj) - empolgante Excitante - thrilling
... …
21
4.3 – Compreensão geral do texto
22
5– CONHECIMENTO PRÉVIO
About 90 percent of U.S. kids ages 8 to 16 play video games, and they spend about 13 hours a week
doing so (more if you're a boy). Now a new study suggests virtual violence in these games may
make kids more aggressive in real life.
Kids in both the U.S. and Japan who reported playing lots of violent video games had more
aggressive behavior months later than their peers who did not, according to the study, which
appears in the November issue of the journal Pediatrics.
The researchers specifically tried to get to the root of the chicken-or-egg problem -- do children
become more aggressive after playing video games or are aggressive kids more attracted to violent
videos?
It's a murky -- and controversial -- issue. Many studies have linked violence in TV shows and video
games to violent behavior. But when states have tried to keep under-18 kids from playing games
rated "M" for mature, the proposed restrictions have often been challenged successfully in court.
In the new study, Dr. Craig A. Anderson, Ph.D., of Iowa State University in Ames, and his
colleagues looked at how children and teen's video game habits at one time point related to their
behavior three to six months later.
The study included three groups of kids: 181 Japanese students ages 12 to 15; 1,050 Japanese
students aged 13 to 18; and 364 U.S. kids ages 9 to 12.
The U.S. children listed their three favorite games and how often they played them. In the younger
Japanese group, the researchers looked at how often the children played five different violent video
game genres (fighting action, shooting, adventure, among others); in the older group they gauged
the violence in the kids' favorite game genres and the time they spent playing them each week.
23
Japanese children rated their own behavior in terms of physical aggression, such as hitting, kicking
or getting into fights with other kids; the U.S. children rated themselves too, but the researchers
took into account reports from their peers and teachers as well.
In every group, children who were exposed to more video game violence did become more
aggressive over time than their peers who had less exposure. This was true even after the
researchers took into account how aggressive the children were at the beginning of the study -- a
strong predictor of future bad behavior.
The findings are "pretty good evidence" that violent video games do indeed cause aggressive
behavior, says Dr. L. Rowell Huesmann, director of the Research Center for Group Dynamics at the
University of Michigan's Institute for Social Research in Ann Arbor.
There are two ways violent media can spur people to violent actions, said Huesmann, who has been
studying violence in media and behavior for more than 30 years.
First is imitation; children who watch violence in the media can internalize the message that the
world is a hostile place, he explains, and that acting aggressively is an OK way to deal with it.
Also, he says, kids can become desensitized to violence. "When you're exposed to violence day in
and day out, it loses its emotional impact on you," Huesmann said. "Once you're emotionally numb
to violence, it's much easier to engage in violence.
But Dr. Cheryl K. Olson, co-director of the Center for Mental Health and the Media at
Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, isn't convinced.
"It's not the violence per se that's the problem, it's the context and goals of the violence," said Olson,
citing past research on TV violence and behavior.
There are definitely games kids shouldn't be playing, she said, for example those where hunting
down and killing people is the goal. But she argues that the label "violent video games" is too
vague. Researchers need to do a better job at defining what is considered a violent video game and
what constitutes aggressive behavior, she added.
I think there may well be problems with some kinds of violent games for some kinds of kids,"
Olson said. "We may find things we should be worried about, but right now we don't know
enough."
Further, she adds, playing games rated "M" for mature has become "normative behavior" for
adolescents, especially boys. "It's just a routine part of what they do," she says. Her advice to
parents? Move the computer and gaming stuff out of kids' rooms and into public spaces in the
home, like the living room, so they can keep an eye on what their child is up to.
Dr. David Walsh, president of the National Institute on Media and the Family, a Minneapolis-based
non-profit, argues that the pervasiveness of violence in media has led to a "culture of disrespect" in
which children get the message that it's acceptable to treat one another rudely and even
aggressively.
24
"It doesn't necessarily mean that because a kid plays a violent video game they're immediately
going to go out and beat somebody up," Walsh says. "The real impact is in shaping norms, shaping
attitude. As those gradually shift, the differences start to show up in behavior."
A) Com base apenas no título do texto da página anterior, descreva em poucas palavras o
provável assunto do texto.
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
B) Antes de iniciar a leitura, reflita sobre o que você já leu ou ouviu a respeito do assunto. Cite
algumas das informações que você tem sobre ele.
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
C) Leia o texto e verifique se ele apresenta alguma das informações que você listou na
questão anterior. Você concorda com o texto?
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
Qual foi a descoberta encontrada pela pesquisa relatada no texto? Qual a opinião do Dr.
Huesmann sobre essa descoberta?
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
Qual é a opinião da doutora Olson sobre o termo “vídeo games violentos”? E qual o
exemplo citado de tipo de jogo que crianças não deveriam jogar?
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
25
5.2 – Familiarização com texto
5.3 – Consolidação
• Cognatos
agressivo................................................ horas........................................................
agressivamente....................................... imitação...................................................
aparece................................................... imediatamente.............................................
atraído..................................................... impacto....................................................
atitude..................................................... incluído....................................................
causa...................................................... instituto....................................................
centro...................................................... internalisa...................................................
citando.................................................... japonês....................................................
colegas................................................... listado.....................................................
considerado................................................ maduro....................................................
constitui................................................... mental......................................................
contexto................................................... mensagem...................................................
controverso................................................. necessariamente........................................
convencido.................................................. normas.....................................................
definindo.................................................. pediátricos...................................................
definitivamente............................................ percentagem..............................................
26
diferenças................................................... físico.......................................................
diferente................................................... ponto.......................................................
diretor....................................................... preditor....................................................
dinâmicas................................................... problema..................................................
emocional................................................... proposto...................................................
evidência................................................... real...........................................................
exemplo................................................... reportado...................................................
exposto................................................... restrições...................................................
exposição................................................... social.......................................................
favorito..................................................... especificamente..........................................
futuro....................................................... termos......................................................
gradualmente.............................................. universidade...............................................
grupos...................................................... vago........................................................
hábitos..................................................... vídeo.......................................................
hospital.................................................... violência..................................................
hostil........................................................ virtual......................................................
27
6– SKIMMING
A) Latvian 'Robin Hood' hacker leaks bank details to TV
Latvia has been suffering in the global recession. An alleged hacker has been hailed as a
latter-day Robin Hood for leaking data about the finances of banks and state-owned firms
to Latvian TV. Using the alias "Neo" - a reference to The Matrix films - the hacker claims
he wants to expose those cashing in on the recession in Latvia. He is slowly passing details
of leading Latvian firms via Twitter to the TV station and has its audiences hooked. The
Latvian government and police are investigating the security breach. Data leaked so far
includes pay details of managers from a Latvian bank that received a bail-out. It reveals
that many did not take the salary cuts they promised. Other data shows that state-owned
companies secretly awarded bonuses while publicly asking the government for help.
Fonte: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8533641.stm
B) Binary Numbers
Binary numbers are well suited for use by computers, since many electrical devices have
two distinct states: on and off. They are the numbers computers themselves understand.
Composed entirely of zeros and ones, they express all values in power of two. The
advantage of the binary system is that you only need two symbols (0 and 1) to express any
number, no matter how big it is. Since computers are basically just large groups of
awitches, and since these switches can only be either on or off, binary system fits right in;
you just define 0 as off and 1 as on and then binary numbers tell the computer which
switches to throw.
Fonte: GALANTE, Terezinha Prado; LAZARO, Svetlana P. Inglês Básico para Informática. 3ª ed. São Paulo: Atlas. 1992. Pág.: 42.
28
6.1 – Familiarização com o texto
Leia os textos da página anterior, observando títulos, cognatos, bem como as primeiras e
últimas linhas de cada parágrafo. Leve em conta também o seu conhecimento prévio dos
assuntos tratados. Em seguida, tente resumir, com suas palavras, a idéia central de cada
um deles.
A ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
B ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
C ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
D ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
Texto A:
1. Qual era o codinome (apelido) utilizado pelo hacker para divulgar informações
sigilosas?
...........................................................................................................................................
29
4. Quem foram as pessoas e/ou empresas desmascaradas pela ação do hacker?
a. Robin Hood and Latvia
b. Banks and State-owned companies
c. Neo and The Matrix
d. Twitter and Latvian TV station
Texto B
Texto C
1. O que é uma botnet?
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2. A Microsoft é contra ou a favor das botnets? Por quê?
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
3. Quem, segundo a Microsoft, enviou 650 milhões de spams em um período de 18 dias?
a) Mr. Boscovich
b) BBC
c) Waledac
d) Hotmail
4. O que significa a expressão ‘split over’ na frase: “Security experts are split over the
effectiveness of Microsoft's efforts to shut down a network…”
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
30
Texto D
3. Quem não aparenta preocupação com o fato do Facebook poder processar outros
sites de redes sociais?
a. Twitter
b. AllFacebook.com
c. Prominent figures in the social-media world
d. A giant that has influenced some of the changes that Facebook made
4. O que significa a expressão ‘pointed out’ na frase: “The implications for this, as
AllFacebook.com pointed out earlier …”
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
31
7– SCANNING
TEXTO .A.
Installation
For some Windows® Operating Systems, administrative access is required to install
software on a PC hard drive – it cannot be run on a server.
CD-ROM Method:
Place the CD into the drive. Follow the on-screen menu to install MPLAB IDE. If no on-
screen menu appears, use Explorer to find and execute CD menu by double-clicking on the
executable file MPxxx.exe (where xxx represents the version) in the root directory of the
CD.
Download Method:
From the Microchip web site (www.microchip.com), double-click on the downloaded
executable file to begin installation.
NOTE: For Windows NT® systems, Microsoft recommend reinstalling the service pack
after ANY software or device driver is installed.
Minimum Configuration
• Compatible Intel Pentium® class system
• Support Windows operating system (see list below)
• 32 MB memory (128 MB recommended)
• 85 MB of hard disk space
• Internet Explorer 5.0 or greater for installation and on-line Help
Considerations for Installation
Operating systems:
• Windows NT 4.0 SP6a Workstation (NOT Servers)
• Windows 2000 SP2
• Windows XP Home and Professional
Tools associated with MPLAB IDE may not support the same operating systems as
MPLAB IDE. See individual tool README files for more information.
32
TEXTO .B.
stdio.h, which stands for "standard input/output header", is the header in the C standard library that
contains macro definitions, constants, and declarations of functions and types used for various
standard input and output operations. The functionality descends from a "portable I/O package"
written by Mike Lesk at Bell Labs in the early 1970s. C++, for compatibility reasons, includes
stdio.h as well as an essentially equivalent header, cstdio, which declares the stdio.h functions and
types within the std namespace.
Functions declared in stdio.h are extremely popular, since as a part of the C standard library, they
are guaranteed to work on any platform that supports C. Applications on a particular platform
might, however, have reasons to use the platform's I/O routines, rather than the stdio.h routines.
Functions declared in stdio.h can generally be divided into two categories: the functions for file
manipulation and the functions for input-output manipulation.
Name Notes
File manipulation functions
fclose closes a file associated with the FILE * value passed to it
fopen, freopen opens a file for certain types of reading or writing
remove removes a file (deletes it)
rename renames a file
rewind acts as if fseek(stream, 0L, SEEK_SET) was called for the stream passed,
and then its error indicator cleared
tmpfile creates and open a temporary file, which is deleted when closed with
fclose()
Input-output manipulation functions
clearerr clears end-of-file and error indicators for a given stream
feof checks whether an end-of-file indicator has been set for a given stream
ferror checks whether an error indicator has been set for a given stream
fflush forces any pending buffered output to be written to the file associated with
a given stream
fgetpos stores the file position indicator of the stream associated by its first
argument (a FILE *) to its second argument (a fpos_t *)
fgetc returns one character from a file
fgets gets a string from the file (ending at newline or end-of-file)
fputc writes one character to a file
fputs writes a string to a file
ftell returns a file-position indicator which can then be passed to fseek
fseek seeks through a file
fsetpos sets the file position indicator of a stream associated by its first argument
(a FILE *) as stored in its second argument (a fpos_t *)
fread reads data from a file
fwrite writes data to a file
getc reads and returns a character from a given stream and advances the file
position indicator; it is allowed to be a macro with the same effects as
fgetc, except that it may evaluate the stream more than once
33
getchar has the same effects as getc(stdin)
gets reads characters from stdin until a newline is encountered and stores them
in its only argument
printf, vprintf used to print to the standard output stream
fprintf, vfprintf used to print to a file
sprintf, snprintf, used to print to a char array (C string)
vsprintf,
vsnprintf
perror writes an error message to stderr
putc writes and returns a character to a stream and advances the file position
indicator for it; equivalent to fputc, except that a macro version may
evaluate the stream more than once
putchar, fputchar has the same effects as putc(stdout)
scanf, vscanf used to input from the standard input stream
fscanf, vfscanf used to input from a file
sscanf, vsscanf used to input from a char array (e.g., a C string)
setbuf, setvbuf sets the buffering mode for a given stream
tmpnam creates a temporary filename
ungetc pushes a character back onto a stream
puts outputs a character string to stdout
TEXTO A:
D) A configuração mínima.................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
34
TEXTO B:
.....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
K) Fecha um arquivo.......................................................................................................
N) Renomeia um arquivo.................................................................................................
35
7.2 – Apresentação da estratégia
Como vimos anteriormente, nossos objetivos determinam o modo pelo qual realizamos
a leitura. Quando buscamos uma informação específica, concentramos a atenção
apenas em identificá-la, ignorando outros detalhes do texto. Essa técnica de leitura,
conhecida como scanning, consiste em correr rapidamente os olhos pelo texto até
localizar a informação sobre o significado de palavras, a busca de um número na lista
telefônica ou a utilização do índice de uma revista ou livro para encontrar um artigo ou
capítulo de interesse. Essa técnica não exige leitura completa nem detalhada do texto.
7.3 – Consolidação
Ubuntu Linux Vs. Windows Vista: The Battle For Your Desktop
Is Linux finally ready to take on Windows as a desktop OS? We tried out both Vista and Ubuntu on
individual PCs to see which works better. Here's who won.
By Serdar Yegulalp
InformationWeek
Abril 27, 2007 12:00 AM
The prevailing wisdom about Linux on the desktop runs something like this: "I'll believe Linux is ready for
the desktop as soon as you can give me a Linux distribution that even my grandmother can run."
For some time, the folks at Ubuntu have been trying their best to make Granny – and most everyone else –
happy. They've attempted to build a Linux distribution that's easy to install, use, configure, and maintain –
one that's at least as easy as Windows, and whenever possible, even easier. As a result, Ubuntu is one of the
Linux distributions that has been most directly touted as an alternative to Windows.
In this feature, I'm going to compare the newly-released Ubuntu 7.04 (codenamed "Feisty Fawn") with
Microsoft Windows Vista in a number of categories. To keep the playing field as level as possible, I'm
looking wherever I can at applications – not just in the sense of "programs," but in the sense of what the
average user is going to do with the OS in a workday. Sometimes the differences between the two OSes are
profound, but sometimes the playing field levels itself – OpenOffice.org, for instance, is installed by default
in Ubuntu, but adding it to Vista isn't terribly difficult.
I tried to stick whenever possible with preinstalled software, although this rule sometimes had to be bent a
little – for instance, to see what backup solutions were available for Ubuntu through its own software
catalog. Also, while I was tempted to compare Vista's Aero interface to the Beryl window manager (which
has a similar palette of visual effects), I decided that pretty graphics, while nice, had more to do with
personal preference than efficiency. In addition, Beryl isn't installed by default in Ubuntu, and Aero isn't
available on all PCs.
In each case, I've tried to look at practical benefits rather than theoretical ones – what works, what doesn't,
and what you have to do to get certain things done. I should also note that, despite being a big fan of Vista,
I've tried to keep my enthusiasm for it from overriding my judgment. Everyone needs something different,
and not everyone needs (or wants) Vista – or Ubuntu – so I've done my best to keep my mind, and my eyes,
wide open.
FONTE: www.informationweek.com
36
1. Utilizando a estratégia skimming, faça uma leitura rápida do trecho anterior para
identificar o assunto tratado.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2. Releia o texto prestando atenção aos cognatos, ou seja, às palavras que você
consegue reconhecer devido à semelhança ao português. Depois, selecione seis
exemplos de palavras cognatas.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
• Dados de autoria
Carta
Tutorial
Artigo Científico
37
8– INFORMAÇÃO NÃO VERBAL
38
39
8.1 – Familiarização com o texto
1. Nesta e nas duas páginas anteriores, observe a capa do relatório realizado pela
Nielsen e os tópicos em destaque. Em seguida, descreva em poucas palavras o
provável assunto do relatório.
.....................................................................................................................................
40
.....................................................................................................................................
Como o próprio título sugere, informação não-verbal é toda a informação fornecida por
meio de figuras, gráficos, tabelas, mapas etc. O leitor poderá se concentrar neles a fim de
obter a informação que deseja ou necessita.
No entanto, sabe-se que, não raro, a informação não verbal é ignorada ou considerada
supérflua pelo leitor. Contudo, se o autor a colocou à disposição, é porque ela deve ser
observada. De fato, em muitos textos que combinam informação verbal e não-verbal,
aqueilo que se busca pode estar apenas num gráfico ou tabela, por exemplo. Nesse caso,
a leitura do texto passa a ser apenas a confirmação das informações obtidas por meio de
tais recursos.
41
8.3 – Consolidação
Scanning
A) Fundador do Facebook
42
9– INFERÊNCIA CONTEXTUAL
While free software by any other name would give you the same freedom, it makes a big difference which
name we use: different words convey different ideas.
In 1998, some of the people in the free software community began using the term “open source software”
instead of “free software” to describe what they do. The term “open source” quickly became associated
with a different approach, a different philosophy, different values, and even a different criterion for which
licenses are acceptable. The Free Software movement and the Open Source movement are today separate
movements with different views and goals, although we can and do work together on some practical
projects.
The fundamental difference between the two movements is in their values, their ways of looking at the
world. For the Open Source movement, the issue of whether software should be open source is a practical
question, not an ethical one. As one person put it, “Open source is a development methodology; free software
is a social movement.” For the Open Source movement, non-free software is a suboptimal solution. For the
Free Software movement, non-free software is a social problem and free software is the solution.
Relationship between the Free Software movement and Open Source movement
The Free Software movement and the Open Source movement are like two political camps within the free
software community.
Radical groups in the 1960s developed a reputation for factionalism: organizations split because of
disagreements on details of strategy, and then treated each other as enemies. Or at least, such is the image
people have of them, whether or not it was true.
The relationship between the Free Software movement and the Open Source movement is just the opposite
of that picture. We disagree on the basic principles, but agree more or less on the practical recommendations.
So we can and do work together on many specific projects. We don't think of the Open Source movement as
an enemy. The enemy is proprietary software.
We are not against the Open Source movement, but we don't want to be lumped in with them. We
acknowledge that they have contributed to our community, but we created this community, and we want
people to know this.
We want people to associate our achievements with our values and our philosophy, not with theirs. We want
to be heard, not obscured behind a group with different views. To prevent people from thinking we are part
of them, we take pains to avoid using the word “open” to describe free software, or its contrary, “closed”, in
43
talking about non-free software.
So please mention the Free Software movement when you talk about the work we have done, and the
software we have developed—such as the GNU/Linux operating system.
This rest of this article compares the two terms “free software” and “open source”. It shows why the term
“open source” does not solve any problems, and in fact creates some.
Ambiguity
The term “free software” has an ambiguity problem: an unintended meaning, “Software you can get for zero
price,” fits the term just as well as the intended meaning, “software which gives the user certain freedoms.”
We address this problem by publishing a more precise definition of free software, but this is not a perfect
solution; it cannot completely eliminate the problem. An unambiguously correct term would be better, if it
didn't have other problems.
Unfortunately, all the alternatives in English have problems of their own. We've looked at many alternatives
that people have suggested, but none is so clearly “right” that switching to it would be a good idea. Every
proposed replacement for “free software” has a similar kind of semantic problem, or worse—and this
includes “open source software.”
The official definition of “open source software,” as published by the Open Source Initiative, is very close to
our definition of free software; however, it is a little looser in some respects, and they have accepted a few
licenses that we consider unacceptably restrictive of the users. However, the obvious meaning for the
expression “open source software” is “You can look at the source code.” This is a much weaker criterion than
free software; it includes free software, but also some proprietary programs, including Xv, and Qt under its
original license (before the QPL).
That obvious meaning for “open source” is not the meaning that its advocates intend. The result is that most
people misunderstand what those advocates are advocating. Here is how writer Neal Stephenson defined
“open source”:
Linux is “open source” software meaning, simply, that anyone can get copies of its source code files.
I don't think he deliberately sought to reject or dispute the “official” definition. I think he simply applied the
conventions of the English language to come up with a meaning for the term. The state of Kansas published
a similar definition:
Make use of open-source software (OSS). OSS is software for which the source code is freely and publicly
available, though the specific licensing agreements vary as to what one is allowed to do with that code.
Of course, the open source people have tried to deal with this by publishing a precise definition for the term,
just as we have done for “free software.”
But the explanation for “free software” is simple—a person who has grasped the idea of “free speech, not
free beer” will not get it wrong again. There is no such succinct way to explain the official meaning of “open
source” and show clearly why the natural definition is the wrong one.
Fear of Freedom
The main argument for the term “open source software” is that “free software” makes some people uneasy.
44
That's true: talking about freedom, about ethical issues, about responsibilities as well as convenience, is
asking people to think about things they might rather ignore. This can trigger discomfort, and some people
may reject the idea for that. It does not follow that society would be better off if we stop talking about these
things.
Years ago, free software developers noticed this discomfort reaction, and some started exploring an
approach for avoiding it. They figured that by keeping quiet about ethics and freedom, and talking only
about the immediate practical benefits of certain free software, they might be able to “sell” the software
more effectively to certain users, especially business. The term “open source” is offered as a way of doing
more of this—a way to be “more acceptable to business.” The views and values of the Open Source
movement stem from this decision.
This approach has proved effective, in its own terms. Today many people are switching to free software for
purely practical reasons. That is good, as far as it goes, but that isn't all we need to do! Attracting users to
free software is not the whole job, just the first step.
Sooner or later these users will be invited to switch back to proprietary software for some practical
advantage. Countless companies seek to offer such temptation, and why would users decline? Only if they
have learned to value the freedom free software gives them, for its own sake. It is up to us to spread this
idea—and in order to do that, we have to talk about freedom. A certain amount of the “keep quiet” approach
to business can be useful for the community, but we must have plenty of freedom talk too.
At present, we have plenty of “keep quiet”, but not enough freedom talk. Most people involved with free
software say little about freedom—usually because they seek to be “more acceptable to business.” Software
distributors especially show this pattern. Some GNU/Linux operating system distributions add proprietary
packages to the basic free system, and they invite users to consider this an advantage, rather than a step
backwards from freedom.
We are failing to keep up with the influx of free software users, failing to teach people about freedom and
our community as fast as they enter it. This is why non-free software (which Qt was when it first became
popular), and partially non-free operating system distributions, find such fertile ground. To stop using the
word “free” now would be a mistake; we need more, not less, talk about freedom.
If those using the term “open source” draw more users into our community, that is a contribution, but the
rest of us will have to work even harder to bring the issue of freedom to those users' attention. We have to
say, “It's free software and it gives you freedom!” – more and louder than ever before.
The Open Source Definition is clear enough, and it is quite clear that the typical non-free program does not
qualify. So you would think that “Open Source company” would mean one whose products are free software
(or close to it), right? Alas, many companies are trying to give it a different meaning.
At the “Open Source Developers Day” meeting in August 1998, several of the commercial developers
invited said they intend to make only a part of their work free software (or “open source”). The focus of their
business is on developing proprietary add-ons (software or manuals) to sell to the users of this free software.
They ask us to regard this as legitimate, as part of our community, because some of the money is donated to
free software development.
In effect, these companies seek to gain the favorable cachet of “open source” for their proprietary software
products—even though those are not “open source software”—because they have some relationship to free
software or because the same company also maintains some free software. (One company founder said
quite explicitly that they would put, into the free package they support, as little of their work as the
community would stand for.)
45
Over the years, many companies have contributed to free software development. Some of these companies
primarily developed non-free software, but the two activities were separate; thus, we could ignore their non-
free products, and work with them on free software projects. Then we could honestly thank them afterward
for their free software contributions, without talking about the rest of what they did.
We cannot do the same with these new companies, because they won't let us. These companies actively
invite the public to lump all their activities together; they want us to regard their non-free software as
favorably as we would regard a real contribution, although it is not one. They present themselves as “open
source companies,” hoping that we will get a warm fuzzy feeling about them, and that we will be fuzzy-
minded in applying it.
This manipulative practice would be no less harmful if it were done using the term “free software.” But
companies do not seem to use the term “free software” that way; perhaps its association with idealism
makes it seem unsuitable. The term “open source” opened the door for this.
At a trade show in late 1998, dedicated to the operating system often referred to as “Linux”, the featured
speaker was an executive from a prominent software company. He was probably invited on account of his
company's decision to “support” that system. Unfortunately, their form of “support” consists of releasing
non-free software that works with the system—in other words, using our community as a market but not
contributing to it.
He said, “There is no way we will make our product open source, but perhaps we will make it ‘internal’ open
source. If we allow our customer support staff to have access to the source code, they could fix bugs for the
customers, and we could provide a better product and better service.” (This is not an exact quote, as I did
not write his words down, but it gets the gist.)
People in the audience afterward told me, “He just doesn't get the point.” But is that so? Which point did he
not get?
He did not miss the point of the Open Source movement. That movement does not say users should have
freedom, only that allowing more people to look at the source code and help improve it makes for faster and
better development. The executive grasped that point completely; unwilling to carry out that approach in
full, users included, he was considering implementing it partially, within the company.
The point that he missed is the point that “open source” was designed not to raise: the point that users
deserve freedom.
Spreading the idea of freedom is a big job—it needs your help. That's why we stick to the term “free
software” in the GNU Project, so we can help do that job. If you feel that freedom and community are
important for their own sake—not just for the convenience they bring—please join us in using the term
“free software”.
Joe Barr wrote an article called Live and let license that gives his perspective on this issue.
Lakhani and Wolf's paper on the motivation of free software developers says that a considerable fraction are
motivated by the view that software should be free. This was despite the fact that they surveyed the
developers on SourceForge, a site that does not support the view that this is an ethical issue.
46
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2. Qual o significado de cada uma das três imagens que precedem o texto?
.....................................................................................................................................
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1.1 Relationship between the Free Software movement and Open Source movement
1.2.1 Ambiguity
47
9.2 – Apresentação da Estratégia
Para ler nas entrelinhas é necessário ter em mente as idéias expressas pelo texto, ao invés de
palavras isoladas. Consequentemente, os enunciados devem ser lidos por inteiro e não palavra
por palavra.
• Contexto semântico – o significado do texto como um todo (ou seja, descobrir o significado de
palavras/idéias a partir do contexto em que estão inseridas, aproveitando as informações contidas em
palavras/sentenças que vêm antes e depois e que contribuem para a construção do sentido global do
texto).
• Contexto linguístico – pistas que indicam se a palavra é um substantivo, um adjetivo, um verbo, etc.
• Contexto não-linguístico (ou informação não-verbal) – pistas contidas em gravuras, gráficos, tabelas,
etc.
48
10 – PALAVRAS-CHAVE
Evolutionary robotics appears to have evolved. The commonly held tenets now point toward the attainment
of self-organized, autonomous, situated, interactive machines. The field’s collective focus seems to have
progressed from a branch of artificial intelligence involving machine learning that was virtual to an emphasis
on situated and embodied robotics. Yet, within the field of evolutionary robotics at least three more distinct
goals have been articulated.
Artificial Life. The artificial life community desires to create life-like creatures and life-as-it-could-be.
Those attempting to create artificial life value full autonomy, self-sufficiency and self-containment. Many
terms and concepts have been borrowed in part from the field of evolutionary biology in an effort to reveal
possible patterns of life. Obviously, this effort impacts algorithm development in fields of learning, adaptive
control and optimization. By bringing novel ideas and methodologies, perhaps integration with evolutionary
biology will lead to novel hypotheses for understanding the evolution and behavior of real life.
Assisting biologists with physical models. For centuries, biologists have borrowed ideas from physics,
mathematics and engineering. Truly remarkable discoveries have been made about how organisms work by
developing testable hypotheses from knowledge in the physical sciences. Advances in the fields of
physiology and biomechanics provide the most striking examples. In particular, the use of physical models to
elucidate complex phenomenon still plays a major role despite our increasing capacity for accurate
simulation. For example, the paradox of insect flight was resolved, not by solving three-dimensional Navier-
Stokes equations, but by flapping scaled-model wings in a vat of syrup. Our own research on legged
locomotion has benefitted directly from the construction of several robots by providing us new hypotheses of
control, stability and adhesion. The use of physical models from evolutionary robotics directed toward the
evolution and behavior of organisms promises to deliver novel hypotheses that may explain complex
biological phenomenon. Attainment of this goal will continue to foster the exchange of ideas that will benefit
several communities.
Attaining automated engineering. Artificial evolution can assist in automatically developing algorithms
and machines that display complex, life-like capabilities that would be otherwise difficult to program.
Evolutionary techniques have been successfully applied in diverse areas such as network management,
insurance, elevator operation, and circuit design. A more ambitious goal strives for “full autonomy . not only
at the level of power and behavior, but also at the levels of design and fabrication”. The justifications for
using artificial evolution in engineering are varied. One extreme view claims that human engineers have
failed and will continue to fail. “Robots are still laboriously designed and constructed by teams of human
engineers, usually at considerable expense. Few robots are available because these costs must be absorbed
through mass production, which is justified only for toys, weapons and industrial systems such as automatic
teller machines.” The implication being that an artificial evolution approach would necessarily yield better
results.
Engineers may not have created robots that operate as effectively as we have imagined or robots that are an
economic success. However, the reliance on evolutionary processes mimicking nature will not necessarily do
better. Biological evolution operates more on sufficiency rather than optimality. Engineers have distinct
advantages over evolutionary processes. Secondly, an approach where biology inspires engineering holds
greater promise. Biological inspiration involves the transfer of biological principles to engineers who are
capable of capitalizing on them. Although nature is complex, general principles, rules and mathematical
models can be extracted and novel designs characterized. Biological inspiration should include concepts
49
from evolution, adaptation and learning. Thirdly, one of the reasons we may be dissatisfied with present day
robots is that until now nature could not be a very good teacher because human technology differed so from
natural technology.
.....................................................................................................................................
2. Pense no que já sabe sobre o assunto e faça uma lista de pelo menos cinco
palavras em português ou inglês, relacionadas a ele.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
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50
A robótica parece ter progredido, com a mudança de foco no estudo da
aprendizagem de máquina (ramo da inteligência artificial) que era virtual para uma
ênfase em agentes (robôs) reais.
6. Cite cinco palavras que, em sua opinião, foram essenciais para a compreensão do
texto e indique quantas vezes elas aparecem.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Identificando palavras-chave
As palavras-chave são imprescindíveis para a copreensão do texto porque têm relação direta com
o assunto tratado. Tais palavras são de fácil identificação, pois uma de suas características é a
repetição ao longo do texto. Além disso, são em geral substantivos – classe de palavras que
contém muito significado. O reconhecimento das palavras-chave nos auxilia a identificar o assunto
e construir o significado do texto. Portanto, devemos sempre procurar identificá-las para
facilitar/otimizar a compreensão durante o processo de leitura.
51
Microsoft Windows is a series of software operating systems and graphical user
interfaces produced by Microsoft. Microsoft first introduced an operating
environment named Windows in November 1985 as an add-on to MS-DOS in
response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces (GUIs). Microsoft
Windows came to dominate the world's personal computer market, overtaking
Mac OS, which had been introduced previously. As of October 2009, Windows
had approximately 91% of the market share of the client operating systems for
usage on the Internet. The most recent client version of Windows is Windows 7;
the most recent server version is Windows Server 2008 R2; the most recent
mobile OS version is Windows Mobile 6.5.
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52
11 – GRUPOS NOMINAIS
Wireless Sensor Network
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53
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Grupos Nominais
Algumas vezes, entretanto, o grupo nominal poderá incluir uma preposição (in, on, at, of, for, etc.);
nesses casos, o núcleo será a palavra que precede a proposição. Exemplos: the colour of his
hair; the funny picture on the blackboard; the fear in her voice.
1- As siglas abaixo são grupos nominais. Com base na informação fornecida em inglês,
54
procure deduzir o significado de seus correspondentes em português:
2- Sublinhe o núcleo dos grupos nominais abaixo, retirados do texto “Wireless Sensor
Network”, e traduza-os:
......................................................................................................................................
C. military applications.......................................................................................................
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
J. a small microcontroller..................................................................................................
55
12 – REFERÊNCIA PRONOMINAL
By CHRIS WILLIAMS
1 MINNEAPOLIS — A former Minnesota nurse was charged Friday with aiding the suicides of a British man and
2 Canadian woman by allegedly encouraging them to kill themselves in Internet chat rooms.
3 William Melchert-Dinkel, 47, is charged under a rarely used state law that carries a maximum penalty of 15 years in
4 prison and a fine of $30,000.
5 Melchert-Dinkel is accused of encouraging the suicides of Mark Drybrough, 32, who hanged himself at his home in
6 Coventry, England, in 2005; and Nadia Kajouji, 18, of Brampton, Ontario, who drowned in 2008 in a river in Ottawa,
7 where she was studying at Carleton University.
8 Rice County Attorney Paul Beaumaster declined to comment on the case. When reached at his home in Faribault on
9 Friday, Melchert-Dinkel told an Associated Press reporter he had no comment and ordered her off of his property. His
10 first court appearance is scheduled for May 25.
11 'Thrill of the chase'
12 Investigators have said Melchert-Dinkel feigned compassion for those he chatted with, while offering step-by-step
13 instructions on how to take their lives. The criminal complaint filed in the case said he told investigators he encouraged
14 "dozens" of people to commit suicide and "characterized it as the thrill of the chase."
15 He also "indicated his interest in death and suicide could be considered an obsession," the complaint said.
16 The Minnesota Board of Nursing, which revoked his license last June, said he encouraged numerous people to commit
17 suicide and told at least one person his job as a nurse made him an expert on the most effective way to do it.
18 "Most important is the placement of the noose on the neck ... Knot behind the left ear and rope across the carotid is very
19 important for instant unconsciousness and death," he allegedly wrote in one Web chat.
20 Legal experts have said prosecuting the case would be difficult on freedom-of-speech grounds because Melchert-Dinkel
21 didn't physically help kill them, just allegedly encouraged them and gave technical directions. The decades-old state law
22 does not specifically address situations involving the Internet or suicides that occur out of state.
23 Minnesota authorities began investigating in March 2008 when an anti-suicide activist in Britain alerted them that
24 someone in the state was using the Internet to manipulate people into killing themselves. A state task force on Internet
25 crimes searched his computer last May.
26 Melchert-Dinkel worked at various hospitals and nursing homes over the years and was cited several times for neglect
27 and being rough with patients, according to the nursing board.
28 After his license was revoked, Melchert-Dinkel said he didn't think he'd be charged.
29 "Nothing is going to come of it," Melchert-Dinkel told the AP in October. "I've moved on with my life, and that's it."
56
12.1 – Familiarização com o texto
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
B. Resumo do texto ( )
................................................................................................................
B. A quem Melchert-Dinkel disse que não tinha comentários e que era para sair
de sua propriedade?
.................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................
57
12.2 – Apresentação e Prática de Aspectos Linguísticos
Referência pronominal
A referência pronominal é um dos recursos utilizados para dar coerência à língua; ele leva a uma
interligação lógica das orações que compõem um texto. Assim, em vez de repetir algo
mencionado anteriormente, podem-se utilizar elementos de referência como os pronomes
pessoais I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they (eu, você, ele, ela, nós, vocês, eles/elas); os pronomes
demonstrativos this (isto/este/esta), that (aquilo/aquele/aquela), these (estes/estas), those
(aqueles/aquelas); os pronomes relativos who, that, which (que); os pronomes interrogativos who,
what, whitch (quem, o que, qual).
Os elementos de referência têm a função de levar o pensamento do leitor de volta para algo que
já foi mencionado, ligando as idéias e tornando o texto menos repetitivo.
Um texto poderá ser mal compreendido se o leitor não estiver ciente da ligação entre os
elementos de referência e as palavras que eles substituem.
Pronomes
Pronomes pessoais (I,you,he, she,it , we, you, they), que geralmente se referem a algo ou
alguém específico.
Exemplo: Lions are opportunists; they prefer to eat without having to do much work.
Exemplo:
Powerful people frequently are tempted to drop old friends in favor of those who are more
powerful. They prefer to socialize with those of equal or superior power.
Exemplo: She decided to sell the house. This really upset her neighbors.
Pronomes relativos, que ligam orações. Who e that referem-se a pessoas; which e that referem-
se a animais e objetos inanimados; where refere-se a lugares.
Exemplos:
58
The table which/that had a marble top cost too much.
Exemplos:
I me my mine
it it its its
we us our ours
Pronomes pessoais retos têm a função de sujeito da oração, portanto aparecem antes do verbo.
Exemplos:
Observação: em orações como it’s raining ou it’s four o’clock, a palavra it não contém informação.
Nesses casos, ela é usada porque, em inglês, toda oração deve ter um sujeito expresso.
Pronomes pessoais oblíquos têm a função de objeto direto ou indireto. Desse modo, ocorrem
tipicamente após o verbo da oração.
59
Exemplos:
Exemplo:
One (plural: ones) é outra palavra de referência, pois pode estar no lugar de um substantivo.
Exemplo:
I’d like to try on those shoes. Which ones? The black ones.
Observação: outra função da palavra one é se referir a pessoas em geral, no sentido de “a gente”.
You pode ser usado com a mesma finalidade.
Exemplos:
The moment one gets into the mountains, one has to rely on oneself for everything.
The moment you get into the mountains, you have to rely on yourself for everything.
5. Volte ao texto “Nurse charged with aiding suicides over web” e identifique os
referentes dos pronomes abaixo:
60
13 – MARCADORES DISCURSIVOS
Noise Induced Hearing Loss Due To Regular, Sustained Usage of Headphones
In loudspeaker reproduction, sounds must travel several feet before reaching the
listener’s ears. By the time they arrive, a portion of the high frequencies have been absorbed by the air. Low frequencies
are not absorbed as much, but they are more felt through bone conduction than actually heard. With headphones, the
ears hear all frequencies without any attenuation, because the transducers are literally pressed against them. Thus, when
listening to headphones at the same effective volume level as loudspeakers, headphones may still transmit louder high
frequencies that are more likely to cause hearing damage. When a person is exposed to loud noise over a long period of
time, symptoms of NIHL will increase gradually. Hearing phenomenon that seems to be more noticeable with
headphones is a decreasing sensitivity to sound levels over time, as the ears adapt to loud sounds. The listener perceives
a gradual drop in loudness even though the volume control setting hasn’t changed. Over time, the sounds a person hears
may become distorted or muffled, and it may be difficult for the person to understand speech. The acoustic isolation of
headphones tends to highlight this dulling effect. It is all too easy for headphone listeners to turn up the volume to the
point where hearing is at risk. Interestingly, most people find it difficult to distinguish between 85dB and 100dB sound
pressure levels, despite that the latter is more injurious to hearing.
Hence, hearing damage can be gradual, cumulative and without obvious warning signs. Someone with NIHL may not
even be aware of the loss, but it can be detected with a hearing test. A hearing test and a medical examination are the
only way to truly diagnose hearing damage. However, the following symptoms are serious enough to warrant an
appointment with the ear doctor:
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
A. sintomas que são sérios o bastante para marcar uma consulta médica
................................................................................................................
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61
B. níveis de pressão sonora que a maioria das pessoas encontram dificuldade
em distinguir
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Marcadores discursivos
Causa e
Adição Contraste Tempo
Consequência
and (e) but (mas) so (assim) *First
*To start with
*Furthemore, *However,/Yet, *Therefore,/Thus, (Primeiramente,)
*In addittion, Nevertheless, Because of this,/ For this
*Moreover, /Besides, (Entretanto) reason (Portanto,) *Second,/Third…
(Além disso,) (Em segundo/terceiro
*Although,/ though *Consequently, lugar)
in addition to… (embora) *As a result,
as well as… (Consequentemente,) *Then,/Next,/After that,
(além de) *Despite the fact that... (A seguir)
(Apesar do fato de...) since (visto que)
also/too/as well *Finally,
(também) in spite of... because (Finalmente)
(apesar de...) (porque, por causa de)
both... and... formely
(tanto... quanto...) rather than… so that (a fim de que) (anteriormente)
instead of…
62
not only... (ao invés de; em vez de) nowadays/currently
but also... (atualmente)
(não apenas... *On the other hand,
mas também) (Por outro lado,) afterwards
(posteriormente)
while/whereas
(enquanto que; before (antes)
ao passo que) after (depois)
while (enquanto)
when (quando)
Exemplificação Conclusão
for example/for instance/e.g./i.e. *In short,/In conclusion,/In summary,
(por exemplo) *Finally,/To sum up,
such as (tal/tais como) (Finalmente/em resumo)
like(como)
Ênfase Comparação
*As a matter of fact,/In fact,/Actually,/Indeed, *In the same way,/Likewise,/*Similarly,
(De fato,/Realmente) Correspondingly, (Da mesma forma,)
Coluna A Coluna B
63
13.3 – Consolidação
A. With headphones, the ears hear all frequencies without any attenuation,
because the transducers are literally pressed against them
then...................................................................................................................
B. Over time, the sounds a person hears may become distorted or muffled, and
it may be difficult for the person to understand speech. The acoustic isolation
of headphones tends to highlight this dulling effect. It is all too easy for
headphone listeners to turn up the volume to the point where hearing is at
risk.
it.................................................................................................................
this.................................................................................................................
it.................................................................................................................
where................................................................................................................
2. Combine as palavras das duas colunas para formar alguns dos grupos nominais
incluídos no texto. Em seguida, traduza-os.
Coluna 1 Coluna 2
hearing isolation
acoustic frequecies
phenomenon
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64
Inglês para Informática
Fabiane de Matos Araújo
Manaus - AM
2010
Aula 1 – What are computers?
Objetivos
É importante lembrar que os idiomas não são rígidos como as ciências exatas
e que normalmente existem várias maneiras de se expressar uma ideia. As
formas do inglês, aqui empregadas, não são as únicas possíveis, são apenas
as mais comuns e provavelmente as mais usadas por falantes nativos.
Estou com frio / ... fome / ... medo – I’m cold / ... hungry /... afraid.
Estou com pressa – I’m in a hurry.
Estou com dor de cabeça – I have a headache.
Está com defeito – It’s out of order.
Ela está com 15 anos – She is 15 years old.
Estou de férias – I’m on vacation.
1.2 Pronouns
A seguir vamos estudar os pronomes pessoais. O estudo dos pronomes é
algo simples e comum. Em inglês existe apenas uma especificidade, que
pode causar um pouco de estranheza, que é o pronome “it”, o qual não
utilizamos na língua portuguesa; mas, com a prática, você vai conseguir
entender e aprender bem rápido.
I (eu) I am a singer.
YOU (você, tu, vocês) You are a student.
HE (ele) He is a teacher.
SHE (ela) She is a nurse.
IT (ele, ela) It is a dog/ It is a table.
WE (nós) We are friends.
THEY (eles) They are good dancers.
b) If you talk about a baby/children that you don’t know if is a girl or a boy.
The baby is in tears. It is in tears.
The child is happy. It is happy.
Examples:
Learning activities
1. Place the following sentences into the negative and interrogative form:
b) My keyboard is broken.
c) Jonathan is tired.
Para fazer uma pergunta deve ser observada a posição do verbo. Com o
verbo TO BE basta inverter a posição. O verbo passa para o início da frase e o
pronome vem logo a seguir. Para negar apenas se usa a negação not após o
verbo
Software refers to the instructions, or programs, that tell the hardware what
to do. A word processing program that you can use to write letters on your
computer is a type of software. The operating system (OS) is a software that
manages your computer and the devices connected to it. Two well-known
operating systems are Windows and Macintosh operating system. Probably
your computer uses the Windows operating system.
Learning activities
Você pode se apropriar de algo quando conhece e entende. Para isso é
fundamental que você exercite a interpretação e treine a tradução dos
textos. Então vamos tentar? Leia o texto acima e responda às questões que
seguem, depositando sua resposta no fórum do AVEA.
1.5 Adjectives
O adjetivo em inglês é invariável e precede o substantivo. Observe:
Para conhecer mais sobre este
assunto, acesse: vestibulando Nice girls / good students / lazy boys
digital inglês – adjetivos – parte I
http://www.youtube.com/ You are nice girls.
watch?v=BKE40liiUBQ They are good students.
You are lazy boys.
Some rules:
“Parts of speech” are the basic types of words that English has. Most
grammar books say that there are eight parts of speech: nouns, verbs,
adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, conjunctions, prepositions and interjections.
We will add one more type: articles.
Resumo
Nesta aula você pôde conhecer uma breve apresentação do que são compu-
tadores, bem como algumas diferenças idiomáticas entre português e inglês
e uma breve introdução da estrutura gramatical inglesa com o conhecimen-
to do funcionamento dos pronomes pessoais, verbo to be, adjetivos, voca-
bulário com palavras técnicas em informática e alguns exemplos peculiares à
realidade do técnico de informática.
Atividades de aprendizagem
1. Crie um blog chamado “Inglês para Informática”, produza um pequeno
texto digital sobre “What are computers?” e poste-o no blog criado por
você.
Objetivos
You can also use your computer to connect to the internet, a network that
links computers around the world. Internet access is available for a monthly
fee in most urban areas, and increasingly, in less populated areas. With
internet access, you can communicate with people all over the world and
find a vast amount of information. Here are some of the most popular things
to do with computers.
The World Wide Web (usually called the Web, or web) is a gigantic
storehouse of information. The web is the most popular part of the internet,
partly because it displays most information in a visually appealing format.
Headlines, text, and pictures can be combined on a single webpage – much
like a page in a magazine – along with sounds and animation. A website
is a collection of interconnected webpages. The web contains millions of
websites and billions of webpages.
Surfing the web means exploring it. You can find information on the
web about almost any topic imaginable. For example, you can read news
stories and movie reviews, check airline schedules, see street maps, get
the weather forecast for your city, or research a health condition. Most
companies, government agencies, museums, and libraries have websites
with information about their products, services, or collections. Reference
sources, such as dictionaries and encyclopedias, are also widely available.
The web is also a shopper’s delight. You can browse and purchase products
–books, music, toys, clothing, electronics, and much more – at the websites
of major retailers. You can also buy and sell used items through websites that
use auction-style bidding.
2.3.2 Email
Email (short for electronic mail) is a convenient way to communicate with
others. When you send an email message, it arrives almost instantly in the
recipient’s email inbox. You can send email to many people simultaneously,
and you can save, print, and forward email to others. You can send almost
any type of file in an email message, including documents, pictures, and
music files. And with email, you don’t need a stamp!
2.3.5 Gaming
Do you like to play games? Thousands of computer games in every
conceivable category are available to entertain you. Get behind the wheel of
a race car, battle frightening creatures in a dungeon, or control civilizations
and empires! Many games allow you to compete with other players around
the world through the Internet. Windows includes a variety of card games,
puzzle games, and strategy games.
Atividades de aprendizagem
1. Identifique as palavras cognatas no texto “What can you do with
computers?” e tente dar o significado delas. Faça uma lista das palavras
que você identificou e deposite sua resposta no fórum do AVEA.
Objetivos
Learning activities
Follow the example:
The definite articles are used when there are certainty of the correlation and
definition of the noun.
The computer belongs to him.
O computador pertence a ele.
I want to buy the red house.
Eu quero comprar a casa vermelha.
The indefinites articles are used when there is not sure of the correlation
with the noun.
A computer is with defect.
Um computador está com defeito.
(Any computer, and not just a computer in specific).
I want to buy a house.
Eu quero comprar uma casa.
(In other words, you can buy any house, it is not specifying which).
Example:
Definite Article
THE O, A, OS, AS
Articles in English are invariable. That is, they do not change according to the
gender or number of the noun.
Example:
Exceptions:
Examples:
HTML does this by using what are called tags that have attributes.
If you have a recordable disk drive.
A mouse usually has two buttons.
b) LCD monitors have the advantage of being much thinner and lighter.
Resumo
Você está recebendo informações necessárias para construção do seu
conhecimento. A aula apresentou os tipos de computadores existentes na
atualidade e trabalhou bastante gramática com a utilização dos pronomes
demonstrativos, artigo definido e indefinido e o verbo to have. Agora você
já é capaz de elaborar pequenas perguntas e respondê-las coerentemente.
Atividades de aprendizagem
Para melhor fixar aquilo que você aprendeu nesta aula, após a leitura dos
textos elabore o seu próprio texto.
Objetivos
The case also should be capable of allowing you to expand your hardware if
the need arises. The ATX case is the one most commonly used today.
Some power supplies have an additional outlet on the back that can be
used to provide power to the monitor. Power supplies come in a variety of
wattages. They range anywhere from around 160 watts to about 700 watts.
350 to 400 watts power supplies are probably the most common.
Only in the THIRD PERSON (SINGULAR) subjects (he, she and it) we add a
verb with “S”. The rules are:
4.3 Do e does
Do/does pode ser utilizado como auxiliar ou como verbo. Neste espaço,
vamos aprender sobre sua utilização como auxiliar do verbo, para formação
de frases negativas, interrogativas e em alguns casos positivas, encurtando
a sentença.
Observe:
I have a mouse. You like my friend. We want a case fan.
Attention
DO / DOES are used in the simple present tense in the negative and
interrogative form when we don’t have verb to be in the sentence.
–– When you ask a question with the auxiliary verb DO / DOES, you answer
the question with DO / DOES too. There are two types of answers:
Não se esqueça que o auxiliar “DO” é usado para fazer perguntas quando se
usam os seguintes pronomes: I, YOU, WE, THEY. O auxiliar “DOES” é usado
para fazer perguntas com HE, SHE, IT.
Complete answer:
A: Do you like sausages?
B: Yes, I like sausages.
Short Answer:
A: Do you like sausages?
B: Yes, I do.
Lembre-se que as resposta curtas são: Yes, I do. Dessa forma procedemos
com os demais pronomes. Depende do pronome utilizado na pergunta. Para
dar uma resposta curta negativa, usamos: No, I don’t e segue o mesmo
raciocínio com os demais pronomes.
Learning activities
1. Identify and circulate the verbs that appear in the simple present at third
person:
A computer scientist wants to sort the cards. First he wants to sort them out
by color. Then he wants to order them by number (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
Jack, Queen, King and Ace).
Computer science uses special methods of doing things, and has its own
special words. It is linked with electrical engineering, mathematics, and
language science.
The present continuous, besides designating actions in the present, can also
be used to indicate future actions, intention, purpose or when we are sure
that something will happen.
I am eating
However, with some verbs, you need to change the ending a little. Here are
the rules:
É importante que você acesse Verb ending in...
o link abaixo para mais
informações sobre o assunto.
E: perdem o “e” e recebem “ing”. “ING” Form Example
Vestibulando Digital – Inglês I:
Present Continuous 02 (01 de COM-
COME I AM COMING.
02) – http://www.youtube.com/ ING
watch?v=xYYZBJH2us8&featur
DRIV-
e=related DRIVE I AM DRIVING A BOAT.
ING
DANC-
DANCE I AM DANCING ALONE.
ING
Consoante/vogal/consoante:
dobram a consoante final ao rece- “ING” Form Example
ber “ing”.
Look the following example of the negative and interrogative form in the
present continuous:
He is dancing alone.
Is he dancing alone?
No, he isn’t dancing alone.
Attention
VERB TO HAVE
a) The verb to have doesn’t take the “ING” when it has the meaning of
“possess”.
b) In expressions like: TO HAVE LUNCH and TO HAVE FUN you can have the
continuous.
a) He / drive / a car.
He is driving a car. He is not driving a car.
b) We / eat / oranges.
Resumo
Nesta aula você viu as partes internas do computador. Foram apresentadas
as partes do computador com exemplos específicos de situações cotidianas
da sua utilização, por meio de textos com o uso correto das formas verbais
“simple present” e “present continuous”.
Atividades de aprendizagem
Com um computador aberto, escreva um pequeno texto em inglês sobre
cada componente que compõe o computador, tire uma foto mostrando
esses componentes e poste tudo no blog.
Objetivos
Almost every other part of your computer connects to the system unit using
cables. The cables plug into specific ports (openings), typically on the back
of the system unit. Hardware that is not part of the system unit is sometimes
called a peripheral device or device.
Your computer has one or more disk drives – devices that store information
on a metal or plastic disk. The disk preserves the information even when your
computer is turned off.
DVD drives can do everything that CD drives can, plus read DVDs. If you have
a DVD drive, you can watch movies on your computer. Many DVD drives can
record data onto blank DVDs.
5.1.2 Mouse
A mouse is a small device used to point to and select items on your computer
screen. Although mice come in many shapes, the typical mouse does look a
bit like an actual mouse. It’s small, oblong, and connected to the system unit
by a long wire that resembles a tail. Some newer mice are wireless.
When you move the mouse with your hand, a pointer on your screen moves
in the same direction (the pointer’s appearance might change depending
on where it’s positioned on your screen). When you want to select an item,
you point to the item and then click (press and release) the primary button.
Pointing and clicking with your mouse is the main way to interact with your
computer.
5.1.3 Keyboard
A keyboard is used mainly for typing text into your computer. Like the key-
board on a typewriter, it has keys for letters and numbers, but it also has
special keys:
a) the function keys, found on the top row, perform different functions
depending on where they are used;
b) the numeric keypad, located on the right side of most keyboards, allows
you to enter numbers quickly;
c) the navigation keys, such as the arrow keys, allow you to move your po-
sition within a document or webpage.
You can also use your keyboard to perform many of the same tasks you can
perform with a mouse.
5.1.4 Monitor
A monitor displays information in visual form, using text and graphics. The
portion of the monitor that displays the information is called the screen. Like
a television screen, a computer screen can show still or moving pictures.
There are two basic types of monitors: CRT (cathode ray tube) monitors and
LCD (liquid crystal display) monitors. Both types produce sharp images, but
LCD monitors have the advantage of being much thinner and lighter. CRT
monitors, however, are generally more affordable.
5.1.5 Printer
A printer transfers data from a computer onto paper. You don’t need a
printer to use your computer, but having one allows you to print email,
cards, invitations, announcements, and other materials. Many people also
like being able to print their own photos at home.
The two main types of printers are inkjet printers and laser printers. Inkjet
printers are the most popular printers for the home. They can print in black
and white or in full color and can produce high-quality photographs when
used with special paper. Laser printers are faster and generally better able to
handle heavy use.
5.1.7 Modem
To connect your computer to the internet, you need a modem. A modem is
a device that sends and receives computer information over a telephone line
or high-speed cable. Modems are sometimes built into the system unit, but
higher-speed modems are usually separate components.
a) Memory
c) Input device
( ) Usually keyboard and mouse, the input device is the conduit through
which data and instructions enter a computer.
d) Output device
( ) A display screen, printer, or other device that lets you see what the com-
puter has accomplished.
( ) To look at many things and then take one or two, as the person wishes.
( ) The heart of the computer, this is the component that actually executes
instructions.
That form belongs for all to the people, not varying in the 3rd person.
Example:
To work
I worked
You worked
He worked
She worked
It worked
We worked
They worked
The negative form of the verbs (regular or irregular) in the past it is done with
the auxiliary did + not (didn’t) before the verb, for all the people.
The past tense and past participle of regular verbs end in “ed”:
But some verbs can be both regular and irregular, for example:
stop: stopped.
I/ you/ he/ she/ it/ we/ you/ they saw (see – ver) a bird.
The three most important irregular verbs are TO BE, TO HAVE and TO DO.
Verb to be
Pronoun Verb to be
I was
You were
He/she/it was
We were
They were
Verb to have
Pronoun Verb to have
I/you/we/they Had
He/she/it Had
Verb to do
Pronoun Verb to do
I/you/we/they Did
He/she/it Did
Example:
I was tired.
He had a bad headache.
We did the homework.
Example:
Buy – bought:
Sell – sold:
Bring – brought:
Learning activities
Transform the phrases into negative form:
b) ARPAnet was funded by the United States military after the cold war.
Example:
Note: we use the auxiliary verb WILL + verbs in infinitive (without “to”).
Learning activities
Transform the follow phrases into negative form:
“Be going to” is usually used when something is already planned or definite.
Most students know that “will” and “going to” are used to talk about future
time in english. However, we also use the present progressive (“be” + ING)
and the simple present tense. Here are the basic rules:
Learning activities
1. Ask questions to these answers:
Resumo
A aula apresentou informações sobre componentes que fazem parte do
computador e textos abordando o uso das formas verbais do passado e
futuro, com exemplos direcionados a situações enfrentadas pelo técnico de
informática.
2. Nesta aula você conheceu outros tipos de hardware que podem ser
acrescentados ao computador. Escolha um, pesquise sobre ele, escreva
um pequeno texto em inglês e poste suas informações no seu blog. Com
certeza seu blog já deve estar cheio de informações.
Objetivos
Learning activities
1. You will need to translate the whole time the messages in the computer.
So, it is very important that you read the text above and answer the
question below:
–– What do you understand about the text? What`s the text message?
2. Write about the follow words and elaborate short sentences in agreement
with information of the text above:
b) E-mail:
WHO/THAT – que
Who é usado para referir-se a pessoas e pode ser substituído por that.
WHICH/THAT – que
Which é usado somente para coisas ou animais e pode ser substituído por
that.
Learning activities
Change the underlined words to the plural:
e) We fix monitor.
SINGULAR PLURAL
Present There is Present There are
Past There was Past There were
Tradução Há Tradução Havia
Examples:
Resumo
A aula apresentou como discussão principal a história da internet. Abordou
também a utilização correta dos pronomes relativos, a formação do plural
em inglês e o verbo to have no presente e no passado.
Atividades de aprendizagem
Durante todo o curso você vem realizando muitas atividades de aprendiza-
gem. Nesta aula você viu um breve histórico da criação da internet. Escreva
um pequeno texto em inglês, e outro com a tradução em português, sobre
a importância da internet na sua vida. Fale da frequência com que você a
utiliza e para quê. Poste seu texto no blog criado por você.
Objetivos
Tim Berners-Lee was the primary author of HTML, assisted by his colleagues at
CERN, an international scientific organization based in Geneva, Switzerland.
Tim Berners-Lee is currently the Director of the World Wide Web Consortium,
the group that sets technical standards for the Web.
a) What is HTML?
7.2 Prefix
A formação do prefixo em inglês segue a mesma estrutura da língua
portuguesa. Coloca-se o prefixo antes do radical para a formação de novas
palavras. Veja exemplos no quadro a seguir.
1 IN, IM, UM, IR, IL, A, NON São prefixos que expressam negação: não, oposto
Ex. impossible, illegal
2 MIS Expressa incorreção, erro
Ex. Miscalculate
3 DIS Expressa negação
Prefixos que expressam tamanho ou grau
4 SUPER Acima, mais do que
Ex. Superman
Ex. Subhuman
6 OVER Demais
Ex. Overheat
7 UNDER De menos
Ex. underpriviledged
8 HYPER Extremamente
Ex. Hypercritical
9 MINI Pouco
Ex. Miniskirt
PREFIXOS LOCATIVOS
10 INTER Entre
Ex. Internacional
Ex. Transplant
12 FORE Antes
Ex. Foretell
Ex. pre-marital
14 POST Depois
Ex. post-classical
15 EX Anterior
Ex. ex-husband
16 RE Novamente, de volta
OUTROS PREFIXOS
17 AUTO Próprio
Ex. Autobiography
18 NEO Novo
Ex. neo-gothic
Ex. pan-american
Ex. Prototype
21 SEMI Metade
Ex. Semicircle
22 VICE Adjunto
Ex. vice-president
7.3 Suffix
A formação do sufixo em inglês também segue a mesmo princípio da
formação na língua portuguesa. Coloca-se o sufixo depois do radical para a
formação de novas palavras. Veja exemplos no quadro a seguir.
FORMAM SUBSTANTIVOS
1 -ER, -OR Aquele que faz a ação
7 -HOOD Status
Ex. Miniskirt
8 IST Ocupação
Ex. violinist
FORMAM VERBOS
Ex. Prepared
FORMAM ADVÉRBIOS
FORMAM ADJETIVOS
16 -FUL Cheio de
Ex. Useless
a) Build = ...............................................................................................
b) Drive = ...............................................................................................
c) Help = ................................................................................................
d) Play = .................................................................................................
e) Win = .................................................................................................
f) Compose = .........................................................................................
2. Use the prefix un to create the opposite meaning of the word given, and
then use the new word to write an original sentence. Use your imagination:
a) (usual) = .............................................................................................
b) (do) = .................................................................................................
c) (able) = ...............................................................................................
d) (kind) = ...............................................................................................
e) (locked) = ............................................................................................
f) ( happy ) = ...........................................................................................
7.5 Prepositions
As preposições são muito utilizadas na estrutura das frases. Em inglês não
poderia ser diferente. As preposições expressam lugar ou posição, direção,
tempo, maneira (modo), e agente (ou instrumento).
PREPOSIÇÕES
Horas The airplane will arrive at five o’clock.
Datas We have a big party at Christmas.
Lugares He is at the drugstore.
Learning activities
1. Complete with at, in, or on:
a) I am _____ London.
d) The monitor is _____ the table, and the CPU is _____ the ground.
Resumo
A aula apresentou a história do HTML, sua definição e o emprego correto da
utilização do prefixo e sufixo em inglês, bem como a demonstração e utiliza-
ção dos falsos cognatos e preposições.
Atividades de aprendizagem
Estamos chegando quase na reta final do nosso curso. Certamente você já
é capaz de escrever e traduzir frases. Escolha cinco prefixos e cinco sufixos
e elabore frases simples. Caso tenha dificuldades, peça ajuda ao seu tutor.
Objetivos
Ray Tomlinson chose the @ symbol to tell which user was “at” what
computer. The @ goes in between the user’s login name and the name of
his/her host computer.
The first e-mail was sent between two computers that were actually sitting
besides each other. However, the ARPANET network was used as the
connection between the two. The first e-mail message was “QWERTYUIOP”.
Learning activities
Answer the follow questions:
a) What is e-mail?
c) What is ARPANET?
Resumo
A aula apresentou a história do e-mail bem como proporcionou a ampliação
do vocabulário técnico de inglês para informática.
Atividades de aprendizagem
Juntamente com um colega, elabore um pequeno diálogo em formato de
e-mail, falando da importância do e-mail para atualidade. Lembre-se que
a partir daqui a prática será fundamental para a consolidação dos itens
estudados durante todo o curso.