𝐴 = −𝐴𝑇 → −𝐴 = 𝐴𝑇 𝐷 = 𝐴(𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐴) − (𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐴)𝐴

𝐵 = −𝐵𝑇 → −𝐵 = 𝐵𝑇

𝐴(𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐴) − (𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐴)𝐴 = [𝐴(𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐴) − (𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐴)𝐴]𝑇

= [(𝐴(𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐴))𝑇 − ((𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐴)𝐴)𝑇 ]

= [(𝐴𝐵)𝑇 + (𝐵𝐴)𝑇 𝐴𝑇 − 𝐴𝑇 (𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐴)𝑇 ]

= [((𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐴)𝑇 )𝐴𝑇 − 𝐴𝑇 ((𝐴𝐵)𝑇 + (𝐵𝐴)𝑇 ))]

= [((−𝐵)(−𝐴) + (−𝐴)(−𝐵))(−𝐴) − (−𝐴)((−𝐵)(−𝐴) + (−𝐴)(−𝐵))]

= [−(𝐵𝐴 + 𝐵𝐴)𝐴 + (𝐵𝐴 + 𝐴𝐵)𝐴]

= 𝐴(𝐵𝐴 + 𝐴𝐵) − (𝐵𝐴 + 𝐴𝐵)𝐴
𝐴(𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐴) − (𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐴)𝐴 = 𝐴(𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐴) − (𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐴)𝐴

𝑆𝐼 𝐶𝑈𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 𝐿𝐴 𝐼𝐺𝑈𝐴𝐿𝐷𝐴𝐷 𝑃𝑂𝑅 𝐿𝑂 𝑇𝐴𝑁𝑇𝑂 𝐸𝑆 𝑆𝐼𝑀É𝑇𝑅𝐼𝐶𝐴

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝐴 = (0 𝑎 𝑑)
0 0 𝑎
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎2 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑 + 𝑎𝑐
2
𝐴 = (0 𝑎 𝑑 ) (0 𝑎 𝑑) = ( 0 𝑎2 𝑎𝑑 + 𝑎𝑑 )
0 0 𝑎 0 0 𝑎 0 0 𝑎2
𝑎2 2𝑎𝑏 2𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑
2
𝐴 =(0 𝑎2 2𝑎𝑑 )
0 0 𝑎2
𝑎2 2𝑎𝑏 2𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎3 𝑎2 𝑏 + 2𝑎2 𝑏 𝑎2 𝑐 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑑 + 2𝑎2 𝑐 + 𝑎𝑏𝑑
3
𝐴 =(0 𝑎2 2𝑎𝑑 ) (0 𝑎 𝑑) = ( 0 𝑎3 3𝑎2 𝑑 )
0 0 𝑎2 0 0 𝑎 0 0 𝑎 3

𝑎3 3𝑎2 𝑏 3𝑎2 𝑐 + 3𝑎𝑏𝑑

3
𝐴 =(0 𝑎3 3𝑎2 𝑑 )
3
0 0 𝑎
𝑎3 3𝑎2 𝑏 3𝑎2 𝑐 + 3𝑎𝑏𝑑 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
4
𝐴 =(0 𝑎3 3𝑎2 𝑑 ) (0 𝑎 𝑑)
0 0 𝑎3 0 0 𝑎
𝑎4 4𝑎3 𝑏 𝑎3 𝑐 + 3𝑎2 𝑏𝑑 + 3𝑎3 𝑐 + 3𝑎2 𝑏𝑑
4
𝐴 =(0 𝑎4 𝑎3 𝑑 + 3𝑎3 𝑑 )
4
0 0 𝑎
𝑎4 𝑎3 𝑏 + 3𝑎3 𝑏 4𝑎3 𝑐 + 6𝑎2 𝑏𝑑
4
𝐴 =(0 𝑎4 4𝑎3 𝑑 )
0 0 𝑎4
𝑎4 4𝑎3 𝑏 4𝑎3 𝑐 + 6𝑎2 𝑏𝑑 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
5
𝐴 =(0 𝑎4 4𝑎3 𝑑 ) (0 𝑎 𝑑)
4 0 0 𝑎
0 0 𝑎
 𝑎5 𝑎4 𝑏 + 3𝑎4 𝑏 𝑎4 𝑐 + 4𝑎3 𝑏𝑑 + 4𝑎4 𝑐 + 6𝑎3 𝑏𝑑
5
𝐴 =(0 𝑎5 𝑎4 𝑑 + 4𝑎3 𝑑 )
0 0 𝑎5
𝑎5 5𝑎4 𝑏 5𝑎4 𝑐 + 10𝑎3 𝑏𝑑
5
𝐴 =(0 𝑎5 5𝑎3 𝑑 )
5
0 0 𝑎
𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 𝑛−2
𝑎𝑛 𝑛𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏 𝑛𝑎𝑛−1 𝑐 + 𝑎 𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑛 = ( 2 )
0 𝑎𝑛 𝑛𝑎𝑛−1 𝑑
0 0 𝑎𝑛

𝐴2 = 𝐴
𝐵 =𝐼−𝐴
𝐼 − 𝐴 = (𝐼 − 𝐴)2
= (𝐼 − 𝐴)(𝐼 − 𝐴)
= 𝐼 2 − 𝐼𝐴 − 𝐼𝐴 + 𝐴2
= 𝐼 − 2𝐼𝐴 + 𝐴
= 𝐼 − 2𝐴 − 𝐴
(𝐼 − 𝐴) = (𝐼 − 𝐴)

𝐵 = −𝐵𝑇 → −𝐵 = 𝐵𝑇
𝐴𝐵 − 𝐵𝐴 = −(𝐴𝐵 − 𝐵𝐴)𝑇

= −((𝐴𝐵)𝑇 − (𝐵𝐴)𝑇 )

= −(𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝑇 − 𝐴𝑇 𝐵𝑇 )

= −((−𝐵)(−𝐴) − (−𝐴)(−𝐵))

= (𝐵𝐴 − 𝐴𝐵)
= −𝐵𝐴 + 𝐴𝐵
𝐴𝐵 − 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐴𝐵 − 𝐵𝐴

|𝑃| = (−4) − (−6 + 1)

|𝑃| = −4 + 5
|𝑃| = 1
 𝑇
2 3 1 3 1 2
| | −| | | |
1 1 0 1 0 1
1 0 −2 0 −2 1
𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝑃) = − | | | | −| |
1 1 0 1 0 1
1 0 −2 0 −2 1
( |2 | −| | | |
3 1 3 1 2 )
−1 −1 1 𝑇 −1 −1 3
= (−1 −2 2 ) = (−1 −2 6 )
3 6 −4 1 2 −4
1
𝑃−1 = 𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝑃)
|𝑃|

1 −1 −1 3
𝑃−1 = (−1 −2 6 )
1
1 2 −4

𝐴 = 𝑃𝐽𝑃−1
−2 1 0 2 0 0 −1 −1 3
𝐴 = ( 1 2 3) (0 2 1) (−1 −2 6 )
0 1 1 0 0 2 1 2 −4
−4 2 1 −1 −1 3
𝐴=( 2 4 8) (−1 −2 6 )
0 2 3 1 2 −4
4−2+1 4−4+2 −12 + 12 − 4
𝐴 = (−2 − 4 + 8 −2 − 8 + 16 6 + 24 − 32 )
−2 + 3 −4 + 6 12 − 12
3 2 −4
𝐴 = (2 6 −2)
1 2 0

2 0 0
𝐽 = (0 2 1)
0 0 2
𝛼𝐼 + 𝐵
1 0 0 0 0 0
2 (0 1 0) + ( 0 0 1)
0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
𝐵2 = (0 0 1) (0 0 1) = (0 0 0)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
𝐺𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑛𝑖𝑙𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 = 2
 𝑛
𝑛
𝐴 = ∑( )(𝛼𝐼)𝑛−𝑖 𝐵𝑖
𝑛
𝑖
𝑖=0

𝐴𝑛 = 𝛼 𝑛 𝐼 + 𝑛𝛼 𝑛−1 𝐵
0 0 0 0 0 0
= 2𝑛 (0 0 1) + 𝑛 2𝑛−1 (0 0 1)
0 0 0 0 0 0
2𝑛 0 0 0 0 0
=(0 2𝑛 0 ) + ( 0 0 𝑛2𝑛−1 )
0 0 2𝑛 0 0 0
2𝑛 0 0
=(0 2𝑛 𝑛2𝑛−1 )
0 0 0
𝑎−𝑏−𝑐 2𝑎 2𝑎
| 2𝑏 𝑏−𝑎−𝑐 2𝑏 |
2𝑐 2𝑐 𝑐−𝑎−𝑏
−𝑎 − 𝑏 − 𝑐 2𝑎 2𝑎
𝐶1 = 𝐶1 − 𝐶2 | 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 𝑏−𝑎−𝑐 2𝑏 |
0 2𝑐 𝑐−𝑎−𝑏
−𝑎 − 𝑏 − 𝑐 2𝑎 2𝑎
𝐹2 = 𝐹2 − 𝐹1 | 0 𝑎+𝑏−𝑐 2𝑎 + 2𝑏 |
0 2𝑐 𝑐−𝑎−𝑏

𝑎+𝑏−𝑐 2𝑎 + 2𝑏
(−1)1+1 (−𝑎 − 𝑏 − 𝑐) | |
2𝑐 𝑐−𝑎−𝑏

(−𝑎 − 𝑏 − 𝑐) −𝑎 − 𝑏 − 𝑐 2𝑎 + 2𝑏
| |
𝐶1 = 𝐶1 − 𝐶2 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 𝑐−𝑎−𝑏

(−𝑎 − 𝑏 − 𝑐) −𝑎 − 𝑏 − 𝑐 2𝑎 + 2𝑏
| |
𝐹2 = 𝐹2 + 𝐹1 0 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
(−𝑎 − 𝑏 − 𝑐)(−𝑎 − 𝑏 − 𝑐)(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)

−𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 𝑚 − 𝑝 + 2
(𝑝 + 1)𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2𝑚 + 2
{ }
𝑥+𝑧
(𝑝 + 1)𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝑝 − 2
 −1 1 −1⋮ 𝑚 − 𝑝 + 2
𝑝+1 1 1 ⋮ 2𝑚 + 2
( )
1 0 1⋮ 𝑚
𝑝 + 1 −1 1 ⋮ 𝑝 −2

−1 1 −1 ⋮ 𝑚−𝑝+2
𝐹2 = 𝐹2 + (𝑝 + 1)𝐹1 2
0 𝑝+2 −𝑝 ⋮ −𝑝 + 𝑝 + 𝑝𝑚 + 3𝑚 + 4
𝐹3 = 𝐹2 + 𝐹1
0 1 0⋮ 2𝑚 − 𝑝 + 2
𝐹4 = 𝐹4 + (𝑝 + 1)𝐹1 0 𝑝 𝑝⋮
( −𝑝2 +2𝑝 + 𝑝𝑚 + 𝑚)

−1 1 −1 ⋮ 𝑚−𝑝+2
𝐹3 = (𝑝 + 2)𝐹3 − 𝐹2 0 𝑝+2 −𝑝 2
⋮ −𝑝 + 𝑝 + 𝑝𝑚 + 3𝑚 + 4
𝐹4 = (𝑝 + 2)𝐹4 − 𝑝𝐹2 0 0 𝑝 ⋮ −𝑝 + 𝑝𝑚 + 𝑚
2
( 0 0 2𝑝 + 2𝑝 ⋮ −𝑝2 +2𝑚)

−1 1 −1 ⋮ 𝑚−𝑝+2
2
0 𝑝 + 2 −𝑝 ⋮ −𝑝 + 𝑝 + 𝑝𝑚 + 3𝑚 + 4
𝐹4 = 𝑝𝐹4 − (2𝑝2 + 2𝑝)𝐹3
0 0 𝑝⋮ −𝑝 + 𝑝𝑚 + 𝑚
( 0 0 0⋮ 3𝑝3 − 2𝑝3 𝑚 − 4𝑝2 𝑚)

𝑥 𝑦 𝑦
𝐴=(𝑦 𝑥 𝑥)
𝑦 𝑦 𝑥

𝐴2 = 𝐴
𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦
(𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 ) (𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 ) = (𝑦 𝑥 𝑥)
𝑦 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 𝑥

𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 3𝑥𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦
( 3𝑥𝑦 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 2𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) = (𝑦 𝑥 𝑥)
𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑥

𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 = 𝑥
3𝑥𝑦 = 𝑦
3𝑥𝑦
=1
𝑦
3𝑥 = 1
1
𝑥=
3
1 2 1
( ) + 2𝑦 2 =
3 3
 1 1
+ 2𝑦 2 =
9 3
1 1
2𝑦 2 = −
3 9
1
𝑦2 =
9

2 1
𝑦=√
9

1
𝑦=±
3
1⁄ 1⁄ 1⁄ 0 − 1⁄3 − 1⁄3
3 3 3
𝐵= 1 1 1
⁄3 ⁄3 ⁄3 𝐶 = − 1⁄3 0 0
1 1 1 1 1
( ⁄3 ⁄3 ⁄3) (− ⁄3 − ⁄3 0 )

1⁄ 1⁄ 1⁄ 0 − 1⁄3 − 1⁄3 − 2⁄9 − 2⁄9 − 1⁄9

3 3 3
𝐵𝐶 = 1⁄3 1⁄3 1⁄3 − 1⁄3 0 0 = − 2⁄9 − 2⁄9 − 1⁄9
1 1 1 1 1 0 ) (− 2⁄9 − 2⁄9 − 1⁄9)
( ⁄3 ⁄3 ⁄3) (− ⁄3 − ⁄3

0 − 1⁄3 − 1⁄3 1⁄ 1⁄ 1⁄
3 3 3 − 2⁄9 − 2⁄9 − 2⁄9
𝐶𝐵 = − 1⁄3 0 0 1⁄ 1⁄ 1⁄ = − 1⁄ − 1⁄ − 1⁄
3 3 3 9 9 9
− 1⁄ − 1⁄ 0 1⁄ 1⁄ 1⁄ − 2⁄ − 2⁄ − 2⁄
( 3 3 )( 3 3 3) ( 9 9 9)

𝐵𝑛
1⁄ 1⁄ 1⁄ 1⁄ 1⁄ 1⁄ 3⁄ 3⁄ 3⁄
3 3 3 3 3 3 9 9 9
2
𝐵 = 1 1 1
⁄3 ⁄3 ⁄3 1 1 1
⁄3 ⁄3 ⁄3 = 3 3 3
⁄9 ⁄9 ⁄9
1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3
( ⁄3 ⁄3 ⁄3) ( ⁄3 ⁄3 ⁄3) ( ⁄9 ⁄9 ⁄9)

3⁄ 3⁄ 3⁄ 1⁄ 1⁄ 1⁄ 9⁄ 9 9
9 9 9 3 3 3 27 ⁄27 ⁄27
𝐵3 = 3⁄9 3⁄9 3⁄9 1⁄ 1⁄ 1⁄ = 9⁄
3 3 3
9 9
27 ⁄27 ⁄27
3 3 3 1 1 1 9 9 9
( ⁄9 ⁄9 ⁄9) ( ⁄3 ⁄3 ⁄3) ( ⁄27 ⁄27 ⁄27)
 3𝑛−1 3𝑛−1 3𝑛−1
3𝑛 3𝑛 3𝑛
3𝑛−1 3𝑛−1 3𝑛−1
𝐵𝑛 =
3𝑛 3𝑛 3𝑛
3𝑛−1 3𝑛−1 3𝑛−1
( 3𝑛 3𝑛 3𝑛 )

𝐶𝑛

0 − 1⁄3 − 1⁄3 0 − 1⁄3 − 1⁄3 2⁄ 1⁄

9 9 0
𝐶 2 = − 1⁄3 0 0 − 1⁄3 0 0 = 0 1⁄9 1⁄9
1 1 0 ) (− 1⁄3 − 1⁄3 0 ) (1⁄9 1⁄9 1⁄9)
(− ⁄3 − ⁄3

2⁄ 1⁄ − 1⁄3 − 1⁄3 − 1⁄27 − 2⁄27 − 2⁄27

9 9 0 0
𝐶3 = 0 1⁄9 1⁄9 − 1⁄3 0 0 = − 2⁄27 − 1⁄27 0
1 1 1 1 1 0 ) (− 2⁄27 − 2⁄27 − 1⁄27)
( ⁄9 ⁄9 ⁄9) (− ⁄3 − ⁄3